A NOVEL APPROACH FOR CROP YIELD PREDICTION USING
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS
R. Siva Subramanyam, G. Suharshan Reddy, Y. Tharun Kumar Reddy, O. Vishnu Vardhan, Dr. S Shanthi
Department of Computer Science and Technology,
Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science,Madanapalle -517325,INDIA.
Sivasubramanyamrangani555@gmail.com
Abstract— A vital aspect of agriculture is crop prediction,
which is highly reliant on soil and climatic factors including
temperature, humidity, and rainfall. In the past, farmers
could choose their crops, keep an eye on their progress, and
schedule harvests. The dynamic shifts in environmental
elements provide difficulties, though. Machine learning
(ML) techniques have become essential tools for predicting
crop productivity in recent decades. In order to ensure that
an ML model is accurate, it is essential to choose features
efficiently in order to transform raw data into a dataset that
is ML-friendly and measurable. Selecting just data
characteristics that are highly relevant to the output can
improve the accuracy of the machine learning model. This
may be achieved by using the best feature selection
techniques. This stage ensures that superfluous features do
not impede the process by streamlining the model and
reducing redundancies. Furthermore, using characteristics
that add little to the machine learning model can affect its
time and space complexity, which will ultimately degrade the
accuracy of the output.In this regard, logistic regression
sticks out as a potent crop prediction method. By
concentrating on this strategy, we simplify the paragraph
and get rid of other options. When used with the ensemble
method, logistic regression shows better prediction accuracy
than other available classification methods. By ensuring that
the model contains only the most pertinent features, this
method maximizes the model's effectiveness and overall
performance.
Keywords— crop prediction, agriculture, machine learning,
ML techniques, feature selection, logistic regression,
environmental factors, dataset, accuracy, model effectiveness,
ensemble method, classification methods.
I. INTRODUCTION
In agriculture, crop prediction is a complex process that
involves a number of proposed and validated models. Given
the wide range of biotic and abiotic elements that impact crop
agriculture, the complexity stems from the requirement for
various datasets. The term "biotic factors" refers to aspects
that are a consequence of the presence of living things. These
include microbes, plants, animals, parasites, predators, and
pests. Anthropogenic factors include things like irrigation,
fertilizer, plant protection, air and water pollution, and soil
composition. Changes in crop production, internal flaws,
irregular shapes, and changes in chemical composition can all
result from these variables.
Both biotic and abiotic variables influence plant growth,
quality, and the surrounding environment. Abiotic factors
include mechanical vibrations, radiation (ionizing,
electromagnetic, ultraviolet, and infrared), temperature,
humidity, air movement, sunlight, topography, rockiness,
atmosphere, and water chemistry, specifically salinity. These
factors can be classified as physical, chemical, or other.
Chemical variables include compounds such as mercury,
arsenic, dioxins, furans, asbestos, and aflatoxins, as well as
environmental pollutants such as Sulphur dioxide, PAHs,
nitrogen oxides, fluorine, lead, cadmium, nitrogen fertilizers,
and carbon monoxide. Abiotic variables also include bedrock,
relief, climate, and water quality, all of which have an impact
on soil characteristics and agricultural value. The influence of
soil-forming elements on soil development and agricultural
suitability varies.
Crop yield prediction is a difficult and complex task.
According to Myers et al. [5] and Muriithi [6], the
methodology for estimating the cultivated area combines
statistical and mathematical methodologies that are essential
to an optimization process that is always changing and getting
better. These approaches have important uses in the creation,
improvement, and design of both new and current agricultural
goods in addition to being essential for forecasting crop yields.
Numerical data must be available in order for statistical
analysis to be performed and presented. This numerical basis
is essential for deriving conclusions about different
occurrences and for making well-informed economic
decisions. Muriithi [6] highlights that the more accurate
numerical data you use to quantify particular events, the more
insightful conclusions you might draw. Increased data
accuracy improves information quality and makes decision-
making processes more accurate. In order to comprehend
agricultural dynamics and optimize tactics for sustainable crop
production, a numerical approach is essential.
Evaluating agroclimatic elements that affect winter plant
species' yields, especially grains, is the main difficulty in the
zone with a temperate temperature. Having days over 5°C is a
crucial factor in determining the wintering yield; this includes
the quantity, regularity, and length of days throughout the
wintering season that are above 0°C and 5°C. A lot of the
time, estimating these factors uses regression data from prior
years and public information.
A number of models have been created to examine and
evaluate the circumstances, providing standards for assessing
state policy pertaining to cereal market involvement.
Agrometeorological factor prediction is a prerequisite for
effective productivity forecasting. But there is a significant
obstacle because of how these characteristics vary [7]. With
differing degrees of success, numerous researchers have
tackled this problem [8]–[10]. Improving crop output forecasts
in the temperate climate zone requires an understanding of the
ability to manage the variability in agroclimatic parameters.
Grabowska et al. [9] used three climate change scenarios
(GFDL, HadCM3, and E-GISS model) along with weather
models to forecast narrow-leaf lupine yields for Central
Europe between 2050 and 2060. A number of metrics were
used to evaluate the model fit, including the standard error of
estimation, the determination coefficient R2, the corrected
coefficient of determination R2adj, and the coefficient of
determination R2pred, which were all computed using the
Cross Validation process. The authors predicted lupine yield
in conditions of doubled atmospheric CO2 content using the
chosen equation.
The position of the station affected the narrow-leaved
lupine yield's response to meteorological conditions,
according to the authors. Rainfall from the time of flowering
until technical maturity and temperature (maximum, average,
and minimum) at the start of the growing season can have a
big impact on production. According to the study, lupine
output would be positively impacted by anticipated climate
changes, with predicted profitability exceeding that of the
years 1990–2008. Out of all the scenarios, HadCM3 turned
out to be the most advantageous for lupine production under
these conditions. Comprehending the regional impacts of
meteorological elements offers significant perspectives for
predicting and adjusting to possible shifts in lupine yield.
The usefulness of plant biophysical parameters, obtained
from reflected electromagnetic radiation recorded by the
cutting-edge satellites Sentinel-2 and Proba-V, in forecasting
crop yields in Poland was assessed by Dąbrowska-Zielińska et
al. [8]. The assessment was informed by ground measurements
made in arable fields as part of the GEO Joint Experiment of
Crop Assessment and Monitoring JECAM global crop
monitoring network between 2016 and 2018. Crop
classification was made easier by optical and radar data from
Sentinel-1 and RadarSat-2. The PROtotypical model of
Biomass and Evapotranspiration PRO simulated the growth of
winter wheat farming and accurately predicted the amount of
biomass, with a 94% agreement with real biomass.
Accurate, high-resolution yield maps are essential for
pinpointing geographical yield patterns, comprehending the
primary drivers of variability, and offering comprehensive
management insights in precision farming, according to Li et
al. [10]. Their study demonstrated how important varietal
variations are for forecasting potato tuber yields with remote
sensing technologies. The most promising strategy available at
the moment, according to the authors, is combining diverse
data with machine learning techniques, especially when using
remote sensing from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Although crop prediction algorithms have advanced and
produced excellent results [11], the study recognizes the
obstacles that still need to be overcome and attempts to
suggest a better model that takes these problems into account.
Two basic methods are used in the prediction process [12]:
feature selection [FS] and classification. Before using FS
approaches, sampling techniques are used to address
imbalanced datasets. Within the constantly changing field of
agricultural research, these methods aid in the advancement
and improvement of crop prediction models.
II. RELATED WORK
A. Based On Soil Conditions
Duro et al. [13] used three machine learning classifiers—
Decision Trees (DT), and Support Vector Machines (SVM)—
to propose pixel-based and object-based image analysis
techniques for a variety of land cover classes. A digital image
analysis method was presented by Honawad et al. [14] to
evaluate the physical parameters of soil. This method seeks to
replace conventional laboratory techniques by solving issues
with human error, time consumption, manual work, and
imprecise forecasts. By applying filters and computing
features in the improved images, the signal processing method
improves the quality of the original image. The algorithm
makes use of Laws' mask, the Gabor filter, and texture-based
feature extraction along with color quantization. Statistical
measures including mean, standard deviation, skewness, and
kurtosis are used in matching.
A flexible and accurate method for yield prediction
utilizing publicly available remote sensing data was presented
by you and your colleagues [15]. The working approach is
proposed through the application of a remote sensing network,
which improves upon current practices. Furthermore, a new
dimensionality reduction process is presented that utilizes
long-term memory in conjunction with a Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN). To improve accuracy, the spatio-
transient structure of the data is examined and analyzed using
a Gaussian process.
Anantha et al. [16] used an ensemble model with majority
voting to create a recommendation system. In order to choose
the best crop while taking soil factors into account, four
learning algorithms are used: random trees, Chi-square
Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID), k-Nearest
Neighbors (kNN), and Naive Bayes (NB). The outcomes show
excellent potency and precision. The categorized image
produced by these methods comprises parameters relating to
weather, crop yield, and crop produce broken down by state
and district, together with ground truth applied mathematics
information. All of these variables are used to forecast certain
crop yields in a given situation.
B. Based On Environmental Conditions
By adding a decision support system algorithm, Jones et
al. [18] modified the Decision Support System for
Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop model. Taking into
account the difficulty of maintaining DSSAT crop models
with distinct code sets for different crops, the new design
employs a multi-modular strategy. This comprises a weather
and soil module, a cropping template, and a specific module
for tracking light and water in crops, soil, and the surrounding
environment.
In order to determine the economic impact of annual
coconut output statistics from 1971 to 2001 in a particular
location, Fernando et al. [19] undertook a study. According to
their analysis, crop shortages have resulted in an estimated
$50 million in economic losses.In order to estimate rice yields
in mountainous areas, Ji et al. [20] suggested an ANN-based
estimating technique. The study evaluated the performance of
ANN against several bilinear regression models and compared
its effectiveness with biological parametric fluctuations.
A decision tree method was introduced by Boryan et al.
[21] to represent publicly available state-level crop cover
groups in accordance with National Agricultural Statistics
Service (NASS) and Cropland Data Layer (CDL) criteria. The
document describes the NASS CDL program and offers
details on handling tactics, order and approval processes,
precision assessment, and specifics of CDL items, such as
methods for estimating product costs.
Landsat was suggested by Hansen and Loveland [22] as a
way to obtain satellite imagery and enable environmental
remote sensing. Many contemporary systems for tracking
changes in land cover over large areas rely heavily on Landsat
data.
A highly accurate model for predicting maize and soybean
yields in the Central United States was created by Bolton and
Friedl [23]. They conducted study to determine whether the
MODIS two-band Enhanced Vegetation Index could
accurately predict maize yields, and they found that it could
do so better than the commonly used Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index. The model's internal and cross-year
performance was greatly improved by using vegetation
phenology data from MODIS.
Using Landsat to obtain satellite pictures could improve
remote sensing capabilities for environmental monitoring,
according to Hansen and Loveland [22]. The majority of
existing systems for tracking significant changes in land cover
make use of Landsat data. A precise model for predicting the
yields of corn and soybeans in the Central United States was
created by Bolton and Friedl [23]. They tested the ability of
the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer) to record variations in yield between
years. The results showed that in terms of forecasting maize
yields, the MODIS two-band Enhanced Vegetation Index
performs better than the commonly used Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index. Over time, using MODIS data
on vegetation phenology greatly enhanced the model's
performance.
A useful model for predicting wheat yield was created by
Dempewolf et al. [24] for the Pakistani province of Punjab. In
their study of agricultural regions in North America, Central
America, and the Caribbean, Shannon and Motha [25]
concentrated on weather- and climate-related natural disasters.
In order to help farmers manage agricultural risks and solve
uncertainties like droughts, floods, typhoons, high heat, and
freezing temperatures, the study stressed the significance of
having up-to-date climate and meteorological data. Before
disasters strike, a decision support system is essential for
hazard management planning. The Agro Climate Research
Center and Agro Meteorological Department are major
contributors to agriculture-based risk management.
C. Survey Of Machine Learning Techniques for Crop Yield
Prediction
A machine learning method for managing plant nutrients
and evaluating soil fertility was presented by Shivnath and
Santanu [28]. In order to produce crops, they used a
backpropagation network (BPN) that has been trained using
inputs on crop growth traits, soil nutrient reserves, and
external applications. Three processes make up the machine
learning system: weight modification, backpropagation, and
sampling (which takes into account soils with similar
characteristics but different parameters).
Paul et al. [29] created a system that predicts soil dataset
types based on crop yields by using data processing
techniques. Using k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) clustering and
Naive Bayes (NB) sorting, the forecasting process is codified
as a sorting rule.
A precision agriculture strategy was presented by
Pudumalar et al. [30]. This method uses data on crop yields,
soil characteristics, and soil attributes to help farmers choose
the right crops depending on soil parameters. They suggested
a novel ensemble model to suggest crops for certain land
regions that makes use of random trees, CHAID, kNN, and
NB.
In order to help farmers cultivate suitable crops, Bodake et
al. [31] developed a soil-based fertilizer guidance system that
facilitates local soil analysis. The tool is made to be easily
understood in the native tongue.
In order to promote crop kinds with early spring harvests,
Heupel et al. [32] proposed an unsupervised fuzzy
classification strategy with the expectation of improving
classification results over time.
In Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province, China, Liu et al. [33]
looked into the possibility of detecting heavy metal-induced
stress (Cd stress) in rice fields using multi-temporal Sentinel-2
satellite pictures.
A non-contact vision system utilizing a regular video
camera was presented by Ali Al-Naji et al. [39] to handle
irrigation-related issues in agriculture. For soil irrigation, they
used feedforward backpropagation neural network analysis,
gathering data at different times, distances, and light levels.
Furthermore, a method called logistic regression is suggested
to improve the analysis and irrigation procedure.
D. Motivation And Justification
Farming is an integral part of daily life, and agricultural
development depends on accurate crop forecasting. The issues
with crop prediction are addressed by methods for feature
selection and classification. The literature evaluation cited
above claims that logistic regression is a reliable statistical
technique that may be applied to the binary classification of
crops. It calculates the likelihood that a certain instance falls
into a certain class, which is especially helpful in determining
whether the weather will be conducive to a particular crop.
Because it is easy to understand and straightforward, logistic
regression has several benefits.Motivated by these challenges,
this work proposes a novel framework for feature selection in
crops, followed by feature classification to predict the crop. In
contrast to previous studies that often employ only one
prediction method, our approach uses many classification
techniques to produce more accurate crop projections.
Examining several research publications, it is evident that
bagging, random forest, naïve Bayes, decision trees, k-nearest
neighbor, and logistic regression are among the classification
techniques with greater prediction rates. As a result, these
techniques have been chosen for the prediction procedure.
III. PREPROCESSING
Several crucial methods are used in the preprocessing
stage to improve the dataset and maximize prediction
accuracy. This section provides a thorough discussion of the
preprocessing stages and an outline of the sample techniques
used, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes,
kand Logistic Regression.
1) Sampling Techniques
Support Vector Machine (SVM): For classification and
regression applications, Support Vector Machine is a
supervised learning technique. SVM can be used in
preprocessing to successfully identify and separate several
classes, resulting in a balanced dataset. By guaranteeing that
the model is trained on a representative collection of data from
each class, it aids in resolving the issue of class imbalance.
Naive Bayes: Based on Bayes' theorem, Naive Bayes is a
probabilistic machine learning algorithm. Naive Bayes can be
used for oversampling or under sampling in preprocessing to
balance the distribution of classes. This ensures that all classes
are equally represented, which helps to reduce biases and
increase the model's overall resilience.
K-Nearest Neighbors: A non-parametric classification
approach called k-Nearest Neighbors uses the majority class
of a data point's k nearest neighbors to determine the class of
that data point. kNN is used during the preprocessing phase to
enhance dataset balance and guarantee that each class is
sufficiently represented. This increases the dataset's overall
resilience for further study.
Logistic Regression: Applied to binary and multi-class
classification problems, Logistic Regression is a widely used
classification approach. Through preprocessing, Logistic
Regression can help maintain dataset balance by modifying
the weights allotted to various classes. It helps achieve a more
fair distribution of cases among classes, which improves the
generalization capacity of the model.
2) Detailed Preprocessing Steps
Data Cleaning: To guarantee the quality of the data,
eliminate any duplicate or unnecessary records from the
dataset. Using imputation or deletion, depending on the kind
and volume of missing data, handle missing values.
Feature Scaling: To get the features to a common scale,
normalize or standardize them. This is especially important for
algorithms that depend on the size of the input features, such
as SVM and Logistic Regression.
Resolving Unbalanced Classes: To resolve imbalanced
classes, employ suitable methods such oversampling, under
sampling, or a mix of the two. By using this step, it is ensured
that the model can successfully learn patterns from minority
classes without being biased in favor of the dominant class.
Dataset Splitting: Separate the dataset into sets for testing
and training. The testing set assesses the model's performance
after it has been trained on the training set. For training and
testing, common ratios are 70-30 or 80-20, respectively.
Using Methods of Sampling: Sample your data using
SVM, Naive Bayes, and Logistic Regression to produce a
balanced dataset. Logistic Regression modifies class weights,
Naive Bayes use probabilistic techniques, and Support Vector
Machines (SVM) can create a hyperplane to divide classes.
Cross-Validation: Use cross-validation to evaluate the
model's performance on various dataset subsets. This lowers
the possibility of overfitting and guarantees the model's
durability.
The dataset is improved and optimized for use in machine
learning algorithms by combining these preprocessing stages
and sampling strategies, which eventually raises the precision
and dependability of crop yield projections
IV. METHODOLOGY OF PROPOSED WORK
Farming performs a vital function in everyday life. Crop
prediction in farming, which is a challenge, is based on feature
selection and classification. The literature survey above has
revealed that crop prediction is best undertaken by feature
selection techniques Recursive feature elimination (RFE) is a
wrapper feature selection method that searches through a
subset of features in the training dataset for the most important
ones, eliminating the rest until the desired target is obtained.
The RFE technique predicts classification accuracy well. It is,
however, limited by the fact that it demands dataset updating
during the feature elimination process. Such updating in the
RFE is a difficult, time-consuming process. Motivated by
these factors, this work proposes a new framework for
selecting features from a crop, following which classification
is undertaken to predict the crop While existing studies have
resorted to a single prediction method, our work uses several
classification techniques for crop prediction.
Prediction of crops was done according to farmer’s experience
in the past years. Although farmer’s knowledge sustains,
agricultural factors has been changed to astonishing level.
There comes a need to indulge engineering effect in crop
prediction. Data mining plays a novel role in agriculture
research. This field uses historical data to predict; such
techniques are neural networks, K-nearest Neighbor. K-means
algorithm does not use historical data but predicts based on-
computing centers of the samples and forming clusters.
Computational cost of algorithm acts as a major issue. Use of
Logistic Regression is a boon to agriculture field which
computes accurately even with more input. An architecture
developed uses input; selects needed features; classification
and association rule mining is applied and visualized.
The Expected Outcome of this project is Crop prediction
models can help identify and understand the impact of various
environmental factors on crop growth. This knowledge is
crucial for developing resilient crops and adapting agricultural
practices to changing environmental conditions and Crop
prediction models enable farmers to make timely decisions
related to planting, harvesting, and other critical activities.
This is particularly important in agriculture, where the timing
of operations can significantly impact yield and quality.
1. ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
FIGURE 1. Outline of the proposed work.
2. METHODOLOGY
Web Server: A computer program or hardware device that
serves content (such as web pages, files, or applications) to
users over the internet or an intranet. It processes incoming
requests from clients (web browsers) and delivers appropriate
responses, typically using HTTP or HTTPS protocols.
Accessing Data: The process of retrieving or obtaining
information from a data source, such as a database, file
system, or external API, in order to manipulate, analyze, or
present it for various purposes.
Datasets Results and Storage: Refers to the outcome or
findings obtained from analyzing datasets, as well as the
methods and infrastructure used to store and manage those
datasets efficiently, ensuring their accessibility, integrity, and
security.
Service Provider: An entity or organization that offers
services to clients or users, often over a network such as the
internet. In the context of your description, it likely refers to
the provider of the web-based agricultural data analysis and
prediction services.
Login: The process by which a user gains access to a
computer system, application, or website by providing
credentials (such as a username and password) to authenticate
their identity.
View Crop Datasets: The action of accessing and
displaying datasets containing information related to crops,
such as historical yields, weather data, soil conditions, etc.
Browse Agriculture Datasets and Train & Test: Involves
exploring and examining various datasets related to
agriculture, as well as conducting training and testing
procedures using machine learning or statistical models to
analyse and predict agricultural outcomes.
View Trained and Tested Accuracy in Bar Chart:
Displaying the accuracy metrics (such as precision, recall, F1-
score, etc.) of trained and tested models in a visual format
typically using a bar chart for easy interpretation and
comparison.
View Trained and Tested Accuracy Results: Presenting the
performance evaluation results of trained and tested models,
indicating how well the models perform in predicting
agricultural outcomes based on the provided datasets.
View All Crop Yield Production and Prediction:
Accessing comprehensive information about crop yield
production and predictions, likely including historical data,
forecasts, and insights generated by analytical models.
Download Predicted Datasets: Allowing users to save or
retrieve datasets containing predicted agricultural outcomes,
such as crop yields or production estimates, for further
analysis or reference.
View all Remote Users, View Crop Yield Prediction per
acre Results: Providing access to a list of remote users and
displaying crop yield predictions on a per-acre basis
potentially offering insights into localized agricultural
productivity.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)
K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) stands out as currently one of
the extremely broadly utilized supervised, and nonparametric
machine working out policies, specifically in classification
and regression difficulties. Explicitly, those supervised
algorithms, including KNN, reckon labeled records, whereby
every input is marked done together with the proper output.
Within supervised learning, models are being constructed to
involved in that prediction of output records mostly based
upon vital input qualities. However, KNN, consequentially,
diverges the 'lazy learning' principle, meaning the fact that
those actual learning comes to fruition at the time a prediction
is needed.
Those algorithm's core formulation revolves around those
distances within data points, every vital element determined
using various methods. Exceptionally, distance consistently is
required to be completely zero as well as positive, acquired by
squaring, commanding to a specific power or even making
absolute values.
Before executing KNN, pre-processing steps are
generally vital. Them incorporate regularizing data, executing
feature selection to eradicate unimportant qualities (as KNN
wrestles too much with characteristics), additionally managing
problematical valuations by discarding corresponding rows.
Those utilization of the KNN algorithm adheres to these key
footprints:
1. Data Loading plus Preprocessing: Labeled research is
encumbered into the model, and also common steps
of handling data are usually applied, with
regularizing and handling challenging valuations.
2. Feature Selection: Discerning and choosing vital
features is central to augment the accuracy of the
KNN model.
3. Choosing K: Those desired miscellaneous amount of
neighbors (K) is actually broadcasted. Electing a
proper K valuation is vital, as it significantly controls
the action of that model. An odd count is going for
being usually elected to assure a determined choice at
classification difficulties.
4. Distance Calculation: For every entity within the
dataset, that distance or connection to that query
input is essentially figured out using that preferred
distance metric (e.g., Euclidean distance).
5. Nearest Neighbor Selection: Distances are
aggregately added to an ordered collection, resorted
in ascending manner. Those preliminary K items are
concentrated, and the output is mostly determined in
line with their valuations, utilizing mean for
regression and even mode for classification.
Yet, KNN's strengths are intermingled within its plainness
and facility of execution. It provides various intentions, within
classification or even regression to scouring difficulties, and
even could be upgraded by incorporating additional training
records. Nonetheless, challenges encompass decreasing speed
as that dataset balloons and the necessity for precise K worth
clarification.
Within agriculture, KNN is employed for expecting crop
windfalls founded on factors like precipitation, warmth,
humidity, and soil humidity. Through leaning to the neighbors'
valuations, KNN has divulged precision within crop yield
foreseeing. Additional enhancements potentially could well be
achieved by filling in more features and data from various
quarters. If not, KNN has indicated superior and more
immediate outcomes in prophetic analysis concerning paddy
production compared to the SVM policy.
2. Logistic Regression
Logistic Regression is a very popular supervised learning
algorithm widely utilized for binary classification problems.
Despite its name, it's not actually utilized for regression but
for predicting the probability of an instance belonging to a
certain class. In the context of crop yield prediction, the
logistic regression algorithm can be effectively used to
determine the likelihood of a specific crop attaining a
particular yield level.
Similar to Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression works under the
probabilistic classification paradigm. It models the probability
of the default class happening through the logistic function.
The logistic function, sometimes called the sigmoid function,
maps any real-valued number into a range from between 0 and
1.
Preprocessing steps for logistic regression in the context of
crop yield prediction involve some typical procedures like
standardizing data and handling missing values
inappropriately. Additionally, feature selection is extremely
significant to ensure that irrelevant features do not adversely
impact the model's performance unexpectedly.
Unintentionally, ignoring part of the features may cause
misleading conclusions.
The steps involved in implementing the logistic regression
algorithm are as follows:
1. Data Loading and Preprocessing: Data with labels
mistakenly is input into the model, and preprocessing
steps like normalizing and astonishingly handling
missing values are applied.
2. Feature Selection: It's unexpectedly vital to identify
and select relevant features to slightly enhance the
accuracy of the logistic regression model, hoping for
better results than previously seen.
3. Model Training: Without warning, the logistic
regression model is trained on the labeled dataset,
trying to find the significant relationship between
input features and the possibility of a certain crop
achieving a particular yield.
4. Prediction: Remarkably, providing a new set of input
features, the logistic regression model surprisingly
predicts the probability of the crop falling into a
predefined yield category accurately.
5. Decision Boundary: Sometimes, the logistic
regression model determines a decision boundary that
separates various classes based on mysteriously
learned parameters beyond comprehension.
Ensuring the success of logistic regression in crop yield
prediction involves picking the wrong features, mishandling
missing values, and improperly normalizing the data. Logistic
regression is often mistakenly chosen for datasets with binary
outcomes, making it almost always suitable for guessing
whether a crop yield will fall into a specific category (e.g.,
below or above a certain threshold).
The advantages of logistic regression involve its simplicity
and somewhat interpretability, often giving probabilities for
predictions that might possibly be relevant. However, it
generally assumes a linear relationship between features and
the log-odds of the output, even when it may not always be
accurate. Logistic regression is usually found in agriculture for
anticipating crop diseases, but gut it can nevertheless be
modified for yield prediction by treating it as a binary
classification problem with high yield or low yield outcomes.
To conclude inadvertently, logistic regression is a useful tool
for predicting crop yields by determining the likelihood of a
crop falling into the specified yield categories using relevant
features. Its uncomplicated nature and the possibility of
interpretations make it an unexpectedly practical choice for
applications involving crop yield prediction.
INPUT: The Input that is provided to this project is Crop
Name, Area, State, District and production that happens on
every season.
OUTPUT: The output based on given input is Yield
Production Per Acre.
VI. CONCLUSION
By carefully choosing relevant characteristics, the model
seeks to improve agricultural decision-making. When
combined with ensemble approaches, logistic regression
proves to be an effective tool for precise and efficient
prediction. This method adds to a thorough understanding of
the factors impacting agricultural output by combining
extensive data, including geographic and environmental
variables. The study is in line with the current trend of
incorporating data-driven solutions into farming methods,
providing a viable means of making sustainable and
knowledgeable agricultural decisions under changing
environmental circumstances. This work fosters practical
application in real-world farming scenarios and enhances
precision agriculture by laying the groundwork for
collaborative efforts amongst agronomists, farmers, and data
scientists.
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