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Jyoti Singh and Anuj Kumar
Jyoti Singh and Anuj Kumar
Review Article
Plant Tissue Culture and Its Application in Agriculture as
Biotechnological Tool
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
In the very fast developing scenario of biological science, the plant tissue culture has taken
lead because it is the most promising areas of biotechnological tools for today and
tomorrow agriculture. The areas range from micro propagation of horticultural crops,
ornamental and forest trees etc. Over the100 years ago, Haberlandt envisioned the concept
of plant tissue culture and provided the bottom work for the cultivation and production of
plant cells, tissues and organs in culture. Due to the changes in consumption patterns,
demand for fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, poultry and fisheries has been increasing. Hence,
a need to raise crop diversification and improve allied activities. It may be noted that the
Keywords slowdown in agriculture growth could be attributed to structural factors on the supply side,
such as public investment, credit, technology, land and water management, etc., rather than
Tissue culture, to globalization and trade reforms. In this situation, plant tissue culture offers remarkable
Micro propagation,
Somatic
opportunities in vitro propagations, plant quality improvement and production of plants
embryogenesis, with desirable agronomical quality and quantity. It‟s now possible to develop virus-free
Genetic plant regeneration, herbicide resistance, salinity tolerance, disease resistance, incorporation
engineering of high protein content and genetically engineered plants for desirable traits.
Biotechnological approach has been introduced into agricultural to reinforce the
productivity of different food crops at a rate without precedent. for in vitro regeneration,
mass micro propagation techniques and gene transfer studies in several species. Genetic
transformation in Plant Biotechnology is a crucial technique which is basically relies on the
technical aspects of plant tissue culture and molecular biology for the production of
improved varieties of different crops. In this review article studies some tissue culture
practices of commercially food crops and highlights the challenges which is encountered in
the tissue culture and explores the chances of optimization of the in vitro propagation
techniques by using explants.
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conditions, irrespective of the season and technique depends mainly on the concept of
weather on a year-round basis (Akin-Idowu totipotency of plant cells, which refers to the
PE et al., 2009). Endangered, threatened and ability of a single cell to express the full
rare species have successfully been grown genome by cell division. Along with the
and conserved by micro propagation because totipotent potential of plant cell, the capacity
of high coefficient of multiplication and of cells to alter their metabolism, growth and
small demands on number of initial plants development is also equally important and
and space. crucial to regenerate the entire plant (Thorpe
T, 2007).
In addition, plant tissue culture is considered
to be the most efficient technology for crop Basic requirement for plant tissue culture
improvement by the production of
Somaclonal and Gametoclonal variants. The There are some important aspects of tissue
micro propagation technology has a vast culture. These are: (A) Aseptic condition (B)
potential to produce plants of superior Aeration (C) Equipment‟s and (D) Nutrient
quality, isolation of useful variants in well- medium.
adapted high yielding genotypes with better
disease resistance and stress tolerance Tissue culture is the method of „in vitro’
capacities (Brown et al., 1995). Certain type culture of plant or animal cells, tissue or
of callus cultures give rise to clones that have organ on nutrient medium under aseptic
inheritable characteristics different from conditions usually in a glass container. Tissue
those of parent plants due to the possibility of culture is sometimes referred to as „sterile
occurrence of Somaclonal variability (George culture‟ or „in vitro‟ culture.
et al., 1993), which leads to the development
of commercially important improved (a) Aseptic condition
varieties. Commercial production of Recent
Advances in Plant in vitro Culture plants Tissue culture should be done in completely
through micropropagation techniques has aseptic condition. Dry heat is used to sterilise
several advantages over the traditional equipment‟s in an incubator. Wet heat
methods of propagation through seed, cutting, sterilization is done in an autoclave at 120°C
grafting and air-layering etc. It is rapid at 15 lb pressure for 15 minutes. Liquid
propagation processes that can lead to the media, which are unstable at high
production of plants virus free (Garcia- temperature are sterilised by ultrafiltration.
Gonzales R et al., 2010). Meristem tip culture Chemicals, such as alcohol is used to sterilise
of banana plants devoid from banana bunchy working area and instruments. The tissue to
top virus (BBTV) and brome mosaic virus be cultured is surface sterilised chemically
(BMV) were produced (El-Dougdoug et al., some of the commonly used sterilising agents
2011). Higher yields have been obtained by are:
culturing pathogen free germplasm in vitro.
Increase in yield up to 150% of virus-free (I) 9-10% calcium hypochlorite, (I) 2%
potatoes was obtained in controlled sodium hypochlorite solution, (III) 10-12%
conditions (Singh et al., 1992). hydrogen peroxide, (IV) 1-2% bromine
water. Some other sterilising agents are: 1%
In plant cell culture, plant tissues and organs chlorine water, mercuric chloride, silver
are grown in vitro on artificial media, under nitrate, antibiotics etc.
aseptic and controlled environment. The
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pure breeding new cultivars (Basu et al., intergeneric crosses that do not produce
2011). The term androgenesis refers to the fertile seeds (Ahmadi et al., 2010). Genetic
production of haploid plants from young engineering can make possible a number of
pollen cells without undergoing fertilization. improved crop varieties with high yield
(Sudherson et al., 2008) reported haploid potential and resistance against pests.
plant production of sturt‟s desert pea by Genetic transformation technology relies on
using pollen grains as primary explants via the technical aspects of plant tissue culture
tissue culture. Now a day the haploidy and molecular biology for:
technology has become an integral part of
crop improvement programmes through Production of improved crop varieties
plant breeding by speeding up the Production of disease-free plants (virus)
production of inbred lines (Bajaj, 1990) and Genetic transformation
overcoming the constraints of seed Production of secondary metabolites
dormancy and embryo non-viability (Yeung Production of varieties tolerant to
et al., 1981). The technique has a salinity, drought and heat stresses
remarkable use in genetic transformation by
the production of haploid plants with Germplasm conservation
induced resistance to various biotic and
abiotic stresses. Introduction of genes with In vitro cell and organ culture offers an
desired trait at haploid state followed by alternative source for the conservation of
chromosome doubling led to the production endangered genotypes (Sengar et al., 2010).
of double haploids inbred wheat and drought Germplasm conservation worldwide is
tolerant plants were attained successfully increasingly becoming an essential activity
(Chauhan and Khurana, 2011). due to the high rate of disappearance of
plant species and the increased need for
Use of biotechnology tools in plant tissue safeguarding the floristic patrimony of the
culture countries (Filho et al., 2005). Tissue culture
protocols can be used for preservation of
Biotechnology has been introduced into vegetative tissues when the targets for
agricultural practice at a rate without conservation are clones instead of seeds, to
precedent. Tissue culture allows the keep the genetic background of a crop and to
production and propagation of genetically avoid the loss of the conserved patrimony
homogeneous, disease-free plant material due to natural disasters, whether biotic or
(Chatenet et al., 2001). Cell and tissue in abiotic stress (Tyagi et al., 2007). The plant
vitro culture is a useful tool for the induction species which do not produce seeds (sterile
of somaclonal variation (Marino G et al., plants) or which have „recalcitrant‟ seeds
1990). Genetic variability induced by tissue that cannot be stored for long period of time
culture could be used as a source of can successfully be preserved via in vitro
variability to obtain new stable genotypes. techniques for the maintenance of gene
Interventions of biotechnological banks.
approaches for in vitro regeneration, mass
micropropagation techniques and gene Cryopreservation plays a vital role in the
transfer studies in tree species have been long-term in vitro conservation of essential
encouraging. In vitro cultures of mature biological material and genetic resources. It
and/or immature zygotic embryos are involves the storage of in vitro cells or
applied to recover plants obtained from tissues in liquid nitrogen that results in cryo-
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injury on the exposure of tissues to physical expression of foreign genes in plant cells.
and chemical stresses. Successful Successful introduction of agronomic traits
cryopreservation is often ascertained by cell in plants was achieved by using root
and tissue survival and the ability to re-grow explants for the genetic transformation
or regenerate into complete plants or form (Franklin and Lakshmi, 2003). Regeneration
new colonies (Harding, 2004). It is desirable of disease or viral resistant plants is now
to assess the genetic integrity of recovered achieved by employing genetic
germplasm to determine whether it is „true- transformation technique. Successfully
to-type‟ following cryopreservation (Day, transgenic plants of potato resistant to potato
2004). The fidelity of recovered plants can virus Y (PVY) has been developed thus
be assessed at phenotypic, histological, resolving a major threat to potato crop
cytological, biochemical and molecular worldwide (Bukovinszki et al., 2007).
levels, although, there are advantages and
limitations of the various approaches used to Protoplast fusion
assess genetic stability (Harding, 2005).
Cry-bionomics is a new approach to study Somatic hybridization being achieved by
genetic stability in the cryopreserved plant protoplasm fusion is an important tool of
materials (Harding, 2010). The embryonic plant breeding and crop improvement by the
tissues can be cryopreserved for future use production of inter-specific and inter-generic
or for germplasm conservation (Corredoira, hybrids. It involves the fusion of protoplasts
2004). of two different genomes followed by the
selection of desired somatic hybrid cells and
Genetic transformation regeneration of hybrid plants (Evans and
Bravo, 1988). Practically in the crop
Genetic transformation is the most important improvement programmes protoplast fusion
aspect of plant cell tissue culture that is efficiently used as a mean of gene transfer
provides the mean of transfer of genes with with desired trait from one species to
desirable trait into host plants with ultimate another (Brown and Thorpe, 1995). Somatic
recovery of transgenic plants (Hinchee et al., hybrids were produced by fusion of
1994). It has a great potential of genetic protoplasts from rice and ditch reed using
improvement of various crop plants by electrofusion treatment for salt tolerance
integrating with plant biotechnology and (Mostageer and Elshihy, 2003).
breeding programmes. It has a prioritized
promising role for the introduction of In the recent years, in vitro protoplast fusion
agronomically important traits such as tool has opened a way of developing unique
increased yield, better quality and enhanced hybrid plants by overcoming the barriers of
resistance to pests, diseases and abiotic sexual incompatibility. It has been
stresses (Sinclair et al., 2004; Sharma et al., applicable in horticultural industry to create
2010; Kumar et al., 2016). Genetic new hybrids with increased fruit yield and
transformation in plants can be achieved by better resistance to diseases. Successful
either vector mediated (indirect gene viable hybrid plants were obtained when
transfer) or vector less (direct gene transfer) protoplasts from citrus were fused with other
method (Sasson, 1993). Among vector related Citrinae species (Motomura et al.,
dependant gene transfer methods, 1997). The potential of somatic
Agrobacterium mediated genetic hybridization in important crop plants is best
transformation is most widely used for the illustrated by the production of intergeneric
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