Vectors scalar

magnitude Vector vs scalar -

displacement
-

time

direction
head
•

Vectors have both magnitude and direction -

velocity _
distance

Acceleration length
_
-

tail
•

scalars have own magnitude

-

mass

position
>

d location of an object relative to a reference point 1 with direction

TH
Displacement

d
>

direction)
distance
Change in position ( with

'

'
¥
displacement .

'
Distance
M d
d Length of path travelled . .

met Point >

position d

Collinear ( Parallel ) I walk 10.0m IEI

,
then 13.0m IWI NON -

collinear A chicken struts 3.0m [El ,

then 4.0m [N ] What is

N What is mu distance travelled / displacement distance travelled / displacement

^ 2

32+42
>

W E
A) b) d p.
=

s
☒ ¥2m air 25
start
=

a) •
10m
, b) air = oi
,
+ di >

>
d = 5m [ E 55N ]
p.
DR =
(107+1-13) • >
di 3m
air =
-3m 1- El
tant =
§
A) dy =
d t dz CIR =
-13m 1W ] AT =
d. + dz 0=53.130
,

At =
10 + 13 d -1=3+4

d -1=23 m d -1=7 M

A dazed baboon staggers 3m [ E ] then 7m [ S ] What

is distance travelled / displacement

'

•
3° 'm >
N
pi
>
'

-
b) d =3 +72
W E
fin air -9+49
-

¥
s
air -58
-

✓
air -7.6m [ E 66.805 ] .

a) AT =
d ,
+ dz

=3 + 7 tan D- = } .
why not ?_?
;
.

0=66.8
d -1=10 m
Average velocity :

/
( or Ñav)
>

symbol v vector → has Ex Ex

direction flies 3.0m [ E ] ,
j= longs [ E ] Dumbo then 4. OMEN ] in 5.0sec .

displacement
Equation
>

V = § time a) Find the average speed b) Find the average velocity

d >

d -1 =D , + dz V= + DR =
d? -1 a>z dpi = 32+42
^
dpi=9
Average speed : d -1=3+4 V=É É" 4m
-116

✓añ= 25
d -1=7 Vav =/ 4m15 dÉ=5m
( or Vav ) Ex 55N
-

Symbol ⇒
E
'

V
scalar -

no
distance
direction mum. ,
time tan0- = ? ,

vav
=
+

Equation v= ¥ tan I >

Vav =

1- an"= 1.3333 >

Vav 530N
-

=/
0=530 MIS E

Instantaneous velocity

velocity at a certain point in time

Uniform Motion

constant velocity ( means constant speed and constant direction)

 ftanmtttnetf Methods
On Chart Paper , simplify this treasure map into two steps .
Pretend you're on a wide open field
10m
n >

and can move in any direction .

10M
10M

1 . Break all vectors into components

10M 10M
n > ✓ >

2. Add all x
-
iiomponents ( with signs for direction) to find DX
y
10M
3. Add all 4- uomponents ( with signs
' for direction) to find dy 10m
10M
>
40M >
4. Redraw triangle and use Pythagoras and Trig to find dt I including direction )
 c⇐CG*④☒¥☒*n*☒☒☒☒d☒④H☒*☒€④E*⇒*
the Position
-

time graph for an object moving at a constant velocity is a straight line with a

constant slope

Every graph needs a few thing :

✗
1. Appropriate scale -

choose a scale that allows your line to fill at least half the axis

rise 2. Properly labelled X and y axes -

include units & direction ( if appropriate)

✗ 3. Appropriate title Y vs x format

run

4. Line of Best Fit CLOBF )

5. A legend ( if there's more than one line) .

Times) vs Position 1m )[E ]

points

{
For slope use
" "" " " """ " " " "
^ on your line
0 0
20
Yz -
y ,

Slope =

4.5
•
I Kz -
04
18

|
= 19-5
" "
" " "

|
••
15 14
3 =

14
>
3

4 19 Vav = 4.7ms [ E ]

§É" ?,
••
,

E
use
dist
oÉ
•
+
this
slope of a

, 1
is Vai
-

••

4
% ¥
/
Slope
=
-_

+
time ( s)

(m) s vs S

D
5

÷
A

IS )
 f ) / )
I 1
'
a) ¥ i
'
c E t

al hmmmmnnnnnnmnnnn
c o
innumerate
, ,
1 i

Acceleration constant acceleration

of of velocity velocity
-

The rate change changes by equal amounts

over equal time intervals

Formula Ex a =
5m15

>
a
=
? or a
>
=ñÉ
>

+ is) V lmls )
we usually use average acceleration .

Units 0 0
+5m , ,
But instantaneous acceleration exists too .

- <
m/s I b-
What's the difference
+5m / s
2 10 ,

Acceleration if 3 15

Speed 4 20
changes

direction changes
5 25

Ex. Iqra throws a dodge ball at Mohammed at 18 m/s [E]. It

misses, hits the wall and bounces back 0.25 s later going 14 m/s
[W] and then gently hits Mohammed safely. Find its average

Et
V ,
= 18m / SEE ] a
>
= VÉY?
V. = 18m15 1-14) -
18
>
V2 = 14m15 [ W ] =
•25
-
32
=

1- =
• 25s -25

= -
128m15 E
a =
?
<
1.3×102 MI5
>

✓ 2=14 MIS ' a =

[w]

r
 Slope of a velocity time -

graph gives acceleration

( Mls )
[E ]
Slope of a secant line give it average

slope of a tangent line give instantaneous

+ IS )

MOTION EQUATIONS FOR CONSTANT ACCELERATION

Step :
? v3
fav
>
th
v
d→=v?
+

}
0 .
=
2 3 .
1- +
a v? 1 .
Write down what you know

vi. } 2. Draw a picture

t.VE
>

v5 ai
>

? ?
'
=
v + a 1- 4 . =v + Za a 3 . Pick a positive direction

of ✓ 4 Find a formula (s )
?
.

Iv + v3) + >

d→=v? -12
>

2 .
I =

z
5
.
+ { a 1- X 5. SUD in & solve .
( Be careful of direction)

Ex 1 Astronaut Hala is landing on Mars & experiences Ex 2 Kevin is driving a HummerTM going 10 m/s & sees a red light up ahead
tm
an acceleration of 49 m/s over 10 s before coming to mm
and begins slowing down at 3.0 m/s 2

rest.
-

Up -
What displacement does it take it to stop?
a) What was her initial velocity? V1
Fi > B-
V. = 10 Mls

Ahoy
• g
b) What was her average velocity?
Vz=O
down -1
>
OI
Vi
-
>
>
vi.
lot
a)
= + a
a =
49m15 1- up ]
'

v5 =Ñ ?
'

=
10s
0 =
V ,
+ C- 49 ) ( IO ) V. =
10m15 [ F ]
+ Za d

=
0 V. + (-490) vz
= 0 0 =
102+21 -

3) d
v2 =

490 =
V 1- =
=
100 -

Gd
,
-
" + V2
?

¥Ñµ µ µp
b) Var =
2
V =
490m / s [ D ] a =
3. 0m15 [B] Gd =
100

vav =
490+20 D= ? D= 16.66m IF ]

Vav
=
245m15 ED ] / 2.5×102 Mls [ D]
IT =
17m IF ]

Ex 3 2
Navya has a constant acceleration of 4.0 m/s
If she starts from rest, how long does it take her to travel
100 m?
100m
A µ
4=0
>

A =
4. 0m15 IF ] d→=v? + + { a +2

D= 100m IF ] 100=0 1-
1-214781-2

V = 0 100=201-2
,

+ 50=0-1
=
?
-1=7.0711

t-7.IS
 DUE

TO

Tips :

Free fall EX . Mr Gaglavdi throws a baseball straight up at 18ms 1 .

Pick a Position direction

when objects fail with no air resistance a) HOW high does the ball 50 ? 2 . List all known / unknown

b) HOW long does it take to returns to my hand ? 3 .

Pick equation & solve

we can Use all the regular constant acceleration equations , but now UP -1
2. no
a) ① -

② b) ① -

③
9. 8m15 [ down] >
acceleration Ñ= 9. 8m15 ED ] d→=v? { -12
'
true on earth
jz2= ji
= '
+ za d + + a
TOP 0 down
V =

V1 18m 's [ UP ]
02=182+21-9.8)bd
=
9. 8m15
0=180++1-21-9.8 ) -12
a
q@q
= -

>

My
↳ Om 's
=/ 801-+1-4.910-12
=

0=324-19.6-19.604
i.

DUE TO 3-
od :-< 17m
v= ? 19.604=32400 4.90-4+2=1801-4
"
%" "
GRAVITY way down 0dz=O d. =/ 6.53
4.9
way up
4.9=3.67
V
-
=

v
17m
'

v = -1 n
' 1- =3 > s
a = -9.8ms .

a = -
9.8m15

above
below
 A:# 0¥ .EE#HEEtM4t0T- 10Mt I 1
I 1 i
1

projectile
an object moving through the air with only the force of gravity acting on it lie no engines , no air resistance)

Ex MAIL.at/-raiectoryo-faProjecti1e#mnmm
a snowboarder going off a jump

" "" "" " " """ "" "" " " " " " " " "" " ""

from
"

Remember :
"
↳
an aid package dropped a plane Add the vectors tip to tail

E =
¥ Note : v points striagnt down .

V2
V =
vz -

V, V
Why?
•

✓
V =
V2 + C- V ) i Because a is striaght down
v2
,
v,

1 Acceleration due to gravity

.

IMPORTANT NOTE :

* Projectile motion is made of a constant horizontal velocity plus a constant vehicle acceleration

* we can treat the two separately

Mr G lays on the roof of the school which is 12m above the ground . He fires a dart horizontally and notes the dart leaves the dart

sun going 14m15

a) the time the dart is in the air

b) how far from the school the dart lands

c) the dart 's final velocity aka impact velocity

'

d→=v? +2
'
+ +
za
x : u : a)
14m "
#¥⇒V É -9.8
'
-12=0 1-
-

0 t

}
+
ax 9. 8m15 [ ☐ ]
-

an
, -_

aiwausi.mn
-

001-+1 4.9) 8-12

=

14ms IF ]
-

Vzx =
Vix __ v. y = 0

doc =
22.4m dy = 12m ID ]
-

12 =
-4.91-2
12m

1- =
1.6s 1- = 1.6s
ghwaysnsayg
✓ 2.449=412

I dx
1£ >
-1=1.5649
i
1- =
1.6s

>

? { -12
> 15.336
I 1,4ms >
=
>
1-
? I
z
+
=
v a ✓*
b) c) , Vzy
=
v + a 1- v2 =
v. +
voi tan D- = 14

Cbc =/ 411.567+1=0 -12 vzy

=
0 + C- 9. 8) ( 1.56) =/ 42+15.3362 -0-1--1.0954
V2 =
15.336ms

i = 47.0°
a 21.9098m IF ] Vzy
=
-15.336m / s [ UP] V2
=
431.1928

Cbc 22m V2 =
20.76ms

VI = 21 Mls [ 480 below horiz]

Will V. y always be 0? No !

if a projectile is fired at an angle , then

A
we must break v, into its components:

=V cos -0
Vix ,

V. V14

Oo
Vi V Sin
y
=
,

,
 \

i i
I
'

i
.

; ;
I '

l
'
l n

>
The reason for changes in Ñ is a→ Notes of awesomeness Four common forces for grade 11 :

The reason for of is É since É is a vector Éisavector 1. Applied force Cfa)

Units : Newtons IN ) 2. Force of friction ( Ff) -

always opposes motion

There are 4 Fundamental forces : Note IN =

lks.vn/s2 3. Force of gravity ( Eg )

4 Normal force force surface

*
1. Gravity NOTE .
( FN) -
the support that a provides

2. Electromagnetic -
attraction ( or repulsion between + and -
charges It when an object rests on it

3. Strong nuclear -

binds the nuclei of atoms together (strongest force) NOTE : Fn is always Perpendicular to the surface

4. Weak nuclear -
results in radioactive nuclei

Free body diagrams (FBD) Rules : Ex 3 : A low water bottle is being pushed to the right by an applied force of 40N .

1. A dot represents the object There is a force of friction of 30N . Find the net force acting on the bottle .

2. All forces start on the dot and point outwards Fnet =

EF
^
FN

F) 10N
{F =
FA +
Ft
+

forces > Et 30N 40N

>
Fa = 40+1-30 )
Ex it ?
•
1: imagine a book sitting at rest on a table.
What act on

I FN {F =/ ON [ E ]
Normal Force µµ
n=#-

Y=g
•

I Fg Gravity Force

F-✗ 4 : Mr Gaglardi and iursack are fighting over the last can of coke . Mr G pulls with

EX 2 : NOW I Push On the book sliding it to the right . NOW what forces act on it 120 NEN] While Mr Jack pulls with 80 N EE 200N ] . Find the net horizontal force
n
FN
>
-
on the can . ( ignore anu vertical forces)
I
a EFX =FA # Faze ,
-17¥ I

¥ FA
T
0+75.1754
]
=

]µ8ON§EZ°°N
Ii • Ii >
±
- ☐ FAZ''
✓
Fg
120N IN gon
, zoo
fam
=
75N IE ]
( Fitz>c
>

{ Fy Fay + F.
Azy
=

=/ 20+27.3616
-0
Vi
y
= V, sin 0 VF x
,
=V ,
cos

=
147.3616
-80 sin 20 -8010s 20
'
-

=
150 NIN ]
-27.3616N IN] -75.1754 NEE ]
-

429£ 165 NEN 63 °E ]

µg 755
.

>
150N
 "

Mass -
the amount of "
stuff inside an object Object weigh about 116th as much on
Earth Moon

g =
9. 8m15 8=1 6m15 . the moon as on earth

weight -
Force of gravity between Earth & an object

FORCE OF GRAVITY ( Eg )

the force of attraction between two

-

any objects that each have mass

*
Fg is weight

The force of gravity between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the masses & inversely proportional to the square of distance

between their centers .

Gm Mz
Fg
,

Mr Jack Earth 's surface force of gravity

=

az stands on the .
What is the between him & Earth

m, = mass 1 ( KS) if his mass is 70.0kg ?

Gm M2
mass 2 ( KS ) 5.98×1024 Kg Fg
'
Mz
=
* = =
me 2
①
'
between objects Centre (m ) 38×106
a distance
1) (5.98×1024×70)
= '
G. =(6.67×10
-

re = m

G
( 6.38×1092
universal gravitational constant
=

" ' '

6.67×10
-

↳ Nm kg = 2.792062 E 16

4. 07044<=13

Fg force
=
of gravity ( N ) = 685.936

Fg 686N

3
Gmimz
Fg =

①
2
9. 8 mlgzq.SN/kg
EX 1 .
The radius of the moon is 1.74×10'm .
if the moon 's gravitational field strength is

SO we say . . .
1.62 N / Kg
,
What is the moon 's mass .

Gm (g) da
g
= G- Mi where g--
.

¢2 m =
G
da
1,62=16.67×10 / "

m
of ( KS) 5.98×1024 KS
= m mass earth *
me
=
,
( 1.74×10632

d =
radius of earth (m ) re = 6.38×106 m
4.90×102=(6.67×10-11) m

"
field 9. 8m15 9=7.35×10
'
g =
gravitational intensity (Mls) kg
'
Nm
G =
6.67×10-11 kgz
( gravitational constant )

EX 2 .
On Mars , g
= 3.61 Mls ? How much would Mr .

Gaglarcli 'S 3.00×103 kg space

Now if we re-write our force of gravity equation . . .

Porsche weight on

Gmismz
a) Earth ? ?
Fg =
¢2 becomes
b) Mars

Gm 'm '
Fg =
mg Fg =

①
2 Fg =
mg

16.67×10 / 15.98×1024/(3.00×103) (3.00×10313.61)

" =
=

( 6.38×1092
1.08×104
=

F- 3 ✗ On the moon
,
a 10.0kg object weights 16.2N N / Kg

=
2.94×104 N / kg
a) what is the gravitational field strength on the moon ? Fg
b) If the moon's radius is 1.74×100 m
,
what is the moon 's mass?

Gm
Fg b) =
a)
mg g
-

012

16.2=10.0 (g) 1.62=(6.67×10-11) m

(1.74×100) 2
= 1.02N / Kg
"
-7.35×10 kg
-
 #A¥%*¥Y.lk#&&En:*EHH$0B$*aH
EN Ff FA
Ffs =/ ON 10N doesn't move

Friction Ff always opposes motion ( Not FA)

20N
Ff, Ffs =
20N
two of friction : >
FA
main categories 30N <
Ffsiim
-
-
30N
1. Kinetic friction (FK)
Ffk 30.1N object moves
=
27N
Opposes object's surface
sliding arcoss
-

motion when it's a

variable
✓
2. static friction CFS) Fg Ffk Ffsiim
-

opposes object's motion when it's at rest on a surface

in
limiting static friction
-

Max static friction just before the object starts to move

FNN
Fry if Fg increases ,
It turns out they increase proportionally . so . .

Ff
FN increases
Ffs ,;m=µsFn
=
Constant
in
Fpc > FA
Ff increases
Ffc >
FA
This constant is called the coefficient of friction (N )

Ffk Ffs
Ég µk =

f- µ
Object

along a
sliding
surface µs= FN
object at rest
on a surface

Variable

FJ
constant

Notes of Awesomeness

1. µ is a measure of the amount of "

griminess
"
( or traction) between two surface

2 .
If either surface changes ,
the µ changes

3. is greater
µs always than µk

Ex 1: A bad student is sliding a large 10.0 kg box across the school parking lot. The student pushes the box with
a force of 45.0 N, and uk = 0.25 and us.= 0.35. What is the net force acting on the box?
IN moving

{ F=Éa
+

Ff Ff,,=µ;FN
>

$9 Fn=mg
-
+ >

=
45+(-24-5) FN 10×9.8 Ff =
N
µ
=

45.0N FA =
.
25.98
Ft ( • >
24.5 FN -98N
'

Ff FN
=
20.5N IF ] = N

¥g=mg

Ex2: A book sitting at rest on a table has a mass of 3.0 kg. The coefficient of static friction is 0.25 and the coefficient
-

of kinetic friction is 0.21. Find the applied force needed to just start the book moving.
Fy

%•A
Ffs Ms FN FN FA Ffsiim
Fg
•
=
mg
=
- ,

FA > 7.35N
=
-25 ( 29.43
=
3.019.8 )

Ffs ,im= 7.35N

=
29.4N FA > 7.4N

v 29.4N
Fg
 '

i i '

: i i :
: : : i : i i
i i ;
'

; i
:
.
i
; ;
'

I / , I / I 1 )
, , , s
, / , , , _
, ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , /

Inertia

of
-

an Obiect 's ability to resist changes in its state motion ( or rest )

Newton 's First Law

Objects in motion tend to stay in their current state of motion , unless acted upon by an

unbalanced force

'
'
i i '

: i i :
: : : i : i i
i i ;
'

; y
.
i i
; ;
'

I / , I / I / )
, , , s
, / , , , _
, ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , /

We know : if an unbalanced force acts on an object

,
the object SUMMARY
accelerates in the direction of the force

The greater the net force on an obiect

,
the greater the object's FORCES BALANCED FORCES UNBALANCED
↓
↓
acceleration > >
a =D
= a ≠ °
a ✗ net ( no acceleration)

( object accelerates)
That fishy sign means Proportional !
↓
V =
O v =/ 0

( object at rest ( Object in motion acceleration is in direction

remains at rest ) of
V =
constant Fnet
↓

From inertia : the greater the mass of the Obiect ,

the smaller
object stays in

its acceleration ( for a constant force) motion at constant v

ax 'm

Newton's 2nd law :

when a net force acts on an object , the object accelerates in the direction of that force .
The acceleration is directly proportional

to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass .

É
5-
=
ma
>
mn
=f^

Ex. Mr Jack is pushing a large box with a force of 350 N [right]. The 51 kg box has a coefficient of kinetic
friction of 0.40. Find the acceleration of the box.
→
+
FN >
Ffk =
µ ,,
•

FN F =
moi

⇒ ⇒
"
"" • " ✗
"
"° " "

"÷ =
" "
"
"°
.

=
"" " " "
" ° " " ""
Ff
-
Fa ,

150.08=51 a

Is
2.9
=

a mis [Forward )

Ex. What force must be applied to a 3.0 kg book to make it accelerate at 5.0 m/s2 [forward] if there is a force
of friction of 8.0 N opposing it ? →

FN
9=5.0 MI5 [F ] EF =
moi
3.01 'S 8=315)
Ff -8.0N Fa
- -

FA =
23N IF ]
Ff FA
=3 (9-8)
Fg
-
-

FN
-29.4N
-

is
?⃝
 i
i
s
i i ii i
i
ii i
S

i
i

< , S I, S "
~ I - sees,

Forces occur in pairs (Action & Reaction)

FReaction Faction
Fiction Freaction
↳
For every action force there is an equal but opposite reaction force (equal in magnitude opposite in direction)

If the action and reaction forces are equal, how is it that an object can move? Shouldn't the forces cancel each other?

↳>
No! The forces don't cancel because the action and reaction forces act on two different objects. So as long as the applied force

on the box is bigger than friction, then the object can begin to move (ie accerate)

Ex. Two touching boxes are being pushed by a force of 80.0 N. Friction is 5.00 N on box A and 7.00 N on box B. Find
a) the acceleration of the two boxes.
b) the force that A exerts on B. a) F ma D) BLOCK B =

c) the force that B exerts on A 80 +27 + 75)=50 a EF ma =

FN
EffA) +Effh= MT a
FA +
FABFFIB"Mis a
FRA, I I
5:50 a FAB=1 30(1.36)
=

FF 6
MB=3045
=

80.ON
5.00N = 1.38m/s[IF] FAB "47.8N IF]

MOCA me
3)

MU
FEEmmies in

Eg 2) FBA =
41.ON [B]

rejoon MB 11/
FAB
&
W
80 +1-5) =20(1,36)
Fg=mg
75:45:27.2-75
47.8
= -
 Conditions for work to be done : Equation for work : w =
Fdcos⊖

1. Force is exerted on an object where :

2. The object is displaced W =

work ( J )

3. The displacement is in the direction of some component of the force F =

Force ( N )

d =
displacement ( m)

⊖ =
angle between F&d when tail to tail

Ex1 Mr G’s car runs out of gas and he asks (begs!) some students to push his car to the
gasoline store. Which students do work, and how much does each do?
Od ^
1=3--2000 N d
>
: Fix
= 10m "
-0=900 FY
F, F
> =P Fz <
1=2 - Od
>
1--3 F f- µ 30 ; ,
60°
>
Od v Exod
+ Fxd
W =
Fdcos ⊖ W =
FDCOSO W = Fd cos ⊖ W = Fd cos -0
V

F, =
1000N Fz =
500N 20004010590 =
800110)
1000110)
= =

> µ < cos 0 W =

(500) ( lo) cos 180 cos 60
=
°
" = I 5

É
- .

T =
W 10,000 W =
-5000J W =
O J
=
4,000J

removing
no work
130° Work work

1=4 = 800N

Words to live by : Also if we Plot Force Vs Displacement . . .

I. Work is a scalar

2. The unit of work are Joules (J ) Area underneath = work

1J = 1 Nm F
3. You can have negative work

4. Work is done by one obiect on another object

Recall Newton 's 3rd Law : Action Reaction

-
forces
d
SO if i pull a wagon over some distance then ,

I do positive work on the wagon

The wagon does

-

negative work on me

1. At the World Tug-of-War Championships, Mr. Gaglardi pulls on a rope with a force of 500N [East]. An
Elephant pulls with a force of 400N [West]. The center of the rope moves 3.0 m [East] and Mr. Gaglardi
wins. :)

a) Calculate the work Mr Gaglardi does on the rope

b) Calculate the work the elephant does on the rope

a) W =
Fd cos ⊖
" ]

od=§mµyÑ°°
=
50013 > cos ⊖ 400 NEW]

¥8
=
1500J

b) W =
Fdcos -0
=
400 (3) COS 180
=

-1,200J
Energy is the ability to do work ( it even has the same units as work ! )

↳
When work is done , energy is transferred from one obiect to another

Review : 1 . Potential Energy -

stored energy 3. Rest Mass Energy -

mass is a form of

we're lifting an object ( at cons) Ex . Chemical ,

nuclear
,
gravitational ,
elastic, etc energy ( often considered a form of

w=Fdcos⊖ if 0=0 Eg =
mgh Potential energy .

< ME
w=Fd And FA -_
Fg =mg E =

W =
mgd
<
and d
' =
height 2 ' kinetic Energy _

energy of motion E =
energy

w=mgh< Ex . bulk kinetic , sound thermal , eletric etc m = mass ( KS)

, ,

constant
Ek = { MVZ V =
speed ( mis ) C =
speed of light ( vacuum) ( 3.0×108 Mls)

Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom Mass Defect

in nuclear fission -

mass difference between reactants and Products

•
1kg converted into
this is converted into energy
-

mass
energy
mass 1kg > mass
-9kg + ENERGY
r

mc2 The missing mass is

E =

Defect
≥

E- =
C. 1) (3×108) called the Mass

E =
9.0×1015 J

TOTAL ENERGY NOTES OF COOLNESS

=
Kinetic + Potential + Rest Mass
-

Units of energy ( J )

Ek 1 kWh 3.6 MJ
=

Eg
=
+ mcz
-

we often just consider

-

1 Calorie =
4185.5J
. . .
Mechanical Energy

Em =
En +
Eg ( no mi ) I'm liquid
smooth come touch
me too , I love other
of Dalwls
I'm liquid smooth

come 4-ouch me too

Ew -1 an win the

turns owe the _

 0 52 OF
ENERGY
☒ ☒ A- PRAVIN
IINV
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Pprraawiinn TRAUMA
Energy cannot be created or destroyed , only changed from one form to another .

☒☒ AAW # ☒ PPRRAAWIINN

Total energy in a system is always conserved ( which means it's constant . While that is true ,
the forms that it takes can vary . . .

TE GPE KE
TE GPE KE
TE GPE KE

§§ µ µ / µ
Eg =
Msn

fast
•

✓ =

h= 0
µ
✓ = ° •

Ek = 'zmv2

ET Ek Eg
= +

Total energy is a constant

Q : HOW fast is the rollercoaster going at the bottom of the hill ?

DO it with mass
-300kg DO it without
-

m
mass
EZ E
EZ
E =
,
=

ÉÑtz
,

v. = tomb ÉmÑÑgn = ÉÑ+z ÉmÑ+mgn =

h , __ 15m { (30911012+1300×9.8145) =
{ (30016<72+(3001/9.8) ( O ) ÉV ? 9h
=
{ v22 ghz
+ +
20m

-45m
☒ ◦◦ ◦ + ↳* ◦◦ = ☒◦ vi. + ◦
59100 =
15042 { (1012+9.8115) =
{ v22 +
O
n
② V2 =
? 394 =
v22 197 =
{ v22
hz=O
✓ 2=19.8494
v u ✓ 394 =
v2
÷ 20m15
vz=O V2
V2 =
19.8494
nz= ? '

V2 20m15
Émv?
=

a) Émv? +
mgh
=
Emu: b) Émv? +
mgh
= +
mgh
mgnz
,
+

É •
b- (1372-1.519.81115)=0 + .5( 9. 8) hz 0-1.519.871241=1-2.542 -1.5-(9.8×0)
13m15 -5kg
#
=
V.
115.75=4.9 hz 117.6 2542
=

n ⇒ b-

hz =
23.6224
↳
=
470.4
h -24m '

÷
22 m/s
v3
Vz,= ?

n5-0 work
done
-
ÉMV ? +
mgh ,
+ Fad cos -0 =
Émvz +
mghz

""
%
FA "
? W =
DE
,
É(45 )( 25+(45119.8/10) +
Fa(4) =
{ (4571772+145119.8710)
¥0 fro
¥¥µ¥y! -0 hi-0 W= ET2 ET 90+1=+4--1102.5
Effigy
-

n ,
-

Fa 4=1012.5
.

4. OM
V1 =
2m15 = 7. 0m15
Vz 253.125
ET , -1W Etz Fa
=
=

Fa =
253N IF ]
=
2.5×103 NEF]

IPRRAAWIINNWWRR
 3 & Efficiency

Efficiency Ex. 100 J of electric energy are used in an incandescent

-

the ratio of useful work to the energy input light bulb and 98 J are given off as heat. The rest is given
off as visible light. Find the % efficiency
useful work
% Eff =
work input
× 100%
EN Out
% Eff =
EN in
× 100%
Or .
2
% Eff =
, ◦ ◦
× 100%
Wovt =
E
energy output
% Eff ✗ 100%
% Eff
=
energy input =
2% Fd cos ⊖
Win =

Power
-

the rate at which work is done Mr G lifts a 10 kg bag of flour straight up to put it in his
-

the rate at which energy is used

shopping cart. If he lifts it 1.5 m up in 2.0 s, find his power

W E
mshz mgh ,
W
%E§
-

p =
Note :| .
Power is measured P =
+
=
t m= 10kg P = =

☐+

in Watts
P =
power (W )
• <
d / h= 1.5m P=m§ʰ Alterative Eg 'h P=FÑav
( 10 )( 9. 8) ( I. 5)
w =
work (J) 2 .
I W = I ¥ • • ☐ bit =
2s p =
2 Note : 746W =
In .p .

P =
73.5 W
1- =
time (s)

p ÷ 74W
E =
energy (J )
 &
Thermal Energy
-

sum of potential & kinetic energy that an object's molecules have

Example
Kinetic Energy of
pot water steam
-

how fast the molecules move

C ]
Potential Energy
-

how far apart the molecules

FE
are
.
•

É thermal =
Ek +
Ep
Heat
-

thermal energy transferred from one object to another

specific Heat capacity

amount of of
-

heat needed to cause a unit temperature change to a unit mass a substance

FORMULA :

Q While making Kool-Aid, Mr G cools 2.00 kg of water from room temperature

f Q =
T
=
C =

21°C MC MOT

(1) (l )
(21.0 °C) to 5.00 °C. How much heat energy does his fridge dispose of?
1kg
20°C
↑ 30-1=12 where :
GT =CTz TD
-

c.
°
K Q =
Quantity of heat energy (J) m =
2kg Q =
me OT
= water
I boils
21°C =
M T, 214200 ) (5-21)
=
-
100°C -373K
=
mass ( KS )
÷
100C
-

= × c
= specific heat
capactityj-lkg.is) Tz
=
5°C = -

134400J
Iok -2" "

I water
temperature ( K) Q = ? =
-1.34×1055 Q -1.34×1055
T =
Change in
-

freezes
≤ 7
i. The
amount of
C =
4200J / fridge
Kg
-273.15 ok .K water lost neat the
0T
%, =

( K)
energy disposed of .

Mention : Qmeta, = -
① water
couth TO change the state of a substance
,
it takes energy . ( even though there's
-
Qmetai =
Q water +~
-
MCDT = MCOT in temperature)
no change .

↑
I -4200J /
kgoc
What mass of water can be changed
specific Latent
typically :
Heat
into vapour by adding 7441.5 J of heat?
find C
Q =
ml Ans: 3.3
An 808 g sample of metal is placed in boiling water Q
If 33311J / kg
-_

"

Rv -1255°
where =
ml
for several minutes. It is then quickly transferred into Iv =
2255kg / kg →

Quantity of 7441.5 -_
a styrofoam cup containing 0.200kg of water at 20 Q = Heat (J) m ( 2,255,000)

0033kg
°C. The mixture of water & metal stabilizes at 35 °C.
=
.

m =
mass ( KS)

What is the unknown metal?

'

3.3g
=
m
I = specific latent heat ( J / Kg)

#
Note lf Fusion : solid to liquid or vice versa

- in lv Vaporization : liquid to gas or vice versa

-
Q metal = ① water
☐ ☐
-
mc8T =
MCD -1
Boiling 20°C
water water -
me (Tz -
T, ) = me (Tz -
Ti )
What total energy is needed to raise 2.0 kg of water at 50 °C to 120 °C (where it has
-808C (35-100)=70014200/(35-20) become steam)?
QT Qi + Q2 -103
651=12600
=

= 808C C-
metal water
If
-120°C
333 Kj / Kg
m
-
-
•
808kg m= .
200kg
C =
239.9086 = → 333000 jlkg -
k
}a=mco , Q, =
moots -1mi + mcotw
steam
Ti 100°C
Iv =Ñ 2000120 ) tmlzzs -12m 4200150 )
=
T = 20°C -2255 Kj / kg
"
→ 2255000 j /
C k )
24051kg Kg 100°C Q=m ,
, = - -
5000
.
K water
Tz= 35°C Tz = 35°C '

ai
's

C = 4200 J /
Kg K =Ñ(40,000 ) Fnc2255000) -1221000
+

}Q=mco+
-

water
c =
c =
4200J/
Kg K
•

C = 2000 J/
kg Korean
-
water 4594200

-50°C = 5,000,000
=

5.0×106 J
 I '
!
"
I /
'

' '
-

, , 1 , _

,
\

Frequency ,
Period , Amplitude ( G. 1) Natural Frequency

the frequency that

-

Periodic Motion an object will vibrate at if allowed to vibrate freely

-

Patterns that repeat at regular intervals ie pendulum Phase

motion of a grandfather clock

describes of
-

the Position a cycle with respect to time

The repeated cycle is often called a vibration

Phase

Two types of vibrations Pendulums in Phase

I.
transverse -
motion is perpendicular to an object's length ie

swing ,
drumstick , etc

2 Longitudinal motion is Parallel to an object's lenght ie • •

-

sewing machine needle , Pogo stick ,

etc .

Amplitude Opposite Phase

maximum distance of the vibrating object from its rest

position ( equilibrium position)

• ••

Amplitude -
Out of phase

1.
-

Amplitude

Period (T ) -
time to complete one cycle

Frequency (f) -

number of cycles that occurs per unit time (generally

1 second )

+
T =
N T =
Period (S)

f frequency ( Hz) note

Y
=

f =

N = # of cycles T =
I
-
transfer of energy from a
vibrating object to a second object
Ot =
time ( s )

which has the same natural frequency

 ◦
ROPERTIES OF WAVES

A WAVE IS A DISTURBANCE THAT TRANSFERS ENERGY THROUGH A MEDIUM . NOTE THE WAVE TRAVELS , BUT THE MEDIUM DOES NOT .

EXAMPLE OF PEOPLE DOING THE WAVE . . . EXAMPLE OF WATER WAVE . . .

÷:
:
: : : : : ::: #
. NOTE THIS ACTUALLY CO
- -
- -
- -
- -

I. TRANSVERSE WAVES 2. LONGITUDINAL WAVES

CREST -
MAX POSITION ABOVE REST POSITION COMPRESSION -
COILS MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER

TROUGH -
MIN POSITION BELOW REST POSITION RAREFACTION -
COIL MOVE FARTHER APART

""

µ
l WAVELENGTH 1 WAV E L E N GT H

Mnnnunnnnvununnnn
a-

COMPRESSION RAREFACTION

TROUGH ÑTEWA LENGTH (M )

THE UNIVERSAL WAVE EQUATION 6.4

Ex. A speed boat passes a swimmer 45.0 m away. The first wave reaches the
swimmer 4.50 s later. If the distance between two successive crests is 3.50 m,
v =
FR find the frequency with which the waves hit the swimmer.
RECALL :

f =
?
d ✗ =

v
but for waves 0-1=-1
3.5m
= . . .

( period ) I I
+

www.mrnE.EU
ANE Od = A
( wavelength)

145-1
A
v =
V =
SPEED (MIS)
T i

f- frequency (Hz) ✓
'

✗ = 3.5m
✓
d
! ✓ =
-1A
&
= =

f : +
_
=
AND ,
if = ? 45 i
10=-13.5
-1,2 A-
=
✓ =
wavelength ( m) D= 45m 4.5
!
! 2.8571
fil
=

i ✓ = '

✓ =/ Om 's i
1- Period 0-1=4.55
s)
-1=2.86
=
(
Hz
 i.

i i i i i ;
-
'

i
- '

i i i i
; i - '
, , ,

interference NODES

When two more passes through-1 Nodal Points

-

or waves each other .

remain at rest
throughout wave interference

superposition

addition of 2 Refraction of
-

or more waves waves

change medium
-

waves man speed when entering a new

Principle of superposition This can direction

cause
change
-

the
'

resultant displacement is the of individual displacements that Point This can a speed
sum an at cause
change
-

FREQUENCY REMAINS CONSTANT ! :D

Diffraction
-

spreading out of waves

a) Opening smaller than a

results in large diffraction

b) opening larger than R

results in small diffraction

CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE DECONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

-
both waves Push the medium in the same direction -
Waves Push medium is opposite direction

Result : BIGGER WAVE Result : SMALLER WAVE

~
Im

25cm

~ "
A- ~ .
/ /
'
'
'
11C -111C '
til :c , / I :/ it
'
'
'
l l .
,

it Ii
'
I :( i i. 1- t.ci/il ,

pitch
-

determined by frequency At high temperatures , air molecules move

low frequency = low pitch

faster

i. sound travels faster when it's warm

Ifan & l_hhIfn

At sound travels at 331m15

high frequency high = pitch Asti ↑ ↑ BF = /f

,
-

fz /

v : 331 -1.59T

speed of sound ( mis)

Octave where V=

-
when frequency is doubled ( or halved )
1- =
Temperature [ C)

i. For each 1°C rise in temp , sound

Volume travels -59 mis faster

-
determined by amplitude

( TA , ↑V or ↓A ↓ V1
, ,

it speed of sound is 328m15 what is

the air temp

1 ( ↓ Amplitude , ↓ Volume)

✓
=
331 -1.59T

328--331 +
.
59T
( ↑ Amplitude , ↑ Volume)
-
3 =
59T
•
331°C
=
1- -5.08°C

Reflections of sound waves are called echoes

Reverberation

forth
notes gradually fade
-

away as they echo back and

SONAR ( Sound Navigation And

Ranging
A Short Pulse is emitted & time for

echo to return is measured

is calculated by
Distance
knowing the

speed of sound in water

speed of object
MACH #
=

speed of sound

if is Mach 3 in 0°C the how

an airplane
going air
,

fast is it
going?

speed of object
HACH #
=

speed of sound

3 = soo

331

=
993m15
 i. " "

i / i i l i i '
; ;
i
i

lowest natural freavencies of a guitar string

y = ,,
two loop
3100ps
% / loop 2100ps
f =
¥
2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic
1st harmonic
# Of Scientific Musical

" N
LOOP Name

1st
Name
¥-2T
, Fundamental
" " harmonic

one op [ =
{× 1=-22/1 1=-4 so . . -5-3-9
zna, Similarly
=É× , 1ˢᵗ Overtone
A = Antinode harmonic algebra
"
9 "" "
frequencies
wage
,,ra
length ✓
✓ Resonant
N Node 3rd " ""
}L
=
3 2nd Overtone J }- Whole number multiples
7- Leggy
✗ =
✗
-

harmonic ✗ = L =

f. = , ,, µ
, , +3=3+1 Of the 1st harmonic

-12--2001-12 -13=3001-12

Free

É
end
Fixed

#•
end

-
is always a node - is always an

. anti - node

"

'
i i ' i
i l
i. i 1 i
i r
'
i
,
-
1

Factors that affect 's frequency are : A guitar string 30cm long emits frequency of 350 Hz How long it to Produce
a
string a .
should be

length , tension , diameter , density a frequency of 425 Hz?

B F.ohtmB.rE ?;-*- *- *
MÉgdÉBtMMq
-1L
"
" f. L ,
=
,
Lz =
24.7059

" "" " " " "

" " "

⇔⇔ .

Hq
&¥⇒q É
⇔É¥ ÷•÷•÷ ÷ ¥ ¥E*
*¥*¥Éag?•q&¥¥*§?%É'aµroq¥%!k÷!¥Ék¥:9%÷¥÷ :↑^*¥ *•ʰ
"
% ⇐⇒÷⇒¥g¥