BSI BSx8LL8: PART#L 9} MM Lb24Lb9 0278899 T BRITISH STANDARD Structural use of aluminium Part 1. Code of practice for design ie i) EU“BSI BSK8}L8! PARTS) 93 MM 1G24G69 0278900 2 Me BS 8118: Part 1: 1991 Committees responsible for this British Standard ‘The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Policy Committee (GSLV-) to ‘Technica! Committee CSB/36, upon which the following hodies were represented: Aluminium Federation Association of Consulting Engineers Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers London Regional Transport Ministry of Defence Royal Institute of British Architects, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Welding Institute ‘This British Standard, having ‘been prepared under the lrecton of the Civil Engineering und Bulding Structures Standards Policy Conuile, ws pbished Amendments issued since publication tundr the authority of the ‘Standards Doard and comes into “Amd, No. | Date Text affected effect on 31 Maret 1002 ‘@nsr 19a ‘The following BSI references _— relate to the work on this, stand Committee reference CSH/26 Deaf for comment 86/12254 DC ISBN 0590 192001 Copmigt by the Ente Stondads station Wed Apr 14 15:53:55 2010BSI BSxaLLa: PARTS) 91 MM 2624669 027890) 4 ml BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 Contents Page ‘Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword 8 Code of practice — Section 1. General 1.1 Scope 10 12 Definitions 10 1.8 __ Major symbols it Section 2. Properties and selection of materials 21 Designation of materials 16 2.2 Permitted materials 16 2.2.1 Extrusions, sheet, plate, drawn tube, forgings and castings 16 2.2.2 Bolts and rivets 16 2.2.3 Filler metals 2 2.3 Strength, mechanical and physical properties 2 2.8.1 Strength and mechanical properties 22 2.3.2 Physical properties 2 24 Durability and corrosion protection 22 24.4 General 2 2.4.2 Durability of alloys 23 2.4.3 Corrosion protection 2 2.5 Fabrication and construction 26 2.6.1 General 26 2.5.2 Bending and forming 26 Welding 26 Selection of materials 26 Availability 28 General 26 ‘Structural sections 26 ‘Tube 20 Sheet, strip and plate 29 Forgings: 20 Castings 20 Section 3. Design principles Limit state design 30 Loading 30 General 30 Nominal loading 30 Factored loading 30 Dynamic effects al copmrigts by the Bn St Wed Apr 14 15:53:55 2010 fests testtonBSI BSkBLL8! PART) 91 MM Lb24b69 278502 b BS 8118: Part 1: 1991 ————Saa Page 3.8 Static strength 31 8.8.1 General 31 3.3.2 Action-effect under factored loading 31 3.3.3 Factored resistance 3.4 Deformation 8.4.1 Recoverable elastic deformation 8.4.2 Permanent inelastic deformation 3.4.3 Distortion due to frequent assembly 32 8.8 Durability 82 3.6 Fatigue 32 3.6.1 General 32 3.6.2 Total collapse 82 8.6.8 Stable crack growth 32 3.7 Vibration 33 3.8 Testing 33 Section 4. Static design of members 4.1 Introduction 34 4.11 General 34 4.12 Limit state of static strength a 4.13 Heat-atfected zones (HAZS) a4 4.14 Advanced design 34 Limiting stresses a Section classification and local buckling, 34 General 34 Slenderess parameter 6 a7 Section classification 40 | Local buckting 40 HAZ softening adjacent to welds 41 | General 41 Severity of softening 41 Extent of HAZ 41 Beams 46 Introduction 46 Uniaxial moment resistance of the section 46 : Shear force resistance a7 Combined moment and shear force 48 Web bearing 49 Lateral torsional buckling 49 4.6 Tension members 51 4.6.1 General 51 4.6.2 ‘Tension resistance 63 4.6.3 Eeventrically connected ties 53 2 Copmigt by the Ente Stondads bastion Wed Apr 14 15:53:54 2010BSI BSxab28! PARTXL 91 MM 2624669 0278903 6 MM BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 —————————————————— Coprnict by the Ent Stondads bsttation Wed Apr 14 15:53:54 2010 Page Compression members oa General 54 Section classification for axial compression m4 Resistance to overall buckling 54 Column buckling o4 Torsional buekling 58 Strut curve selection 58 Local squashing ot Hybrid sections 65 Certain cases of eccentrically connected struts 65 Battened struts 66 Bending with axial force and biaxial bending 66 General 66 Section classification and local buckling under combined actions 67 Section check or Overall buckling check 67 Deformation (serviceability limit state) 68 General 68 Recoverable elastic deflection 68 Section 5. Plates and plate girders ” General 69 Unstiffened plates 69 General 69 Unstiffened plates under direct stress 70 Unstiffened plates under in-plane moment 7% Longitudinal stress gradient on unstiffened plates a Unstiffened plates in shear a Combined actions a Multi-stiffened plating a General 7 Multi-stiffened plating under uniform compression 2 Multi-stiffened plating under in-plane moment ™ Longitudinal stress gradient on multi-stiffened plates 78 Multi-stiffened plating in shear 2 Plate gitders 73 General B Moment resistance of transversely stiffened plate givers u Shear resistance of transversely stiffened plate girders “ Longitudinally and transversely stiffened girders 78 Web stiffeners and tongue-plates 8 Use of corrugated or closely stiffened webs 80 Girders under combined moment and shear 80 3:BSI BS*81} BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 + PARTHL 92 MM 224665 0278904 7 me Section 6, Static design of joints 6.1 General 6.2 — Riveted and bolted joints: design considerations 6.2.1 General 6.2.2 Groups of fasteners 6.2.8 Effect of cross-sectional arcas of plies 6.2.4 Long joints 6.2 —_Riveted and bolted joints: geometrical and other general considerations 6.8.1 Minimum spacing 6.8.2. Maximum spacing 6.3.3 Edge distance 6.8.4 Hole clearance 6.8.5 Packing 6.3.6 Countersinking 6.3.7 Long grip rivets 6.8.8 Washers and locking devices 6.8.9 Intersections 64 Factored resistance of individual rivets and bolts other than HSFG bolls complying with British Standards Limiting stresses Shear Axial tension Bearing Combined shear and tension HSFG boits General Ultimate limit state (static strength) Serviceability limit state (deformation) Friction capacity Prestress Slip factor Pinned joints General Solid pins ‘Members connected by pins Welded joints General Btfect of welding on static strength tfect of welding on fatigue strength Corrosion Edge preparations Distortion Information given to fabricator Butt welds Fillet welds zee 2 82 82 82 82 82 83 83. 83 83 83. 33. RBESESSESSFRRARRASREEELE a8 4 Copmigt by the Ente Standards bstttion Wed Apr 14 15:53:55 2010“BSI BS*SU18! PART#2 92 MM Lb24eb5 0278905 + BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 Design strength of welded joints General Groups of welds Limiting stress of weld metal Limiting stress in the HAZ Factored resistance of welds Bult weld metal Fillet wold metal Heat-affected zones (HAZs) Bonded joints General Factored resistance Introduction General Influence of fatigue on design ‘Mechanism of fatlure Potential s Conditions for fatigue susceptibility Fatigue design criteria Design philosophy Fatigue failure criterion 87 88 BB 88 88 88 888ess BRRERRESSRARRGRES Coprrict ty the Ente Stondads bsttaton Wed Apr 14 15:53:55 2010 Fatigue assessment procedure Fatigue loading Stresses Derivation of stresses ‘Stress parameters Derivation of stress spectra Cycle counting Derivation of stress spectrum u Classification of details 106 Fatigue strength data 108 Classified details 108 Unclassified details 109 Low endurance range 109 Improvement techniques 109 Workmanship 109 5BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 BSI BS¥8128! PARTHL 9} MM Lb24Lb9 O27890b 3 mm Page Section 8. Testing 81 General 13 8.2 Preparation for test, 3 BB Static tests 113 8.3.1 General 3 8.8.2, Application of loads ua 8.3.3 Acceptance criteria ud 8.34 Rotesta 4 8.3.5 Ultimate resistance measurement li4 84 Acceptance testing for fatigue 14 8.4.1 Objectives of test 14 8.4.2 Derivation of loading data 14 8.4.8 Derivation of stress data 115 8.4.4 Derivation of endurance data 116 8.4.5 Acceptance 6 8.5 Reporting ur Appendices A Nomenclature of aluminium products: us B Formal statement of safety factor format adopted in the code for static design resistance calculations 123 © ‘Typical values of design life 124 D Derivation of material limiting stresses for use in design 1A E Elasto-plastic moment calculation 125 Fr HA%s adjacent to welds 128 G General formulae for the torsional properties of thin-walled open. sections 133 H Lateral torsional buckling of beams 145 a ‘Torsional buckling of struts: determination of slenderness parameter ur K Equations to design curves. 161 L__ Fatigue strength data 164 ‘Tables 21 Heat-treatable alloys 17 2.2, Non-heat-treatable alloys 19 23 Bolt and rivet material 21 2.4 Welding filler metals 22 25 Physical properties 22 2.6 General corusion protection of aluminium structures 2a 27 Additional protection at metal-to-metal contacts Lo combat crevice and galvanle effects 25 2.8 Selection of filler wires and rods for inert-gas welding aT 29 Product form availability 28 2.10 Range of sizes for extruded secticins complying with BS L161 29 BL ‘Load factors (based on building structures) 30 8.2 Load factors for combined loads 31 3.8 Material factors 31 3.4 Limiting deflections 82 6 Copmigt by the Ente Stondads station Wed Apr 14 15:53:57 2010BSI BS¥ALLA: PARTHL 9) MM Lb24bb5 0278907 5 ml BS 8118 ; Part 1: 1991 Limiting stresses, heat-treatable alloys . 36 Limiting stresses, non-heat-treatable alloys as | Limiting values of 8 40 | Curve selection for figure 4.6 (loeal buckding) a | HAZ softening factor kz “4 Pxtent of HAZ, factor er 45 Lateral Lorsional buckling of beams, evefficients Xand ¥ 52 Effective length factor K for struts 54 ‘Torsfonal buckling parameters for struts 50 Choice of strut curve diagram 62, Limiting stress py for aluminium fasteners 83, ‘Limiting stresses of weld metal Py 80 6.3 Limiting stresses pg, and Pyz in the HAZ 89 7.1 Type 1 classifications; non-welded details 99 7.2 Type 2 classifications: welded details on surface of member 101 7.3 Type 3 classifications: welded details at end connections of member 108 7.4 Values of Ke and m in figure 7.9 108 8.1 Fatigue test factor * uy Al Nearest. foreign equi Jent to designated wrought and cast alloys: complying with British Standards 12 C.L ‘Typical values of design life 124 D.1 Limiting stress py for weld metal 125 K1 Modified HAZ softening factor k', 129 F2 — General determination of fz and k’, 180 G.1 Specimen calculation: monosymmetric shape 138 G.2 Specimen calculation: skew-symmetric shape ua G3 Specimen calculation: asymmetric shape 143 H.1 Effective length I for beams of length L 46 2 Effective length 1 for cantilever of length L M6 K,1__ Equations to design curves 12 Figures 4.1 ‘Types of flat element 87 4.2 Flat elements under stress gradient, value of g 38 4.3 Buckling modes for flat reinforced elements 38° 44 Reinforced elements, value of 39 4.5 Local buckling factor kr, 42 4.6 Extent of ILAZ, definition of # 45 47 ‘Typical heat-path measurement 46 4.8 Lateral torsional buckling, cquivalent uniform moment 60 4.9 Lateral torsional buckling of beams, buckling stress ps 51 Column buckling stress py for struts 55 4-41 Torsional buckling of olruts, interaction factor k 63 4.12 Torsional buckling stress 7, for struts 64 5.1 Unstiffened plate 69 5.2 Multi-stiffened plate 69 5.3 Plate girder 69 7 Coprrict by the Ente Stondads bastion Wed Apr 14 15:53:15 2010BST BSx8128: BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 PARTS) 92 MM LE24b9 0278508 7 i 4 5B 56 57 58 59 @1 02, 63 a4 65 66 a7 68 qa 72 73 1A 16 16 1 78 79 7.10 BA EL FL F2 Gi G2 Gs Ga Go JA a2 a8 J KA. Ld Elastic critical shear buckling factor 0 Basic tension fieid shear buckling factor tm, Flange assisted tension field shear buckling factor Shear buckling factor my Effective stiffener section Schematic interaction diagrams for plate girders Effective butt weld throals Bffective fillet weld throats Failure planes for static welded joint checks Butt weld design Fillet weld design Effective length of longitudinal fillet welds ‘Thick adherend shear test ‘Thin sheet test specimens Fatigue assessment procedure Stress parameter for parent material Stresses in weld throats Stress in lapped joinis Stresses in root of fillet Reservoir cycle. counting m Simplified stress spectrum ‘Typical f-—N relationship Design f—IN curves (for variable amplitude stress histories) Method of identification of required fatigue class of drawings Ultimate limit state criterion . Assumed elasto-plastic stress patterns (non-hybrid) Extent of HAZ, factor 7 ‘Typical hardness plot along a heat path from a weld ‘Torsion constant coefficients for certain fillets and bulbs Shear centre position (8) and warping factor (Hf) for certain thin-walled sections Monosymmetric section notation Skew-symmetric section notation Asymmetric section notation Sections which exhibit no interaction between the pure torsional and flexural buckling modes Monosymmetric section Asymmetric section ‘Nomogram for solving cubic equation a - a? + Aw - H= 0 Buckling strength at high slenderness Zone of yreatest variation in effective fy—N eurves fhod Page 1B 76 7 7 8 81 87 o1 91 92, a7 105 105 106 108 107 108 110 1 12 123 127 132 182 134 135 187 139 141 147 148 49 150 151 105 8 Copmigt by the Ente Stondads bsttation Wed Apr 14 15:53:58 2010BSI BS*SLLat PARTS: 9k MM 224665 0278909 9 | BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 Foreword ‘This Parl of BS 8118 has been prepared under the direction of the Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Policy Committee. BS 8118 isa document combining a code of practice to cover the design and testing uf aluminium structures (Part 1) and a spceification for materials, fabrication and protection (Part 2). ‘This Parl of BS 8118 gives recommendations for the design of the elements of framed, lattice and stiffened plate structures, using wrought alurninium alley, Although BS 8118 is a revision of CP 118, itis written with a different design philosophy. Because of this CP 118 will not be withdrawn immediately so that a period of overlap in design procedures can be allowed. Ithas been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people and that construction and supervision is carried out by capable and experienced organizations. ‘The full list of organizations that have taken part in the work of the Technical Committee is given on the inside front cover. The Chairman of the Technical Committee is Dr P § Bulson CBE and the following people have made a particular contribution in the drafting of the code. Mr RJ Bartlett Mr MJ Bayley Mr PG Buxton DrM$@ Cullimore Mr B Dwight Prof. HR Evans Mr K Ewing Mr W Ferguson Mr RA Foulkes Mr JH Howlett Mr DI Knight Mr W I Liddell Prof. DA Nethercot DrMH Ogle ‘Mr J AThomton Mr PB incall Compliance with # British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Coprrict ty the Ente Standards station Wed Apr 14 15:53:58 2010BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 Section 1. General 1.1 Seope ‘This Part of BS 8118 gives recommendations for the design of the elements of framed, lattice and stiffened plate structures, using wrought aluminium alloy. Where castings or forgings are used they should be manufactured and designed in accordance with the appropriate Hritish Standard and in close consultation with the specific manufacturer. ‘The design recommendations are for a variety of aluminium alloys suitable for structural use, and apply to a range of structures subjected to normal atmospheric conditions such as bridges, buildings, ‘towers, road and rail vehicles, marine craft, cranes and offshore topside structures, ‘The recommendations do not cover aerospace alloys, the detail design of castings, curved shell structures or structures subjected to severe thermal ‘or chemical conditions. They are not intended to be used for the design of containment vessels, pipework, airbome structures or naval vessels, or for any application for which specific alternative codes exist, e.g BS 5500 for pressure vessels and BS 5649 for lighting columns. NOTE. The titles ofthe publications referred to in thls andar relied on nage 156, 1.2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS 8118 the following definitions apply. 1.2.1 compact cross section A cross section that can develop the full plastic ‘capacity, in elther compression or bending, with no reduction due to local buckling of thin-walled elements. 1.2.2 design life ‘The period in which the structure or comporient is, required to perform safely, with an acceptable probability that it will not require repair or withdrawal from service, 1.2.8 design spectrum ‘A tabulation of the numbers of occurrences of all the stress ranges caused by loading events. 1.2.4 detail class ‘A rating given to a detail which indicates its level of fatigue resistance. 5 edge distance Distance from the centre of a fastener hole to the nearest edge of an element. 1.2.6 effective length Length between points of effective restraint of a member, multiplied by a factor to take aecount of end conditions and loading. BST BSx8428: PART*) 91 MM Lb24bb9 O278910 5 Ml Section 1 1.2.7 factored load ‘A nominal load multiplied by the relevant partial Toad factor. 1.2,8 factored life ‘The desixn life multiplied by dhe relevant partial life factor 1.2.9 factored resistance ‘The resistance of a member divided by the relevant partial material factor, 1.2.10 fail safe ‘The ability of a structure to continue to be serviceable after the discovery and monitoring of fatigue cracks. 1.2.11 fatigue ‘The damage, by gradual cracking, to a structural ‘member caused by repeated applications of a stress that is insufficient to cause failure by a single application, 1.2.12 fasion boundary ‘The material in a heatvaffected zon adjacent. to the leg of a weld. 1.2.18 heat-affected zone ‘A zone in which there is a reduction in strength of material in the vicinity of welds in certain classes of aluminium alloy. 1.2.14 imposed load All loading on a structure other than dead or wind loading, 1.2.6 instability A loss of stiffness of a structure (usually sudden) that limits its load-carrying capability and in certain instances can cause catastrophic failure, 1.2.16 lateral torsional buckling ‘The buckling of a beam accompanied by a combination of lateral displacement and twisting, 1.2.17 lateral restraint Restraint that limits lateral movement of the ‘compression flange of 2 beam. 1.2.18 limit state Condition beyond which a str intended use, 1.2.19 loading event ‘A defined loading cycle which for design purposes: is assumed to repeat a given number of times. 1.2.20 load spectrum A tabulation showing the relative frequencies of loading events of different intensities on a structure. ninediately is unfit for its io Copmigt by the Ente Standards station Wed Apr 14 15:53:59 2010BSI BSxSLL8: PARTXL 93 MM Lb24bb9 027892) 7 Ml Section 1 BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 1.2.21 local buckling, Buclding of the thin walls of a component in ‘compression, characterized by the formation of ‘waves or ripples along the member. 1.2.22 Miner's summation A cumulative fatigue damage summation based on a rule devised by Palmagren and Miner. 1.2.28 nominal load The load to which a structure may be expected to be subjected during normal service, 1.2.24 outstand element ‘The element of a section, composed of flat or curved elements, which is supported along one longitudinal edge, free along the other. 1,2,25 reinforced element ‘The element of a section which is stiffened by the introduction of longitudinal reinforcement, either along the edge of the element or within its width. 1.2.26 resistance e strength of a member based on calculations, using acceptable maximum values for material strength. 1.2.27 safe life A design against fatigue in which the calculated life ix many times longer than the life required in service. 1.2.28 semi-compact cross section A cross section of a beam in which the stress in the extreme fibres is limited to the 0.2 % proof stress, because local buckling of the compression elements would prevent development of the full plastic, ‘moment capacity. 1.2.20 serviceability limit states ‘Those limit states which when exceeded can lead to the structure being unfit for its intended use, even though the structure has not collapsed. 1.2.80 slenderness ‘The effective length of a strut divided by the radins of gyration. 1.2.81 stiffened elements ‘The element of a section, composed of flat or curved elements, which is supported along both longitudinal edges. 1.2.82 stress eyele A pattern of variation of stress at a point, which is normally in the form of two opposing hali-waves. 1.2.88 stress history A record showing how the stress at a point varies during loading 1.2.84 stress range (1) ‘The greatest algebraic difference between the Principal stresses occurring on principal planes not ‘more than 45° apart in any stress eyele on a plate or element. (2) The algebraic or vector difference between the greatest and least vector sum of stresses in any one stress cycle on a weld. 1.2.36 stress spectrum A tabulation of the numbers of occurrences of all the stress ranges of different magnitudes during a loading event, 1.2.96 torstonal buckling Buckling of a strut accompanied by twisting. 1.2.87 torsional/flexural buckling Buckling of a strut accompanied by overall flexure as well as twisting. 1.2.88 ultimate limit states Those Hilt states which when exceeded can canse collapse of part or whole of a structure. [NOTR. Specific erin relat Us mit state principles are defined in appendix B, 1.3 Major symbols A Area or Durability rating A, Effective section area ‘A; Effective shear area Spacing of transverse stiffeners or Width of unstiffened plates Overall width of multi-stiffened plate or Durability rating Factored resistance in bearing of a fastener Width of flat element Effective width of web plate (plate girder) Durability rating Diameter of round tube to mid-metal or Overall depth of web to outside of flanges Depth of web between flanges or Depth of unstiffented plates Nominal diameter of fastener or pin ‘Modulus of elasticity Fatigue test factor Fusion boundary of heat-affecte (HAZ) Friction capacity of high strength friction gzip bolt (HSFG bolt) corse & 5 a sme a Copmrict ty the Ente Stondads bastion Wed Apr 14 15:54-00 2010 uBSI BS*BLL8: PARTE 93 MM Ub24b65 0278912 9 mm Section 1 JF Reduction factor applied to hy, Constant aniplitude cut-off stress ‘Variable amplitude cut-off stress Se Design stress range Sa ‘Ultimate ter BS EN 10002-1) Minimum 0,2 % tensile proof stress (designated Rpo.x in BS EN 1002-1) stress (designated Ry, @ Shear modulus g Stress gradient coefficlent % Throat of weld de Leg length of weld H Warping factor Reinforced elements coefficient or Distance to a free edge J, Second moment of area of full section of effective stiffener (plate girder) Igy Second moment of area of one sub-unit of plating (multi-stiffened plates) Jy Second moment-of area about centroid axis J Torsion constant K Effective length factor for struts Ky, Coefficient in calculation of resistance of bolts : BS 8118: Part 1: 1991 Mpsx Factored uniaxial moment resistance about major axis (with allowance for shear) Mpsy Factored uniaxial moment resistance about, minor axis (with allowance for shear) ‘Mgx —_ Factored moment of resistance to lateral torsional buckling M, —_ Semnl-compact value of Mpg My. Uniaxial moment about major axis Mz Equivalent uniform: moment about major axis My Uniaxial moment about minor axis iy Equivalent uniform moment about minor M, — Maximum factored moment. ‘Mz, — Minimum factored moment ‘mm __ Inverse slope of f,-N curve (fatigue) ‘my, Mg Shear buckling factors (plate girders) N Number of webs or Predicted cycles to failure (endurance) number of eycles of stress range or Time in days between welding and loading P Axial tensile or compressive force due to factored loading or Protection Ky Constant in fatigue failure criterion Pay Elastic critical load for torsional buckling fy, “Local buckling coefficient P, —_Proof load for a bott ky Reduction factor on longitudinal resistance Fy —_—Pestress load to take account of high shear Pz Factored axial resistance based on overall iz Strength factor for HAZ material column or torsional buckling Kk’, Modified strength factor for HAZ materlal Pp. Factored resistance of butt weld Length between supports Pap — Factored resistance of fillet, weld 1. Bffective length between lateral supports Papp Factored resistance of HAZ adjacent to butt Je Effective length of butt weld Teg fusion Doundary (direct normal tensile ie Eitective length of flee weld Popp Factored resistance of HAZ adjacent to ‘M—— Moment under factored loading fillet weld fusion boundary (direct normal M —— Rquivalent uniform moment tensile force) ‘Mz Elastic eritical uniform moment for lateral Paq _‘Factored resistance of bonded joint torsional buckling Pes Factored axial resistance (tensile or M; Fully compact value of Mrs compressive) Mg Reduced value of Myg for flanges only Per Factored resistance of HAZ, adjacent to butt ‘Ming Vactored moment resistance of a section tn weld toe (direct normal tensile force) the absence of shear Pere Factored resistance of HAZ, adjacent to -MMpgo Redvced tactoied mommeit resistance of fillet weld toe (direet normal tensile force) section to allow for shear Paz. Factored axial resistance to overall column buckling about major axis 2 Copmigt ty the Ente Stondads bsttation Wed Apr 14 15:54-00 2010BSI BSx81L8! PART#) 9) MM Lb24bb5 0278913 0 Mt Section 1 BS 8118 : Part 1: 1991 Phy Factored axial resistance to overall column buckling about minor axis, Pez, Factored resistance of HAZ under direct loading Limiting stress for local capacity (tension and compression) Pox ‘Limiting direct stress in AZ ‘Pr Limiting stress for solid rivets and bolts Po Limiting stress for bending and overall yielding Pot —_Limiting stress for flange material Pow Limiting stress for web material Ps Limiting stress for overall buckling stability or Lateral torsional buckling stress or Buckling stress for web treated as a thin column between flanges 2% Weld penetration ‘py. Limiting stress in shear Pys ‘Limiting shear stress in 1TAZ Py Limiting stress of weld metal Pri — Stress arising at extreme edge of web due to localized force Pre Stress arising at mid-point of web due to localized force pi Stress axis value of p, in strut curve diagrams or Value of Po for unwelded fully compact. section R Radius of curvature of curved internal element, to mid-metal ty Minor axis radius of gyration S$ Plastic section modulus of gross section, with no reduction for HAZ, local buckling, or holes ‘Sq Sp External loading actions under factored loading St Plastic modulus of effective flange section (plate girder) Sy Plastic modulus of net section She Plastic modulus of net offcetive section s Factor on p to allow for strut not meeting tolerances of straightness or Lwist, T ‘Tee of HAZ t Thickness ty Lesser of 0.6(tn - te) anid L.6tm tg Thickness of thinnest element connected by welding Vew Ue wy ™ 8 Ye Ye n s ‘Thickness of thickest element connected by welding Effective throat thickness Flange thickness Flange thickness Shear force under factored loading Factored shear resistance of HAZ adjacent ‘to butt weld fusion boundary Factored shear resistance of HAZ adjacent to fillet weld fusion boundary Factored shear force resistance Factored shear resistance of HAZ adjacent to butt weld toe Factored shear resistance of HAZ adjacent to fillet weld toe Reduced value of Vag Factored resistance of HAZ in shear ‘Tension field factor (plate girders) Elastic critical shear buckling factor Basic tension ficld shear buckling factor Flange assisted tension field shear buckling factor Weld metal Pitch of stiffeners in multi-stiffened plate Distance from contre of multi-stiffened plate to centre of outermost stiffener Distance from rieutral axis to more heavily compressed edge Distance from neutral axis to less heavily compressed edge, or edge in tension Distance from neutral axis to, most severely stressed fibres in a beam Distance from neutral axis to the compression flange element in a beam Elastic modulus of effective section Elastic modulus of net section Elastic modulus of net effective section Distance the ILAZ extends from a weld Basie value of 2 Ratio of minimum to maximum shear stress in web (clastic stress distribution) or Modifying factor for extent. of HAZ to allow es for elevated temperature Coefficient in ealeulation of bolt or rivet in single shear Copmict ty the Ente Stondads bastion Wed) Apr 14 15401 2010 1B