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综 述
环境污染物与阿尔茨海默病
郭 宝1,巴 乾1, 2, *
1
上海交通大学公共卫生学院,上海 200025;2上海中医药大学附属市中医医院实验中心,上海 200071
关键词:阿尔茨海默病;环境污染物;β-淀粉样蛋白;Tau蛋白异常磷酸化;神经炎症
Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. The main
hypotheses about the pathogenesis of AD include the hypothesis of β-amyloid protein, the hypothesis of abnormal phosphorylation of
Tau protein, and the hypothesis of neuroinflammation. In recent years, environmental pollutants have been considered as an important
factor in causing neurological dysfunction. Common environmental pollutants include heavy metals, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls, microplastics, and air pollutants, all of which have been proven to have neurotoxicity. In this review, we not only discussed
epidemiological and animal experimental studies that link environmental pollution with AD, but also summarized the mechanisms of
action of relevant toxins, providing insights for studying the interrelationships between environmental pollutants and AD.
Key words: Alzheimer’s disease; environmental pollutants; β-amyloid protein; Tau protein abnormal phosphorylation; neuroinflam-
mation
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81973078) and Shanghai Pujiang Program (No.
21PJD032).
*
Corresponding author. Tel: +86-21-63846590; E-mail: qba@shsmu.edu.cn
郭 宝等:环境污染物与阿尔茨海默病 741
[34–44]
Al
①Performance and reaction ①Aβ↑;
on visuospatial↓; ②Tau hyperphosphorylation↑ [p-Tau (Thr-231)]↑;
②Aluminum in blood ③Inflammation↑ (IL-6↑, IL-1β↑, TNF-α↑, CXCL1↑);
and brain tissue↑; ④Oxidative stress↑ (ROS↑, GSH↓, CAT↓, TBARS↑);
③Cognitive function↓ ⑤Mitochondrial dysfunction (decline of mitochondrial complex activity, increase of oxygen
consumption in the resting state of mitochondrial respiration, accumulation of
oxidatively-modified mitochondrial proteins);
⑥Apoptosis↑ (Ferroptosis ↑, NGF↓, GDNF↓, BDNF↓, NT-3↓), histological abnormalities (indistinct
cell margins, pyknosis, karyolysis, pericellular edema, karyorrhexis, and vacuolated cytoplasm);
⑦Disturbance of neurotransmitter homeostasis (AChE↑);
⑧Disturbance of gut microbiota and metabolites
[70–76]
Cu ①Alzheimer’s disease ①Aβ↑ (BACE-1↑);
mortality↑; ②Tau hyperphosphorylation↑ (CDK5/p25↑);
②Cognitive function↓; ③Oxidative stress (MDA↑, SOD↓, GPX4↓) ;
③Copper in blood and hair↑ ④Inflammation↑ (TNF-α↑);
⑤Apoptosis↑ (Cuproptosis↑, Bax↑, DLAT↑, HSP70↑, Fe-S cluster proteins↓);
⑥Synaptic dysfunction (CREB/BDNF↓, TrkB↓, PSD-95↓, SYP↓)
[79–93]
As ①Intellectual disability, ①Aβ↑ (BACE-1↑);
cognitive impairment; ②Tau hyperphosphorylation↑ (ERK1/2↑, JNK↑, GSK3↑);
②Alzheimer’s disease ③Oxidative stress↑ (ROS↑, NO↑, RAGE↑);
mortality↑; ④Mitochondrial dysfunction (MMP↓);
③BDNF↓ ⑤Synaptic dysfunction (S-nitrosylation of proteins, PSD-95↓), abnormal structural
changes in the myelin sheaths of nerve fibers and reduction in the terminals of mossy fibers;
⑥Apoptosis↑ (Bax↑, caspase-3↑, Bcl-2↓, CDK5↑);
⑦DNA methylation/demethylation disruption (TETs↓)
743
744 生理学报 Acta Physiologica Sinica, December 25, 2023, 75(6): 740–766
[119–123]
PCBs ①Cognitive function↓; ①Blood-brain barrier impairment↑ (ZO-1↓, ZO-2↓, occludin↓, JAM-3↓, AF6↓, Claudins-5↓);
②Anxious ②Oxidative stress↑ (H2O2↑, ·OH↑, LPO↑, TBARS↑, SOD↓, CAT↓, GSH-Px↓, GST↓, GR↓);
③Inhibiting the expression of developmental genes related to cell cycle, synaptic function, cell
maintenance and neurogenesis;
④Disturbance of plasma neurotransmitters (serotonin↑, dopamine↑, epinephrine↑, norepinephrine↑)
[125–136]
BPA & bisphenol ①Anxiety- and depression-like ①Aβ↑ (BACE-1↑);
analogs behaviors, cognitive decline; ②Tau hyperphosphorylation↑ [p-Tau (Thr-205)↑, p-Tau (Ser-214)↑, p-Tau (Ser-396)↑,
②Impairments in learning-memory p-Tau (Ser-199)↑, p-Tau (Ser-404)↑, GSK-3α↑, GSK-3β↑, p-AKT↓];
③Inflammation↑ (IL-1β↑, IL-6↑, TNF-α↑);
④Oxidative stress↑ (SOD↓, CAT↓, GSH-Px↓, NO↑, LDH↑, iNOS↑, nNOS↑, RNS↑, ROS↑,
3-nitrotyrosine↑);
⑤The number of living neurons↓, dispersed and irregular arrangement, the density of dendritic
spines↓, disturbance of neurotransmitter homeostasis (Glu↑, ACh↑, 5-HT↓, GABA↓), apoptosis↑
(Ca2+ influx↑);
⑥Synaptic dysfunction (SYN↓, PSD-95↓, AMPAR↑);
⑦Disturbance of peripheral immune responses;
⑧Disturbance of gut microbiota
OPPs: organophosphorus pesticides; OCPs: organochlorine pesticides; PCBs: polychlorinated biphenyls; BPA: Bisphenol A.
747
748 生理学报 Acta Physiologica Sinica, December 25, 2023, 75(6): 740–766
[167–173]
MPs & NPs Impairments in learning-memory ①Blood-brain barrier impairment↑ (PECAM-1↓);
②Inflammation↑ (IL-1β↑, IL-6↑, TNF-α↑, NF-κB↑, CXCL10↑, Mcp-1↑);
③Oxidative stress↑ (ROS↑, GSH↓, MDA↑, SOD↑, CAT↓);
④Smaller mitochondria, membrane density↑, cristae↓, mitochondria injury (MMP↓);
⑤Histological abnormalities (shrinkage and dense vesiculation, cytoplasm vacuolization); cell viability↓,
autophagy↑ (LC3-II↑, PI3K↓, p-AKT/AKT↓, p-mTOR↓, P62↓, Beclin 1↑), apoptosis↑ (LDH↑, Ca2+↑,
the number of Nissl bodies↓, P53↑, ALOX12↑, NCOA4↑, GPX4↓, FITH1↓, SLC7A11↓, Bax↑, caspase-3↑,
caspase-8↑, Bcl-2↓);
⑥Decreasing number of neurons, the density of dendritic spines↓
MPs: microplastics; NPs: nanoplastics.
生理学报 Acta Physiologica Sinica, December 25, 2023, 75(6): 740–766
郭 宝等:环境污染物与阿尔茨海默病 751
图 1. 环境污染物促进阿尔茨海默病的毒性机制
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