Thomas Tallis School

NAME:

Homework – Anaerobic Respiration

Q1. In muscles, pyruvate is converted to lactate during anaerobic respiration.

(i) Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of
ATP during anaerobic respiration.

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(2)

(ii) In muscles, some of the lactate is converted back to pyruvate when they are
well supplied with oxygen. Suggest one advantage of this.

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(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q2. Without oxygen, less ATP is produced by respiration. Explain why.

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(Total 2 marks)

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Q3. (a) In respiration in cells,

(i) where does glycolysis take place

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(1)

(ii) where, exactly, is the electron transfer chain found?

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(1)

(b) Scientists kept kidney cells in a liquid culture. They investigated the effect of the gas
nitric oxide on oxygen consumption by these cells. They recorded the oxygen
concentration in the culture medium over a period of time. At intervals they added a
small volume of nitric oxide to the culture medium. Nitric oxide affects the
functioning of a protein in the electron transport chain.

The graph shows their results.

Explain the effect of nitric oxide.

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(3)

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(Total 5 marks)

Q4. (a) Describe the part played by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion in
producing ATP.

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(3)

(b) A scientist investigated ATP production in a preparation of isolated mitochondria. He

suspended the mitochondria in an isotonic solution and added a suitable respiratory
substrate together with ADP and phosphate. He bubbled oxygen through the
preparation.

(i) Why was the solution in which the mitochondria were suspended isotonic?

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(1)

(ii) Explain why the scientist did not use glucose as the respiratory substrate.

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(2)

(iii) Explain why the oxygen concentration would change during this investigation.

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(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q5. Human skeletal muscle can respire both aerobically and anaerobically. Describe what
happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions and explain why anaerobic respiration is
advantageous to human skeletal muscle.

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(Total 4 marks)

Q6. (a) Pyruvate is formed in the breakdown of glucose during respiration. When there
is sufficient oxygen, this pyruvate is fully broken down. Name two substances
formed from the pyruvate.

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2 ...................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) If there is a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells during exercise, some pyruvate is
converted into lactate. Explain why muscles become fatigued when insufficient
oxygen is available.

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(2)
(Total 3 marks)

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M1

1. Regenerates / produces NAD / oxidises reduced NAD;

2. (NAD used) in glycolysis.

Accept: description of glycolysis
Accept: glycolysis can continue / begin
2

(ii) (Pyruvate used) in aerobic respiration / (lactate / lactic acid) is toxic /

harmful / causes cramp / (muscle) fatigue.
Accept: (pyruvate) can enter link reaction
Accept: reduces cramp / (muscle) fatigue
Neutral: ‘reduces muscle aches’
1
[3]

M2.

(b) Oxygen is the termina/ acceptor;(No) electron transfer chain / proton transfer / no
oxidative phosphorylation;
Accept ETC abbreviation

Which produces most of the ATP (in aerobic respiration);Only glycolysis takes
place;Pyruvate used to make lactate;
Accept lactic acid

Only produces (net) 2 ATP (per molecule of glucose);

Accept only 4 ATP are made
2 max
[2]

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M3. (a) (i) Cytoplasm (of cell);

Accept sarcoplasm/cytosol
1

(ii) In membranes/cristae (of mitochondria);

Reject matrix of mitochondria
1

(b) NO stops uptake/use of oxygen (by cells);

1

Stops (electron transport chain of) respiration;

Accept ‒ stops oxidative phosphorylation
1

NO changes shape of protein (in chain);

1

Oxygen no longer required as final electron acceptor (however stated);

Accept ‒ protein denatured or description
1

As oxygen conc. gets lower effect of NO lasts longer, because

NO more likely to interact with protein;
Reject accepts hydrogen from etc in 3rd marking point
1
3 max
[5]

M4. (a) Electrons transferred down electron transport chain;

Provide energy to take protons / H+ into space between membranes;

Protons / H+ pass back, through membrane / into matrix / through

ATPase;

Energy used to combine ADP and phosphate / to produce ATP;

Accept: alternatives for electron transport chain.
3 max

(b) (i) Prevent damage to mitochondria caused by

water / osmosis / differences in water potential;
Accept: other terms that imply damage e.g. shrink / burst
1

(ii) Glucose is used / broken down during glycolysis in cytoplasm / not in

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mitochondria;
Accept: ‘glucose is converted to pyruvate’ for description of
breakdown

Glucose cannot cross mitochondrial membrane / does not

enter mitochondria;
Accept: only pyruvate can
2

(iii) Terminal / final acceptor (in electron transport chain) / used to

make water;
Could be shown by symbols
1
[7]

M5. Any four from:

Forms lactate; [extras – C2H5OH / CO2 – CANCEL]

Use of reduced NAD / NADH;

Regenerates NAD;

NAD can be re-used to oxidise more respiratory substrate / correct e.g. /

allows glycolysis to continue;
Can still release energy / form ATP
when oxygen in short supply / when no oxygen;
max 4
[4]

M6. (a) CO2, water, ATP, reduced NAD / FAD;

(accept creatine phosphate)(any 2 - one tick)
1

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(b) (i) build up / increased concentration of lactate lowers
pH / increases H+ / increases acidity;
enzymes / named protein inhibited(not denatured);
2

(ii) lactate / pyruvate is an energy source;

muscles have increased / immediate energy or ATP supply;
(accept lactate replenishes glycogen or glucose)
restores pH levels;
2 max
[5]

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