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JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
What is JavaScript?
 JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages

 JavaScript is a scripting language
 A scripting language is a lightweight programming language
 JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
 JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation)
 Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license
Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both concept and design!
Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more complex programming language - in
the same category as C and C++.
What can a JavaScript Do ?
 JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not
programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can
put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages
 JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this:
document.write("<h1>" + name + "</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page
 JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens,
like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element
 JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content
of an HTML element
 JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before
it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing
 JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the
visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that
browser.
 JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve
information on the visitor's computer.
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
JavaScript Variables
Variables are "containers" for storing information.
JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.
A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name, like carname.
Rules for JavaScript variable names:
 Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different variables)
 Variable names must begin with a letter or the underscore character
Note: Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are case-sensitive.
Example
A variable's value can change during the execution of a script. You can refer to a variable by its name to
display or change its value.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var firstname;
firstname="Welcome";
document.write(firstname);
document.write("<br />");
firstname="XYZ";
document.write(firstname);
</script>
<p>The script above declares a variable,

assigns a value to it, displays the value, change the value,
and displays the value again.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
Welcome
XYZ
The script above declares a variable, assigns a value to it, displays the value, change the value, and
displays the value again.
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables
Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables.
You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement:
var x;
var carname;
After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no values yet).
However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them:
var x=5;
var carname="Scorpio";
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold
the value Scorpio.
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value.
Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables
If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be
declared.
These statements:
x=5;
carname="Scorpio";
have the same effect as:
var x=5;
var carname="Scorpio";
Redeclaring JavaScript Variables
If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value.
var x=5;
var x;
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is
not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it.
DataTypes
 Numbers - are values that can be processed and calculated. You don't enclose them in quotation
marks. The numbers can be either positive or negative.
 Strings - are a series of letters and numbers enclosed in quotation marks. JavaScript uses the string
literally; it doesn't process it. You'll use strings for text you want displayed or values you want
passed along.
 Boolean (true/false) - lets you evaluate whether a condition meets or does not meet specified
criteria.
 Null - is an empty value. null is not the same as 0 -- 0 is a real, calculable number, whereas null is
the absence of any value.
Data Types
TYPE EXAMPLE
Numbers Any number, such as 17, 21, or 54e7
Strings "Greetings!" or "Fun"
Boolean Either true or false
Null A special keyword for exactly that – the null value (that is, nothing)
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
JavaScript Arithmetic
As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript variables:
y=x-5;
z=y+5;
JavaScript Operators
The operator = is used to assign values.
The operator + is used to add values.
The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.
y=5;
z=2;
x=y+z;
The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.
JavaScript Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between variables and/or values.
Given that y=5, the table below explains the arithmetic operators:
Operator Description Example Result

+ Addition x=y+2 x=7
- Subtraction x=y-2 x=3
* Multiplication x=y*2 x=10
/ Division x=y/2 x=2.5
% Modulus (division remainder) x=y%2 x=1
++ Increment x=++y x=6
-- Decrement x=--y x=4
JavaScript Assignment Operators

JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
Given that x=10 and y=5, the table below explains the assignment operators:
Operator Example Same As Result

= x=y x=5
+= x+=y x=x+y x=15
-= x-=y x=x-y x=5
*= x*=y x=x*y x=50
/= x/=y x=x/y x=2
%= x%=y x=x%y x=0
The + Operator Used on Strings
The + operator can also be used to add string variables or text values together.
To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains "What a verynice day".
To add a space between the two strings, insert a space into one of the strings:
txt1="What a very ";

txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
or insert a space into the expression:
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+" "+txt2;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains:
"What a very nice day"
Adding Strings and Numbers
Look at these examples:
x=5+5;
document.write(x);
x="5"+"5";
document.write(x);
x=5+"5";
document.write(x);
x="5"+5;
document.write(x);
The rule is:
If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.
JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators
Comparison and Logical operators are used to test for true or false.
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used in logical statements to determine equality or difference between variables
or values.
Given that x=5, the table below explains the comparison operators:
Operator Description Example

== is equal to x==8 is false
=== is exactly equal to (value and type) x===5 is true
x==="5" is false
!= is not equal x!=8 is true
> is greater than x>8 is false
< is less than x<8 is true
>= is greater than or equal to x>=8 is false
<= is less than or equal to x<=8 is true
How Can it be Used
Comparison operators can be used in conditional statements to compare values and take action depending
on the result:
if (age<18) document.write("Too young");
You will learn more about the use of conditional statements in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values.
Given that x=6 and y=3, the table below explains the logical operators:
Operator Description Example

&& and (x < 10 && y > 1) is true
|| or (x==5 || y==5) is false
! not !(x==y) is true
Conditional Operator
JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value to a variable based on some condition.
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
Syntax
variablename=(condition)?value1:value2
Example
greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President ":"Dear ";
If the variable visitor has the value of "PRES", then the variable greeting will be assigned the value
"Dear President " else it will be assigned "Dear".
Conditional Statements
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can
use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:
 if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is
true
 if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true
and another code if the condition is false
 if...else if.... else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to
be executed
 switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed
If Statement
You should use the if statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
Note that if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters (IF) will generate a JavaScript error!
Example 1
//Write a "Good morning" greeting if
//the time is less than 10
var d=new Date();
var time=d.getHours();
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
</script>
Example 2
//Write "Lunch-time!" if the time is 11
var d=new Date();
var time=d.getHours();
if (time==11)
{
document.write("<b>Lunch-time!</b>");
}
</script>
Note: When comparing variables you must always use two equals signs next to each other (==)!
Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. You just tell the code to execute some code only if the
specified condition is true.
If...else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is not true, use
the if ...else statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is not true
}
Example
//If the time is less than 10,
//you will get a "Good morning" greeting.
//Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.
var d = new Date();
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
var time = d.getHours();
if (time < 10)

{
document.write("Good morning!");
}
else
{
document.write("Good day!");
}
</script>
If...else if...else Statement
You should use the if....else if...else statement if you want to select one of many sets of lines to execute.
Syntax
if (condition1)
{
code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition1 and
condition2 are not true
}
Example
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
else if (time>10 && time<16)
{
document.write("<b>Good day</b>");
}
else
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
{
document.write("<b>Hello World!</b>");
}
</script>
The JavaScript Switch Statement
You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax
switch(n)
{
case 1:
execute code block 1
break;
case 2:
execute code block 2
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is
different from case 1 and 2
}
This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is evaluated once.
The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a
match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from
running into the next case automatically.
Example
//You will receive a different greeting based
//on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0,
//Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.
var d=new Date();
theDay=d.getDay();
switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
document.write("Finally Friday");
break;
case 6:
document.write("Super Saturday");
break;
case 0:
document.write("Sleepy Sunday");
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
break;
default:
document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!");
}
</script>
JavaScript Controlling(Looping) Statements
Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times or while
a specified condition is true.
JavaScript Loops
Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row.
Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can use loops to perform a task like this.
In JavaScript there are two different kind of loops:
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

 while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true
The for Loop
The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (var=startvalue;var<=endvalue;var=var+increment)
{
code to be executed
}
Example
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long
as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
Note: The increment parameter could also be negative, and the <= could be any comparing statement.
<html>
<body>
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
document.write("The number is " + i);

}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
JavaScript While Loop
Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times or while
a specified condition is true.
The while loop
The while loop is used when you want the loop to execute and continue executing while the specified
condition is true.
while (var<=endvalue)
{
code to be executed
}
Note: The <= could be any comparing statement.
Example
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long
as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
<html>
JAVASCRIPT & MYSQL
<body>
var i=0;
while (i<=10)
{
i=i+1;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
The do...while Loop
The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will always execute a block of code ONCE,
and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified condition is true. This loop will always be
executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code is executed before the condition is
tested.
do
{
code to be executed
}
while (var<=endvalue);
Example
<html>
<body>
JAVASCRIPT Notes
var i=0;
do
{
i=i+1;
}
while (i<0);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
JavaScript Break and Continue

There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue.
JavaScript break and continue Statements
There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue.
Break
The break command will break the loop and continue executing the code that follows after the loop (if
any).
Example
<html>
<body>
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
{
break;
}
}
</script>
</body>
JAVASCRIPT& MYSQL
Notes
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
Continue
The continue command will break the current loop and continue with the next value.
Example
<html>
<body>
var i=0
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
{
continue;
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
JAVASCRIPT& MYSQL
Notes
MYSQL
It is freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses
Structured Query Language(SQL). In MySQL database , information is stored in Tables. A
single MySQL database can contain many tables at once and store thousands of individual
records.
The create database Statement
The general syntax is as follows:
create database database_name
From the MySQL command-line client, you can simply type in the following command:
mysql> create database my_database;
The use database Statement

mysql>use database_name
The create table Statement

Once you have created and selected a database, you are ready to create a table.
The basic create table statement is fairly simple and takes this basic form:
create table table_name ( column_name_1 column_type column_attributes,
column_name_2 column_type column_attributes, primary key (column_name),
index index_name(column_name) )type=table_type
Example:
create table topics ( topic_id integer not null auto_increment, parent_id integer default 0 not
null, root_id integer default 0, name varchar(255), description text null, create_dt timestamp,
modify_dt timestamp, author varchar(255) null, author_host varchar(255) null, primary
key(topic_id), index my_index(parent_id) )type=myisam;
Using the show Command

You can get a list of databases by issuing the show databases command:
mysql> show databases;
+----------+
| Database |
+----------+
| mysql |
| store |
| test |
+----------+
3 rows in set (0.14 sec)
show tables After you are connected to a specific database, you can view the tables that make
up the database by running the show tables command:
JAVASCRIPT& MYSQL
Notes
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_store |
+-----------------+
| addresses |
| formats |
| items_for_sale |
| order_items |
| orders |
| places |
| products |
| users |
+-----------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)
The insert Statement

You will use the insert statement to place rows of data into your tables.
The basic form of the SQL insert statement is as follows:
Insert into tablename ( column1 [, column2 [, column3 [, ...] ] ] ) values ( value1 [,
value2 [, value3 [, ...] ] ] )
Text strings must be surrounded by single quote marks (‘), or double-quote marks (‘’) if you’re
not running in ANSI mode.
For example:
insert into table_name (text_col, int_col) values (‘hello world’, 1)
The update Statement
update table_name set col_1=value1, col_2=value_2 where col=value
For Example:
update folks set fname=’Vito’ where id=2;
The delete Statement
The delete statement removes a row or multiple rows from a table.
The syntax is as follows:
delete from table_where where-clause
For Example:
delete from folks where id=1;
The Basic select Statement
select column_1, column_2, column_3 from table_name
Or
select * from table_name
The where clause
The where clause limits the rows that are returned from your query.
select * from users where userid = 2;
JAVASCRIPT& MYSQL
Notes
The DISTINCT Statement

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
For Example
SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;
USING like
Two wildcard characters are available: the underscore (_) and the percent sign (%). The
underscore stands for a single character; the percent sign represents any number of characters
For Example:
select * from users where fname like ‘Dan%’;
order by
select * from users order by lname, fname;
MySQL DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table
DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
For Example:
DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';

UNIT–IV
PHP
IntroductiontoPHP&Features
PHPScripts
DataTypes
Variables
Operators
ControlStructures
WorkingwithArrays
Functions
WorkingwithFiles
WorkingwithDatabases
IntroductiontoPHP&Features
PHPisaserverscriptinglanguage,andapowerfultoolformakingdynamicandinteractive Web pages.
PHPisawidely-used,free,andefficientalternativetocompetitorssuchasMicrosoft'sASP.
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo"MyfirstPHP
script!"; ?>
</body>
</html>
WhatYouShouldAlreadyKnow
Beforeyoucontinueyoushouldhaveabasicunderstandingofthefollowing:
• HTML
• CSS
• JavaScript
WhatisPHP?
• PHPisanacronymfor"PHP:HypertextPreprocessor"
• PHPisawidely-used,opensourcescriptinglanguage
• PHPscriptsareexecutedontheserver
• PHPisfreetodownloadanduse
WhatisaPHPFile?
• PHPfilescancontaintext,HTML,CSS,JavaScript,andPHPcode
• PHPcodeareexecutedontheserver,andtheresultisreturnedtothebrowser as plain
HTML
• PHPfileshaveextension".php"
WhatCanPHP Do?
• PHPcangeneratedynamicpagecontent
• PHPcancreate,open,read,write,delete,andclosefilesontheserver
• PHPcancollectformdata
• PHPcansendandreceivecookies
• PHPcanadd,delete,modifydatainyourdatabase
• PHPcanbeusedtocontroluser-access
• PHPcanencryptdata
WithPHPyouarenotlimitedtooutputHTML.Youcanoutputimages,PDFfiles,and even
Flash movies. You can also output any text, such as XHTML and XML.
WhyPHP?
• PHPrunsonvariousplatforms(Windows,Linux,Unix,MacOSX,etc.)
• PHPiscompatiblewithalmostallserversusedtoday(Apache,IIS,etc.)
• PHPsupportsawiderangeofdatabases
• PHPisfree.DownloaditfromtheofficialPHPresource:www.php.net
• PHPiseasytolearnandrunsefficientlyontheserverside
TostartusingPHP, youcan:
• FindawebhostwithPHPandMySQLsupport
• InstallawebserveronyourownPC,andtheninstallPHPandMySQL
UseaWebHostwithPHP Support
• IfyourserverhasactivatedsupportforPHPyoudonotneedtodoanything.
• Justcreatesome.phpfiles,placetheminyourwebdirectory,andtheserverwill
automatically parse them for you.
• Youdonotneedtocompileanythingorinstallanyextratools.
• BecausePHPisfree,mostwebhostsofferPHPsupport.
• SetUpPHPonYourOwnPC
However,ifyourserverdoesnotsupportPHP, youmust:
• installa web server

• installPHP
• installadatabase,suchas MySQL
PHP Scripts
BasicPHPSyntax
• APHPscriptcanbeplacedanywhereinthedocument.
• APHPscriptstartswith <?phpandendswith?>:
<?php
//PHPcodegoes here
?>
Example
<html>
<body>
<h1>MyfirstPHP page</h1>
<?php
echo"HelloWorld!";
?>
</body>
</html>
• PHPstatementsendwithasemicolon(;)
CommentsinPHP
AcommentinPHPcodeisalinethatisnot read/executedaspartoftheprogram.Its only

purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code.
Commentscanbeusedto:
• Letothersunderstandwhatyouaredoing
• Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have experienced coming
back to their own work a year or two later and having to re-figure out what they
did. Comments can remind you of what you were thinking when you wrote the
code
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
//Thisisasingle-linecomment
#Thisisalsoasingle-line comment
/*
Thisisamultiple-linescomment
block that spans over multiple
lines
*/
//Youcanalsousecommentstoleaveoutpartsofacodeline
$x=5/*+15*/+5; echo
$x;?>
</body>
</html>
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
ECHO"HelloWorld!<br>";
echo "Hello World!<br>";
EcHo "Hello World!<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
In the example below, only the first statement will display the value of the $color
variable(thisisbecause$color,$COLOR,and$coLORaretreatedasthreedifferent
variables):
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$color="red";
echo"Mycaris".$color."<br>";
echo "My house is ". $COLOR .
"<br>";echo"Myboatis".$coLOR.
"<br>"; ?>
</body>
</html>
DataTypes
• Variablescanstoredataofdifferent types,anddifferentdatatypescando
different things.
PHPsupportsthefollowingdata types:
• String
• Integer
• Float(floatingpointnumbers-alsocalleddouble)
• Boolean
• Array
• Object
• NULL
• Resource
PHPString
• Astringisasequenceofcharacters,like"Helloworld!".
• Astringcanbeanytextinsidequotes.Youcanusesingleordoublequotes:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x="Hello world!";
$y='Helloworld!';
echo $x;
echo"<br>";
echo $y;
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Helloworld!
Helloworld!
String Functions
• GetTheLengthof aString
• ThePHPstrlen()functionreturnsthelengthofastring.
• Theexamplebelowreturnsthelengthofthestring"Helloworld!":
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echostrlen("Hello
world!"); ?>
</body>
</html>
OUPUT:
12
CountTheNumberofWordsinaString
ThePHPstr_word_count()functioncountsthenumberofwordsinastring:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echostr_word_count("Helloworld!");
?>
</body>
</html>
OUPUT:
ReverseaString
• ThePHPstrrev()functionreversesastring:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echostrrev("Helloworld!");
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
!dlrowolleH
SearchForaSpecificTextWithina String
• ThePHPstrpos()functionsearchesforaspecifictextwithinastring.
• Ifamatchisfound,thefunctionreturnsthecharacterpositionofthefirstmatch.If no
match is found, it will return FALSE.
• Theexamplebelowsearchesforthe text"world"inthestring"Helloworld!":
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echostrpos("Helloworld!","world");
?>
</body>
</html>
OUPUT:
ReplaceTextWithina String
•ThePHPstr_replace()functionreplacessomecharacterswithsomeother
characters in a string.
• Theexamplebelowreplacesthetext"world"with"Dolly":
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echostr_replace("world","Dolly","Helloworld!");
?>
</body>
</html>
OUPUT:
HelloDolly!
PHPInteger
Anintegerdatatypeisanon-decimalnumberbetween -2,147,483,648and 2,147,483,647.
Rulesforintegers:
• Anintegermusthaveatleastonedigit
• Anintegermustnothaveadecimal point
• Anintegercanbeeitherpositiveor negative
• Integerscanbespecifiedinthreeformats:decimal(10-based),hexadecimal(16-
based - prefixed with 0x) or octal (8-based - prefixed with 0)
• Inthefollowingexample$xisaninteger.ThePHPvar_dump()function
returns the data type and value:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x= 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
int(5985)
PHPFloat
• Afloat(floatingpointnumber)isanumberwithadecimalpointora numberin
exponential form.
• Inthefollowingexample$xisafloat.The PHPvar_dump()functionreturnsthe data
type and value:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x= 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
float(10.365)
PHPBoolean
ABooleanrepresentstwopossiblestates:TRUEorFALSE.
$x= true;
$y= false;
Booleansareoftenusedinconditionaltesting.Youwilllearnmoreaboutconditional testing in
a later chapter of this tutorial.
PHP Array
• Anarraystoresmultiplevaluesinonesinglevariable:
• Anarrayisaspecialvariable,whichcanholdmorethanonevalue atatime.
• Ifyouhavealistofitems(alistofcarnames,forexample),storingthecars in single
variables could look like this:
$cars1="Volvo";
$cars2="BMW";
$cars3="Toyota";
• However,whatifyouwanttoloopthroughthecarsandfindaspecificone? And
what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?
• Thesolutionistocreateanarray!
• Anarraycanholdmanyvaluesunderasinglename,andyoucanaccessthe values
by referring to an index number.
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
echo"Ilike".$cars[0]. ",".$cars[1] ." and".$cars[2].".";
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
IlikeVolvo,BMWandToyota.
CreateanArrayin PHP
• InPHP,the array()functionisusedtocreateanarray:
array();
InPHP,therearethreetypesofarrays:
• Indexedarrays-Arrayswithanumericindex
• Associativearrays-Arrayswithnamedkeys
• Multidimensionalarrays -Arrayscontainingoneormorearrays
Variables
• Variablesare"containers"forstoringinformation.
• Creating(Declaring)PHPVariables
• InPHP,avariablestartswiththe$sign,followedbythenameofthevariable:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$txt="Helloworld!";
$x=5; Output:
$y=10.5;
Helloworld!
echo$txt; 5
echo"<br>"; 10.5
echo$x;
echo"<br>";
echo$y;
?>
</body>
</html>
After the execution of the statements above, the variable $txt will hold the value Hello
world!,thevariable $xwillholdthevalue 5,andthevariable$ywillholdthevalue 10.5.
Note:Whenyouassignatextvaluetoavariable,putquotesaroundthe value.
Note:Unlikeotherprogramminglanguages,PHPhasnocommandfordeclaringa variable. It
is created the moment you first assign a value to it.
RulesforPHPvariables:
Avariablecanhaveashortname(likexandy)oramoredescriptivename(age, carname,
total_volume).
• Avariablestartswiththe$sign,followedbythenameofthevariable
• Avariablenamemuststartwithaletterortheunderscorecharacter
• Avariablenamecannotstartwitha number
• Avariablenamecanonlycontainalpha-numericcharactersandunderscores(A- z, 0-
9, and _ )
• Variablenamesarecase-sensitive($ageand$AGEaretwodifferentvariables)
Output Variables
• ThePHPechostatementisoftenusedtooutputdatatothescreen.
Thefollowingexamplewillshowhowtooutputtextanda variable:
Example
<html> Output:
<body>
<?php IloveW3Schools.com!
$txt="W3Schools.com"; echo
"I love $txt!";
?>
</body>
</html>
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
Output:
$txt="W3Schools.com"; echo
"I love ". $txt . "!"; IloveW3Schools.com!
?>
</body>
</html>
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x=5; Output:
$y=4;
echo$x+$y; 9
?>
</body>
</html>
PHPVariablesScope
• InPHP,variablescanbedeclaredanywhereinthescript.
• Thescopeofavariableisthepartofthescriptwherethevariablecanbe
referenced/used.
PHPhasthreedifferentvariablescopes:
• local
• global
• static
GlobalandLocal Scope
Avariabledeclared outsideafunctionhasaGLOBALSCOPEandcanonlybe accessed

outside a function:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x=5;//globalscope
function myTest() {
//usingxinsidethisfunctionwillgenerateanerror echo
"<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
echo"<p>Variablexoutsidefunctionis:
$x</p>";?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Variablexinsidefunctionis:
Variablexoutsidefunctionis:5
AvariabledeclaredwithinafunctionhasaLOCALSCOPEandcanonlybeaccessed within
that function:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
functionmyTest(){
$x=5; //localscope
echo"<p>Variablexinsidefunctionis: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
//usingxoutsidethefunctionwillgeneratean error
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is:
$x</p>";?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Variablexinsidefunctionis:5
Variable x outside function is:
TheglobalKeyword
• Theglobalkeywordisusedtoaccessaglobalvariablefromwithinafunction.
• Todothis,usethe globalkeywordbeforethevariables(insidethefunction):
Example
<html>
<body> Output:
<?php
$x= 5; 15
$y= 10;
functionmyTest(){
global$x,$y;$y
=$x+ $y;
}
myTest();//run function
echo$y;//outputthenewvaluefor variable
$y?>
</body>
</html>
ThestaticKeyword
Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are deleted.

However, sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be deleted. We need it for a
further job.
Todothis,usethestatickeywordwhenyoufirstdeclarethevariable:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
Output:
functionmyTest(){
static $x = 0;
0
echo $x;
$x++; 1
}
myTest(); 2
echo"<br>";
myTest();
echo"<br>";
myTest();
?>
</body>
</html>
echo and printStatements
• InPHPtherearetwobasicwaystogetoutput:echoandprint.
• In this tutorial we use echo (and print) in almost every example. So, this chapter
contains a little more info about those two output statements.
• echoand print are more or less the same. They are both used to output data to
the screen.
• The differencesare small: echohasno return value while printhas a return value of
1 so it can be used in expressions. echo can take multiple parameters (although
such usage is rare) while printcan take one argument. echois marginally faster
than print.
echo Statement
Theechostatementcanbeusedwithorwithoutparentheses:echoorecho().
DisplayText
Thefollowingexampleshowshowtooutputtext withthe echocommand(noticethatthe text can

contain HTML markup):
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo"<h2>PHPisFun!</h2>"; echo
"Hello world!<br>";
echo"I'mabouttolearn PHP!<br>";
echo"This","string","was","made","withmultiple
parameters."; ?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
PHPisFun!
Helloworld!
I'mabouttolearn PHP!
Thisstringwasmadewith multiple parameters.
DisplayVariables
Thefollowingexampleshowshowtooutputtextandvariableswiththeechostatement:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$txt1="LearnPHP";$txt2
="W3Schools.com";$x= 5;
$y=4;
echo"<h2>".$txt1. "</h2>";
echo"StudyPHPat".$txt2."<br>";
echo$x+$y;
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
LearnPHP
Study PHP at
W3Schools.com9
ThePHPprint Statement
• Theprintstatementcanbeusedwithorwithoutparentheses:printorprint().
DisplayText
Thefollowingexampleshowshowtooutputtext withthe printcommand(noticethatthe text can

contain HTML markup):
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
print"<h2>PHPisFun!</h2>";
print "Hello world!<br>";
print"I'mabouttolearn PHP!";
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
PHPisFun!
Helloworld!
I'mabouttolearn PHP!
DisplayVariables
Thefollowingexampleshowshowtooutputtextandvariableswiththeprintstatement:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$txt1="LearnPHP";
$txt2="W3Schools.com";
$x= 5;
$y=4;
print"<h2>".$txt1."</h2>";
print"StudyPHPat".$txt2."<br>"; print
$x +
$y;?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
LearnPHP
Study PHP at
W3Schools.com9
PHPObject
• Anobjectisadatatypewhichstoresdataandinformationonhowtoprocessthat data.
• InPHP,anobjectmustbeexplicitly declared.
• Firstwemustdeclareaclassofobject.Forthis, weusetheclasskeyword.A class is
a structure that can contain properties andmethods:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
classCar{
functionCar(){ $this-
>model ="VW";
}
}
//createanobject
$herbie=newCar();
// show object
propertiesecho
$herbie->model;?>
</body>
</html>
OUPUT:
VW
PHPNULLValue
• Nullisaspecialdatatypewhichcanhaveonlyonevalue:NULL.
• AvariableofdatatypeNULLisavariablethathasnovalueassignedtoit.
• Ifavariableiscreatedwithoutavalue,itisautomaticallyassignedavalueof NULL.
• VariablescanalsobeemptiedbysettingthevaluetoNULL:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x="Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
NULL
Constants
• Constantsarelikevariablesexceptthatoncetheyaredefinedtheycannotbe
changed or undefined.
• PHPConstants
• Aconstantisanidentifier(name)forasimplevalue.Thevaluecannotbe
changed during the script.
• Avalidconstantnamestartswithaletterorunderscore(no$signbeforethe
constant name).
Note:Unlikevariables,constantsareautomaticallyglobalacrosstheentirescript.
CreateaPHPConstant
• Tocreateaconstant,usethedefine()function.
Syntax
define(name,value,case-insensitive)
Parameters:
• name:Specifiesthenameoftheconstant
• value:Specifiesthevalueoftheconstant
• case-insensitive:Specifieswhethertheconstantnameshouldbecase-
insensitive. Default is false
Theexamplebelowcreatesaconstantwitha case-sensitivename:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
//case-sensitiveconstant name
define("GREETING", "Welcome to
W3Schools.com!");echoGREETING;
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
WelcometoW3Schools.com!
Theexamplebelowcreatesaconstantwitha case-insensitivename:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
//case-insensitiveconstant name
define("GREETING","WelcometoW3Schools.com!",true);
echo greeting;
?>
</body>
</html>
OUPUT:
ConstantsareGlobal
• Constantsareautomaticallyglobalandcanbeusedacrosstheentirescript.
• Theexamplebelowusesaconstantinsideafunction,evenifitisdefinedoutside the
function:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to
W3Schools.com!");functionmyTest(){
echoGREETING;
}
myTest();
?>
</body>
</html>
OUPUT:
PHPOperators
Operatorsareusedtoperformoperationsonvariablesand values.
PHPdividestheoperatorsinthefollowinggroups:
• Arithmeticoperators
• Assignmentoperators
• Comparisonoperators
• Increment/Decrementoperators
• Logicaloperators
• Stringoperators
• Arrayoperators
PHPArithmeticOperators
• ThePHParithmeticoperatorsareusedwith numericvaluestoperformcommon
arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition $x+$y Sumof $xand$y
- Subtraction $x-$y Differenceof$xand$y
* Multiplication $x* $y Productof$xand$y
/ Division $x/$y Quotientof $xand$y
% Modulus $x%$y Remainderof$xdividedby$y
** Exponentiation $x**$y Resultofraising$xtothe$y'thpower

(IntroducedinPHP5.6)
PHPAssignmentOperators
• ThePHPassignmentoperatorsareusedwithnumericvaluestowriteavalue to a
variable.
• ThebasicassignmentoperatorinPHPis"=".Itmeansthattheleftoperand gets
set to the value of the assignment expression on the right.
Assignment Sameas...Description
x=y x=y Theleftoperandgetssettothevalueofthe expression
ontheright
x+= y x=x+y Addition
x-=y x=x-y Subtraction
x*=y x=x*y Multiplication
x/=y x=x/ y Division
x%= y x=x% y Modulus
PHPComparisonOperators
• ThePHPcomparisonoperatorsareusedtocomparetwovalues(number or
string):
== Equal $x==$y Returnstrueif$xis equalto$y

=== Identical $x===$y Returnstrueif$xisequalto$y,andtheyareof
thesametype
!= Notequal $x!=$y Returnstrueif$xisnotequalto$y
<> Notequal $x<>$y Returnstrueif$xisnotequalto$y
!== Notidentical $x!==$y Returnstrueif$xisnotequalto$y,orthey are

notof thesametype
> Greaterthan $x>$y Returnstrueif$xisgreaterthan$y
< Lessthan $x<$y Returnstrueif$xislessthan$y
>= Greaterthanor $x>=$y Returnstrueif$xisgreaterthanorequalto$y

equalto
<= Lessthanorequal $x<=$y Returnstrueif$xislessthanorequalto$y

to
PHPIncrement/DecrementOperators
• ThePHPincrementoperatorsareusedtoincrementavariable'svalue.
• ThePHPdecrementoperatorsareusedtodecrementavariable'svalue.
Operator Name Description
++$x Pre-increment Increments$xbyone,thenreturns$x
$x++ Post-increment Returns$x,thenincrements$xbyone
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements$xbyone,thenreturns$x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns$x,thendecrements$xbyone
PHPLogicalOperators
• ThePHPlogicaloperatorsareusedtocombineconditionalstatements.
And And $xand $y Trueifboth$xand$yaretrue
Or Or $xor $y Trueifeither$xor$yistrue
Xor Xor $xxor$y Trueifeither$xor$yistrue,butnot

both
&& And $x&&$y Trueifboth$xand$yaretrue
|| Or $x||$y Trueifeither$xor$yistrue
! Not !$x Trueif$xisnottrue
PHPString Operators
• PHPhastwooperatorsthatarespeciallydesignedforstrings.
. Concatenation $txt1.$txt2 Concatenationof$txt1and

$txt2
.= Concatenation $txt1.=$txt2Appends$txt2to $txt1

assignment
PHPArrayOperators
• ThePHParrayoperatorsareusedtocomparearrays.
Operator Name ExampleResult
+ Union $x+$y Unionof $xand$y

== Equality $x==$y Returnstrueif$xand$yhavethesamekey/value pairs
=== Identity $x === Returnstrueif$xand$yhavethesamekey/value pairs in

$y the same order and of the same types
!= Inequality $x!=$y Returnstrueif$xisnotequalto$y
<> Inequality $x<>$y Returnstrueif$xisnotequalto$y
!== Non- $x!==$y Returnstrueif$xisnotidenticalto$y

identity
PHPConditionalStatements
• Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for
differentconditions.Youcanuseconditionalstatementsinyourcodetodothis.
InPHPwehavethefollowingconditionalstatements:
• ifstatement-executessomecodeifoneconditionistrue
• if...elsestatement-executessomecodeifaconditionistrueandanothercode if that
condition is false
• if...elseif.... elsestatement-executesdifferentcodesformorethantwoconditions
• switchstatement -selectsoneofmanyblocksof codetobeexecuted
TheifStatement
• Theifstatementexecutessomecodeifoneconditionistrue.
Syntax
if(condition){
codetobeexecutedifconditionistrue;
}
Theexamplebelowwilloutput"Haveagoodday!"ifthecurrenttime(HOUR)is less
than 20:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$t= date("H");
if($t<"20"){
echo"Haveagoodday!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Haveagoodday!
Theif...elseStatement
The if ... elsestatementexecutessomecodeifaconditionistrueandanothercode

ifthatconditionisfalse.
Syntax
if(condition){
codetobeexecutedifconditionistrue;
}else {
codetobeexecutedifconditionisfalse;
}
Theexamplebelowwilloutput"Haveagoodday!"ifthecurrenttimeislessthan20, and "Have

a good night!" otherwise:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$t= date("H");
if($t<"20"){
}else {
echo"Haveagoodnight!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Haveagoodday!
Theif... elseif ....elseStatement
The if....elseif... else statementexecutesdifferentcodesformorethantwo conditions.
Syntax
if(condition){
codetobeexecutedifthisconditionistrue;
}elseif(condition){
codetobeexecutedifthisconditionistrue;
}else {
codetobeexecutedifallconditionsarefalse;
}
The example below will output "Have a good morning!" if the currenttime is less than 10,
and "Have a good day!" if the current time is less than 20. Otherwise it will output "Have
a good night!":
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$t= date("H");
echo"<p>Thehour(oftheserver)is".$t;
echo",andwillgivethefollowingmessage:</p>"; if
($t <"10") {
echo"Haveagoodmorning!";
}elseif($t<"20"){
}else {
echo"Haveagoodnight!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Thehour(oftheserver)is01,andwillgivethefollowingmessage: Have a
good morning!
TheswitchStatement
• Theswitchstatementisusedtoperformdifferentactionsbasedon
different conditions.
Usetheswitchstatementtoselectoneofmanyblocksofcodetobeexecuted.
Syntax
switch (n) {
caselabel1:
codetobeexecutedifn=label1;
break;
caselabel2:
break;
caselabel3:
break;
...
default:
codetobeexecutedifnisdifferentfromall labels;
}
Thisishowitworks:Firstwe have a single expression n (mostoftena variable),that is

evaluatedonce.Thevalueof theexpressionisthen compared withthevaluesforeach case
in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is
executed.Usebreaktopreventthecodefromrunningintothenextcaseautomatically. The
default statement is used if no match is found.
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$favcolor = "red";
switch($favcolor){
case"red":
echo"Yourfavoritecolorisred!";
break;
case"blue":
echo"Yourfavoritecolorisblue!"; break;
case"green":
echo"Yourfavoritecolorisgreen!"; break;
default:
echo"Yourfavoritecolorisneitherred,blue,nor green!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Yourfavoritecolorisred!
PHPLoops
Oftenwhenyouwritecode,youwantthesameblockofcodetorunoverandoveragain in arow.
Insteadofaddingseveralalmostequalcode-linesinascript, we canuse loops to perform a
task like this.
InPHP,wehavethefollowinglooping statements:
• while-loopsthroughablockofcodeaslongasthespecifiedconditionistrue
• do...while-loopsthroughablockofcodeonce,andthenrepeatstheloopas long as
the specified condition is true
• for-loopsthroughablockof codeaspecifiednumberoftimes
• foreach-loopsthrougha blockof codeforeachelementinanarray
ThePHPwhileLoop
• Thewhileloopexecutesablockofcodeaslongasthespecified conditionis true.
Syntax
while(conditionistrue){
codetobe executed;
}
The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the while loop will
continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5 ($x <= 5). $x will increase by 1
each time the loop runs ($x++):
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x= 1;
while($x<=5){
echo"Thenumberis:$x
<br>"; $x++;
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Thenumberis:1
Thenumberis:2
Thenumberis:3
Thenumberis:4
Thenumberis:5
ThePHPdo...whileLoop
Thedo...whileloopwillalwaysexecutetheblockofcodeonce,itwillthencheckthe condition,
and repeat the loop while the specified condition is true.
Syntax
do {
codetobeexecuted;} while
(condition is true);
The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the do while loop willwrite
some output, and then increment the variable $x with 1. Then the condition is checked
(is $x less than, or equal to 5?), and the loop will continue to run as longas $x is less
than, or equal to 5:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x=1;
do {
echo"Thenumberis:$x<br>";
$x++;
}while($x<=
5); ?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Thenumberis:1
Thenumberis:2
Thenumberis:3
Thenumberis:4
Thenumberis:5
Notice that in a do whileloop the condition is tested AFTER executing the statements
within the loop. This means that the do whileloop would execute its statements at least
once, even if the condition is false the first time.
Theexamplebelowsetsthe $xvariableto6,thenitrunstheloop, andthenthe condition is

checked:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x= 6;
do{
$x++;
}while($x<=
5); ?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Thenumberis:6
forLoops
• PHPforloopsexecuteablockof codeaspecifiednumberoftimes.
ThePHPforLoop
• Theforloopisusedwhenyouknowinadvancehowmanytimesthescript should
run.
Syntax
for(initcounter;testcounter;incrementcounter){
codetobe executed;
}
Parameters:
• initcounter:Initializetheloopcountervalue
• testcounter:Evaluatedforeachloopiteration.IfitevaluatestoTRUE,the loop
continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
• incrementcounter:Increasestheloopcountervalue
The example below displays the numbers from 0 to 10:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
The number is: 0

The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 4
The number is: 5
The number is: 6
The number is: 7
The number is: 8
The number is: 9
Thenumberis:10
ThePHPforeachLoop
• Theforeachloopworksonlyonarrays,andisused toloopthrougheach
key/value pair in an array.
Syntax
foreach($arrayas$value)
{
codetobe executed;
}
• Foreveryloopiteration,thevalueofthecurrentarrayelementisassignedto
$valueandthearraypointerismovedbyone,untilitreachesthelastarray element.
• Thefollowingexampledemonstratesaloop thatwilloutputthevaluesofthe given

array ($colors):
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$colors=array("red","green","blue","yellow");
foreach($colorsas $value)
{echo"$value<br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
red
green
blue
yellow
WorkingwithArrays
PHP Indexed Arrays
• Therearetwowaystocreateindexedarrays:
• Theindexcanbeassignedautomatically(indexalwaysstartsat0),likethis:
• $cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
• ortheindexcanbeassignedmanually:
• $cars[0]="Volvo";
$cars[1]="BMW";
$cars[2]="Toyota";
• Thefollowingexamplecreatesanindexedarraynamed$cars,assigns
three elements to it, and then prints a text containing the arrayvalues:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo"Ilike".$cars[0]. ",".$cars[1] ." and".$cars[2].".";
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
IlikeVolvo,BMWandToyota.
GetTheLengthofanArray-Thecount()Function
Thecount()functionisusedtoreturnthelength(thenumberofelements)ofanarray:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota"); echo
count($cars);
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
3
LoopThroughanIndexedArray
Toloopthroughandprintallthevaluesofanindexedarray,youcouldusea forloop, like this:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$arrlength=count($cars);
for($x=0;$x<$arrlength;$x++){ echo
$cars[$x];
echo"<br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Volvo
BMW
Toyota
PHPAssociativeArrays
• Associativearraysarearraysthatusenamedkeysthatyouassigntothem.
• Therearetwowaystocreateanassociativearray:
$age=array("Peter"=>"35","Ben"=>"37","Joe"=>"43");
or
$age['Peter']="35";
$age['Ben']="37";
$age['Joe']="43";
• Thenamedkeyscanthenbeusedinascript:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$age=array("Peter"=>"35","Ben"=>"37","Joe"=>"43"); echo
"Peter is ". $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Peteris35yearsold.
LoopThroughanAssociative Array
Toloopthroughandprintallthevaluesofanassociativearray,youcoulduseaforeach loop, like

this:
Example
<?php
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {
echo"Key=".$x.",Value=".$x_value; echo
"<br>";
}
?>
SortingArrays
Theelementsinanarraycanbesortedinalphabeticalornumericalorder, descending
or ascending.
• sort()-sortarraysinascendingorder
• rsort()-sortarraysindescending order
• asort()-sortassociativearraysinascendingorder,accordingtothevalue
• ksort()-sortassociativearraysinascendingorder,accordingtothekey
• arsort()-sortassociativearraysindescending order,accordingtothevalue
• krsort()-sortassociativearraysindescendingorder,accordingtothekey
SortArrayinAscendingOrder-sort()
Thefollowingexamplesortstheelementsofthe$carsarrayinascending alphabetical
order:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
sort($cars);
$clength=count($cars);
for($x=0;$x<$clength;$x++){
echo $cars[$x];
echo"<br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
BMW
Toyota
Volvo
Thefollowingexamplesortstheelementsofthe $numbersarrayinascending numerical

order:
Example
<?php
$numbers=array(4,6,2,22,
11);sort($numbers);
?>
OUTPUT:
2
4
6
11
22
SortArray(AscendingOrder),AccordingtoValue -asort()
Thefollowingexamplesortsanassociativearrayin ascendingorder,accordingtothe value:

Example
<?php
asort($age);
?>
OUTPUT:
Key=Peter,Value=35
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
SortArray(AscendingOrder),AccordingtoKey-ksort()
Thefollowingexamplesortsanassociativearrayinascendingorder,accordingtothe key:
Example
<?php
ksort($age);
?>
OUTPUT:
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Peter,Value=35
SortArray(DescendingOrder),AccordingtoValue-arsort()
Thefollowingexamplesortsanassociativearrayindescendingorder,accordingtothe value:
Example
<?php
arsort($age);
?>
OUTPUT:
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Peter,Value=35
SortArray(DescendingOrder),AccordingtoKey-krsort()
Thefollowingexamplesortsanassociativearrayindescendingorder,accordingtothe key:
Example
<?php
krsort($age);
?>
OUTPUT:
Key=Peter,Value=35
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Ben, Value=37
• Anarraystoresmultiplevaluesinonesinglevariable.
• Inthefollowingexample$carsisanarray.ThePHPvar_dump()functionreturns the
data type and value:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
var_dump($cars);
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
array(3){[0]=>string(5)"Volvo"[1]=>string(3)"BMW"[2]=>string(6)"Toyota"}
Functions
• TherealpowerofPHPcomesfromitsfunctions;ithasmorethan1000built-in
functions.
PHPUserDefinedFunctions
• Besidesthebuilt-inPHPfunctions,wecancreateourownfunctions.
• Afunctionisablockofstatementsthatcanbeusedrepeatedlyinaprogram.
• Afunctionwillnotexecuteimmediatelywhenapageloads.
• Afunctionwillbeexecutedbya calltothefunction.
CreateaUserDefinedFunctionin PHP
Auser-definedfunctiondeclarationstartswiththewordfunction:
Syntax
functionfunctionName(){
codetobe executed;
}
• FunctionnamesareNOTcase-sensitive.
In the example below, we create a function named "writeMsg()". The opening curly
brace ( { ) indicates the beginning of the function code and the closing curly brace ( } )
indicates the end of the function. The function outputs "Hello world!". To call the
function, just write its name:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMsg()
echo"Helloworld!";
}
writeMsg();
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Helloworld!
PHPFunction Arguments
• Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just

like a variable.
• Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. Youcan
add as many arguments as you want, just separate them with acomma.
• The following example has a function with one argument ($fname). When the
familyName() function is called, we also pass along a name (e.g. Jani), and the
name is used inside the function, which outputs several different first names, but
an equal last name:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo"$fnameRefsnes.<br>";
}
familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("KaiJim");
familyName("Borge");
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
JaniRefsnes.
HegeRefsnes.
StaleRefsnes.
Kai JimRefsnes.
BorgeRefsnes.
Thefollowingexamplehasafunctionwithtwo arguments($fnameand$year):
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
functionfamilyName($fname,$year){
echo"$fnameRefsnes.Bornin$year<br>";
}
familyName("Hege","1975");
familyName("Stale","1978");
familyName("Kai
Jim","1983"); ?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Hege Refsnes. Born in 1975

Stale Refsnes. Born in 1978
KaiJimRefsnes.Bornin1983
PHPDefaultArgumentValue
• The following example shows how to use a default parameter. If we call the
functionsetHeight()withoutargumentsittakesthedefaultvalueasargument:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
function setHeight($minheight = 50) {
echo"Theheightis:$minheight<br>";
}
setHeight(350);
setHeight();
setHeight(135);
setHeight(80);
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
Theheightis:350
The height is : 50
Theheightis:135
The height is : 80
PHPFunctions-Returningvalues
• Toletafunctionreturnavalue,usethereturnstatement:
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
functionsum($x,$y){
$z=$x+$y; return
$z;
}
echo"5+10=".sum(5,10)."<br>";
echo"7+13=".sum(7,13)."<br>"; echo
"2 + 4 = ". sum(2,4);
?>
</body>
</html>OU
TPUT:5+1
0=15
7+13=20
2+4 =6
WorkingwithFiles
•Filehandlingisanimportantpartofanywebapplication.Youoftenneedtoopen and
process a file for different tasks.
PHPManipulatingFiles
PHPhasseveralfunctionsforcreating,reading,uploading,andeditingfiles.
Becarefulwhenmanipulatingfiles!
• Whenyouaremanipulatingfilesyoumustbeverycareful.
• You can do a lot of damage if you do something wrong. Common errors are:
editing the wrong file, filling a hard-drive with garbage data, and deleting the
content of a file by accident.
PHPreadfile()Function
• Thereadfile()functionreadsafileandwritesittotheoutputbuffer.
• Assumewehaveatextfilecalled"webdictionary.txt",storedontheserver,that looks
like this:
AJAX=AsynchronousJavaScriptandXML
CSS = Cascading Style Sheets
HTML=HyperTextMarkupLanguage
PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
SQL = Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics
XML=EXtensibleMarkupLanguage
• ThePHPcodetoreadthefileandwriteittotheoutputbufferisasfollows(the readfile()
function returns the number of bytes read on success):
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo readfile("webdictionary.txt");
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML =
Hyper Text Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured
Query Language SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = EXtensible Markup
Language236
• Thereadfile()functionisusefulif allyouwanttodoisopenupafileandreadits contents.
File Open/Read/Close
PHPOpenFile-fopen()
• Abettermethodtoopenfilesiswiththefopen()function.Thisfunctiongives you more

options than the readfile() function.
Wewillusethetextfile,"webdictionary.txt", duringthelessons: AJAX =
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

CSS=CascadingStyleSheets
The first parameter of fopen() contains the name of the file to be opened and thesecond
parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened. The following example
also generates a message if the fopen() function is unable to open the specified file:
Example
<?php
$myfile=fopen("webdictionary.txt","r")ordie("Unabletoopenfile!"); echo
fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
fclose($myfile);
?>
OUTPUT:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML =
Hyper Text Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured
QueryLanguageSVG=ScalableVectorGraphicsXML=EXtensibleMarkupLanguage
Thefilemaybeopenedinoneofthefollowing modes:
Modes Description
r Openafileforreadonly.Filepointerstartsatthebeginningofthefile
wOpenafileforwriteonly.Erasesthecontentsofthefileorcreatesanewfileif it doesn't exist.

File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
aOpenafileforwriteonly.Theexistingdatainfileispreserved.Filepointerstartsat the end of

the file. Creates a new file if the file doesn'texist
x Createsanewfileforwriteonly.ReturnsFALSEandanerroriffilealreadyexists
r+ Openafileforread/write.Filepointerstartsatthebeginningofthefile
w+ Openafileforread/write.Erasesthecontentsofthefileorcreatesanewfileifit
doesn'texist.Filepointerstartsatthebeginningofthe file
a+ Openafileforread/write.Theexistingdatainfileispreserved.Filepointerstarts
attheendof thefile.Createsanewfileif thefiledoesn'texist
x+ Createsanewfileforread/write.ReturnsFALSEandanerroriffile already
Exists
PHPReadFile -fread()
• Thefread()functionreadsfromanopen file.
• Thefirstparameterof fread()containsthenameofthefiletoreadfromandthe second
parameter specifies the maximum number of bytes to read.
• ThefollowingPHPcodereadsthe"webdictionary.txt"filetotheend:
fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
PHPCloseFile-fclose()
• Thefclose()functionisusedtocloseanopenfile.
• It'sagoodprogrammingpracticetocloseallfilesafteryouhavefinishedwith them.
You don't want an open file running around on your server taking up
resources!
• Thefclose()requiresthenameofthefile(oravariablethatholdsthefilename) we
want to close:
<?php
$myfile=fopen("webdictionary.txt",
"r");//somecodetobeexecuted....
fclose($myfile);
?>
PHPReadSingleLine -fgets()
• Thefgets()functionisusedtoreadasinglelinefromafile.
• Theexamplebelowoutputsthefirstlineofthe"webdictionary.txt"file:
Example
<?php
$myfile=fopen("webdictionary.txt","r")ordie("Unabletoopenfile!"); echo
fgets($myfile);
fclose($myfile);
?>
OUTPUT:
Afteracalltothefgets()function,thefilepointerhasmovedtothenextline.
PHPCheckEnd-Of-File-feof()
• Thefeof()functionchecksifthe"end-of-file" (EOF)hasbeenreached.
• Thefeof()functionisusefulforloopingthroughdataof unknownlength.
• Theexamplebelowreadsthe"webdictionary.txt"filelinebyline,until end-of-file is
reached:
Example
<?php
$myfile=fopen("webdictionary.txt","r")ordie("Unabletoopenfile!");
//Outputonelineuntilend-of-file
while(!feof($myfile)) {
echofgets($myfile). "<br>";
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
OUTPUT:
CSS = Cascading Style Sheets
PHPReadSingleCharacter -fgetc()
• Thefgetc()functionisusedtoreadasinglecharacterfromafile.
• Theexamplebelowreadsthe"webdictionary.txt"filecharacterbycharacter,until end-
of-file is reached:
Example
<?php
$myfile=fopen("webdictionary.txt","r")ordie("Unabletoopenfile!");
//Outputonecharacteruntilend-of-file
while(!feof($myfile)){
echofgetc($myfile);
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
OUTPUT:
AJAX=AsynchronousJavaScriptandXMLCSS=CascadingStyleSheetsHTML=Hyper Text
Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured Query
Language SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = EXtensible Markup Language
• Afteracalltothefgetc()function,thefilepointermovestothenextcharacter.
File Create/Write
PHPCreateFile -fopen()
• Thefopen()functionisalsousedtocreateafile.Maybealittleconfusing,butin PHP, a
file is created using the same function used to openfiles.
• Ifyouusefopen()onafilethatdoesnotexist,itwillcreateit,giventhatthefileis opened for
writing (w) or appending (a).
• Theexamplebelowcreatesanewfilecalled"testfile.txt".Thefilewillbecreated in the
same directory where the PHP code resides:
Example
$myfile=fopen("testfile.txt","w")
PHPFilePermissions
Ifyouarehavingerrorswhentryingtogetthiscodetorun,checkthatyouhave granted
your PHP file access to write information to the hard drive.
PHPWritetoFile- fwrite()
• Thefwrite()functionisusedtowritetoafile.
• Thefirstparameteroffwrite()containsthenameofthefiletowritetoandthe second
parameter is the string to be written.
• Theexamplebelowwritesacoupleofnamesintoanewfilecalled"newfile.txt":
Example
<?php
$myfile=fopen("newfile.txt","w")ordie("Unabletoopen file!");
$txt = "John Doe\n";
fwrite($myfile,$txt);
$txt = "Jane Doe\n";
fwrite($myfile, $txt);
fclose($myfile);
?>
Notice that wewrote to the file "newfile.txt" twice. Each timewewrote to the file wesent
the string $txt that first contained "John Doe" and second contained "Jane Doe". After
we finished writing, we closed the file using the fclose() function.
Ifweopenthe"newfile.txt"fileitwouldlooklike this:
JohnDoe
JaneDoe
PHPOverwriting
• Now that "newfile.txt" contains some data we can show what happens when we
open an existingfilefor writing. All the existingdata willbe ERASEDand westart
with an empty file.
• In the example below we open our existing file "newfile.txt", and write some new
data into it:
Example
<?php
$myfile=fopen("newfile.txt","w")ordie("Unabletoopen file!");
$txt = "Mickey Mouse\n";
fwrite($myfile,$txt);
$txt="MinnieMouse\n";
fwrite($myfile, $txt);
fclose($myfile);
?>
Ifwenowopenthe"newfile.txt" file,bothJohnandJanehavevanished,andonlythe data we

just wrote is present:
OUTPUT:
MickeyMouse
MinnieMouse
PHPftp_fput()Function
Example
• Openlocalfile,anduploadittoafileontheFTPserver:
<?php
//connectandlogintoFTPserver
$ftp_server="ftp.example.com";
$ftp_conn = ftp_connect($ftp_server) or die("Could not connect to
$ftp_server");$login=ftp_login($ftp_conn,$ftp_username,$ftp_userpass);
//openfilefor reading
$file="test.txt";
$fp=fopen($file,"r");
//uploadfile
if(ftp_fput($ftp_conn,"somefile.txt",$fp,FTP_ASCII))
{
echo"Successfullyuploaded$file.";
}
else
{
echo"Erroruploading$file.";
}
//closethisconnectionandfilehandler
ftp_close($ftp_conn);
fclose($fp);
?>
DefinitionandUsage
• Theftp_fput()functionuploadsfromanopenfileandsavesittoafileonthe FTP
server.
Syntax
ftp_fput(ftp_connection,remote_file,open_file,mode,startpos);
Parameter Description
ftp_connectionRequired.SpecifiestheFTPconnectionto use
remote_file Required.Specifiesthefilepathtouploadto
open_file Required.Specifiesanopenlocalfile.Readingstopsatend
offile
mode Required.Specifiesthetransfermode.Possiblevalues:
FTP_ASCIIorFTP_BINARY
startpos Optional.Specifiesthepositionintheremotefiletostart
uploadingto
WorkingwithDatabases PHP
MySQL Database
• WithPHP,youcanconnecttoandmanipulatedatabases.
• MySQListhemostpopulardatabasesystemusedwithPHP.
Whatis MySQL?
• MySQLisadatabasesystemusedontheweb
• MySQLisadatabasesystemthatrunsonaserver
• MySQLisidealforbothsmallandlargeapplications
• MySQL isveryfast,reliable,andeasytouse
• MySQLusesstandardSQL
• MySQL compilesonanumberofplatforms
• MySQLisfreetodownloadanduse
• MySQLisdeveloped,distributed,andsupportedbyOracleCorporation
ThedatainaMySQLdatabasearestoredintables.Atableisacollectionofrelated data, and it

consists of columns and rows.
Databasesareusefulforstoringinformationcategorically.Acompanymayhavea database
with the following tables:
• Employees
• Products
• Customers
• Orders
PHP+MySQLDatabaseSystem
• PHPcombinedwithMySQLarecross-platform(youcandevelopinWindowsand serve
on a Unix platform)
PHPConnecttoMySQL
PHP5andlatercanworkwithaMySQLdatabaseusing:
• MySQLiextension (the"i"standsforimproved)
• PDO(PHPDataObjects)
EarlierversionsofPHPusedtheMySQLextension.However,thisextension was
deprecated in 2012.
ShouldIUseMySQLi orPDO?
Ifyouneedashortanswer,itwouldbe"Whateveryoulike". Both
MySQLi and PDO have their advantages:
• PDOwillworkon12differentdatabasesystems,whereasMySQLiwillonlywork with
MySQL databases.
• So, if you have to switch your project to use another database, PDO makes the
process easy. You only have to change the connection string and a few queries.
With MySQLi, you will need to rewrite the entire code - queriesincluded.
• Bothareobject-oriented,butMySQLialsooffersaproceduralAPI.
• BothsupportPreparedStatements.PreparedStatementsprotectfromSQL
injection, and are very important for web application security.
MySQLExamplesinBothMySQLiandPDOSyntax
Inthis,andinthefollowingchapterswedemonstratethreewaysofworkingwith PHP
and MySQL:
• MySQLi(object-oriented)
• MySQLi(procedural)
• PDO
MySQLiInstallation
• ForLinuxandWindows:TheMySQLiextensionisautomaticallyinstalledin most
cases, when php5 mysql package is installed.
• Forinstallationdetails,goto:http://php.net/manual/en/mysqli.installation.php
• PDO Installation
• Forinstallationdetails,goto:http://php.net/manual/en/pdo.installation.php
OpenaConnectiontoMySQL
• BeforewecanaccessdataintheMySQLdatabase, weneedtobeable to
connect to the server:
Example(MySQLiObject-Oriented)
<?php
$servername="localhost";
$username="username";
$password="password";
//Create connection
$conn=newmysqli($servername,$username,$password);
//Check connection
if($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connectionfailed:".$conn->connect_error);
}
echo"Connected
successfully"; ?>
Example(MySQLiProcedural)
<?php
//Create connection
$conn=mysqli_connect($servername,$username,$password);
//Checkconnection if
(!$conn) {
die("Connectionfailed:".mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo"Connected
successfully"; ?>
Example (PDO)
<?php
try{
$conn=newPDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=myDB",
$username,$password);
//setthePDOerrormodetoexception$conn-
>setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);echo
"Connectedsuccessfully";
}
catch(PDOException$e)
{
echo"Connectionfailed:".$e->getMessage();
}
?>
NoticethatinthePDOexampleabovewehavealsospecifiedadatabase(myDB).PDO require
a valid database to connect to. If no database is specified, an exception is thrown.
Tip: AgreatbenefitofPDOisthatithasanexceptionclasstohandleanyproblemsthat may

occur in our database queries. If an exception is thrown within the try{ } block, the script
stops executing and flows directly to the first catch(){ } block.
ClosetheConnection
Theconnectionwillbeclosedautomaticallywhenthescriptends.Toclosethe connection
before, use the following:
Example(MySQLiObject-Oriented)
$conn->close();
Example(MySQLiProcedural)
mysqli_close($conn);
Example (PDO)
$conn= null;
PHPCreateaMySQLDatabase
• Adatabaseconsistsofoneormore tables.
• YouwillneedspecialCREATEprivilegestocreateortodeleteaMySQL
database.
• CreateaMySQLDatabaseUsingMySQLi
• TheCREATEDATABASEstatementisusedtocreateadatabaseinMySQL.
• Thefollowingexamplescreateadatabasenamed"myDB":
Example(MySQLiObject-oriented)
<?php
//Create connection
$conn=newmysqli($servername,$username,
$password);//Checkconnection if
($conn->connect_error) {
}
//Create database
$sql="CREATEDATABASEmyDB";
if($conn->query($sql)===TRUE){
echo"Databasecreated
successfully"; } else {
echo"Errorcreatingdatabase:".$conn->error;
}
$conn-
>close();?>
Note:Whenyou create anewdatabase, youmustonlyspecifythefirst threearguments to

the mysqli object (servername, username and password).
Tip: Ifyouhavetouseaspecificport,addanemptystringforthedatabase-name argument, like

this: new mysqli("localhost", "username", "password", "", port)
PHPCreateMySQLTable
• Adatabasetablehasitsownuniquenameandconsistsofcolumnsandrows.
• CreateaMySQL TableUsingMySQLi
• TheCREATETABLEstatementisusedtocreateatableinMySQL.
• We willcreateatablenamed"MyGuests",withfivecolumns:"id","firstname",
"lastname", "email" and "reg_date":
CREATETABLEMyGuests(
idINT(6)UNSIGNEDAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARY
KEY, firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
lastnameVARCHAR(30)NOT
NULL, email VARCHAR(50),
reg_dateTIMESTAMP
)
Notesonthetableabove:
• Thedatatypespecifieswhattypeofdata thecolumncanhold.Foracomplete
reference of all the available data types, go to our Data Typesreference.
Afterthedatatype,youcanspecifyotheroptionalattributesforeach column:
• NOTNULL-Eachrowmustcontainavalueforthatcolumn,null valuesare not

allowed
• DEFAULTvalue -Setadefaultvaluethatisaddedwhennoothervalue is
passed
• UNSIGNED-Usedfornumbertypes,limitsthestoreddatatopositive
numbers and zero
• AUTOINCREMENT -MySQLautomaticallyincreasesthevalueofthefieldby 1
each time a new record is added
• PRIMARYKEY-Usedtouniquelyidentifytherowsinatable.Thecolumn with
PRIMARY KEY setting is often an ID number, and is often used with
AUTO_INCREMENT
Eachtableshouldhaveaprimarykeycolumn(inthiscase:the"id"column).Its value
must be unique for each record in the table.
ThefollowingexamplesshowshowtocreatethetableinPHP:
<?php
$dbname="myDB";
//Create connection
$conn=newmysqli($servername,$username,$password,
$dbname);//Checkconnection if
}
//sqltocreatetable
$sql="CREATETABLEMyGuests(
idINT(6)UNSIGNEDAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARY
KEY, firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
lastnameVARCHAR(30)NOT
NULL, email VARCHAR(50),
reg_dateTIMESTAMP
)";
if($conn->query($sql)===TRUE){ echo
"Table MyGuests created
successfully";}else{
echo"Errorcreatingtable:".$conn->error;
}
$conn-
>close();?>
PHPInsertDataIntoMySQL
InsertDataIntoMySQLUsing MySQLi
• Afteradatabaseandatablehavebeencreated, wecanstartaddingdatain them.
Herearesomesyntaxrulestofollow:
• TheSQLquerymustbequotedinPHP
• StringvaluesinsidetheSQLquerymustbequoted
• Numericvaluesmustnotbequoted
• ThewordNULLmustnotbequoted
TheINSERTINTOstatementisusedtoaddnewrecordstoaMySQLtable:
INSERTINTOtable_name(column1,column2,column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
Note:IfacolumnisAUTO_INCREMENT(likethe"id"column)orTIMESTAMP(likethe
"reg_date" column), it is no need to be specified in the SQL query; MySQL will
automatically add the value.
Thefollowingexamplesaddanewrecordtothe"MyGuests"table:
<?php
$dbname="myDB";
//Createconnection
$conn=newmysqli($servername,$username,$password,
$dbname);//Checkconnection if
}
$sql="INSERTINTOMyGuests(firstname,lastname,email) VALUES
('John', 'Doe', 'john@example.com')";
if($conn->query($sql)===TRUE){ echo
"New record created
successfully";}else{
echo"Error:".$sql."<br>".$conn->error;
}
$conn-
>close();?>
Example:
StudentApplicationusingPHPandMysql
aa.html:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Student
Table</title></head>
<body>
<div id="dept"><h3 align=center>Student table

entry</h3><formmethod="POST"action="connect.php">
SName <br><input type="text" name="sname"><br>
Reg.No <br><input type="text" name="regno"><br>
Mark1<br><input type="text" name="m1"><br>
Mark2<br><inputtype="text"name="m2"><br><input
type="submit" value="ok">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Conn.php:
<?php
$username="root";
$password="";
$dbname="sample";
//Create connection
$conn=newmysqli($servername,$username,$password,$dbname);
//Check connection
if($conn->connect_error)
echo "Connected
successfully";//connecttable
$sql="descstudent";if($conn-
>query($sql)==TRUE)
echo"<br>";
echo"connectedtothetable";
else
echo"error";
//Inserting the
contentsecho"<br>";
//insertionfromhtml
$sname=$_POST['sname'];
$regno=$_POST['regno'];
$m1=$_POST['m1'];
$m2=$_POST['m2'];
$sql11="insertintostudentvalues('$sname',$regno,$m1,$m2)";
if($conn->query($sql11)==TRUE)
{
echo"inserted";
else
{echo"error";}
echo "<br>";
$sql1="select*fromstudent";
$result=$conn->query($sql1); if
($result->num_rows > 0) {
//outputdataofeachrow
echo"<b>SnameRegnoM1M2</b><br>";
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo$row["sname"]."".$row["regno"]."".$row["m1"]."".$row
["m2"]."<br>";
}else {
echo"emptytable";
$conn-
>close();?>
OUTPUT:
UNIT-5
PERL
Introduction to Perl
Perl is a general-purpose, high level interpreted and dynamic programming
language. It was developed by Larry Wall, in 1987. There is no official Full form
of the Perl, but still, the most used expansion is “Practical Extraction and
Reporting Language“.
Perl supports both the procedural and Object-Oriented programming. Perl is a

lot similar to C syntactically and is easy for the users who have knowledge
of C, C++. Evolution of Perl: It all started when Larry Wall was working on a
task to generate the reports from a lot of text files which have cross-references.
Then he started to use awk for this task but soon he found that it is not
sufficient for this task. So instead of writing a utility for this task, he wrote a new
language i.e. Perl and also wrote the interpreter for it.
Why Perl?
Perl has many reasons for being popular and in demand. Few of the reasons
are mentioned below:
 Easy to start: Perl is a high-level language so it is closer to other popular
programming languages like C, C++ and thus, becomes easy to learn for
anyone.
 Text-Processing: As the acronym “Practical Extraction and Reporting
Language” suggest that Perl has the high text manipulation abilities by which
it can generate reports from different text files easily. Also, it can convert the
files into some another form.
 Contained best Features: Perl contains the features of different languages
like C, sed, awk, and sh etc. which makes the Perl more useful and
productive.
 System Administration: Due to having the different scripting languages
capabilities Perl make the task of system administration very easy. Instead
of becoming dependent on many languages, just use Perl to complete out
the whole task of system administration. In Spite of this Perl also used in
web programming, web automation, GUI programming etc.
 Web and Perl: Perl can be embedded into web servers to increase its
processing power and it has the DBI package, which makes web-database
integration very easy.
Beginning with Perl Programming:
 Finding a Interpreter: There are various online IDEs which can be used to
run Perl programs without installing.
 Windows: There are various IDEs to run Perl programs or
scripts: Padre, Eclipse with EPIC plugin etc.
Example: A simple program to print Welcome to GFG!
# Perl program to print Welcome to GFG!
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Below line will print "Welcome to GFG!"

print "Welcome to GFG!\n";
Output:
Welcome to GFG!
Comments: Comments are used for enhancing the readability of the code. The
interpreter will ignore the comment entries and does not execute them.
Comments can be of the single line or multiple lines.
 Single line Comment: Syntax:
# Single line comment
 Multi-line comment: Syntax:
= Multi line comments
Line start from = is interpreted as the
starting of multiline comment and =cut is
consider as the end of multiline comment
=cut
Advantages of Perl:
 Perl Provides supports for cross platform and it is compatible with mark-up
languages like HTML, XML etc.
 It is very efficient in text-manipulation i.e. Regular Expression. It also
provides the socket capability.
 It is free and a Open Source software which is licensed
under Artistic and GNU General Public License (GPL).
 It is an embeddable language that’s why it can embed in web servers and
database servers.
 It supports more than 25, 000 open source modules
on CPAN(Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) which provide many
powerful extensions to the standard library. For example, XML processing,
GUI(Graphical User Interface) and DI(Database Integration) etc.
 Flexibility: Perl is a flexible language that allows programmers to solve
problems using a variety of approaches, making it easy to write code quickly
and efficiently.
 Regular expressions: Perl has excellent support for regular expressions,
which makes it ideal for text processing and data manipulation tasks.
 Large library of modules: Perl has a vast library of modules that can be used
to extend its functionality, making it easy to add complex
 features to your programs without having to reinvent the wheel.
 Cross-platform support: Perl runs on a wide range of platforms, including
Windows, Linux, macOS, and more.
 Easy to learn: Perl has a relatively simple syntax and is easy to learn,
especially for programmers who are familiar with other scripting languages.
Disadvantages of Perl:
 Perl doesn’t supports portability due to CPAN modules.
 Programs runs slowly and program needs to be interpreted each time when
any changes are made.
 In Perl, the same result can be achieved in several different ways which
make the code untidy as well as unreadable.
 Usability factor is lower when compared to other languages.
 Complex syntax: Perl’s flexibility can also be a disadvantage, as it can lead
to code that is difficult to read and maintain, especially for developers who
are new to the language.
 Performance: Perl is an interpreted language, which means that it can be
slower than compiled languages like C or Java for large or computationally
intensive programs.
 Legacy code: Because Perl has been around for over 30 years, there is a lot
of legacy code written in earlier versions of the language that may not be
compatible with newer versions.
 Security: Perl has some security concerns, such as the possibility of code
injection attacks if the input data is not properly sanitized.
Applications:
 One of the major application of Perl language is to processing of text files
and analysis of the strings.
 Perl also used for CGI( Common Gateway Interface) scripts.
 Used in web development, GUI(Graphical User Interface) development.
 Perl’s text-handling capabilities is also used for generating SQL queries
Application Areas
Fundamentals of Perl
Variables
Variables are user-defined words that are used to hold the values passed to the
program which will be used to evaluate the Code. Every Perl program contains
values on which the Code performs its operations. These values can’t be
manipulated or stored without the use of a Variable. A value can be processed
only if it is stored in a variable, by using the variable’s name.
A value is the data passed to the program to perform manipulation operations.
This data can be either numbers, strings, characters, lists, etc.
Example:
Values:
5
geeks
15
Variables:
$a = 5;
$b = "geeks";
$c = 15;
Operators
Operators are the main building block of any programming language. Operators
allow the programmer to perform different kinds of operations on operands.
These operators can be categorized based upon their different functionality:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Ternary Operator
# Perl Program to illustrate the Operators
# Operands
$a = 10;
$b = 4;
$c = true;
$d = false;
# using arithmetic operators
print "Addition is: ", $a + $b, "\n";
print "Subtraction is: ", $a - $b, "\n" ;

# using Relational Operators
if ($a == $b)
print "Equal To Operator is True\n";
else
print "Equal To Operator is False\n";
# using Logical Operator 'AND'
$result = $a && $b;
print "AND Operator: ", $result, "\n";
# using Bitwise AND Operator
$result = $a & $b;
print "Bitwise AND: ", $result, "\n";
# using Assignment Operators

print "Addition Assignment Operator: ", $a += $b, "\n";
Output:
Addition is: 14
Subtraction is: 6
Equal To Operator is False
AND Operator: 4
Bitwise AND: 0
Addition Assignment Operator: 14
Number and its Types
A Number in Perl is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and perform
various mathematical operations. A notational symbol that represents a number
is termed a numeral. These numerals, in addition to their use in mathematical
operations, are also used for ordering(in the form of serial numbers).
Types of numbers:
 Integers
 Floating Numbers
 Hexadecimal Numbers
 Octal Numbers
 Binary Numbers
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Perl program to illustrate
# the use of numbers
# Integer
$a = 20;
# Floating Number
$b = 20.5647;
# Scientific value
$c = 123.5e-10;
# Hexadecimal Number
$d = 0xc;
# Octal Number
$e = 074;
# Binary Number
$f = 0b1010;
# Printing these values
print("Integer: ", $a, "\n");
print("Float Number: ", $b, "\n");
print("Scientific Number: ", $c, "\n");

print("Hex Number: ", $d, "\n");
print("Octal number: ", $e, "\n");
print("Binary Number: ", $f, "\n");
 Output:
 Integer: 20
 Float Number: 20.5647
 Scientific Number: 1.235e-08
 Hex Number: 12
 Octal number: 60
 Binary Number: 10
DataTypes
Data types specify the type of data that a valid Perl variable can hold. Perl is a
loosely typed language. There is no need to specify a type for the data while
using it in the Perl program. The Perl interpreter will choose the type based on
the context of the data itself.
Scalars
It is a single unit of data which can be an integer number, floating-point, a
character, a string, a paragraph, or an entire web page.
Example:
# Perl program to demonstrate
# scalars variables
# a string scalar
$name = "Alex";
# Integer Scalar
$rollno = 13;
# a floating point scalar
$percentage = 87.65;
# In hexadecimal form
$hexadec = 0xcd;
# Alphanumeric String
$alphanumeric = "gfg21";
# special character in string scalar
$specialstring = "^gfg";
# to display the result
print "Name = $name\n";
print "Roll number = $rollno\n";
print "Percentage = $percentage\n";
print "Hexadecimal Form = $hexadec\n";
print "String with alphanumeric values = $alphanumeric\n";
print "String with special characters = $specialstring\n";
Output:
Name = Alex
Roll number = 13
Percentage = 87.65
Hexadecimal Form = 205
String with alphanumeric values = gfg21
String with special characters = ^gfg
Arrays
An array is a variable that stores the value of the same data type in the form of
a list. To declare an array in Perl, we use ‘@’ sign in front of the variable name.
@number = (40, 55, 63, 17, 22, 68, 89, 97, 89)
It will create an array of integers that contains the values 40, 55, 63, 17, and
many more. To access a single element of an array, we use the ‘$’ sign.
$number[0]
It will produce the output as 40.
Array creation and accessing elements:
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Perl Program for array creation
# and accessing its elements
# Define an array
@arr1 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
# using qw function
@arr2 = qw /This is a Perl Tutorial by GeeksforGeeks/;

# Accessing array elements
print "Elements of arr1 are:\n";
print "$arr1[0]\n";
print "$arr1[3]\n";
# Accessing array elements
# with negative index
print "\nElements of arr2 are:\n";
print "$arr2[-1]\n";
print "$arr2[-3]\n";
Output:
Elements of arr1 are:

1
4
Elements of arr2 are:

GeeksforGeeks
Tutorial
Strings
A string in Perl is a scalar variable and starts with a ($) sign and it can contain
alphabets, numbers, special characters. The string can consist of a single word,
a group of words, or a multi-line paragraph. The String is defined by the user
within a single quote (‘) or double quote (“).
#!/usr/bin/perl
# An array of integers from 1 to 10
@list = (1..10);
# Non-interpolated string
$strng1 = 'Using Single quotes: @list';
# Interpolated string
$strng2 = "Using Double-quotes: @list";
print("$strng1\n$strng2");
Output:
Using Single quotes: @list

Using Double-quotes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Using Escape character in Strings:
Interpolation creates a problem for strings that contain symbols that might
become of no use after interpolation. For example, when an email address is to
be stored in a double-quoted string, then the ‘at’ (@) sign is automatically
interpolated and is taken to be the beginning of the name of an array and is
substituted by it. To overcome this situation, the escape character i.e. the
backslash(\) is used. The backslash is inserted just before the ‘@’ as shown
below:
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Assigning a variable with an email
# address using double-quotes
# String without an escape sequence
$email = "GeeksforGeeks0402@gmail.com";
# Printing the interpolated string
print("$email\n");
# Using '' to escape the
# interpolation of '@'
$email = "GeeksforGeeks0402\@gmail.com";
# Printing the interpolated string
print($email);
Output:
GeeksforGeeks0402.com
GeeksforGeeks0402@gmail.com
Escaping the escape character:
The backslash is the escape character and is used to make use of escape
sequences. When there is a need to insert the escape character in an
interpolated string, the same backslash is used, to escape the substitution of
escape character with ” (blank). This allows the use of escape characters in the
interpolated string.
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Using Two escape characters to avoid
# the substitution of escape(\) with blank
$string1 = "Using the escape(\\) character";
# Printing the Interpolated string
print($string1);
Output:
Using the escape(\) character
Hashes(Associative Arrays)
It is a set of key-value pairs. It is also termed as the Associative Arrays. To
declare a hash in Perl, we use the ‘%’ sign. To access the particular value, we
use the ‘$’ symbol which is followed by the key in braces.
Creating and Accessing Hash elements:
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Perl Program for Hash creation
# and accessing its elements
# Initializing Hash by
# directly assigning values
$Fruit{'Mango'} = 10;
$Fruit{'Apple'} = 20;
$Fruit{'Strawberry'} = 30;
# printing elements of Hash
print "Printing values of Hash:\n";
print "$Fruit{'Mango'}\n";
print "$Fruit{'Apple'}\n";
print "$Fruit{'Strawberry'}\n";
# Initializing Hash using '=>'
%Fruit2 = ('Mango' => 45, 'Apple' => 42, 'Strawberry' => 35);
# printing elements of Fruit2
print "\nPrinting values of Hash:\n";
print "$Fruit2{'Mango'}\n";
print "$Fruit2{'Apple'}\n";
print "$Fruit2{'Strawberry'}\n";
Output:
Printing values of Hash:

10
20
30
Printing values of Hash:
45
42
35
Control Flow
Decision Making
Decision Making in programming is similar to decision-making in real life. A
programming language uses control statements to control the flow of execution
of the program based on certain conditions. These are used to cause the flow of
execution to advance and branch based on changes to the state of a program.
Decision Making Statements in Perl :
 If
 If – else
 Nested – If
 if – elsif ladder
 Unless
 Unless – else
 Unless – elsif
 Example 1: To illustrate use of if and if-else
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Decision-Making statements
$a = 10;
$b = 15;
# if condition to check
# for even number
if($a % 2 == 0 )
printf "Even Number";
# if-else condition to check
# for even number or odd number
if($b % 2 == 0 )
printf "\nEven Number";
else
printf "\nOdd Number";
 Output:
 Even Number
 Odd Number
Loops
Looping in programming languages is a feature that facilitates the execution of
a set of instructions or functions repeatedly while some condition evaluates to
true. Loops make the programmer’s task simpler. Perl provides the different
types of loop to handle the condition based situation in the program. The loops
in Perl are :
 for loop
#!/usr/bin/perl
# the use of for Loop
# for loop
print("For Loop:\n");
for ($count = 1 ; $count <= 3 ; $count++)
print "GeeksForGeeks\n"
 Output:
 For Loop:
 GeeksForGeeks
 GeeksForGeeks
 GeeksForGeeks
 foreach loop
#!/usr/bin/perl
# the use of foreach Loop
# Array
@data = ('GEEKS', 4, 'GEEKS');
# foreach loop
print("For-each Loop:\n");
foreach $word (@data)
print ("$word ");
 Output:
 For-each Loop:
 GEEKS 4 GEEKS
 while and do…. while loop
#!/usr/bin/perl

# the use of foreach Loop
# while loop
$count = 3;
print("While Loop:\n");
while ($count >= 0)
$count = $count - 1;
print "GeeksForGeeks\n";
print("\ndo...while Loop:\n");
$a = 10;
# do..While loop
do {
print "$a ";

$a = $a - 1;
} while ($a > 0);
 Output:
 While Loop:
 GeeksForGeeks
 GeeksForGeeks
 GeeksForGeeks
 GeeksForGeeks

 do...while Loop:
 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Subroutines
What are Subroutines?
A Perl function or subroutine is a group of statements that together perform a
specific task. In every programming language user want to reuse the code. So
the user puts the section of code in function or subroutine so that there will be
no need to write code again and again.
Example:
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Perl Program to demonstrate the
# subroutine declaration and calling
# defining subroutine
sub ask_user
print "Hello Geeks!\n";
# calling subroutine
# you can also use
# &ask_user();
ask_user();
Output:
Hello Geeks!
Multiple Subroutines
Multiple subroutines in Perl can be created by using the keyword ‘multi’. This
helps in the creation of multiple subroutines with the same name.
Example:
multi Func1($var){statement};
multi Func1($var1, $var2){statement1; statement2;}
Example:
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Program to print factorial of a number

# Factorial of 0
multi Factorial(0)
1; # returning 1
# Recursive Function
# to calculate Factorial
multi Factorial(Int $n where $n > 0)
$n * Factorial($n - 1); # Recursive Call
# Printing the result
# using Function Call
print Factorial(15);
Output:
3628800
To know more about Multiple Subroutines, please refer to Multiple Subroutines
in Perl
Modules and Packages
A module in Perl is a collection of related subroutines and variables that
perform a set of programming tasks. Perl Modules are reusable. Perl module is
a package defined in a file having the same name as that of the package and
having extension .pm. A Perl package is a collection of code which resides in its
own namespace.
To import a module, we use require or use functions. To access a function or a
variable from a module, :: is used.
Examples:
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Using the Package 'Calculator'
use Calculator;
print "Enter two numbers to multiply";
# Defining values to the variables
$a = 5;
$b = 10;
# Subroutine call
Calculator::multiplication($a, $b);
print "\nEnter two numbers to divide";
# Defining values to the variables
$a = 45;
$b = 5;
# Subroutine call
Calculator::division($a, $b);
File Handling
In Perl, a FileHandle associates a name to an external file, that can be used
until the end of the program or until the FileHandle is closed. In short, a
FileHandle is like a connection that can be used to modify the contents of an
external file and a name is given to the connection (the FileHandle) for faster
access and ease.
The three basic FileHandles in Perl are STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR, which
represent Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error devices
respectively.
Reading from and Writing to a File using FileHandle
Reading from a FileHandle can be done through the print function.
# Opening the file

open(fh, "GFG2.txt") or die "File '$filename' can't be opened";
# Reading First line from the file
$firstline = <fh>;
print "$firstline\n";
Output :
Basic Operations on Files

Multiple Operations can be performed on files using FileHandles. These are:
 Opening and Reading a File
 Writing to a File
 Appending to a File
 Reading a CSV File
File Test Operators
File Test Operators in Perl are the logical operators that return True or False
values. There are many operators in Perl that you can use to test various
different aspects of a file. For example, to check for the existence of a file -e
operator is used.
Following example uses the ‘-e’, existence operator to check if a file exists or
not:
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Using predefined modules
use warnings;
use strict;
# Providing path of file to a variable
my $filename = 'C:\Users\GeeksForGeeks\GFG.txt';
# Checking for the file existence
if(-e $filename)
# If File exists
print("File $filename exists\n");
else
{
# If File doesn't exists
print("File $filename does not exists\n");
Working with Excel Files

Excel files are the most commonly used office application to communicate with
computers. For creating excel files with Perl you can use padre IDE, we will
also use Excel::Writer::XLSX module.
Perl uses write() function to add content to the excel file.
Creating an Excel File:
Excel Files can be created using Perl command line but first we need to load
Excel::Writer::XLSX module.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
my $Excelbook = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'GFG_Sample.xlsx' );
my $Excelsheet = $Excelbook->add_worksheet();
$Excelsheet->write( "A1", "Hello!" );

$Excelsheet->write( "A2", "GeeksForGeeks" );
$Excelsheet->write( "B1", "Next_Column" );
$Excelbook->close;
Output:
Reading from an Excel File:

Reading of an Excel File in Perl is done by using Spreadsheet::Read module in
a Perl script. This module exports a number of function that you either import or
use in your Perl code script. ReadData() function is used to read from an excel
file.
Example:
use 5.016;
use Spreadsheet::Read qw(ReadData);
my $book_data = ReadData (‘new_excel.xlsx');
say 'A2: ' . $book_data->[1]{A2};
Output:
A2: GeeksForGeeks

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 JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages

What can a JavaScript Do ?

JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.

Rules for JavaScript variable names:

Note: Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are case-sensitive.

<p>The script above declares a variable,

Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables

Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables.

You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement:

Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables

have the same effect as:

Redeclaring JavaScript Variables

Boolean Either true or false

As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript variables:

The operator + is used to add values.

The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript variables.

The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.

The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.

JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

Operator Description Example Result

JavaScript Assignment Operators

Exponentiation $x$y Resultofraising$xtothe$y'thpower

x=y x=xy Multiplication