ARULMURUGAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University)

THENNILAI, KARUR – 639 206.

PRACTICAL RECORD

Register Number

Name

Year / Sem

Degree / Branch

Subject Code & Name

Certified that this is a bonafide record of work done by the above student
during the year 20 - 20

Staff in-charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the University Practical Examination held on ________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 INDEX
Page Signature
Exp.No Date Name of the experiments Marks
no of staff
1
2
 EX.NO.1 REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND
MMF METHODS
DATE :

AIM:

To predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF method and also to
draw the vector diagrams.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MI (0-300) V 1

2 Voltmeter MI (0-300) V 1

3 Ammeter MI (0-10) A 1

4 Ammeter MC (0-2) A 1

5 Rheostat - 700, 2A 1

6 Rheostat - 350, 2A 1

7 Tachometer - - 1

8 TPST Switch - - 1

9 Wires - - Req.

FORUMULAE USED:

EMF METHOD:

Let,

E0=no load induced emf in volts

cos = Power Factor

Reff =1.6*Ra

Zs= E0/Isc ohms ; Isc=KVA*103/(√3*VL)

3
TABULAR COLUMNS

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

Field Current Open Circuit Line Open circuit Phase

(If) Voltage (VoL) Voltage (Voph)
S.No.
Amps Volts Volts

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

Short Circuit Current (120% to

Field Current (If) 150% of rated current) (ISC)
S.No.
Amps Amps

4
 Xs=Zs2- Reff2 ohms

1. E0 at unity power factor

E0= (Vph+IReff)2 + (IXs) 2 volts.

2. E0 at lagging power factor

E0= (Vphcos  +IReff)2 + (Vphsin+IXs)2 volts

Vph=VL/3 volts

3. E0 at leading power factor

E0= (Vphcos +IReff)2 + (Vphsin -IXs)2 volts

4. % Regulation= ( E0-Vph)/ Vph *100

MMF Method

1. If = If12 + If22 -2 If1 If2 Cos ( 90 (+ or -)  )

‘+’ for lagging power factor,

‘-’ for leading power factor

Where,

If1 - Field current corresponding to V1.

If2 - Field current corresponding to Isc

V1 = V+I*Re*Cos

PRECAUTIONS:

 Ensure that the Motor Side field Rheostat at minimum position and Generator side field
rheostat at Maximum position

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

 Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram

 Switch on dc supply and start the motor using 3 point delta starter.

 By adjusting the motor side field rheostat bring DC shunt motor to rated speed.

5
TABULAR COLUMN

EMF METHOD:

Eph in volts %Regulation

S.No CosՓ SinՓ
Lag Lead Lag% Lead%

MMF METHOD:

IF Eph in volts %Regulation

S.No IF1 IF2
Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag% Lead%

6
  By varying the alternator side rheostat note down the field current If and open circuit
voltage VOL until the voltage reached the rated value

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

 Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram

 Switch on dc supply and start the motor using 3 point delta starter.

 By adjusting the motor side field rheostat bring DC shunt motor to rated speed.

 Increase the alternator field excitation and note ammeter readings.

Repeat the above step for different values of excitations (field current). Take readings up to rated
armature current. Maintain constant speed for all readings

7
MODEL GRAPH

EMF METHOD MMF METHOD

MODEL CALCULATIONS

8
RESULT:

Thus the predetermination of regulation of 3 alternator by EMF & MMF method was
Calculated.

9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR ZPF AND ASA METHOD

10
EX.NO.2: REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY ZPF AND ASA METHOD

DATE :

AIM

To conduct the open circuit, short circuit and ZPF (Zero Power Factor) tests on the given three
phase alternator and pre-determine its regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1

2. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

3. Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1

4. Rheostat Wire Wound 1000Ω,1A 1

5. Rheostat Wire Wound 300Ω,2A 1

PRECAUTIONS:

 Ensure that the Motor Side field Rheostat at minimum position and Generator side field
rheostat at Maximum position.

PROCEDURE

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

 Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram

 Switch on dc supply and start the motor using 3 point delta starter.
 By adjusting the motor side field rheostat bring DC shunt motor to rated speed.
 By varying the alternator side rheostat note down the field current If and open circuit
voltage VOL until the voltage reached the rated value.

11
TABULATION

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.No Field Current Open Circuit Open Circuit Phase

voltage Voph(volts)
If (amps) Line Voltage Vol(volts)

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

S.No Field Current If (amps) Short Circuit Current

Isc(amps)

DETERMINATION OF REGULATION

Eph in volts %Regulation

S.No CosՓ SinՓ
Lag Lead Lag Lead

12
FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

 Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram

 Switch on dc supply and start the motor using 3 point delta starter.
 By adjusting the motor side field rheostat bring DC shunt motor to rated speed.
 By varying the alternator side rheostat note down the field current If and open circuit
voltage VOL until the voltage reached the rated value.

For ZPF test:

 Run the motor at rated speed of the alternator.

 Close the TPST switch;
 Ensure that the potential divider is in the minimum voltage position before closing the
TPST switch.
 Adjust the potential divider until the ammeter Ia reads the full load current of the
alternator.
 Note down the corresponding field current and voltage.

13
MODEL GRAPH

MODEL CALCULATION

14
RESULT

Thus the open circuit, short circuit and ZPF (Zero Power Factor) tests on the given
three phase alternator is conducted and to pre-determine its regulation curve

15
CIRCIUT DIAGRAM FOR THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR

16
EX.NO.3 REGULATION OF THREE PHASE SALIENT POLE
ALTERNATOR BY SLIP TEST
DATE:

A1IM

To conduct the slip test on three phase alternator and to predetermine the regulation through
vector diagram.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

2. Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1

3. Rheostat Wire wound 300Ω,1.7A 1

4. Auto transformer Three Phase 0-415V/0-470V 1

5. Tachometer Digital - 1

FORMULA USED

(i) Armature Resistance Ra = 1.6*Rdc

Where, Rdc = Resistance of armature.

(ii) Direct axis Impedance per phase Zd = Vmin/Imax Ω.

(iii)Quadrature axis Impedance per phase Zq = Vmax / Imin Ω.
(iv) Direct axis Reactance per phase Xd = √(Zd² - Ra²) Ω.
(v) Quadrature axis Reactance per phase Xq = √(Zq² - Ra²) Ω.
(vi) Percentage of Regulation %R = Eo – Vph / Vph * 100.

PRECAUTIONS

 The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.
 The alternator field should be kept open throughout the experiment.

17
 TABULATION:

To find out the direct axis impedance (Zd):

Speed of the alternator:

Minimum voltage applied to the stator: (Nearly 20% to 30% of rated voltage)

Minimum Maximum Voltage Direct axis Direct axis Reactance

Current per per phase Impedance per per phase
S.No. phase (Imin) (Vmax) Phase (Zd) (Xd)

A Volt Ohm Ohm

To find out the Quadrature direct axis impedance (Zq):

Maximum Minimum Quadrature axis Quadrature axis

Current per Voltage Impedance Reactance
S.No. Phase (Imax) per phase (VMin) per phase(Zq) per phase(Xq)
A Volt Ohm Ohm

18
PROCEDURE

 Note down the name plate details of the motor and alternator.
 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
 Give the supply by closing the DPST switch .Using the three point starter start the
motor to run at the synchronous speed by varying the motor field rheostat at the
same time check whether the alternator field has been opened or not.
 Apply 20% to 30% of the rated voltage to the alternator by adjusting the auto
transformer.
 To obtain the slip and the maximum oscillation of pointer the speed is reduced
slightly lower than the synchronous speed.
 Maximum current, voltage and minimum current voltage are noted. Find out the
direct and quadrature axis impedance.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE VECTOR DIAGRAM

 Draw the line OA vector that represents the rated voltage. Draw the line OB vector
to represent the rated current I which makes an angle of the voltage.
 Draw the line AC vector to represent the IaRa drop which parallel to OB vector.
 Draw the perpendicular line CD vector to the line.AC (IaRa) drop that represents
IXq drop.
 Draw line from the origin through the point D which consists of no load
voltage(Eo).
 Draw the pole axis through origin which should be perpendicular to vector OP.

19
 DETERMINATION OF REGULATION

Id Iq Eph in volts %Regulation

S. CosՓ SinՓ Փ
No Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead

VECTOR DIAGRAM

LAGGING POWER FACTOR

LEADING POWER FACTOR

20
21
MODEL CALCULATION

22
RESULT

Thus the slip test on three phase alternator is conducted and regulation of alternator is found
using two reaction theory.

23
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE

24
EX.NO.4 DETERMINATION OF NEGATIVE SEQUANCE AND ZERO SEQUENCE
REACTANCE OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR.
DATE:

AIM: Determination of negative sequence and zero sequence reactance of a synchronous

generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

2. Voltmeter MI (0-150)V 1

3. Rheostat Wire wound 300Ω,1.7A 1

4. Auto transformer Three Phase 0-415V/0-470V 1

5. Tachometer Digital - 1

THEORY:-

When a synchronous generator is carrying an unbalanced load its operation may be

analyzed by symmetrical components. In a synchronous machine the sequence current produce
an armature reaction which is stationary with respect to reactance and is stationary with respect
to field poles. The component currents therefore encounter exactly same as that by a balanced
load as discussed. The negative sequence is produced and armature reaction which rotates around
armature at synchronous speed in direction to that of field poles and therefore rotates part the
field poles at synchronous speed. Inducing current in the field damper winding and rotor iron.
The impendence
encountered by the negative sequence is called the – ve sequence impedance of the generator.
The zero sequence current produce flux in each phase but their combined armature reaction at
the air gap is zero. The impedance encountered by their currents is therefore different from that
encountered by + ve and –ve sequence components and is called zero sequence impedance of
generator.

FORMULA USED

(i) Armature Resistance Ra = 1.6*Rdc

Where, Rdc = Resistance of armature.
(ii) Direct axis Impedance per phase Zd = Vmin/Imax Ω.
(iii)Quadrature axis Impedance per phase Zq = Vmax / Imin Ω.
(iv) Direct axis Reactance per phase Xd = √(Zd² - Ra²) Ω.
(v) Quadrature axis Reactance per phase Xq = √(Zq² - Ra²) Ω.
(vi) Percentage of Regulation %R = Eo – Vph / Vph * 100.

25
TABULATION

Short Circuit Test

Armature Current Field Current(If)

S.NO Speed
(Ia) (Amps) Amps

Open Circuit Test

S.NO Voltage Field Current Speed

DETERMINATION OF X1 (Positive Sequence Reactance):

S.NO Current Voltage power Z2 X2

DETERMINATION OF X0 (Zero Sequence Reactance):

S.NO Voltage Field Current Speed X0

26
PRECAUTIONS

 The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.
 The alternator field should be kept open throughout the experiment.

PROCEDURE

DETERMINATION OF X1 (Positive Sequence Reactance):

It is a reactance of a synchronous machine under steady state condition in the direct axis.

The positive sequence impedance can also be defined as the impedance offered by the machine
to the flow of positive sequence currents in the armature windings create a magnetic field that
rotates in the normal direction in the air gap.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. Run the machine at rated speed.

2. Connect a voltmeter and ammeter according to the circuit diagram.
3. Note the reading at different exciting current

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1. Run the machine at rated speed.

2. Apply low voltage to the field circuit so that exciting current is small. Alternately connect
a high resistance rheostat in the field circuit with full field voltage applied connect an
armature in the field circuit.
3. Apply three phase short circuit at the synchronous machine terminal with an ammeter
connected in any phase.
4. Measure the short circuit current corresponding to the field current given by the ammeter
reading.

27
MODEL CALCULATION

28
RESULT

Thus the determination of negative sequence and zero sequence reactance of a

synchronous generator is verified successfully

29
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF THREE PHASE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

30
EX.NO.5 V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF THREE PHASE
DATE: SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

AIM

To draw the V and inverted V curves of the three phase synchronous motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1

2. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

3. Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1

4. Wattmeter UPF 600V,10A 2

5. Rheostat Wire wound 350Ω,1.7A 1

PRECAUTIONS

 The potential divider should be in the maximum position.

 The motor should be started without any load.

PROCEDURE

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 In order to give the excitation to the field for making it to run as the synchronous motor
close the TPST switch.
 By varying the field rheostat note down the excitation current, armature current and the
power factor for various values of excitation.
 The same process has to be repeated for loaded conditions.
 Later the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.

31
TABULATION
WITHOUT LOAD CONDITION

Excitation Armature W1(watts) W2(watts) Power Factor

Current Current
If(amps) Ia(amps) OBS ACT OBS ACT CosΦ

WITH LOAD CONDITION

Excitation Armature W1(watts) W2(watts) Power Factor

Current Current
If(amps) Ia(amps) OBS ACT OBS ACT CosΦ

MODEL GRAPH

i) EXCITATION CURRENT Vs ARMATURE CURRENT

ii) EXCITATION CURRENT Vs POWER FACTOR

32
RESULT

Thus the V and inverted V curves of the three phase synchronous motor were drawn.

33
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

34
EX.NO.6 LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

DATE:

AIM:

To conduct load test on three phase squirrel cage Induction motor and to obtain the load
characteristics of

Output power Vs % Efficiency

Output power Vs Speed
Output power Vs Load current.
Output power Vs % Slip.
Output power Vs Power factor.
Output power Vs Torque.
Output power Vs Speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1

2. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1

3. Wattmeter 600V/10A UPF 2

4. Tachometer Digital 1

5. Connecting Wires - Req.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. At starting, the motor should be in the no load condition.

2. Initially switch is in open position and the autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage
position.

35
 TABULATION

Spring balance
Line Input Speed readings PF
Line Voltage Torque Output η Slip
Current Power N S1 -
S.No. (VL) S1 S2 T Power % %
IL PL Rpm S2
volt N-m watt
Ampere watt Kg Kg
Kg

MODEL GRAPH

MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

MODEL CALCULATION

36
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The supply is given by closing the TPST switch.
3. The motor is started by using star delta starter.
4. The voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, speed and spring balance readings are noted for no load
condition.
5. The load is increased in steps at each increase in step of the load the readings of voltmeter,
ammeter, wattmeter, speed and spring balance are noted.

RESULT

Thus the load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor is conducted and its performance
characteristics curves are drawn.

37
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NO LOAD TEST

38
EX.NO.7 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
DATE:

AIM
To conduct the no load and blocked rotor test on three phase squirrel cage induction
motor and to predetermine the performance using circle diagram.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

2. Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1

3. Wattmeter LPF 600V,10A 2

4. Wattmeter UPF 600V,10A 2

5. Tachometer Digital - 1

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
2. Blocking of the rotor should be done properly.
3. Making sure that only a small voltage is applied across the stator terminal when the rotor is
blocked.
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The supply is switched ON by closing the TPST switch.
3. The autotransformer is varied until the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of the machine
and the motor starts running at no load.
4. The readings of Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted at no load.
5. Then the TPST supply switch is opened.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The rotor of the motor is blocked tightly with the help of brake drum and belt.
3. The supply is switched ON by closing the TPST switch.
4. The autotransformer is adjusted slowly until the voltmeter reads the rated current of the
machine
5. The readings of Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted.
6. Now release the blocked rotor and open the TPST supply switch

39
CIRCUIRT DIAGRAM FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

40
 CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLE DIAGRAM:

1. Draw the lines by taking the current (I) in X-axis, voltage (V) in Y axis.
2. From the no load test find out the current I0 and draw the vector OA with the magnitude of
I0 from the origin by suitable current scale, which lags the voltage(Y-axis) V by an angle Ф0
where Ф0 =cos-1(W0/3V0I0).
3. From the current ISC find out ISN(short circuit current corresponding to the normal voltage)
by the formula ISN= ISC(V(rated)/VSC),draw the OB vector with the magnitude of ISN from
the origin by the same current scale, which lags the voltage (Y-axis) V by an angle ФSC
where ФSC =cos-1(WSC/3VSCISC).
4. Join the points B and A to get the output line.
5. Draw the parallel line for the X-axis from the point A and for the Y-axis from point B up to
X-axis ( at point E), let both the lines intersect at the point D.
6. Then draw the bisector of the output line and extend it to the line AD, let the point of
intersection be C.
7. By keeping the point C as centre draw a semicircle with the radius CA.
8. Let EB be the line of total loss[ED (constant loss)=DB(variable loss)].
9. In the line DB locate the point G to separate the stator and rotor copper loss by using the
formula,
Rotor copper loss WSC-3ISC2RS

Stator copper loss 3ISC2RS

Where, RS=Stator resistance per phase in ohms.

Variable loss=Stator copper loss + Rotor copper loss.

10. To get the torque line join the points A and G.

TO FIND OUT THE MAXIMUM QUANTITIES:

11. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that it should be parallel to the output line.
Let the point of tangent be H.
12. Draw the line parallel to Y-axis so that the line will meet the output line, which is named as
H’.
13. Here the HH’ will be the maximum output power.
14. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that it should be parallel to the torque line.
Let the point of tangent be I.
15. Draw the line parallel to Y-axis so the that line will meet the output line, which is named as
I’.
16. Here the I I’ will be the maximum torque.
17. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that it should be parallel to the X-axis. Let
the point of tangent be J.
18. Draw the line parallel to Y-axis such that line will meet the output line is named as J’.
19. Here the JJ’ will be the maximum input power.
20. From the circle diagram, find the maximum input power, maximum torque, maximum
output power, rotor copper loss, stator copper loss and slip.

41
TABULATION

NO LOAD TEST

No load voltage No load current No Load power (watts)

Voc Ioc W1 W2
(volts) (amps) OBS ACT OBS ACT

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Short Circuit Short Circuit Short Circuit power (watts)

voltage Vsc current Ioc W1 W2
(volts) (amps) OBS ACT OBS ACT

42
TO FIND THE FULL LOAD QUANTITIES:

21. Extend the line EB from B to K such that

Output power (from the name plate of the machine)
BK =
Power Scale

22. Draw the parallel line to output line AB, which cuts the semicircle at point L (near by
Y-axis).
23. Draw the parallel line for Y-axis from point L to X-axis (point Q). Then join O and L.

PROCEDURE TO FIND OUT THE FULL LOAD AND MAXIMUM QUANTITIES

FROM THE CIRCLE DIAGRAM:

1. Fixed loss (constant loss) = DE * Power Scale in watts.

2. Stator Copper loss =DZ* Power Scale in watts.
3. Rotor Copper loss =GB* Power Scale in watts.
4. Maximum Torque = [HH’ * Power Scale]/ {2∏N/60} in N-m.
5. Maximum output power =I I’ * Power Scale in watts.
’
6. Maximum input power =JJ * Power Scale in watts.
7. Maximum efficiency =Maximum output power /Maximum input power.
8. Full load current = OL*current scale in amps.
9. Full load power factor =Cos(angle between OL and Y-axis).
10. Full load torque = (LN’ in power scale)/ {2∏N/60} in N-m.
11. Full load output power = LM* Power Scale in watts.
12. Full load input power =LQ* Power Scale in watts.
13. Full load efficiency =full load output power /full load input power.
14. Full load stator copper loss =NP* Power Scale in watts.
15. Full load rotor copper loss =MN* Power Scale in watts.
16. Full load rotor input =LN* Power Scale in watts.
17. Full load slip =full load rotor copper loss/full load rotor input.
18. Full load speed =synchronous speed *(1-slip).
19. Starting torque = [BG* Power Scale] / {2∏N/60} in N-m.

43
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

CIRCLE DIAGRAM

MODEL CALCULATION

44
RESULT

Thus the no load and blocked rotor test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor is
conducted and also to predetermine the performance using the circle diagram is drawn.

45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES OF 3 PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR

46
 EX.NO.8 SEPERATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES IN A THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
DATE:

AIM

To separate the no load losses in a given three phase induction motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

2. Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1

3. Wattmeter LPF 600V,10A 2

4. Wattmeter UPF 600V,10A 2

5. Tachometer Digital - 1

FORMULAE USED:
1. Stator copper loss = 3I02 RS in watt.
2. Constant loss/phase (WC) = (W-3I02 RS) /3 in watt.
3. Core loss / phase (Wi) = WC – Mechanical loss (Wm) in watt.
where, W =Total input power in watt.

here the mechanical loss (Wm) will be the distance from the origin to the point at where
the Constant loss/phase (WC) Vs voltage curve cuts the Y-axis.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
2. The motor should not be loaded through out the experiment.
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. By closing the TPST supply three-phase supply switch energies the autotransformer.
3. Start the motor using auto-transformer starter.
4. The autotransformer should be varied till the motor attains its rated speed and note down
the input power, voltage and current.
5. Repeat the same procedure for lower values of the voltage and tabulate the readings.

47
TABULATION

Constant loss Core loss

No load No load Total Stator
per phase per phase
Voltage Current input copper loss
Sl.No Wc=(W- 3I02 RS) Wi=WC-
V0 I0 Power (W) 3I02 RS
/3 Wm
(volt) (Ampere) (Watt) (Watt)
(Watt) (Watt)

MODEL GRAPH

MODEL CALCULATION

48
RESULT:

Thus the separation of no load losses of 3 phase induction motor is successfully verified

49
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

50
EX.NO.9 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

DATE:

AIM
To conduct the load test on single phase induction motor and to draw the performance
characteristics curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1

2. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1

3. Wattmeter 300V/10A UPF 1

4. Tachometer Digital - 1

5. Single phase Auto - 0-230V/ 1

Transformer
270V

6. Connecting Wires - - Req.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Torque,T=9.81*Reff*(S1-S2) N-m

Where,
Reff =Effective radius of the brake drum in m.
S1,S2=Spring balance readings in Kg.
2. Output power,Po = 2πNT/60 watts
Where,
N=speed of the motor in rpm

1. % Efficiency = (Output power/Input power)*100

PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the motor should be in the no load condition.
1. Initially DPST switch is in open position.

51
TABULATION

Sl. Line Line Input Speed Spring balance Torque Output η Slip PF
No. Voltage Current Power N readings T Power % %
VL IL PL Rpm N-m watt
(volt) (Ampere) (watt)
S1 S2 S1 - S2

Kg Kg in Kg

MODEL GRAPH

MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

52
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed and the motor is started using on the line started to run at
rated speed.
3. At no load the speed, current, voltage and power can be noted.
4. By applying the load for various values of current the above mentioned readings are
noted.
5. The load is later released and the motor is switched off the graph is drawn.

53
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

MODEL CALCULATION

54
RESULT

Thus the load test on single phase induction motor is conducted and the performance curves
are drawn

55
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NO LOAD TEST

56
EX.NO.10 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
DATE:

AIM

To conduct the no load and blocked rotor test on single phase squirrel cage induction
motor and to predetermine the performance using circle diagram.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

2. Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1

3. Wattmeter LPF 600V,10A 2

4. Wattmeter UPF 600V,10A 2

5. Tachometer Digital - 1

FORMULAE USED:

NO LOAD TEST:

No load power factor, cosФ0=W0/( V0I0)

Where,
W0=No load power in watt
V0=No load voltage in volt

I0=No load current in Ampere

1. Working component current, Iw=I0 cosФ0 Ampere

2. Magnetizing current,Im= I0 sinФ0 Ampere
3. No load resistance,R0=V0/Iw ohm
4. No load reactance,X0=V0/Im ohm
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. .Equivalent impedance referred to stator side, Z01= Vsc/Isc ohm

2
2. Equivalent Resistance referred to stator side, R01=Wsc/(Isc ) ohm
3. Equivalent leakage reactance referred to stator side X01= √(Z012-R012) ohm

57
CIRCUIRT DIAGRAM FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

58
 4. Rotor resistance referred to stator side R2’=R01-R1
5. Stator resistance/phase AC value, R1= Ra (ac) =1.3 x Rdc

6. Rotor Reactance referred to stator side X2’=X01-X1

 Where, Stator winding reactance X1=√(Zs2-R12)
 Where, Zs-Stator winding Impedance
7. Magnetizing reactance
Xm=2(X0-X1-X2’/2)
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.

2. Blocking of the rotor should be done properly.
3. Making sure that only a small voltage is applied across the stator terminal with rotor
blocked.

PROCEDURE:

NO - LOAD TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply the rated voltage to the induction motor by varying auto transformer, so that the
machine runs

at rated speed.

3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings.

4. Restore the autotransformer to its initial position, and switch off the supply.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Block the rotor with the help of brake drum arrangement.

3. Vary the supply voltage with the help of autotransformer so that the ammeter reads rated
current

and note down the corresponding Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings.

4. Reduce voltage to zero with auto transformer and switch off the supply

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TABULATION

NO LOAD TEST

No load voltage No load current No Load power (watts)

Voc Ioc W1 W2
(volts) (amps) OBS ACT OBS ACT

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Short Circuit Short Circuit Short Circuit power (watts)

voltage Vsc current Ioc W1 W2
(volts) (amps) OBS ACT OBS ACT

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

MODEL CALCULATION

60
RESULT

Thus the no load and blocked rotor test on single phase squirrel cage induction motor is
conducted and also the equivalent circuit diagram is drawn

61
Fig-1 DIRECT ON-LINE STARTER (DOL)

62
EX.NO.11 STUDY OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS

DATE:

AIM:

To study about the various types of Induction motor starters.

STARTING METHOD FOR INDUCTION MOTORS:

A 3-phase induction motor is theoretically self-starting. The stator of an induction motor

consists of 3-phase windings, which when connected to a 3-phase supply creates a rotating
magnetic field. This will link and cut the rotor conductors which in turn will induce a current in
the rotor conductors and create a rotor magnetic field. The magnetic field created by the rotor
will interact with the rotating magnetic field in the stator and produce rotation.

Therefore, 3-phase induction motors employ a starting method not to provide a starting
torque at the rotor, but because of the following reasons;

1) Reduce heavy starting currents and prevent motor from overheating.

2) Provide overload and no-voltage protection

There are many methods in use to start 3-phase induction motors. Some of the common methods
are

1. Direct On-Line Starter (DOL)

2. Star-Delta Starter
3. Auto Transformer Starter
4. Rotor Impedance Starter
5. Power Electronics Starter

DIRECT ON-LINE STARTER (DOL):

The Direct On-Line (DOL) starter is the simplest and the most inexpensive of all starting
methods and is usually used for squirrel cage induction motors. It directly connects the contacts
of the motor to the full supply voltage. The starting current is very large, normally 6 to 8 times
the rated current. The starting torque is likely to be 0.75 to 2 times the full load torque. In order
to avoid excessive voltage drops in the supply line due to high starting currents, the DOL starter
is used only for motors with a rating of less than 5KW There are safety mechanisms inside the
DOL starter which provides protection to the motor as well as the operator of the motor.The
power and control circuits of induction motor with DOL starter are shown in figure(1).

63
FIG.2 STAR-DELTA STARTER

64
STAR-DELTA STARTER

The star delta starting is a very common type of starter and extensively used, compared to
the other types of the starters. This method used reduced supply voltage in starting. Figure(2)
shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with a star – delta starter. The method
achieved low starting current by first connecting the stator winding in star configuration, and
then after the motor reaches a certain speed, throw switch changes the winding arrangements
from star to delta configuration. By connecting the stator windings, first in star and then in delta,
the line current drawn by the motor at starting is reduced

to one-third as compared to starting current with the windings connected in delta. At the
time of starting when the stator windings are start connected, each stator phase gets voltage ୐ ,
where VL//3 is the line voltage. Since the torque developed by an induction motor is proportional
to the square of the applied voltage, star- delta starting reduced the starting torque to one – third
that obtainable by direct delta starting.

AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER

The operation principle of auto transformer method is similar to the star delta starter
method. The starting current is limited by (using a three phase auto Transformer) reduce the
initial stator applied voltage.

The auto transformer starter is more expensive, more complicated in operation and
bulkier in construction when compared with the star – delta starter method. But an auto
transformer starter is suitable for both star and delta connected motors, and the starting current
and torque can be adjusted to a desired value by taking the correct tapping from the auto
transformer. When the star delta method is considered, voltage can be adjusted only by factor of
1//3 Figure (3) shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with auto transformer starter.

65
FIG.(3) SHOWS I.M WITH AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER.

66
ROTOR IMPEDANCE STARTER:

This method allows external resistance to be connected to the rotor through slip rings and
brushes. Initially, the rotor resistance is set to maximum and is then gradually decreased as the
motor speed increases, until it becomes zero.

The rotor impedance starting mechanism is usually very bulky and expensive when
compared with other methods. It also has very high maintenance costs. Also, a considerable
amount of heat is generated through the resistors when current runs through them. The starting
frequency is also limited in this method. However, the rotor impedance method allows the motor
to be started while on load. Figure (4) hows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with
rotor resistance starter

RESULT:

Thus the study of three phase Induction motor studied

67