UNIT 6

PREPOSITIONS

IN
- when we think of a place as an área or space
He had his workshop in the basement of his
house
The headquarters are located in miami
- for cars and taxis
He spent two hours in a taxi
- normally with in class, in hospital, in prison, in
court
My friend is still in hospital after the accident
- with people or things which form lines
ON
- to talk about a position in contact with a
surface
They posted announcements on the walls of
the building
The frying pan i son the cooker
- with border, coast, road to, the outskirts
of, the Edge of, the way to/from, etc
On the border between GER and SPA there
is a shop…
- with means of thansport apart from cars
and taxis

She was prepared to wait in a queue for hours
for a bargain
- for the world
There’s a lot of competition between Dubai and
Saudi to build the tallest building in the world
The wind demolished the sail on our yatch
- for technology
He denies that he spends hours on the pone
I discovered an old friend on Facebook
- with left and right

There was a shop on the right

AT
- when we think of a place as a point, not an área
[including at home, at school, at work, at
university]

The delibery man is at the back door

The cars were waiting at the barrier

- to talk about an event with a number of people

We’ll be at the reception this evening

The students were at the seminar about virtual
reality
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clouses tell us which particular person or thing the speaker is talking about are called
defining relative clauses. They give essential information

The optician who tested my eyes is my cousin

The relative clause that tells us which option we are talking about

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses which give us extra information are called non-defining relative clauses

My cousin is an optician, who is a member of your golf club

We already know which optician (it’s my cousin) who is a member of your golf clubn does not tell us
which optician we are talking about, it just adds extra information

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Don’t have commas Use commas for pauses in spoken English
Use the following relative pronouns: who, which, Use the following relative pronouns: who,
whose, where, when and why which, whose, where and when
Can use that instead of who/ which Don’t use that
Who, which or that can be omitted when they are The relative pronoun cannot be omitted
the object of the clause
The eye drops (-/which/that) the optician gave me
should be used twice a day
UNIT 7 - WISH, IF ONLY AND HOPE
WISH, IF ONLY

- We use wish/ if only + past simple to say we would like a oresent situation to be different

I wish I lived in a villa overlooking the sea

If only it was the end of second term

NOTE: This use of whish/ if only is similar to the second conditional, as it uses a past tense to refer
to something which is contrary to the facts in the present

- We use wish/ if only + would to say if we want

• Something to happen:

I wish that terrible noise would stop

• Someone to start doing something they don’t do

If only you’d stop wasting my precious time

• Someone to stop doing something which annoys us

If only friends wouldn’t keep asking me to go out when I’m trying to revise

- We use wish/ if only + past perfect to talk about the things which we are unhappy about which
happened

He wishes he had completed the project by the deadline

NOTE: This use of whish/ if only is similar to the third conditional, i.e. it uses a past perfect tense to
refer to something which is contrary to the facts in the past

- If only means I wish when talking about other people, we use he wishes, they wish,… We use If
only when we feel something very strongly. Otehrwhise use I wish

HOPE
- we use hope when we want something to happen or to be true, and usually have a good reason
to think it might
I hope you make a lot of friends when you are abroad

NOTE: use hope + present/future with a future meaning, specially when the subject of the two
clauses isdifferentt I hope you make lots of friends when you are abroad
- we often use hope + infinitive when there is only one subject to the sentence
She hopes to work in the field of entertaining after college
- When we want something to be true about the past, but we don’t know if is true
I hope you had a brilliant honeymoon
THIRD CONDITIONAL

- something which did not happen in the past and its results, which are imaginary

If you had texted me yesterday, I would not have forgotten that I had an appointment at the doct.

NOTES:
- We can contract the third conditional as follows
If you’d texted me yesterday, I wouldn’t have forgotten that I had an appointment at the hospital
- We can use could and might instead of would:
If I hadn’t revised better for the exam, I could have passed it
If the temperature had been slightly higher, we might have had a picnic in the countryside

MIXED CONDITIONAS

- When we want to use a conditional sentence to talk about the past and the present, we can use
the second conditional in one part of the sentence and thirt conditional in the other

If the cost of even the cheapest seats wasn’t so high [2nd present ], we’d have gone to see the
opera [3rd past]