Classification of Matter

MATTER
(gas. Liquid,

Classification of Matter solid, plasma)

Separated by
PURE
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
physical means into

Separated by
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS MIXTURES MIXTURE
chemical
means into

Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31

Pure Substances Pure Substance

• Element
• Pure Substance, cannot be broken down
into any other substances by chemical or – composed of identical atoms
physical means – EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

Gold - element Manganese Dioxide - compound

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 Pure Substances Pure Substances - FYI
Law of Definite Composition
• Compound
– A given compound always contains the same,
– composed of 2 or more elements fixed ratio of elements.
in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of
individual elements
– Chemical bonds hold the
elements together
– EX: table salt (NaCl) Two different compounds,
each has a definite composition
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Molecules Chemical Formula-Extra Info

• Groups of two or more atoms bound by • Shows the compound and the ratio of
chemical bonds atoms
• Can be two of the same element
 Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7
H2

N2 O2 F2

Cl2

Br2

F2

PURE SUBSTANCES
Matter Flowchart Element

Examples:
Examples:
– graphite element Allotropes of Carbon element

– pepper hetero. mixture

– sugar (sucrose) compound diamond graphite

– paint hetero. mixture

– soda solution
buckminsterfullerene
homo. mixture

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 Classification of Matter
Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.
hetero-
uniform no geneous
properties? mixture

Elements Compounds Mixtures

no solution substance
with two or
fixed only one kind
definite two or more two or more
of atom; atoms
composition? are bonded it makeup more kinds kinds of substances
and of atoms and that are
the element
properties that are physically
is diatomic or
bonded mixed
no element polyatomic

chemically
decomposable?
yes compound

Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm

Mixtures Tyndall Effect

Variable combination of two or more
pure substances. Each keep individual • The scattering
properties of light by particles
in a mixture

Heterogeneous – Can Homogeneous- Evenly Mixed • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gheuYq

see different parts cannot see different parts. Q6phE&feature=related
(different) (Same)
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 Mixtures
Solution
– homogeneous
– very small particles
– no Tyndall effect
– particles don’t settle
– EX:
– rubbing alcohol (ethyl alcohol
and water)
– Air (nitrogen and oxygen)
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Mixtures Mixtures
Colloid
– heterogeneous Suspension
– medium-sized particles – heterogeneous
– Tyndall effect – large particles
– particles don’t settle – Tyndall effect
– Particles scatter light – particles settle
– EX: – EX:
• Milk • fresh-squeezed
lemonade
• Clouds
• Sand in water
• Smoke
• mayo
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 Mixtures Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
Examples:
– mayonnaise colloid
– muddy water suspension hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
hydrogen
atoms

– fog colloid
– saltwater solution
– Italian salad
dressing
suspension (a) (b) (c) (d)
an element a compound a mixture a mixture
(hydrogen) (water) (hydrogen (hydrogen
and oxygen) and oxygen)
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Classification of Matter
MATTER Matter
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE Physically

Substance separable Mixture of
Definite composition Substances
(homogeneous) Variable composition
yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no
uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element Chemically
separable Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
(solution) Element
(Examples: iron, sulfur,
Compound
(Examples: water.
Uniform throughout, Nonuniform
also called a solution distinct phases
carbon, hydrogen, iron (II) sulfide, methane,
(Examples: air, tap water, (Examples: soup,
oxygen, silver) Aluminum silicate)
gold alloy) concrete, granite)
Colloids Suspensions

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 Mixture vs. Compound Compounds vs. Mixtures
Different Alike Different
• Compounds have properties that are
Variable Involve Fixed
Composition substances Composition uniquely different from the elements from
which they are made.
Topic Topic
No bonds Bonds
– A formula can always be written for a compound
Contain
between
components
Mixture two or more
elements
Compound between
components – e.g. NaCl → Na + Cl2

• Mixtures retain their individual properties.

Can be Can be Can ONLY be
separated by
physical means
separated
into
separated by
chemical means
– e.g. Salt water is salty and wet
elements

Top Ten Elements

The Composition of Air
in the Universe
Percent
Element (by atoms) Nitrogen
A typical spiral galaxy Helium Oxygen
1. Hydrogen 73.9 (Milky Way is a spiral galaxy)
2. Helium 24.0
3. Oxygen 1.1
4. Carbon 0.46 Neon Water
Air
5. Neon 0.13 vapor
6. Iron 0.11
7. Nitrogen 0.097
8. Silicon 0.065 Carbon
9. Magnesium 0.058 Argon
dioxide
10. Sulfur 0.044
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 26 Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34
 Chart Examining Some Components of Air Reviewing Concepts
Classifying Matter
Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of
two atoms of nitrogen: N2

Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of O2

two atoms of oxygen:
Water consists of molecules consisting of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom:
Argon consists of individual argon atoms:
Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consisting
of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom:
Neon consists of individual neon atoms:
Helium consists of individual helium atoms:
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 35
• Why does every sample of a given substance
H2O have the same properties?
Ar
• Explain why the composition of an element is
fixed.
CO2 • Describe the composition of a compound.
• Why can the properties of a mixture vary?
Ne
• On what basis can mixtures be classified as
He
solutions, suspensions, or colloids?