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margrsxn1800 \margtsxn1440 \margbsxn1440 \guttersxn0 \headery720 \footery720 \
pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 The Natural Topography
(unit: 1)}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Topic: The Northern Mountains and
North-Western Mountains.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the relief
(Physical) features of the Karakoram Range.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: The
Karakoram Range runs from 400 km from Hunza to Shyok River. The Karakoram Range is
200 km wide. The range runs in east-west direction. The average height of Karakoram
Range is 6000 metres. K-2 (8610metres) is the highest peak of Karakoram Range. The
range has deep, narrow valleys are sharp peaks covered with snow and glaciers.
Siachen and Biafo are the main glaciers.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe
the main features of Himalayas range.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans:
Himalayas are in the south of Karakoram Range. They run East to West. The Himalayas
is divided in Pakistan in three sub parallel ranges the great or high Himalayas,
the lesser Himalayas and the sub-Himalayas. }{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 (a) The
great Himalayas: also known as central Himalayas mostly lie in Kashmir. The average
height of Himalayas is 6000 meters. Highest peak is Nanga Parbat (8126meters).
Rupal is longest river. Satpara is largest lake of region. The river Indus River
has set up a number of gorges (narrow valley) in its path. The peaks of central
Himalayas are snow capped and steep-sided with large glaciers.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 (b) The lesser Himalayas: are located south of the great Himalayas.
Lesser of lower Himalayas are of medium height 1800 to 4500 meters. Lesser
Himalayas are of special interest to tourist; Hill stations like Murree, Ghora
Gali, Nathia Gali are located in lesser Himalayas. No glacier is found in this
region.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 (c) The sub-Himalayas: The sub-
Himalayas or Siwaliks are the southernmost mountain of Himalayas located near
Attock. They are low in altitude 600 metres to 1200 metres. They are located near
Attock.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the relief features of
the Hindu Kush range.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: The Hindu Kush range
lies on north and north-west border of Pakistan. This range runs in north-south
direction. Average altitude (height) of the Hindu
kush range is 5000 metres. Trich Mir (7690m) is highest peak of range. High, steep
(sharp), sided valleys with narrow floor are one of feature of Hindu kush range.
Important passes of the range are Shandur pass connects which Gilgit and Chitral.
Lawari pass connects chitral to swat and Peshawar Valley. Shangla pass connects
Swat valley to upper Indus pass. The Hindu Kush range is bare (empty) of
vegetation. Some forest lie in Swat, Chitral and Dir valleys are located in the
range.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q How life and economy of the people
living in northern areas affected by relief of northern mountains?}{\fs22 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Northern Mountains have steep slopes, high peaks; deep gorges,
rugged (rough) landscape, several steams and glaciers restrict (limits) human
movement. Little land is available. Small scale agriculture is done on terraced
(stepped) field. In summer livestock and tourism are source of income. Some hydro-
electric projects are set up on rivers. Indoor activities like carpet making and
embroidery (needlework) are carry out in winter because land is covered with snow.}
{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par
}\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the drainage pattern of northern areas.}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: River Indus and its tributaries is main feature
of drainage pattern. River Indus starts from Mansrowar Lake in Karakoram. Indus
River passes through Hindukush joined by river Kabul and Swat. After passing from
dissected gorges enter in plain areas at Kalabagh. Tributaries (branches) of Indus
such as Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej and Beas starts from Himalayas passes through
Kashmir and enter plain areas and join Indus at Mithankot.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the main features of Gilgit agency area?}{\fs22 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Gilgit agency covers extreme northern part of Pakistan. It is a
mountainous region covered by Karakoram Range. River Indus flows through it. In the
south of river Indus located Himalayas range with average altitude (height) of 6000
metres. High land comprises (made) of steep (sharp) sided parallel ranges, sharp
sided ridges, peaks covered with snow, huge glaciers are located in Karakoram and
Himalayas. River Gilgit and river Hunza flows from north and join Indus. Area is
marked with cold winter and snow falls.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Topic: The
Western Mountains.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the relief
features of western mountains.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Safed koh range: is
located in the south of river Kabul in east-west direction. It has height up to of
4712 metres. Sikeram is the highest peak. It has snow capped lime stone ridges
(peaks). It form barrier on Pak-Afghan border. }{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 2)
Waziristan hills: are located between rivers khurran and Gomal along Afghan border
are highly mineralized. Hills have no vegetation. Hills rise up to 3513 metres.
Bannu town is located in these hills. }{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 3) Sulaiman
range: is located towards west of river Indus. Range is 400 km long and 20 to 25km
wide. Highest peak is Takht-i-Sulaiman (3383metres). Lime stone and sand stone are
the main minerals of area. Range separate Indus plain from Balochistan plateau.}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 4) Kirthar range: is located in the west of river
Indus in Sindh and Balochistan plateau. Range rises up to 2174 meters and is bare
of vegetation. Hub and Lyari are main rivers of Kirthar range.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Q How life and economy of people living in western mountains is
affected by relief of the western mountains?}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Rugged
(rocky) landscape is a hurdle in development of infrastructure and transport net
work. Canal system cannot be set up due to mountainous landscape (land). Range is
bare (empty) of vegetation can only support nomadic way of livestock. Mineral
deposits are unexplored (unfound) due to poor road network. Only valleys like
Peshawar, Kohat and Bannu are very much populated.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Topic:
The Balochistan Plateau.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the main relief
(land form) features of the mountain ranges in Balochistan. }{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Average height of plateau is 1000 metres. The western part of
plateau has a number of parallel ranges. Ranges is south are comparatively low.
Important ranges from south to north are Makran coastal range,
Raskoh and Chagai hills. Raskoh has a height of 3000 meters. Tobakakar range is
located in the east of Quetta. Sulaiman range is in north-west of Quetta.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the relief and drainage pattern of upper Balochistan.
(6) N 2002}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: In northern Balochistan basins
like Zhob and Loralai are located between Toba Kakar and Sulaiman range. Hills have
steep slopes, sharp ridges and deep narrow valleys. River Zhob passes through
Balochistan plateau and join river Indus. In Sulaiman range hill torrents (flood)
forms alluvial fans and join river Indus. Quetta valley is in south-west of Loralai
basin. Quetta valley is surrounded by mountain ranges and its bed is made of
alluvial material brought by seasonal rivers. The northern part of Balochistan has
an average height of 2000 meters. Sulaiman range rise up to height of 3000 meters.}
{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par
}\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q With reference of named location, describe the main
features of the relief, drainage and soils of the basins in Balochistan. (N 1996)}
{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par
}\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Northern Balochistan: Northern part of the
Balochistan plateau has number of basins. Zhob and Loralai basins are situated
between TobaKakar and Sulaiman range. To the south-west of Loralai basin is the
Quetta valley surrounded by mountain ranges.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Western
Balochistan: There are number of Basins located in Western Balochistan between
chagai hills, Raskoh, Siahan and central Makran range. These basins have no outlet
to sea and have inland drainage. There are number of dry salt lakes located in
these basins. Hamun-i-Mashkel is largest salt range.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9
Drainage (water flow): River Hab, Hingol and Dasht flows in Arabian Sea. River Zhob
flows in Indus River. Soil: The valley floor is covered with sand, silt and clay
with limited agriculture. Foot hills are covered with alluvial fans.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the drainage (flow) pattern of Balochistan.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Rivers like Zhob, Khandar and Kalachi flows east ward. These
rivers drain in Indus River. Most of the rivers of Balochistan are seasonal and
active in rainy season. Rivers Loralai, Chakar, Bolan and Mula have inland drainage
soaked in Kachi sibi plain. River Hab, Porali, Hingol and Mushkai flows in Arabian
Sea. Many small rivers flow west ward and drains in salt lakes called Hamun.}{\fs22
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard
\plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe one problem created due to highland of Balochistan
plateau and how it can be overcome?}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: There
is shortage of land suitable for agriculture. Farming is done in narrow valleys on
small scale. There is shortage of water due to low rainfall. Karez system of
irrigation is used in some valleys. Small dams are made on river Zhob.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 Topic: The Potwar Plateau and the Salt Range.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the drainage features of the Potwar plateau. (3) N 2003}
{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par
}\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: There are number of perennial and non perennial
rivers in Potwar plateau which swells up (enlarge) in the rainy season. River Soan
is an important river which flows through potwar plateau north east to south west
direction and join river Indus. Rawal dam has been set up on river Korang near
Islamabad. There are number of small salt lakes in the plateau such as kullar
kahar, Uch Chali and Khabeki, which add to scenic beauty of the area.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the relief features of Potwar plateau. (3) N 2003}{\fs22
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard
\plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Potwar plateau is located in the south of Islamabad, between
river Indus and Jhelum. Potwar plateau had bad land topography. Steep (sharp)
slopes, ravines, gullies and gorges are formed due to soil erosion; there is series
of low hills average height 300 to 600 metres. Residue hills such as Kalachitta and
Khairi Murat rise to just over 1000 metres.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe
the relief features of salt range.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Average
height of salt range is 750 meters to 900 meters. The Skesar peak is 1527 meters
high. Range runs in east-west direction. Range covers most of Jhelum, Chakwal,
Kalabagh and Mianwali districts. South slope of range is steep and other is gentle.
Salt range is collection of several parallel ranges which are folded and faulted.
Sand stone
and shale rocks are commonly found. Salt range is also rich in rock salt, gypsum
and lime stone.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Topic: The Indus Plain.}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q What is doab (scalloped interfluves)? (1) N 2002}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: The land between two rivers.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Q Name a doab and its location.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Rachna
doab between river Ravi and Chenab, Chaj doab between river Chenab and Jhelum, Bari
doab between river Sutlej and river Ravi.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200
\lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q What are locations
of bars (alluvial terrace) in upper Indus plain?}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans:
Ganji bar and Neli bars are in Bari doab, Sandal bar is in Rachna doab and Kirana
bar is in Chaj doab.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Where on doab would be best
place to build a house? Why?}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: A house can be set up on
doab at the bar up land area because it is highest place on doab safe from floods.}
{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par
}\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the relief and drainage of upper Indus
plain. (6) (J97, N99, N2002)}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Drainage of Upper Indus
Plain: Upper Indus plain(Punjab) is flat land from Potwar plateau to Mithonkot
drained by river Indus and its tributaries Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej, and Ravi. At
Panjnad tributaries join to form river Panjnad which meets river Indus after 72km
at Mithankot.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
\langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Upper Indus plain is divided in
Sindh Sargar, Chaj, Rachna and Bari doabs. Doabs are located between Indus River
and its tributaries. Active flood plains: are narrow strip along rivers flooded
every year. Levees, meander, oxbow lakes and braided channels are features of
active flood plain. Old flood plain: is next to active flood plain. Scars of
levees, meanders, oxbow lakes and braided channels are found in it. It is flooded
once in 7 to 8 years. It is 5 to 10 meters higher than active flood plain. Alluvial
terrace: or bar is located in the middle of doab. It is safe from floods. It is 5
to 15 meters high. Scarp or bluff is a slope that separates old flood plain from
bar (alluvial terrace). Kerana bar is located in chaj doab, sandal bar is in Rachna
doab, Ganji and Neli bars are in Bari doab.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe
the relief and drainage of lower Indus plain.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans:
Lower Indus plain is southern part of Indus plain starts from Mithonkot. Land is
flat undulating (wavy) sloping towards south. It is drained by river Indus have an
active flood plain is around 40km. Meanders, levees, oxbow lakes and braided
channels are main features of active flood plain. Alluvial fans have formed
piedmont plain along Kirthar and Sulaiman range in the west of Indus. In the south
of lower Indus plain River Indus forms Indus delta by deposition (setting down) of
alluvial material. Cuesta is located at Rohri and Ganjo Takkar.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Q How life and economy of people living in Indus plain is affected
by its relief and drainage?}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Indus plain has flat and
undulating land. Doabs and active flood plain of lower Indus have rich alluvial
soil and water is available for irrigation so agriculture is the main profession.
Industry that process material provided by agriculture sector is also developed
i.e. Textile mills, sugar mills and flour mills. Roads and railway line are easier
to set up due to flat land. River Indus and its tributaries are crossed by bridges
at convenient places. Population is high due to food production and employment.}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Topic: Piedmont Plains.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the relief and drainage pattern of piedmont plain
region.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans:
Alluvial fans are found in the foot hills of Sulaiman mountain range and Kirthar
mountains range in piedmont plain region. Hill torrents (flood) become active only
during rainfall on reaching foothills brought material (sand, silt and gravel) is
deposited (set down). Torrents divide into number of channels like shape of Chinese
fans spread from 2 to 4 miles. Piedmont plains have fertile soil suitable for
agriculture. Alluvial fans are also found in northern Punjab.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Topic: Tidal Delta.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Name two
delta located on coastal areas of Pakistan.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Indus
delta and Hub delta.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe the drainage of
Indus delta. N 2002.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Indus delta starts from
Thatta. Here Indus River divides in number of channels which are shallow and
natural channels. The delta is a flat region crossed by many shallow (not deep)
channels through which the water of river Indus flows into sea. The channels are
shallow because of continuous deposit (lay down) of silt on their beds. The channel
bed gets raised, and at many places channel is higher than nearby land. Levees are
formed on the banks of channels. Sea water fills in lower land between channels and
forms swamps (marsh/wetland).}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Topic: Cuestas in the
lower Indus Plain.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q What are important feature
of Cuestas?}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Cuestas are located in lower
Sindh. Cuesta is a ridge with steep slope at one side and gentle slope at other
side. Rohri Cuesta is 80 meters high and 48 Km long. Gango Takkar Cuesta is 24 Km
long.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Describe important use of cuesta
in Sindh.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Rohri cuesta is source of lime
stone for Rohri cement factory. Ganjo Takkar hills are source of lime stone for
cement factories near Hyderabad, Kotri and Thatta. Cuesta provides good location
for construction of barrages.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Topic: The Desert
Areas.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Name three deserts located in
south-east Pakistan.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Cholistan, Nara and
Tharparkar.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Name a one desert in upper Punjab
and one in Balochistan.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Thal in upper Punjab and
Kharan in Balochistan.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Explain the appearance and
development of sand dunes.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans: Tharparkar and Thar
deserts have land covered with rolling sand plain and countless sand dunes. Sand
dunes are normally 25 to 50 feet in height may be even higher. The sand dunes are
steep on one side and gentle on other side. Sand dunes are formed by wind action
and shift their location in the direction of wind. Some places there is strip
(narrow piece) of flat land called patti.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200
\lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q How life of people
in desert is affected by natural environment? J 94}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Ans:
Desert relief (land form) is marked by sand dunes have high temperature and low
rainfall. Agriculture is limited. Rearing of sheep and goats is the main occupation
(profession). Nomadic way of life is practiced (done) due to shortage of vegetation
and water. Population is low and scattered. People travel at night due to high day
temperature.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q Location of only these
latitude and
longitude line is included in syllabus. }{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200
\lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Locate: Latitude lines
24\uc1 \u176 ?, 30\uc1 \u176 ? and 36\uc1 \u176 ?. Longitude lines 64\uc1 \u176 ?,
70\uc1 \u176 ? and 76\uc1 \u176 ?.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Q
Definitions}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 1) Alluvial material: material
brought by river.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 2) Alluvial terrace or bar:
central high area of doab which has mature type of soil (fine loamy). It is 10 to
15 meters high separated from old flood plain by a slope called scarp or bluff.}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 3) Alluvial fans: are found along foot of Kirthar
Mountains in Sindh. During rainy season hill torrents (sudden flow of water) bring
lot of silt, sand, gravel and rock material. At foot hill torrent slowdowns and
deposit the material. Torrent split in many channels spread over 2 to 4 miles forms
a sharp of Chinese fan called alluvial fans.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 4) Alluvial
cone: an alluvial fan with steep slope.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 5) Basin:
Natural or artificial depression in land like wash basin. }{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 6) Braided channel: a steam with a wide, shallow channel split in
two or more channels due to hurdle in the path. Split channels merge (join) again.}
{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par
}\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 7) Boulder: any large, detached, generally rounded
mass of rock.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
\langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang9 \langnp9 {\uc1 \u55357 ?}{\uc1 \u56846 ?}}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9
Catchment area: the total area drained by a river and its tributaries.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 9) Doab: The land between two adjacent rivers is known as doab or
interfluves.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 10) Drainage: The natural
runoff (flow) of water from an area by streams and rivers.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 11) Delta: is the mouth of the river. River is divided into number
of distributaries (channels) before joining sea called delta.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 12) Glacier: A large mass of snow over huge area formed by
consolidation of snow falling.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 13) Gradient: slope.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 14) Gully: a narrow channel set up in earth by the action of
water.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 15) Gorge: a rocky walled, steep
(sharp) sided deep narrow river valley.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 16) Hamun:
Shallow salt lake with inland drainage found in Balochistan Plateau.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 17) Levees: are naturally built river bank by slow deposition of
silt along sides.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 18) Meander: curves in the
natural course (path) of a river known as meander.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 19)
Mangrove swamp: trees grown in tidal mud in delta.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 20)
Oxbow lake: The
small horse shoe shaped lake which is formed by the separation of a meander form
its main stream is known as oxbow lake.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 21) Plateau:
is large stretch of highland which is practically at the same height above sea
level. It descends on all sides to lower land.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 22) Pass: a
route over or through mountain.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 23) Ravine: a small,
narrow valley with steep sides, larger than a gulley.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 24) Rugged: uneven, rough and irregular surface.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 25) Relief: is the degree of unevenness or land form.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 26) River bed: the channel in which river flow.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 27) River basin: all area drained by river.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 28) Runoff: all the water flowing from drained area. Flow of water.}
{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par
}\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 29) Silt: fine particles larger than clay.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 30) Shale: a fine grained sediment rock formed largely by hardening
of clay.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 31) Swamp: wet and spongy land
saturated with water.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 32) Terrain: an area of land
in respect of its physical characteristics or conditions.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 33) Tributary: a stream or river flowing into large river.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 34) Tidal flat: an area of sand or mud uncovered at low tide.}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 35) Undulating: wavy form of land.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }}