Foundation of medicine

Musculoskeletal system

Dr Israa A. Kadhim
 Bone structure
• For bones to properly form and become hard
and strong, we need to eat food that contains
two minerals: calcium (KALsee-um) and
phosphorus (FOS-for-us). We also need plenty
of vitamin D to help us absorb the calcium.
 Cartilage
• Cartilage is similar to bone but it is soft because it
lacks the calcium deposits that make bone hard.
Cartilage is found in all joints, the spinal column,
and the rib cage.
①They provide protection and support.
②allow movement.
③ storehouse for calcium and phosphorus.
④produces blood cells that are necessary for life
Joints
 Joints
• it is important that the two bones glide smoothly
over each other.
• This is accomplished by articular (ar-TIK- yoo-lar)
cartilage and synovial (sih-NOH-vee-al) fluid inside
the joint.
• The synovial fluid is produced by synovial
membrane lining the joint.
• Although most of the joints in the body are
movable, there are a few immovable joints in the
skull. These immovable joints are called sutures.
 Joints
• tendons (TEN-donz) Tendons attach muscle to
bone,
• ligaments (LIG-ah-ments) Ligaments attach
bone to bone
• bursae (BUR-see). Bursae are tiny, purse-like
sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled
with synovial fluid.
 Tibia

Joints 126 CHAPTER 7 Skeletal System

A joint cavity.

Femur

Femur

Synovial membrane
Tendon
Joint cavity
(filled with synovial fluid)
Bursa
Articular
cartilage Patella
Fibrous
capsule
Joint cavity

Articular
Bursa cartilage

Tibia
Tibia

Bursae around a joint.

Figure 7-4 A joint cavity.

uid. Each bur sa (BUR-sah) prevents friction between two structures that need
 ROOT MEANING
brachi/o arm
Term Term Analysis Definition
brachiocephalic -ic = pertaining to pertaining to the arm and head
(bray-kee-oh-seh-FAL-ik) cephal/o = head

ROOT MEANING
calcane/o heel
Term Term Analysis Definition
calcaneal -eal = pertaining to pertaining to the heel
(kal-KAY-nee-al)

ROOT MEANING
cervic/o neck
Term Term Analysis Definition
cervical -al = pertaining to pertaining to the neck
(SER-vih-kal)
 ROOT MEANING
chondr/o cartilage
Term Term Analysis Definition
chondromalacia -malacia = soft softening of cartilage
(kon-dro-mah-LAY-she-ah)
chondrocyte -cyte = cell cartilage cell
(KON-droh-sight)

ROOT MEANING
clavicul/o clavicle; collarbone
Term Term Analysis Definition
infraclavicular -ar = pertaining to pertaining to below the
CHAPTER 7 Skeletal System 131
(in-frah-klah-VICK-yoo-lar) infra- = below; under collarbone. Also known as
subclavicular and subclavian.

ROOT MEANING
coccyg/o coccyx; tailbone
Term Term Analysis Definition
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)
ditorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions requ

coccygeal -eal = pertaining to pertaining to the tailbone

(kock-SIJ-ee-al)
Term
subcostal ROOT Term Analysis
-al = pertaining to Dpertaining
efinition
MEANING to under the ribs
costal
(sub-KOS-tal) cost/o -alsub-
= pertaining
= under to rib to the ribs
pertaining
(KO
TermS-tal) Term
costochondritis -itisA=
nalysis
inflammation Dinflammation
efinition of ribs and
subcostal
costal -al =
= pertaining
-alchondr/o
pertaining to
to pertaining
pertaining to under the ribs
(kos-toh-kon-DRY-tis) = cartilage cartilage to the ribs
(sub-KO
(KO S-tal)S-tal) sub- = under
costovertebral -al = pertaining to pertaining to ribs and vertebra
costochondritis
subcostal -itis==pertaining
-al inflammation
to inflammation
pertaining to of ribsthe
under andribs
(kos-toh-VER
(kos-toh-kon-D -teh-bral) vertebr/o = vertebra
(sub-KO S-tal) RY-tis) chondr/o
sub- = cartilage
= under cartilage
costovertebral
costochondritis -al ==pertaining
-itis to
inflammation pertaining to ribs
inflammation andand
of ribs vertebra
(kos-toh-VER-teh-bral)
(kos-toh-kon-D RY-tis) vertebr/o = vertebra
chondr/o cartilage cartilage
costovertebral ROOT -al = pertaining to pertaining
MEANING to ribs and vertebra
(kos-toh-VER-teh-bral)crani/o vertebr/o = vertebra skull
Term ROOT Term Analysis Definition
MEANING
craniofacial crani/o -al = pertaining to skull to the skull and face
pertaining
Term
(kray-nee-oh-FAY-shal) Term Analysis
faci/o = face Definition
ROOT MEANING
craniofacial
craniotomy crani/o -al-tomy
= pertaining
= to cut;toincision pertaining to the
skullinto
incision theskull
skull and face
(kray-nee-oh-FAY-shal)
(kray-nee-OT-ah-mee) faci/o =nalysis
face
Term Term A Definition
craniotomy
craniofacial -tomy = to cut; incision
-al = pertaining to incision into
pertaining tothe
theskull
skull and face
(kray-nee-OT-ah-mee)
(kray-nee-oh-F AY-shal) faci/o = face
craniotomy -tomy = to cut; incision incision into the skull
ROOT MEANING
(kray-nee-OT-ah-mee)
femor/o femur; thigh bone
ROOT MEANING
Term femor/o
Term Analysis Definition
femur; thigh bone
femoral
Term -al =
Term pertaining to
Analysis Dpertaining
efinition to the femur
(FEM-or-al) ROOT MEANING
femoral femor/o -al = pertaining to pertaining
femur; thightobone
the femur
(FEM-or-al)
Term Term Analysis Definition
femoral -al = pertaining to pertaining to the femur
 ili/o
ROOT
hip
MEANING
Term ROO T
ili/o Term Analysis MEANING
Definition
hip
ili/o hip
Term
iliac Term
-ac Analysis to
= pertaining D efinition to the hip
pertaining
Term
(ILL-ee-ack) Term Analysis Definition
iliac -ac = pertaining to pertaining to the hip
iliac
(ILL-ee-ack)
iliosacral joint -ac
-al==pertaining
pertainingtoto pertaining
pertainingtoto
the hipjoint between
the
(ILL-ee-ack)
(ill-ee-oh-SA Y-kral) the hip and
iliosacral joint sacr/o = sacrumto
-al = pertaining pertaining tosacrum;
the joint also
between
iliosacral joint Y-kral)
(ill-ee-oh-SA -al = pertaining to known
pertainingastothe
the sacroiliac
joint
the hip and sacrum; alsobetween
sacr/o = sacrum
(ill-ee-oh-SAY-kral) sacr/o = sacrum (say-kroh-ILL-ee-ack)
the hip and
known sacrum;
as the also joint
sacroiliac
known as the sacroiliac joint
(say-kroh-ILL-ee-ack)
(say-kroh-ILL-ee-ack) joint
ROOT MEANING
lumb/o
ROOT
lower back; loins
MEANING
Term RO OT
lumb/o Term Analysis MEANING
Definition
lower back; loins
lumb/o lower back; loins
Term
lumbodynia Term Analysis
-dynia = pain Definition
pain in the lower back; lumbago
T erm
(lum-boh-D IN-yah) Term Analysis Definition
lumbodynia -dynia = pain pain in the lower back; lumbago
lumbodynia
(lum-boh-DIN-yah) -dynia = pain pain in the lower back; lumbago
(lum-boh-DIN-yah)
ROOT MEANING
mandibul/o mandible; lower jaw
ROOT MEANING
Term ROOT
mandibul/o Term Analysis MEANING
Definition
mandible; lower jaw
mandibul/o mandible; lower jaw
Term
mandibular Term
-ar Analysis to
= pertaining Definition to the mandible
pertaining
T erm IB-yoo-lar)
(man-D Term Analysis Definition
mandibular -ar = pertaining to pertaining to the mandible
mandibular
(man-DIB-yoo-lar) -ar = pertaining to pertaining to the mandible
(man-DIB-yoo-lar)
ROOT MEANING
maxill/o upper jaw
ROOT MEANING
Term ROOT
maxill/o Term Analysis MEANING
Definition
upper jaw
maxill/o upper jaw
Term
maxillary Term
-ary =Analysis
pertaining to Definition to the upper jaw
pertaining
T erm
(MAC K-sih-lar-ee) Term Analysis Definition
maxillary -ary = pertaining to pertaining to the upper jaw
maxillary
(MACK-sih-lar-ee) -ary = pertaining to pertaining to the upper jaw
(MACK-sih-lar-ee)
 CHAPTER 7 RO
Skeletal S OT
ystem MEANING 133
ROOT
myel/o MEANING
bone marrow
olecran/o elbow
Term Term Analysis Definition
Term R 7
CHAPTE Skeletal System Term Analysis Definition 133
myelogenous ROOT -genous = produced by produced
MEANING by the bone marrow
olecranalJ-en-us) olecran/o
(my-eh-LO -al = pertaining to pertaining
elbow to the elbow
(oh-LECK-ran-al)
Term Term Analysis Definition
ROOT MEANING
olecranal olecran/o -al = pertaining to elbowto the elbow
pertaining
(oh-LE
Term CK-ran-al)
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Term Analysis Definition
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

olecranal ROOT -al = pertaining to MEANING

pertaining to the elbow
(oh-LECK-ran-al) patell/o patella; kneecap
Term Term Analysis Definition
ROOT MEANING
suprapatellar patell/o -ar = pertaining to pertaining
patella; to above the kneecap
kneecap
(soo-prah-pah-TEL-ar)
Term Tsupra- = above
erm Analysis Definition
ROOT MEANING
suprapatellar patell/o -ar = pertaining to pertaining
patella; to above the kneecap
kneecap
(soo-prah-pah-T
Term EL-ar) supra- = above
Term Analysis Definition
suprapatellar ROOT -ar = pertaining to pertaining
MEANING to above the kneecap
oste/o
(soo-prah-pah-TEL-ar) supra- = above bone
Term Term Analysis Definition
ROOT MEANING
osteitis oste/o -itis = inflammation inflam mation of the bone
bone
(os-tee-EYE-tis)
Term Term Analysis Definition
osteomalacia ROOT -malacia = softening MEANING
softening of bone
osteitis
(os-tee-oh-mah-LAYoste/o
-shee-ah) -itis = inflammation inflammation of the bone
bone
(os-tee-E
erm Y E-tis)
Tosteomyelitis T-itis
erm= Analysis D efinition
inflammation inflam mation of bone and bone
osteomalacia
(os-tee-oh-my-eh-LYE-tis) -malacia = softening softening
marrow of bone
osteitis -itis = inflam
myel/o mation
= bone marrow inflam mation of the bone
(os-tee-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)
(os-tee-EYE-tis)
osteonecrosis -sis = condition death of bone tissue due to the
osteomyelitis -itis = inflammation inflammation of bone and bone
osteomalacia
(os-tee-oh-neh-KRO-sis) -m alacia
necr/o ==death
softening softening of bone
lack of blood supply
(os-tee-oh-my-eh-LYE-tis) myel/o = bone marrow marrow
(os-tee-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)
osteonecrosis
osteomyelitis -sis
-itis =
= condition
inflammation death
inflamof boneof
mation tissue
bonedue
andto the
bone
(os-tee-oh-neh-K
(os-tee-oh-my-eh-LRO
Y-sis)
E-tis) necr/o
myel/o= = death
bone marrow lack of blood supply
marrow
 134 ROOT CHAPTER 7
MEANING Skeletal System
phalang/o phalanx; one of the bones making
up the fingers or toes

134
Term Term Analysis Definition
CHAPTER 7 Skeletal System
ROOT MEANING
interphalangeal joint
radi/o -al = pertaining toradius (one of the
pertaining
bones toof joints between
the lower the
arm)
(in-ter-fah-LAN-jee-al) inter- = between phalanges
Term Term Analysis Definition
ROOT MEANING
radiocarpal joint radi/o -al = pertaining to radius (one ofpertaining
the bonestoofthethe
jointlower
between
arm)
(ray-dee-oh-KAR-pal)
Term carp/o = wrist
Term Analysis
the radius and wrist
Definition
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radiocarpal joint -al = pertaining to pertaining to the joint between
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

(ray-dee-oh-KAR-pal) carp/o = wrist the radius and wrist

ROOT MEANING
scapul/o scapula; shoulder blade
Term ROOT Term Analysis MEANING
Definition
scapul/o scapula; shoulder blade
subscapular -ar = pertaining to pertaining to under the shoulder
Term Term Analysis Definition
(sub-SKAP-yoo-lar) sub- = under; below blade; infrascapular
subscapular -ar = pertaining to pertaining to under the shoulder
 ROOT MEANING
spondyl/o vertebra
Term Term Analysis Definition
spondylolisthesis -listhesis = slipping forward slipping of one
(spon-dih-loh-lis-THEE-sis) vertebra over another. Usually
the fifth lumbar vertebra over
the sacrum.

ROOT MEANING
synovi/o synovial membrane
Term Term Analysis Definition
synovectomy -ectomy = excision surgical removal of the synovial
(sin-oh-VECK-toh-me) membrane

ROOT MEANING
thorac/o chest
Term Term Analysis Definition
thoracolumbar -ar = pertaining to pertaining to the chest and
(thoh-rack-oh-LUM-bar) lumb/o = lower back; loins lower back
 -luxation displacement; dislocation
Term Term Analysis Definition
Ssubluxation
uffixes
(sub-leck-SAY-shun)
Suffixes
sub- = under; below partial displacement or dislocation
of a bone from its joint
SUFFIX MEANING
-luxation displacement; dislocation
Term Term Analysis Definition
subluxation SUFFIX sub- = under; below partialMEANING
displacement or dislocation
(sub-leck-SAY-shun) -oma of a tumor;
bone from its joint
mass
Term Term Analysis Definition
carcinoma carcin/o = cancer malignant tumor of epithelial cells
(kar-sih-NOH-mah)
chondroma SUFFIX chondr/o = cartilage MEANING
benign tumor of cartilage
(kon-DROH-mah) -oma tumor; mass
Term
chondrosarcoma Term Analysis
-sarcoma = malignant tumor Definition
malignant tumor of cartilage.
(kon-droh-sar-KO
carcinoma H-mah) ofcarcin/o
connective tissue.
= cancer Cartilage is atumor
malignant type ofofconnective
epithelial cells
(kar-sih-NOH-mah) tissue.
osteoma
chondroma oste/o = bone
chondr/o = cartilage benign tumor
benign of of
tumor bone
cartilage
(os-tee-O
(kon-DRO H-mah)
H-mah)
osteosarcoma
chondrosarcoma -sarcoma
-sarcoma ==malignant
malignant tumor
tumor malignant
malignant tumor of bone.
tumor Bone is a
of cartilage.
(os-tee-oh-sar-KO
(kon-droh-sar-KOHH-mah)
-mah) ofofconnective
connectivetissue
tissue. type of connective
Cartil tissue.
age is a type of connective
sarcoma sarc/o = flesh sarcoma
tissue. can also be used as a word
(sar-KOH-mah)
osteoma oste/o = bone onbenign
its owntumor
to mean a malignant tumor
of bone
of connective tissue
(os-tee-OH-mah)
osteosarcoma -sarcoma = malignant tumor malignant tumor of bone. Bone is a
 SUFFIX MEANING
-osis abnormal condition
Term Term Analysis Definition
kyphosis kyph/o = humpback abnormal increase in the outward curvature
(kye-FOH-sis) of the thoracic spine (Figure 7-8A)
lordosis lord/o = swayback abnormal increase in the forward curvature
(lor-DOH-sis) of the lumbar spine (Figure 7-8B)
scoliosis scoli/o = crooked abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
(skoh-lee-OH-sis) (Figure 7-8C)

(A) (B) (C)

Figure 7-8 Abnormal Curvatures of the spine. (A) Kyphosis. (B) Lordosis. (C) Scoliosis

Prefixes
PREFIX MEANING
auto- self
Term Term Analysis Definition
autoimmune disease -immune = immunity; immune response to one’s own body
(aw-toh-ih-MYOON) safe tissue; destruction of one’s own cells
by one’s own immune system. An example
 Fractures
• A fracture is a break or crack in a bone.
• Types of Fractures:
• Greenstick fracture means a bone is partially
broken on one side and bent on the other
• Closed fracture, also known as a simple
fracture, means a bone is broken but there is no
open cut in the skin
 Fractures
• Open fracture, also known as a compound fracture,
means a bone is broken and there is an open cut in the
skin
• Comminuted (kom-ih-NOOT-id) fracture means the bone
has been splintered
• Colles (KOHL-eez) fracture is of the distal radius near the
wrist
• Pathological fracture means the bone breaks because it is
weak from disease.
138 CHAPTER 7 Skeletal System
Fractures

Transverse

Oblique

Greenstick Closed Open Comminuted

(incomplete) (simple, complete) (compound)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Muscles
Thank You