Measuring Electronic Governance for Sustainable Development

From Ranking to Learning

Tomasz Janowski United Nations University tj@iist.unu.edu

AIM AND OVERVIEW

AIM o o o o What is Electronic Governance (EGOV)? What are the emerging characteristics of future EGOV? How can EGOV facilitate sustainable development processes (EGOV4SD)? How to measure EGOV4SD and how to use the results from ranking to learning?

OVERVIEW 1. 2. 3. 4. EGOV EGOV TRENDS EGOV FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEASURING EGOV FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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EGOV
What is EGOV [1]? 1. 2. 3. 4. All forms of ICT use by governments Internet service delivery and government online ICT-enabled transformation in working of government ICT-enabled transformation in internal working and relationships with government

Administrative System 1 2, 3

3 4

Political System

Supporting new governance trends [2][3]: o o o o Distribution of power to citizens Whole-of-government arrangements Participation of non-state actors Engaging citizens using social networks

Civil Society

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EGOV TRENDS

TECHNOLOGY Web 2.0 Cloud computing Grid computing Pervasive broadband Software as service Global digital identity STRATEGIES Infocomm infrastructure Reuse of public information Citizen-centric practice One service space Readiness to development Seamless mobile services

PARADIGMS Collaborative government Participatory government Mobile government Agile government Local EGOV EGOV4D EGOV4SD
Governance 2.0

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EGOV TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

WEB 2.0

Blogs Wikis Mashups Social Networks Virtual Worlds

Journal writing Collaborative editing Combining contents Interaction Simulations Logical computing resources offered as services over the web Computing resources from many domains applied to one task Computing networks and services delivered everywhere Identity of users validated globally in any context

CLOUD COMPUTING GRID COMPUTING UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING GLOBAL IDENTITY PERVASIVE BROADBAND

Broadband access everywhere

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EGOV STRATEGY TRENDS

SINGAPORE 2015 Next generation infocomm infrastructure Innovation centers and entrepreneurship Infocomm competency framework Electronic health records EUROPEAN UNION 2015 Improve (seamless) services to cater for different needs Invite third parties in EGOV development Involve stakeholders in public policy processes Reduce carbon footprint

KOREA 2012 Public-private collaborative governance Seamless and converged informatization Active response to adverse effects of informatization Utilization-focused services UNITED NATIONS 2010 Government data sharing based on open standards From readiness to development Agility to respond to more demands as revenues drop Citizen-centric practice

ESTONIA 2013 One service space - public, private and third sectors Paperless document management Traceability of the use of ones own data Internet in rural areas WASEDA 2011 Increase of social media applications for participation Cloud computing and data center virtualization Disaster management and business continuity Smart grid and green technology

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EGOV PARADIGM TRENDS

COLLABORATIVE GOVERNMENT Cross-agency, whole-of-government arrangements PARTICIPATORY GOVERNMENT MOBILE GOVERNMENT AGILE GOVERNMENT LOCAL EGOV EGOV4D EGOV4SD Involving citizens in policy- and decision-making processes Providing public services anytime, anywhere Sound strategy execution, and emergency response From national to local EGOV to deliver benefits to citizens EGOV for development EGOV for sustainable development

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EXAMPLE SINGAPORE 2015 STRATEGY

TECHNOLOGY Web 2.0 Cloud computing Grid computing Pervasive broadband Software as service Global digital identity STRATEGIES Infocomm infrastructure Reuse of public information Citizen-centric practice One service space Readiness to development Seamless mobile services

PARADIGMS Collaborative government Participatory government Mobile government Agile government Local EGOV EGOV4D EGOV4SD
Governance 2.0

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EXAMPLE EUROPEAN UNION 2015 STRATEGY

TECHNOLOGY Web 2.0 Cloud computing Grid computing Pervasive broadband Software as service Global digital identity STRATEGIES Infocomm infrastructure Reuse of public information Citizen-centric practice One service space Readiness to development Seamless mobile services

PARADIGMS Collaborative government Participatory government Mobile government Agile government Local EGOV EGOV4D EGOV4SD
Governance 2.0

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AIM AND OVERVIEW

AIM o o o o What is Electronic Governance (EGOV)? What are the emerging characteristics of future EGOV? How can EGOV facilitate sustainable development processes (EGOV4SD)? How to measure EGOV4SD and how to use the results from ranking to learning?

OVERVIEW 1. 2. 3. 4. EGOV EGOV TRENDS EGOV FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEASURING EGOV FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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EGOV FOR DEVELOPMENT

D
GOV4D

Development
Modernization, dependency and human-centered schools. Governance for Development Management of the development process through a framework of rules and institutions to regulate the conduct of all actors involved, public or non-public [4].

EGOV4D

Electronic Governance for Development EGOV focusing on development-related governance issues [5]:

o Enhancing the capacity of government agencies for public service delivery through the process of ICT-enabled reform and decentralization o Using ICT to support the delivery of accessible and affordable services that are most needed by the poor and small businesses o Enabling through ICT the increased participation of the disadvantaged groups in the society in government decision making

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EGOV FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SD

Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs [7][8].

GOV4SD

Governance for Sustainable Development Peculiar governance issues [6]: o engaging citizens in the SD process o long-term inter-generational policy perspective o vertical and horizontal policy integration for coherent government decisions

EGOV4SD

Electronic Governance for Sustainable Development

Strategic use of ICT to enable the governance of the SD process [5]: o Enhancing the efficiency of internal government operations with SD-oriented ICT strategies, processes, architectures and infrastructure o Applying ICT to support the provision of accessible services needed by the poor and small businesses, delivered at the minimum environmental cost o Using ICT to increase participation of the poor in government policies/decisions
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EGOV + SD = EGOV4SD

Social

SD

SD

EGOV4SD
Environmental

Economic

Governance

ICT

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EXAMPLE SD FOCUS IN EGOV STRATEGIES

SINGAPORE 2015 Next generation infocomm infrastructure Innovation centers and entrepreneurship Infocomm competency framework Electronic health records EUROPEAN UNION 2015 Improve (seamless) services to cater for different needs Invite third parties in EGOV development Involve stakeholders in public policy processes Reduce carbon footprint

KOREA 2012 Public-private collaborative governance Seamless and converged informatization Active response to adverse effects of informatization Utilization-focused services UNITED NATIONS 2010 Government data sharing based on open standards From readiness to development Agility to respond to more demands as revenues drop Citizen-centric practice

ESTONIA 2013 One service space - public, private and third sectors Paperless document management Traceability of the use of ones own data Internet in rural areas WASEDA 2011 Increase of social media applications for participation Cloud computing and data center virtualization Disaster management and business continuity Smart grid and green technology

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EGOV4D FROM CONCEPT TO IMPLEMENTATION

NAME

EGOV4D Development Framework (EGOV.*)

AIM

Systematically construct a high-quality EGOV4D program in a given Public Administration (PA); can be national, provincial or municipal level.
Establish the state of readiness for EGOV4D in the PA Develop a government-wide strategy towards EGOV4D in the PA Construct a program for PA and its partners to implement the strategy Build capacity in the PA to be able to execute/benefit from the program Establish a research/innovation environment to help execute the program ASSESSMENT STRATEGY PROGRAM RESEARCH AND INNOVATION BUILDING HUMAN AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY EXECUTION

PROCESS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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EGOV4D IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE

EGOV4D in Cameroon (EGOV.CM) Supporting development with improved governance - PSR, ICT, EGOV. Vision 2035

ASSESSMENT How to determine the degree of readiness of institutional actors to undertake EGOV4SD initiatives? How to prioritize assessment with respect to actors and SD dimensions? STRATEGY How to develop EGOV strategies to address SD requirements? SD as a policy constrain for the EGOV domain, or capturing the interactions between EGOV and SD over time for alignment? PROGRAMMING What additional complexities arise for EGOV4SD programming and when resource mobilization, partnership configuration, management? How does SD impact traditional EGOV sustainability?
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Growth and Employment Strategy 2020

Public Service Reform EGOV Strategy 2011
MEASURING E-GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

National ICT Policy 2007

EGOV4SD CHALLENGES

PARTICIPATION CHALLENGE What new technologies, policies and strategies can be adopted to reduce all forms of digital divide - geographic, gender, age, socio-economic, etc. to enable participation of citizens in government decisions that directly affect their lives, including environmental concerns? POLICY INTEGRATION CHALLENGE How can ICT policies be effectively integrated with economic, social and environmental policies across all government levels? What ICT tools can be used to support the integration of national policies with global policies on climate change, health pandemics, human security or terrorism? EGOV4SD DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE How can the new generation of EGOV4SD frameworks - policies, strategies, architectures and infrastructure, be developed and diffused to support the global sustainability transition?

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AIM AND OVERVIEW

AIM o o o o What is Electronic Governance (EGOV)? What are the emerging characteristics of future EGOV? How can EGOV facilitate sustainable development processes (EGOV4SD)? How to measure EGOV4SD and how to use the results from ranking to learning?

OVERVIEW 1. 2. 3. 4. EGOV EGOV TRENDS EGOV FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEASURING EGOV FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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EGOV RANKING SERIES

1. 2. 3. 4.

UN EGOV Surveys WEF Global IT Report EIU e-Readiness Waseda World EGOV Rankings

2004 2005 2008 2010

Towards Access for Opportunity From EGOV to E-Inclusion From EGOV to Connected Governance Leveraging EGOV During Crisis

UN EGOV Survey 2010 Indices [9] 1. 2. 3. 4. Online services Telecommunication Human capital e-Participation public websites and services at different levels of maturity computers, internet users, phone lines, mobile/fixed subscriptions adult literacy rate and gross education enrolment information sharing, consultation, decision-making

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UN EGOV RANKING RESULTS

0 5 10 15 20 25 Singapore Australia Republic of Korea Japan 2003 2005 2008 2010

12 3 13 18

7 6 5 14

23 8 6 11

11 5 1 17

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SINGAPORE-FOCUSED RANKING RESULTS [10]

0 5 10 15 20 25 UN EGOV Surveys WEF Global IT Report EIU e-Readiness Waseda EGOV Ranking 2005 7 2 13 3 3 6 2 2006 2007 2008 23 5 6 2 2009 4 7 1 2010 11 2

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MEASURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT [11]

SOCIAL INDICATORS 1. 2. 3. 4. Population, density, growth rate Life expectancy, infant mortality Urban/rural population distribution Percentage of voting population

ECONOMIC INDICATORS 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. Air travel Energy consumption Growth of economic activity Agricultural production density Changes in food and nutrition style Environmental and general education Percent of energy from renewable sources

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS 1. Plant biodiversity 2. Animal population 3. Depletion of fossil fuels

TRANSITIONAL INDICATORS

4. Topsoil and farmland loss

4.

Access of the poor to public decision-making

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MEASURING EGOV FROM RANKING TO LEARNING

OBSERVATIONS 1. Global EGOV rankings are powerful instruments for tracking the relative progress of countries in EGOV development, with real power to mobilize leadership and action.

2.

Given multiple rankings and changing trends and measurement criteria, how can policyand decision-makers use EGOV rankings to guide effective EGOV development?
RECOMMENDATION EGOV rankings as a data source, local context informs selection of indicators Policy-makers carry out selection to create a benchmarking instrument to reflect local conditions and priorities The role international organizations is to provide data and enable selection One model applied to all countries, 1. regardless of the level of development and chosen development path. Lack of influence by the countries assessed 2. on the way the rankings are applied to their own contexts. The rankings are used to directly drive 3. EGOV strategies and programs.

CHALLENGES 1.

2.

3.

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REFERENCES

[1]

ke Grnlund and Thomas A. Horan. Introducing e-Gov: History, Definitions, and Issues. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Volume 15, Number 1, 2005 [2] Coleman, Stephen. Foundations of Digital Government. In Chen, Hsinchun et al., eds., Digital Government: E-Government Research, Case and Implementation. Springer, 2008. [3] Finger, Matthias. Conceptualising e-Governance. European Review of Political technologies, 1 (March 2005), 1-7. [4] ADB. Governance and Sustainable Development - The. Asian Development Bank, Manila, 2008. [5] Tomasz Janowski, Adegboyega Ojo and Elsa Estevez, UNU-IIST Electronic Governance for Sustainable Development Programme - Strategic Plan 2011 2014, 2010 [6] Kemp, Rene and Gibson, Robert. Governance for Sustainable development: moving from theory to practice. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 8, 1/2 (2005), 12-30. [7] Elliot, Jennifer A. An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York, 2006. [8] Atkinson, Giles, Dietz, Simon, and Neumayer, Eric. Handbook of Sustainable Development. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, UK, 2007. [9] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations e-Government Survey: Leveraging e-government at a Time of Financial and Economic Crisis, 2010. [10] Infocomm development Authority of Singapore. Realizing the iN2015 Vision. 2010 [11] Helen Briassoulis. Sustainable Development and its Indicators: Through a (Planners) Glass Darkly. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 44(3), 409427, 2001.
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Thank you for listening

Tomasz Janowski
tj@iist.unu.edu