CHAPTER 4

Activity 4
NAME: ALEC DIVAN JOY B. CALUAG DATE: ________________
COURSE YEAR & SEC: BSN 2C SCORE: ______________
Direction: Answer comprehensively.
1. What is moral virtue? What is Intellectual Virtue?

Moral virtue refers to the traits or state of character that an individual displays in morally good
deeds and morally good goals or intentions. It is a long term pattern of behavior and cognition rather
than fleeting emotions, intellectual traits, or physical characteristics. Intellectual virtues are
characteristics that strive for truth, knowledge, comprehension and wisdom. An individual who has an
intellectual virtue will be driven to acquire and possess these necessary attributes.

2. What is the difference between moral and intellectual virtue? Explain

Moral virtues are regarded to comprise characteristics such as courage, justice, honesty,
compassion, temperance, and kindness. Intellectual qualities are supposed to encompass attributes such
as open-mindedness, intellectual rigor, intellectual humility, and inquisitiveness.

3. Identify some Filipino traits categorizing each as virtue (middle) or vices (excess or deficiency) and
place them in the table.

EXCESS MIDDLE DEFICIENCY

Friendly Hospitality Unfriendly

Polite Respectful Uncivilized

Optimistic Good Mindset Pessimistic

4. How is a person‘s character formed according to Aristotle?

According to Aristotle, character develops throughout time as a result of habits acquired from
parents and community, initially through reward and punishment.

5. Who do you think possesses a moral character in your community? Explain your answer
Everyone possesses a moral character in our community which can be based on the set of their
own ideas on what is bad or good where they use it to provide a meaning to observations in uncovering
their life purpose.
ASSESSMENT SHEET
Assessment 4
NAME: ALEC DIVAN JOY B. CALUAG DATE: ________________
COURSE YEAR & SEC: BSN 2C SCORE: ______________
Part 1. Write the correct words in the spaces provided.
1. VIRTUE is the ethical framework that is concerned with understanding the good as a matter of
developing the virtuous character of a person.
2. NICOMACHEAN ETHICS is the first comprehensive and programmatic study of the virtue of
Ethics.
3. For PLATO the real is outside the realm of any human sensory experience, but somehow grasped by
one‘s intellect .
4. Every act that a person does is directed toward a particular purpose, aimed at what the Greeks called
TELOS.
5. Other individuals would agree that the highest purpose and the ultimate good of a man is happiness or
for the Greeks, EUDAIMONIA means happiness (Greeks).
6. In Irrational Elements APPETITIVE ASPECTS works as a desiring faculty of man, that naturally
runs counter to a reason and most of the soul. Sexual Impulse for example is strong in person that one
tends to ignore reasonable.
7. The VEGETATIVE ASPECTS function as giving nutrition and providing activity of physical growth
in person.
8. RATIONAL FACULTY man exercises excellence in him. One can rightly or wrongly apply the use of
reason in this part.
9. MORAL which concerns the act of doing and
10. INTELLECTUAL which concerns the act of knowing.
11. For SOCRATES moral goodness is already within the realm of intellectual excellence.
12. For ARISTOTLE however having intellectual excellence does not necessarily mean that one already
has the capacity of doing the good.
13. MESOTES, the meaning of the center is a major element in the definition of human virtues in
Aristotle‘s Nicomachean Ethics.
14. PRACTICAL WISDOM Excellence in knowing the right conduct in carrying out a particular act. In
other words, one can attain wisdom that can provide us with a guide on how to behave in our daily
lives.
15. PHILOSOPHIC WISDOM deals with attaining knowledge about the fundamental principles and
truths that govern the universe (ex. General theory on the origin of things) Understand meaning of life.
CHAPTER 5
Activity 5
NAME: ALEC DIVAN JOY B. CALUAG DATE: ________________
COURSE YEAR & SEC: BSN 2C SCORE: ______________
Direction: Put the case for or against your view or idea by giving evidence for your claims/reasons for or
against; attempt to influence the reader to accept your view.
1. How can you be a genuine Filipino if you do not follow Filipino customs?
Being a genuine Filipino does not mean that we have to follow our customs. An individual's
capability to love and respect our country is a true Filipino; it may be by blood or by heart.
2. What is the distinction between a religious notion of sin and the philosophical understanding of immoral
or unethical acts?
While religious concepts of sin are founded on divine principles and are exclusive to a particular
religion or belief system, philosophical understandings of immoral or unethical behavior are based on
human reasoning and may be applied universally across cultures and belief systems.
3. How realistic is Kohlberg's ideal of the higher stage of post conventional morality that of universal
ethical principles, given that feelings and emotions are inseparable from human choice.
We begin to become moral agents when we overcome our emotions and feelings. Morality is not a
thought experiment; it only occurs where the rubber meets the road, in face-to-face interactions between
living beings, usually humans. It is rare to find agreement on the most basic moral principles, let alone
universal ideals.
4. Given that the human condition is one of finitude, how will you know that you are sufficiently informed
when you finally make your moral judgement?
In making a moral judgement an individual should be able to acquire an understanding of both
the ideas and opinion of two different sides in order to properly make a judgement. A person who has a
great understanding will be able to gain a proper moral judgement and formulate a solution in a situation
that causes great problems between a group of people or an individual.
5. If a global ethic is currently emerging does this mean that the true meaning or morality changes over
time please explain your answer.
No, morality does not change as time passes, because for me, as long as an individual does not lose
their beliefs, we cannot say that they change over time. For others, it may, but I think that it only changes
due to the fact that their beliefs change along with them.
6. Is there a difference between one's ethical responsibility toward fellow humans and toward nonhuman
nature? Please explain your answer.

No, there is not, because everyone is equal and we coexist with each other; without one, the other will not
function perfectly. So we must take responsibility for our fellow humans and our non-human nature.
ASSESSMENT SHEET
Assessment 5
NAME: ALEC DIVAN JOY B. CALUAG DATE: ________________
COURSE YEAR & SEC: BSN 2C SCORE: ______________
Direction: Put the case for or against your view or idea by giving evidence for your claims/reasons for or
against; attempt to influence the reader to accept your view.
ORGAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN NEEDS
The many developments in the past few decades in both the life sciences and in biotechnology have given rise
to the recognition of a host of ethical issues that are concerned with the physical survival and welfare of living
creatures including of course human beings. These ethical discussions have been gathered under the name of
bioethics, a rapidly emerging field of applied ethics. Both medical ethics and animal ethics can actually be
classified as subfields within the larger sphere of bioethics, while environmental ethics can have a lot of
concerns that are tied up with bioethics given that animal ethics, in the form of the topic of animal rights, has
already been covered in Chapter II and environmental ethics treated earlier in this chapter, let us now
concentrate on medical ethics. This field focuses on moral issues in medical practice and research. One such
issue that has given rise to much debate is the phenomenon of organ trafficking which is defined as the trade in
human organs (whether from living or nonliving people) for the purpose of transplantation. The trade can
happen through the sale of organs or through any other means including coercive force.
In 2009, the Philippine government halted a planned kidney transplant from a Filipina wife to her Saudi Arabian
husband. It was discovered that the couple had only been married for a short time and that the man did not know
how to speak in English or Filipino while the wife could not speak Arabic- a situation that raised a lot of
suspicion on the part of the authorities. The government allegation was the planned transplant was not really an
organ donation, which Philippine law allows, but was , in actuality, a case of an organ sale, which tantamount to
organ trafficking prohibited by law. One possible reason for the woman's consent to this alleged deal is the
widespread poverty among Filipinos. Although organ trafficking is patently illegal in the Philippines and in
many other nations, it continues to be a tempting possibility, especially for impoverished individuals, to earn
some much needed cash. Most people are born with two kidneys and an individual can live on a single kidney.
Supposing that the transplant will be done under strict medical supervision that there is shortage or available
kidney donors and setting aside the clear illegal status of organ trafficking, is it really wrong for a person in
great financial need to sell one of her kidneys to someone who requires a transplant to survive and who is
willing and able to offer a generous amount of cash.
I. This chapter identified and explained the steps in making informed decisions when confronted with
moral problems. The steps can be summarized as follows:
1. Determine your involvement in the moral situation
2. Gather all the necessary facts
3. Identify the stakeholders
4. Name all the alternative choices possible and their potential effects on all stakeholders.
5. Identify the type of ethical issue at hand
6. Make your ethical conclusion or decision
Apply now all six steps to the questions, ― “Is selling one of my kidneys to a paying customer morally
defensible? Write down your application below:
Step 1: Selling of parts of organs is prohibited and dangerous for one’s health. However, for other people
it may be the only resort they have in order to survive in our harsh society. I can say that selling my
organs is morally acceptable because I can do anything in my body.
Step 2: But I must also consider all the pros and cons of selling my own organ such as what are the
impacts of losing an organ in my body. The best way is to seek medical opinion from a professional
healthcare worker in regards to my decision.
Step 3: I might seek guidance and consult with my family and those close to me who have a great
part of my life to weigh. If I ever sell my liver, will the person who is receiving it be safe?
Step 4: I must find other alternatives to aid in my financial needs and already be knowledgeable for the
risk of losing the other part of my body organ.
Step 5: I think that it is more ethical if the person needing a transplant will receive a donor through
donations and not buying the liver of a person who has a financial burden with no choice but to sell her
kidney.
Step 6: I have made a decision that my health is more important and I don't want to be exposed to risk. It
may be unpair for the person who is willing to pay my money for a kidney. However, for me it is morally
acceptable to not sell my kidney because it is my right.
II. Examine your feelings or emotions regarding the issue of organ trafficking. Did you feel sympathetic to
the woman who was about to sell her kidney to her Saudi Arabian husband? Or were you morally
repulsed by what she was planning to do? Apply Ramon C. Reyes‘s idea of the five cross-points that
contribute to the formation of who you are in order to understand your feelings about this particular
moral issue.

List below the elements that make up each of your cross points.
1. Physical Cross Points
2. Interpersonal Cross-Points
3. Social Cross Point
4. Historical Cross-Point
5. Existential Cross Point
Given the five cross points that make up who you are, can you provide an explanation below why you feel the
way that you do toward the woman who was about to sell her kidney? How can you make sure that your
feelings about the matter are not trapped in Kohlberg's preconventional stage?

1. How did I feel about the woman who was about to sell her kidney and why?

I feel concerned towards her way of thinking, in order to fulfill her financial needs she is ready to
sell her own kidney without understanding and analysing the potential health risk that she might
experience.

2. How do I make sure my feelings are morally mature and not trapped in the preconventional stage?

An individual must recognize their own feelings and emotions in order not to be stuck in
preconventional stage, with this she/he will able to formulate an understanding towards herself/himself
which she/he can use the challenges she/he faces as a life experience and lessons in order to be a morally
mature individual.
Search your library resources as well as online sources to come up with five other ethical issues that can be
categorized under medical ethics. List the issues down, cite your sources and provide a short explanation of
each issue as well as one main argument for and one main argument against a particular stand on the issue. Pay
particular attention to topics that are relevant to the contemporary Philippine context. Make sure your sources
are trustworthy and that you get all the necessary facts straight (including the possible scientific explanations).

Medical Ethics Issue A:

1. Ethical Issue: Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR)

2.Sources: https://www.floridatechonline.com/blog/healthcare-management/current-ethical-issues-in-healthcare/
3. Explanation: A Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) is written order by a doctor and it instructs healthcare providers
not to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient stops breathing or if their heart stops
beating. The DNR doesn’t have instructions for any other treatment and can only be permitted after a
physician speaks with the patient.
4. Position/Stand on the Issue: As a medical student I understand what is the meaning of DNR. Is it very hard
to watch someone catch their breath while we have the capacity and ability to save them, but because of
the single order we cannot do it. We also know that performing CPR can sometimes worsen the patient’s
condition.
5. Argument for the Position: We nurses were educated to promote health and we prioritize a patient’s life
as we are doing our duty in our chosen field, but it is unacceptable that we cannot save an individual’s life
because of a single order or request.
6. Argument against the Position: However, it is also part of a nursing duty to respect the decision of our
client even though it is against our ethical values.
Medical Ethics Issue B:
1. Ethical Issue: Physician-assisted suicide

2.Sources: https://www.floridatechonline.com/blog/healthcare-management/current-ethical-issues-in-healthcare/
3. Explanation: Physician-assisted suicide is the act of intentionally killing oneself with the aid of someone
who has the knowledge to do so.
4. Position/Stand on the Issue: For me, physician assisted suicide is acceptable especially for those
terminally ill patients that is experiencing pain that is slowly killing them.
5. Argument for the Position: It may be an ethical for others that the physician is assisting a patient in
his/her suicide, but we must consider the feelings of those people who are experiencing a terminal illness.
Maybe for them this type of suicide is a salvation since it will free them from the pain that has been
restraining them.
6. Argument Against the Position: Even though i agreed that physician assisted suicide is acceptable, i think
it is still against to the real purpose of a physician which should be helping a patient to be cured.
Medical Ethics Issue C:
1. Ethical Issue: Access to Care

2.Sources:https://www.floridatechonline.com/blog/healthcare-management/current-ethical-issues-in-healthcare/
3. Explanation: Due to the expensive bills in the hospital, individuals who are experiencing health issues
tend to do self remedies rather than seeking medical help.

4. Position/Stand on the Issue : As a citizen and a medical student, I am very disappointed on how
expensive the hospital bills for a mere checkup.

5. Argument for the Position: I must say that one of the reasons that less people are seeking medical help in
the hospital is due to the bills that they are required to pay. That is why most patients tend to find
alternatives in treating their illness which might have a potential risk for their current health issues.

6. Argument Against the Position: However, if we see it clearly in order to give proper and good care for
the patient the hospital uses the patient bills to buy all the necessary stuff that needed for the patient care.
It also helps in providing a place that can help those patients with illness to heal faster.

Part II. Write your answers on the provided space.

1. Man and Historical Action explained the ―who he is‖ is a cross point. By this he means that one‘s
identity, who one is or who I am, is product of many forces and events that has earned outside of
one's choosing. Who Is That Author RAMON C. REYES
2. CULTURAL RELATIVISM The idea that a person's beliefs, values and practices should be
understood based on that person’s own culture rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
3. LAWRENCE KOHLBERG theorized the moral development happens in six stages which he
divided into three levels.
4. What stage and level is that if an action is good they can avoid punishment; if it’s bad it leads to
punishment .FIRST STAGE- PRECONVENTIONAL
5. In this age in which older children, adolescents and young adults learn to conform to the
expectations of society. SECOND STAGE CONVENTIONAL
6. The individual at this stage values most of the laws, rules, and regulation of her society and thus her
moral reasoning is shaped by dutifulness to the external standards set by society.LAW AND
SOCIAL ORDER.
7. This notion of common good is conventional in the sense that the moral agent binds herself to what
this theoretical community of rational agents has identified as morally desirable, whether the agent
herself will benefit from doing so or not. LEGALISTIC SOCIAL CONTRACT .
8. LEGALISTIC SOCIAL CONTRACT Namely agreement that rational agents have arrived at
whether explicitly or implicitly in order to serve what can be considered the common good are what
one ought to honor and follow.
9. NATURAL LAW puts more emphasis on the supposed objective, universal nature of what is to be
considered morally good, basing its reasoning on the theorized existence of a ―human nature‖.
10. UTILITARIANISM Puts every single stakeholder at par with everyone else, with no one being
worth more than any other. Rich or poor, man or woman, young or old everyone has a much worth
as anyone else, values the ―common good‖ compare to any other ethical frameworks we have
covered.
Rubrics
Each question will be graded based on this five (5) point rubric.
Score Completion Accuracy Comprehension Organization Convention
Content is well-organized
and easy to read. Points
Content follow a logical No major grammatical or
5 The answer is All information demonstrates a deep progression. It provides spelling errors. No more
complete. provided is understanding and examples which supports than two minor errors.
accurate. application of ethical the topic with wit and
concepts. analysis.

Content is well-organized
and easy to read. Points
Content follow a logical No major grammatical or
The answer is All information demonstrates progression. It provides spelling errors. No more
4 missing slight provided is understanding and examples which supports than five minor errors.
details. accurate. application of ethical the topic with wit and
concepts. analysis.

Content is organized and

easy to read. Points follow
a mostly logical
Content progression.It provides Some major and minor
The answer is Most information demonstrates basic examples which supports errors that do not
3 missing multiple provided is understanding and the topic with wit and necessarily impair
details. accurate. application of ethical analysis. communication.
concepts.
Content Content may be Major and minor errors
Content demonstrates less unorganized and difficult to significantly weaken
suggests lack of Some than basic read. Points do not follow a quality of communication,
2 preparation or information understanding and solidly logical progression although still
comprehension. provided is application of ethical and have provided comprehensible
accurate. concepts. unrelated examples.

Content
Content only A small amount demonstrates a lack Content is unorganized, Communication seriously
1 marginally of the of understanding and illogical, and difficult to impaired by multitude of
related to the information is application of ethical read. spelling/grammatical
question/prompt. accurate. concepts. errors.

Content
Content fails to None of the demonstrates a Content is very poorly Multitude of major and
0 meet the basic information complete lack of organized, illogical, and minor errors makes the
requirements of provided is understanding and difficult to read. answer
the task. accurate. application of ethical incomprehensible.
concepts.

Prepared by:

ELBEN MARK B. CAPITLE, LPT

Instructor I