Toa 01. Unit 04

From Within to Without:
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
UNIT 04
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 01
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
ARCH.GRLAJOM
NOVEMBER 2022
1
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
STRUCTURAL PROTECTIVE CIRCULATORY DECORATIVE
COLUMNS ROOFS DOORS MOLDINGS
BEAMS DOMES WINDOWS ORNAMENTS
WALLS VAULTS HALLWAYS
FLOORS CEILINGS STAIRS
2
STRUCTURAL ELEMENT #1:
COLUMNS
¤vertical structural
elements that carry the
load of horizontal
structures and transmit it
to the foundation system
¤they carry only axial

force - either tension or
compression
¤columns are either wood,

natural stone, reinforced
concrete, or steel
3
(WOOD)
4
(STONE)
5
(REINFORCED CONCRETE)
6
(STEEL)
7
BEAMS
¤an element in which the
applied loads are
usually normal to the
main axis of the element
¤they carry only bending
force (bending causes
one part to go into
compression and the
other part into tension)
¤beams are also either
wood, reinforced
concrete, or steel
8
(WOOD)
9
(REINFORCED CONCRETE)
10
(STEEL)
11
WALLS
¤A vertical element that
serves to define,
enclose, and protect
an area
¤within a building
context, walls support
its superstructure, and
subdivides the areas
into rooms
¤types: load-bearing
walls and boundary
walls
12
BEARING WALLS
¤walls capable of
supporting of imposed
loads besides their
own weight
¤conducts them down

to the foundations
below
¤examples: retaining
walls, external walls,
etc.
13
(RETAINING WALLS)
14
(RETAINING WALLS)
15
(EXTERNAL WALLS)
16
BOUNDARY WALLS
¤walls that bear no loads,
only their own weight
¤primary purpose is to
subdivide and/or
enclose an area
¤examples: curtain walls,

partitions, dry walls,
firewall, etc.
17
(CURTAIN WALLS)
18
(PARTITION WALLS)
19
(DRY-WALL-HOLLOW-CORE OR
STUD WALLS )
20
FLOORS
¤the level, horizontal
surface of a building on
which people stand
and walk and upon
which equipment rests
¤in multi-rise buildings,
the divisions between
storeys
¤parts: sub-floor (may be
of wood joists, metal
decking, or reinforced
concrete slab), floor
finish
21
(WOOD JOISTS SUB-FLOOR SYSTEM)
22
(METAL DECKING SUB-FLOOR SYSTEM)
23
(REINFORCED CONCRETE
SUB-FLOOR SYSTEM)
24
(REINFORCED CONCRETE
SUB-FLOOR SYSTEM)
25
(FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS)
26
2.1 PROTECTIVE ELEMENT:
ROOF
¤the covering on
the uppermost
part of a building
¤protects the
building and its
contents from
sunlight, heat, rain,
snow, wind, and
falling objects
27
ROOF
28
ROOF
29
V1.20111005.vingdeocampo
DOMES
¤a roof having a
circular,
polygonal, or
elliptical base and
a generally
hemispherical or
semispherical
shape
30
DOMES
31
DOMES
32
VAULTS
¤a structure based
on the principle of
the arch so
arranged to cover
the space below
¤ two types
according to
construction:
¤vaults with ribs
¤vaults without ribs
33
VAULTS
34
CEILINGS
¤ the overhead
surface of a room
¤ usually a decorative
treatment to
conceal the
underside of the
roof or the floor
above
¤ types:
¤ plain
¤ beamed
¤ coffered
¤ dropped down
35
CEILINGS: coffered
36
CEILINGS: beamed
37
CEILINGS: dropped down
38
3.1 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: OPENINGS
DOORWAYS
¤ openings that permit
passage from the
exterior to the interior or
from one area to
another
¤ also allows movement of

light and air throughout
the structure
¤ some types of doors:

¤ swing door (or
double-swing)
¤ sliding doors
¤ folding doors
39
DOORS: SWING DOOR
WOOD PANEL
DOOR
40
DOORS: SLIDING DOOR
TWO-LEAF SLIDING POCKET SLIDING DOOR

DOOR 41

DOORS: OTHER CONFIGURATIONS
42
WINDOWS
¤ an opening upon
walls of structures to
admit light and
provide ventilation
¤ usually treated with
glazing or metal
screen upon a
framework
¤ some types:
¤ awning window
¤ hopper
¤ jalousie
43
WINDOWS: SPECIAL
PICTURE FRAME
BAY WINDOW WINDOW 44

WINDOWS: GLAZED (GLASS) WINDOWS
TWO-LEAF SLIDING CASEMENT WINDOW

WINDOW 45

WINDOWS: OTHER CONFIGURATIONS
46

WINDOWS: OTHER CONFIGURATIONS
47
3.3 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: HORIZONTAL

CORRIDORS
¤a long interior
passageway providing
access to several
areas
¤it is limited to a single
path of travel and
connects to an egress
48
3.4 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: VERTICAL
STAIRS, RAMPS, ELEVATORS
¤Allow
communications
between floors
¤Should display
proportion which
time has shown
most satisfactory in
their relations to
each other
49
3.4 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: VERTICAL
STAIRS: STRAIGHT, “L” AND “U”
50
4.1 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS:
MOLDINGS
¤ narrow members arranged
so as to give a play of light
and shade and to furnish
emphasis to certain parts of
the building
¤ its section is articulated into
curved, flat, projecting, and
receding
¤ types:
¤ terminating (&/or
translating)
¤ supporting
¤ separating
51
MOLDINGS
52
MOLDINGS
53

MOLDINGS: TERMINATING (&/or
TRANSLATING)
54

MOLDINGS: SEPARATING
55
MOLDINGS: OTHER CLASSICAL

MOLDINGS
56
ORNAMENTS
¤any element or
detail deliberately
added to attract
the attention of the
observer
¤two types
according to form:
¤two-dimensional
¤three dimensional
57
ORNAMENTS: TWO-
DIMENSIONAL
PAINT / PAINTINGS MOSAIC 58


ORNAMENTS: TWO-DIMENSIONAL
59

ORNAMENTS: THREE-DIMENSIONAL
60

61

62
MATERIALS AND DESIGN
¤Materials have always dictated the

type of construction, and out of the
limitations and possibilities of wood,
stone, bricks, steel and concrete have
grown the post and lintel, and the
rounded, pointed and parabolic arch,
vault and dome.
63
MATERIALS AND DESIGN
¤These forms have influenced the

appearance of buildings of all the
ages of the past and present.
Design has thus developed from
materials.
64
MATERIALS OF ARCHITECTURE
A. MATERIALS OF NATURE
GRANITE
MARBLE
LIMESTONE
¤ STONE
65
¤ WOOD
66
¤ WOOD
67
B. MATERIALS OF MAN
¤ CERAMICS
68
B. MATERIALS OF MAN
¤ CERAMICS
69
¤ CONCRETE B. MATERIALS OF MAN
70
¤ CONCRETE B. MATERIALS OF MAN
71
B. MATERIALS OF MAN
¤ METAL
72
B. MATERIALS OF MAN
¤ METAL
73
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION. J J J
74

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Toa 01. Unit 04

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From Within to Without:

STRUCTURAL PROTECTIVE CIRCULATORY DECORATIVE

COLUMNS ROOFS DOORS MOLDINGS

BEAMS DOMES WINDOWS ORNAMENTS

WALLS VAULTS HALLWAYS

FLOORS CEILINGS STAIRS

¤they carry only axial

¤columns are either wood,

¤conducts them down

¤examples: curtain walls,

¤ also allows movement of

¤ some types of doors:

TWO-LEAF SLIDING POCKET SLIDING DOOR

3.1 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: OPENINGS

3.2 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: OPENINGS

TWO-LEAF SLIDING CASEMENT WINDOW

3.2 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: OPENINGS

3.2 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: OPENINGS

3.3 CIRCULATORY ELEMENT: HORIZONTAL

4.1 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS:

4.1 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS:

MOLDINGS: OTHER CLASSICAL

PAINT / PAINTINGS MOSAIC 58

4.2 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS:

4.2 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS:

4.2 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS:

4.2 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS:

MATERIALS AND DESIGN

¤Materials have always dictated the

MATERIALS AND DESIGN

¤These forms have influenced the

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