8.

0 MATERIAL TESTING

Lecturer : Mohd Yusri b Ibrahim

8.1 MATERIAL TESTING

 Perform on to finished product

 Purposes:
 To determine quality of a material/product
 To determine mechanical properties of a material
 To detect flaw in a product
 To evaluate the performance of a product/material

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8.2 CATEGORIES OF MATERIAL TESTING

DESTRUCTIVE TEST NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Destructive methods damage or Material Testing that would not

completely destroy the object of damage the material being
the tests examined

The component or specimen

to detect flaw of a product
either breaks or remains no
(surface or inner).
longer useful for further use.

To measure mechanical
properties

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8.2 CATEGORIES OF MATERIAL TESTING

DESTRUCTIVE TEST NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST

HARDNESS TEST DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION

• Brinell Hardness Test
• Vickers Hardness Test
• Rockwell Hardness Test MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

ULTRASONIC INSPECTION
IMPACT TEST
• Izod test
• Charpy test RADIOGRAPHYIC INSPECTION

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 8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST
 Hardness test is performed to determine the material hardness.
 Measures the resistance of a material to penetration by a sharp
object.

 The most common uses for hardness tests is to verify the heat
treatment of a part and to determine if a material has the
HARDNESS properties necessary for its intended use.
TEST
a. Brinell
b. Vickers
c. Rockwell

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 8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST
 The Brinell hardness test method consists of indenting the test
material with a 10 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball
subjected to a load of 3000 kgf (29,430 N).
 The full load is normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds.
 The Brinell hardness number (BHN) is calculated by dividing the
BRINELL load applied by the surface area of the indentation.
HARDNESS
TEST

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 8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST
 In this test a Pyramid Shape Diamond Indenter is pressed into
the surface of the material being tested.
 The diamond is pressed into the surface of the material at loads
ranging up to approximately 120 kilograms-force, and the size of
the impression is measured with the aid of a calibrated
microscope.
VICKERS
HARDNESS
TEST

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 8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST
 The Rockwell hardness test method consists of indenting the test
material with a diamond cone or hardened steel ball indenter.

 The Rockwell test determines the hardness by measuring the

depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load compared
ROCKWELL to the penetration made by a preload.
HARDNESS
TEST

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8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST
 to measure the resistance to failure of a material to a suddenly
applied force such as collision, falling object or
instantaneous blow.
 The test measures the impact energy, or the energy absorbed
prior to fracture. (TOUGHNESS)
 The most common methods of measuring impact energy are the
IMPACT
TEST Izod or Charpy test.

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8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST

1 – SPECIMEN CLAMP /
HOLDER

2 – PENDULUM

3 – SCALE (TO MEASURE

IMPACT IMPACT / ABSORBED ENERGY)
TEST

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8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST

IMPACT
TEST

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8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST

IMPACT
TEST

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8.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST

PENDULUM

IMPACT
TEST
PENDULUM

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST

• Did not damage the specimen

• To detect flaw / defect on surface or sub surface

• Perform on to product before or during service

• Much more complicated than destructive test

NDT

Surface

Sub Surface

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION

MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION

NDT
ULTRASONIC INSPECTION

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION

• also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI)

• used to locate surface-breaking defects in all

non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or
ceramics).
NDT
• DPI is based upon capillary action, where low
surface tension fluid penetrates into clean
and dry surface-breaking discontinuities.

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION

NDT

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

• for the detection of surface and sub-surface

defects in ferrous materials.

• use an externally applied magnetic field or

half-wave DC (rectified AC) current through
NDT
the material.

• The presence of a surface or near surface

flaw (void) in the material causes distortion in
the magnetic flux through it, which in turn
causes leakage of the magnetic fields at the
flaw.

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

NDT

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION

• X-rays are used to produce images of objects using film or other

detector that is sensitive to radiation.

• The test object is placed between the radiation source and

detector.
NDT
• The thickness and the density of the material that X-rays must
penetrate affects the amount of radiation reaching the detector.

• This variation in radiation produces an image on the detector that

often shows internal features of the test object.

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION

NDT

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION

NDT

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
ULTRASONIC INSPECTION

• In ultrasonic testing, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center

frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz
are launched into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize
materials.
NDT
• The technique is also commonly used to determine the thickness of
the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.

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8.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
ULTRASONIC INSPECTION

NDT

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