B1: Biology key concepts *CP1 – Place slide on microscope stage,

Place slide adjust the coarse focus until the

Lesson sequence in lens is just touching the slide.
1. Microscopes microscop
e
2. Plant and animal cells *CP1 – Looking through the eyepiece,
3. Measuring cells Rough slowly adjust the coarse focus until
4. Core practical: using microscopes focus you see a rough image.
5. Specialised cells *CP1 – FineLooking through the eyepiece,
6. Bacterial cells focus slowly adjust the fine focus until
you see a sharply focussed image.
7. Digestive enzymes *CP1 – Draw what you see, label any cell
8. How enzymes work Record the parts you can recognise and repeat
9. Factors affecting enzymes image with different objective lenses.
10. Core practical: enzymes and pH *CP1 - As you increase the magnification of
Results the objective lens, the cells appear
11. Cell transport
2. Plant and animal cells larger and more detailed.
12. Core practical: osmosis in
*Cell The basic structural unit of all 5. Specialised cells
potatoes
living things (the building blocks **Small Job: To absorb small food molecules
1. Microscopes of life). intestine produced during digestion.
*Magnification The number of times bigger *Parts of an Cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell Adaptations: Tiny folds called
something appears under a animal cell nucleus, ribosomes, microvilli that increase their surface
3. Measuring cells
microscope. mitochondria. area.
*Micrograp A picture produced by a
*Eyepiece lens The lens on a microscope that *Parts of a Cell membrane, cytoplasm, **Sperm Job: Fertilise an egg and deliver male
h microscope.
you look through. plant cell nucleus, ribosomes, cell DNA.
*Light A microscope that uses light, can
*Objective The lens at the bottom of a mitochondria, cell wall, Adaptations: A tail to swim,
microscope magnify up to 1500 times.
lens microscope. There are normally permanent vacuole, mitochondria to give energy for
**Electron A microscope that uses electrons
three you can choose from. chloroplasts. swimming, an acrosome to break
microscope to produce an image, can magnify
*Total Eyepiece lens x objective lens. *Cell Controls what enters and leaves through the egg’s jelly coat, haploid
up to 1,000,000 times.
magnification membrane the cell. nucleus with only half the total DNA.
**Actual Actual size = measured size /
**Resolution The smallest distance between *Cytoplasm A jelly-like substance where **Egg cell Job: To be fertilised by a sperm and
size of a cell magnification
two points so that they can still chemical reactions take place. then develop into an embryo.
**Convert Micrometres (μm) = millimetres
be seen as two separate points. *Nucleus Contains DNA and controls the Adaptations: Jelly coat to protect the
mm to μm (mm) x 1000
**Stains Dyes added to microscope slides cell. cell, many mitochondria and
to show the details more *Ribosome Produces proteins. 4. Core practical – using microscopes (CP1) nutrients to provide energy for
clearly. *Mitochondria Releases energy by aerobic *CP1 – key What do cells look like under a light growth, haploid nucleus with only
**Milli Thousandth, 1x10-3 (a millimetre respiration. question microscope? half the total DNA.
is a thousandth of a metre). *Cell wall Protects and supports the cell, *CP1 – Collect the cells you are studying **Ciliated Job: To clear mucus out of your lungs
**Micro Millionth, 1x10-6 (a micrometre made of cellulose. Prepare and place them on the slide. Add a epithelial (and other internal surfaces).
is a millionth of a metre). *Permanent Stores sap and helps to support the slide drop of stain and cover with a cover cell Adaptations: Small hairs on the
**Nano Billionth, 1x10-9 (a nanometre is vacuole the cell. slip. surface – called cilia – which wave to
a billionth of a metre). *Chloroplast Where photosynthesis happens, *CP1 – Choose between the 4x, 10x and sweep mucus along.
**Pico Trillionth, 1x10-12 (a picometre is contains chlorophyll. Select lens 40x objective lenses.
a trillionth of a metre).

6. Bacterial cells
*Parts of a All bacteria: Cell membrane,
bacterial cell cell wall, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, chromosomal DNA,
plasmid DNA
Some bacteria: flagellum.
**Chromosoma Large piece of DNA containing
l DNA most genes.
**Plasmid DNA Small loops of DNA containing
a few genes.
**Flagellum A tail used for movement.
**Eukaryotic Cells with a nucleus.
cells
**Prokaryotic Cells without a nucleus.
cells
***Standard A way of writing numbers in
form terms of powers of ten. E.g.
0.015 = 1.5 x 10-2
0.000458 = 4.56 x 10-
4
The index of ten (the ‘minus’
number) tell you which
decimal point to start on.
7. Digestive enzymes
*Digestion Breaking large food molecules
down into ones small enough to
absorbed by the small intestine.
*Catalyst A substance that speeds up a
chemical reaction without being
used up.
*Enzyme A protein that works as a catalyst
to speed up the reactions in our
cells.
*Digestive Enzymes that break large food
enzymes molecules down into smaller ones.
**Amylase Where found: saliva, small
intestine
What it does: breaks down starch
into simple sugars such as maltose
**Lipase Where found: small intestine
What it does: breaks down fats
into fatty acids and glycerol
**Protease Where found: stomach (pepsin),
small intestine (trypsin)
What it does: breaks down
proteins into amino acids
8. How enzymes work
*Substrate The chemical(s) that an enzyme
works on.
*Active site An area of an enzyme with the
same shape as the substrate.
**Lock and The substrate moves into the
key active site and reacts to form the
mechanism products. The products leave the
active site so another substrate
can then enter and so on.
**Specificity Each enzyme can only work on one
substrate because the shape of the
active site has to match.
*Denature When the shape of the active site
changes shape so the enzyme
stops working.
9. Factor affecting enzymes
*Optimum The temperature when an
temperature enzyme works fastest (about 37O
for human enzymes).
**Changing Increasing to optimum: rate
the increases because particles move
temperature faster
Increasing past optimum: rate
decreases as enzyme denatures
*Optimum The pH when enzymes work *Diffusion Lungs: oxygen into blood,
pH fastest (around pH 6-8 for most examples carbon dioxide out of blood
human enzymes) Leaf: carbon dioxide into leaf,
oxygen out of leaf.
**Changing Rate decreases as you move
pH away from the optimum because **Partially A membrane that allows some
the enzyme denatures. permeable molecules but not others to
**Increasing At first the rate increases, but membrane pass through it (like a cell
membrane).
substrate then it levels out as the enzyme
concentration is working as fast as possible. **Osmosis The movement of water
across a partially permeable
10. Core practical – enzymes and pH (CP2) membrane from high
*CP2 – key How does the rate that amylase water/low solute conc to low
question works change as you change the water/high solute conc.
pH? **Osmosis Water into plant roots, water
*CP2 – Place starch solution, amylase examples in/out of any cells.
Prepare your solution and pH 7 buffer into *Active Using energy to move
reactants separate test tubes and warm transport substances from low to high
them in a water bath at 40oC concentration (up a
*CP2 – Place a few drops of iodine concentration gradient).
Prepare your solution into each well of a *Active Minerals being absorbed into
dropping tile spotting tile. transport plant roots.
*CP2 – Start Mix reactants together, start the examples
the reaction stop watch and keep the mixture
warm in the water bath. 12. Core practical – osmosis in potatoes (CP3)
*CP2 – Test Remove a small amount of *CP3 – Cut six similar pieces of potato,
for starch mixture and place in a well on Prepare blot them dry and weigh them.
the spotting tile. potatoes
*CP2 – Repeat the test until the mixture *CP3 – Run Place each potato piece in a test
Record your does not go black (no starch). the tube with sucrose (sugar)
results Record the time. experiment solutions with concentrations
*CP2 – Vary Repeat with different pH buffers from 0% to 50%
the pH from pH 3 to pH 10 *CP3 – Blot each potato piece dry and
*CP2 – The amylase works fastest Record re-weigh it.
Results around pH 7 and more slowly at results
pH high or lower than this. *CP3 – % change = (final value – starting
Calculate value) / starting value x 100
11. Cell transport percentage
*Concentration The number of particles in a mass change
given volume (the strength of *CP3 – Potato in weaker sucrose
a solution). Results solutions gain mass because
**Concentration The difference in water enters potatoes by
gradient concentration between two osmosis, those in stronger
neighbouring areas. solutions lose mass as water
*Diffusion The movement of particles leaves by osmosis.
from high to low
concentration (down a
concentration gradient).
 B2: Cells and control *Percentile A measure of the growth of a *Stem cells It is hoped they can be used to **Synapse Small gap between two
child that compares them to in medicine replace damaged cells in diseases neurons where the axon
Lesson sequence other children of the same age. like type 1 diabetes or leukaemia, terminals of one meet the
13. Mitosis *90th A child is taller than 90% of or to grow new organs for dendrites of another.
percentile children of the same age. transplant. ** Chemicals released by axon
14. Animal growth *50th Average for height/mass for the **Problems They may potentially cause Neurotransmitter terminals that diffuse across
15. Plant growth percentile age. with stem cancer, stem cells can only be the synapse to trigger a new
16. Stem cells *Percentile Graphs showing how cells used in the person they have impulse the dendrite of
17. Nervous system graphs height/mass change with age come from. another neuron.
18. Neurotransmission with different lines for each **Sensory neuron Nerve cell that carries
5. Nervous system impulses from sense organs
percentile.
19. Controlling movement *Cell When a cell divides by mitosis to
*Nervous All the nerves in your body to the CNS. Has a long
system working together to gather dendron and a long axon.
1. Mitosis differentiation produce two different types of
information, make decisions and **Relay neuron Nerve cell in the CNS that
*Cell cycle The life of a cell comprising cell (not two identical ones).
control responses. makes decisions. Dendrites
interphase and mitosis. *Specialised A cell special features designed
*Central The brain and spinal cord – makes join onto cell body, short
*Interphase Preparation for mitosis in which cell for a specific job.
nervous decisions (aka CNS). axon.
extra cell parts are made and **Importance To produce all the different
system **Motor neuron Nerve cell that carries
DNA chromosomes are replicated of types of cell the body needs such
**Periphera All your other nerves – gathers impulses from the CNS to
(copied). differentiation as red blood cells, fat cells, nerve
l nervous information from your sense and muscles. Dendrites join onto
*Mitosis When one cell divides into two in animals cells and muscle cells.
system carries messages from the CNS to cell body, long axon.
genetically identical daughter 3. Plant growth your muscles.
cells. *Neurone A nerve cell 7. Controlling movement
*Plant growth Cell division creates more cells,
*(I)PMATC The stages of mitosis: interphase elongation makes these cells get *Impulse Electrical message carried by a *Stimulus A piece of information detected by
(not mitosis), prophase, bigger. neuron. the nervous system.
metaphase, anaphase, telophase, **Cell body The central part of a nerve cell *Receptor Cells that detect a stimulus.
**Meristems Areas just behind the tips of
cytokinesis. containing its nucleus. *Response The action that the nervous system
roots and shoots where cell
**Prophase The membrane of the nucleus division and differentiation **Dendron The long parts of a nerve cell makes happen.
breaks down and spindle fibres happens. and axon carrying impulses towards the cell *Effector The body part that produces the
start to form. body (dendron) and away from it response, often a muscle.
**Importance To produce all the different
**Metaphase Spindle fibres fully form and of types of cell a plant needs such (axon) **Voluntar A stimulus is detected by a
chromosomes line up across the differentiation as root hair cells and xylem cells. **Myelin A fatty layer around the axon and y receptor, causing an impulse to be
middle of the cell. in plants sheath dendron that insulates it to movement carried by a sensory neuron to the
**Anaphase Chromosome copies separate and **Calculating % change = (final value – starting prevent the impulse from escaping brain. Relay neurones in the brain
move to each end of the cell. percentage value) / starting value x 100 and speeds the impulse up. decide what to do and send
**Telophase A new membrane forms around changes another impulse down a motor
each set of chromosomes to form 6. Neurotransmission neuron to the effector (muscle) to
two nuclei. 4. Stem cells ** The travelling of an impulse cause a response.
**Cytokinesi The two new cells fully separate. *Stem cell A cell that can differentiate when Neurotransmissio along a neuron and into *Reflexes Automatic responses that happen
s it divides, to produce two n another. very quickly without conscious
*Cancer When mitosis happens out of different cells. **Dendrites Branches at the beginning thought to keep the body safe.
control forming large lumps of **Embryonic A stem cell that can become any of a dendron that connect **Reflex arc Movement is caused in the same
cells called tumours. stem cell kind of cell. Found in developing to receptor cells or another way as for voluntary movement,
embryos. neuron. except the spinal cord makes the
2. Animal growth **Adult A stem cell that can only become **Axon terminals Branches at the end of an
*Growth Increase in size due to increased decision without needing the brain
stem cell a few types of cell. Found in axon that connect to a to think.
numbers of cells. animals after birth. muscle or another neuron.
Biology GCSE Transition Why viruses They cannot carry out hormones well the medicine
are not a living all the life processes Hormone A chemical messenger affects the
organism that is released from a pathogen and cells
How a virus It takes over the cell’s gland into the blood  Stage 2: on animals
1. Diseases infects a cell genetic material and and carried around the to see how a whole
Disease Something that makes makes the cell produce body body reacts to the
you ill, such as infection more viruses, which Target cell or Cells or organs that medicine, without
by a pathogen or not break open the cell organ respond to hormones risk to humans
having a healthy diet membrane and escape by changing what they  Stage 3: on a few
Pathogen A microbe that causes to infect other cells are doing healthy people to
disease e.g., polio virus Example of a Oestrogen controls make sure the drug
Infectious Caused by a microbe hormone and changes in a girl’s body is safe and to find
disease that gets into the body its effect during puberty general side-effects
and changes how it How the Electrical impulses  Stage 4: clinical
works e.g., polio nervous travel quickly along trial on many
Structure system is nerves; hormones patients to make
Deficiency Caused by the lack of a
disease nutrient needed for of a virus different to travel in the blood sure the drug
good health e.g., the hormonal works, to find the
anaemia system right dose and to
Genetic Caused by a fault in check for side-
disease DNA that changes how effects in different
cells work e.g., 3. Testing Medicines groups
haemophilia 2. Control Systems Using a Group of people that is
Medicine A drug that helps the
Lifestyle How we live can control group similar to the test group
How the Receptor cells in sense body to ease the
disease increase the risk of in stage 4 and receives
nervous organs detect stimuli; a symptoms of a disease
getting these diseases a placebo, against
system works receptor cell produces or cure the disease
Example of a Smoking can cause lung which the results of the
electrical impulses that Antibiotic Treats bacterial
lifestyle cancer new treatment will be
travel along nerve cells infections by killing the
disease compared
in nerves to the spinal pathogen
Autoimmune When the body’s Placebo Something that looks
cord, and then usually Antiviral Treats viral diseases
disease immune system attacks like the real medicine
to the brain; the brain Vaccine Used to immunise
and damages cells in but contains no drug
processes the people before they get
the body e.g., Type 1 Why a placebo To stop the placebo
information in the ill so that they are
diabetes is taken effect (when a patient
impulses; the brain protected from a
Communicabl A disease that can be gets better because
sends electrical particular pathogen
e disease (also passed from an infected they think they have
impulses through Side-effect Unintended effects of
called person to an uninfected received a medicine,
nerves in the spinal medicines that may be
infectious person even when they
cord to effectors harmful
disease) haven’t)
(muscles and glands); Stages of  Stage 1: on
Structure of a An outer protein coat Getting the Patients are randomly
muscles respond by testing new diseased cells or
virus that protects the correct results placed in each group to
contracting; glands medicines organs to see how
genetic material inside in stage 4 reduce the risk of bias
respond by releasing
 volume ratio smaller SA : V ratio than
smaller organisms
Osmosis The type of diffusion
that describes the
4. Ecology overall movement of
Abundance The number of solvent molecules in a
organisms in an area solution across a
Estimating Population size = partially permeable
population number of organisms in membrane
size sample x (total size of
area  area of sample)
Distribution How the organisms are
spread throughout an
area
Sampling Quadrat for organisms
techniques that don’t move e.g.,
plants; pitfall trap for
animals that crawl on
the ground, e.g.,
beetles; sweep net for
small organisms in tall
plants e.g., insects
sitting on long grass

Y contains more water molecules, so the

overall movement of water molecules will
5. In And Out be from Y to X by osmosis
Diffusion When particles spread
and mix with each other
without anything
moving them
Surface area : Larger organisms have a
Physics GCSE Transition and so it tends to rise Linear A relationship between
and create lower air relationship variables that produces
pressure over the sea; Magnetic field The space around a a straight line does not
The line
air above the land is at magnet where it can
have to go through
6. Differences higher pressure, so it affect magnetic
the (0,0) point
Potential Causes currents to flow flows out over the sea; materials or other
differences in circuits the breeze blows from magnets
Temperature Causes energy to be land to sea
differences transferred between
objects by heating The arrows show
the direction a
Why a cold The air in the room is 7. Fields north pole would
drink taken warmer than the drink, Force field The volume around move Direct A relationship between
from the so energy is transferred something where a proportion two variables where
fridge will from the air to the drink non-contact force can one variable doubles
warm up until both are at the affect things when the other doubles
same temperature Electric field The space around an Calculating Gravitational potential
Latent heat The energy needed to object with a charge of gravitational energy (in J) = mass (in
break the bonds static electricity where potential kg) × height (in m) ×
between particles in it can affect other energy gravitational field The graph is a straight line
melting or evaporating, objects strength (in N/kg) through (0,0)
or the energy released
when these bonds form
in condensing 8. Cause And Effect
or freezing
The arrows show the Correlation When two things Inverse A relationship between
Specific heat The energy needed to
direction a positive happen together, such proportion two variables where
capacity raise the temperature
charge would move as one variable one variable doubles
of 1 kg of a substance
increasing as another when the other halves
by 1 °C
increases, or two
Convection A flow of liquid or gas
variables changing with
current caused by part of it
time in a similar way
being heated or cooled Gravitational The space around any Example: If the cross-
more than the rest field object with mass where sectional area of a wire is
How a land At night the land cools its gravity attracts other doubled, its resistance halves
breezes occur down faster than the 9. Links Between Variables
masses
sea because it has a Equation for a y = mx + c
lower specific heat straight line y is the dependent
capacity, so the air variable, m is the Distance-time The gradient of the line
above the land is cooler The direction of a gradient, x is the graph tells you the speed
than the air above the gravitational field is independent variable, c Speed-time The gradient of the line
sea; the air above the always towards the is the point where the graph tells you the
sea is less dense than mass line crosses the vertical acceleration and the
the air above the land, axis area under the graph
 tells you the distance
the object has moved

10. Models
What models To help us understand
can be used how things work; to test
for new technology
Abstract A model that only exists
model in your thoughts or as a
computer program,
formula or diagram
Physical model A model that you can
touch or a model that
you could build e.g.,
wind tunnel
Chemistry GCSE Transition surroundings, which What is They must collide hard The horizontal line on the graph shows
normally decreases the needed for enough or with enough that the reaction has stopped
temperature of the two particles energy
surroundings e.g., to react
11. Ions melting When If more reactant 14. Chemical Equations
Atom Has no overall charge as Exothermic Any change that gives reactions particles can collide
Salt An ionic compound
the negative charge of out energy to the occur faster with each other
produced in a
the electrons balances surroundings, which How to Increase the surface neutralisation reaction
the positive charge of normally increases the increase the area of a reactant
Neutralisation An acid reacts with an
the central nucleus temperature of the number of
reaction alkali or a base to
Ion An atom that has a tiny surroundings e.g., colliding
produce a salt and
electrical charge freezing particles
water
How a positive When an atom loses Reaction Shows the changes in
Example of a Hydrochloric acid +
ion is formed one or more electrons profile energy of reactants and
neutralisation copper oxide  copper
How a When an atom gains products during a
reactions chloride + water
negative ion is one or more electrons reaction
State symbols Solid (s); liquid (l); gas
formed (g); aqueous (aq)
Ionic bond A strong force between
oppositely charged ions
When ionic Only if the ions can
15. Equilibria
compounds move e.g., when the
can conduct compound is dissolved Reversible Can go both backwards
electricity in water or is liquid reaction and forwards
Structure of a A lattice of positive ions Example of a 3H2(aq) + N2(g)
metal sitting in a sea of reversible 2NH3(g)
negative electrons Why reactions There are fewer and reaction A double arrow shows a
Metallic Forces of attraction get slower as fewer reactant particles reversible reaction
bonding between the opposite they progress Dynamic When there are
Q is an endothermic reaction because the
charges that hold the equilibrium constant changes going
products have more energy than the
metal together on but these changes
reactants
Why metals The electrons can move are equal and opposite
can conduct and so do not affect the
electricity overall levels of
13. Rates Of Reaction something
Rate of How quickly a reaction A reversible When the amounts of
reaction occurs reaction the products and the
12. Energy Transfers
Example of a Iron rusting reaches a reactants do
When metallic If there are more free slow reaction dynamic not change
bonding is electrons and ions with How to Measure how quickly equilibrium
stronger more charges measure the the reactants are used
Endothermic Any change that takes rate of up or how quickly the
energy in from the reaction products are formed
At equilibrium, the rate of the forwards
and backwards reactions are the same
 9I Forces and Motion
1. Forces and Movement
Force between two surfaces
Friction
sliding across each other.
Reducing Using rollers or wheels / sleds
Friction in snowy countries
When a force acting on an
Balanced object is the same size as the
force in the opposite direction.
Constant Caused by balanced forces
Speed acting on an object.
Unbalance Forces acting in opposite
d directions are not equal.
The difference between the
Resultant
forward and backward force.
Get faster- caused by
Accelerate
unbalanced forces.
Boat Force
Diagram
Acts to slow down objects
moving through fluids (liquids/
Drag
gases) e.g. water resistance
and air resistance
Dependent on the maximum
force a vehicle can move
Top Speed
forwards an on the friction/
drag acting to slow it down.
2. Energy For Movement
Supplies humans the energy
Food
they need.
Solar Energy stored in food
Energy originally came from the Sun.
Kinetic Stored in anything that is
Energy moving.
Fuels formed by remains of Dependent on Moment The turning effect of a force.
plants / animals that store measurements taken e.g. Moments are measured in
Fossil Fuel Units Units
large amounts of energy. e.g. miles per hour, metres per newton metres (N m)
coal, oil, natural gas second Moment Formula
Non- Resources that will run out Speed
Renewable one day like fossil fuels. Formula
Energy stored in oil and Total distance travelled, Equilibriu Opposing forces are balanced.
natural gas is used for Mean Speed divided by the total time m
Using Fossil transport. taken.
Fuels Energy released by burning 5. More Machines
Used to show how fast
fuels is transferred by heating Anything that helps us work
Distance- someone travelled during a Machine
for cooking or keeping warm Time Graph journey. Also called a with forces.
Gravitational Energy stored in raised displacement-time graph A simple machine that means
Potential objects. Distance in a straight line less force is needed to push
Ramp
Elastic Energy stored in stretched or Displacement between an object and its an object up a slope
Potential squashed objects. starting point. compared to lifting.
Energy stored in the Horizontal Shows an object isn’t moving Makes lifting a load easier by
Pulleys
movement of particles. Line on the distance-time graph. pulling down a rope.
Thermal
Transferred from hot objects Shows an object is moving Amount of energy
Steep Line Work transferred when a force
to cooler ones by heating. quickly
Resources that will not run Looking speed compared to moves something.
Renewable Work is measured in Joules
out. e.g. wind, moving water Relative another object which may be Units
Nuclear Non-renewable resource used moving. (J)
Energy to generate electricity. Work Done Formula
Cannot be stored, has to be 4. Turning Forces
Electricity generated by renewable or Long bar used to life heavy
Lever If a smaller force is needed to
non-renewable resources. objects.
Pivot / Point that the lever turns Conservation move something, the force
Conservation Energy cannot be created or
Fulcrum around. of Energy has to move through a
of Energy destroyed, only transferred.
Effort Force applied down on lever. greater distance.
The useful energy transferred
Load The object being lifted.
Efficiency compared to the total energy Lesson Memorised?
transferred by a device. 1. Forces and
Lever
Dissipated Energy that spreads out. Movement
Diagram
Energy is often transferred by
Transfers 2. Energy For
heating or sound.
Effort distance is greater than Movement
3. Speed Force the load distance meaning that
3. Speed
How far something can Multiplier the effort force is smaller than
Speed
travel in a certain time. the force lifting the load.
4. Turning Forces
Large effort force moves a
Distance
small distance and the load is
Multiplier
moved a greater distance. 5. More Machines

9J Force Fields and
Electromagnets
1. Force Fields
The area around something
Force Field where a non-contact force
can affect things.
Non-Contact A force which can affect
Force something from a distance.
The space around a magnet
Magnetic
where it can affect magnetic
Field
materials or other magnets.
To push away.
Repel Two of the same poles will
repel each other.
To draw together.
Attract A north and a south pole will
attract each other.
Earth’s Protects the Earth from
Magnetic charged particles emitted by
Field the Sun
The amount of matter that
something is made up of-
Mass
measured in grams /
kilograms.
The space around any object
Gravitational
with mass where its gravity
Field
attracts other masses.
The force with which a
Gravitational gravitational field pulls on
Field each kilogram of mass. Earths
Strength gravitational field strength is
approximately 10 N/Kg.
The amount of force with
which gravity pulls things.
Weight Measured in Newtons.
Weight = mass x gravitational
field strength
Gravitational Energy stored in objects in
Potential high places that can fall
Energy (GPE) down.
2. Static Electricity
A positive or negative charge
on an insulating material
Static
caused when rubbing
Electricity
transfers electrons from one
material to another.
The central part of an atom-
Nucleus
has a positive charge.
Small particles moving
Electrons around the nucleus in an
atom- have a negative charge
Atom
Something with a charge of
static electricity can attract
Charges uncharged objects. Two
charged objects can attract or
repel each other.
The space around an object
with a charge of static
Electric Field
electricity where it can affect
other objects.
3. Current Electricity
Electric The flow of electrons in a
Current circuit.
Current in The current is the same
Series everywhere in a series circuit.
The current through the cell
Current in
splits up when it comes to a
Parallel
junction in a parallel circuit.
Connected in series and used Increasing the number of
to measure the current coils.
Ammeter Increasing
flowing through a circuit- Increasing the current in
Electromagnet
measured in amperes (A). the wire.
Strength
How much energy is Using a magnetic material
Voltage transferred by electricity by a as a core.
cell / component. A small current is used to
Connected in parallel and switch on a circuit that
Relays
used to measure the voltage carries a much bigger
Voltmeter
of a component- measured in current
volts (V) The force produced when
Motor Effect a wire carrying a current is
4. Resistances placed in a magnetic field.
How difficult it is for
A coil of wire in a magnetic
Resistance electricity to flow through Electric Motor field. The coil spins when a
something. current flows through it.
A component that makes it
difficult for electricity to
Resistors flow. Used to reduce the
size of the current in a Lesson Memorised?
circuit.
1. Force Fields
Increasing the length of a
Factors
wire or decreasing the
Affecting 2. Static Electricity
thickness will increase the
Resistance
resistance.
Do not conduct electricity- 3. Current Electricity
Insulators they have very high
resistances. 4. Resistances
The units for measuring
Ohms
resistance- Ω
5. Electromagnets
Calculating Voltage = current x
Resistance resistance
5. Electromagnets
A coil of wire with
Electromagnet electricity flowing in it that
s has a magnetic field
around it.