| __ THE | / MUSLIM LAW {Muslim Law as Applied in India] VHA Former Hea Faculty of Law Nakabad SIXTH EDITION CENTRAL LAW AGENCY ALLAHABAD - 29 st nu soitea, 6 6 8 8 C “ s ® z z 1 WAX A on ae sipoyy 40 euuns, ~ oj Jo 994N08 SB UBANg) Jo SOAMIED Wa : ean “ sgaunog ACW, AAV NTIS 10 SAWS: © aBLAVHD 139g Jo aueHD, ~syonyas jo we ap Jo woneatdy 90" SUN SHIN IO. ke] tym so HUDlNdO}S>p p03} 1 t9Udond 5, STOOHDS ANY NIDRIO ryaLdWHD sins sutjanyyvou 01 portddr sng on pore AYOLONGOULNT LAV. 9809 0 71924 wopyp9 asf ayy 222/24, onps yams ayt 01 920fo% SLNALNOD byes meoy Dury aiqup weiss ur ‘uonmiado-09 jsoun SiN o1 ssouynyueIy Kur SBpayONTE AOU | ‘vaya w93q Sey AIE9 pogeypiy fo. “a7 fo tvennnrodog,x MUSLIM LAW Primary Sources under Shia law. Secondary SOUES...nam Castor (CHAPTER 4 MARRIAGE Polygamous nature of Muslim marriage... Definition of Mariage «crn Nature and Concept of Marriage: Bysentials of valid Marriage: Fosterase Rolative Prohi CHAPTERS DOWER Definition of Dower of Dower. Kinds of Dower Proper Dower Specified Dower Subsequent change in dower... Prompt and Deferred Dower Ifnot mentioned whether prompi or deferred. What amount of dower fs payable. Remission of Dower: nr) 33 34 3 od "35 er 39 40 40 a2 43 44 45 36 aT 48 48 30 50 3 St 31 33 33 34 55 56 37 37 38 61 62 64 66 oT 8 68 8 nN 72 66—80 CONTENTS Nature of the Right to Dower Enforcement of right to Dower Refusal of Conjugal rights Enforcement as debt Widow's Right of Retention ‘Transferability of right of retemtion. Limitation of Suit for Dower «. CHAPTER 6 DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE Modes of dissolution of Mustim-matriage Divorce by husband Divorce by vite Delegated Talag Difference between conditional Yaiaq & delegated Talag Divorce by Mutual consent 7 Khula. Mubarat Legal consequences of Khula and Mubarat Judicial Divorce ‘The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 . Effects of Apostasy on Marriage. Legal effects of Divor : Bivoree during Marz (CHAPTER 7 PARENTAGE AND LEGITIMACY Parentage bonne ‘Maternity 7 Paternity Legitimacy . Presumption of legitimacy under Islamic law Present law of legitimacy ses: is Difference between present law and Islamic Law ‘Acknowledgement of Paternit a4 15 76 7 80 ELLE s1—10 rs,remy so abe, heya Won 94 OND TEU, seve Arado Je JO WUE DDTANS : sumtisny-u00 q BE IDEA Fe bem pion D5 BEAL IO “sama, 3p Jbepy woDMI9G 2 saOVAn 71 ABLAVHO ~~ igap Jo WaPo} NOHO PH Sue pea siitay Jo HONEIOSR 10.) puP [SUONIPUO.) uoringgaisip Jeausi9}>%q IngUnsip 24qe9: soypeo7 yo srnm Ui aLLIVHO Soatei9g JOS, mop JO (var) L193, OC HALAVEO 9861 39V HSIN, 9961 OW UDUION taHSM}Y 10 AONVNBINIVIN auHsNviauvno mpi‘ TO SOUEUETUIE A, euorinsnsuos— ‘ogo 9 uaRHOys, LEISMIY 1N J ‘900 8unZ9g| Ou 6 SLA YH aBeraieyy Joy drysumipseney Tat OUI 30 KPIS uD sree ROW 30 APO J 30 (rouvtayy) Spot JO 4B 8. Ho (rounaggy) Apersn9 JO WENA 8 ‘uosisa 24 Jo dis sueyparngy Jo SuONDuNy Pur sionod sungpreng 0158}-2c, ino &q poiwiodde sewrpreng) seeqrnipsensy ATEONUESA, Suvaprenig [INE Supypivng Jo VOREDUISSEI 8 ¥aLdVHO owspormowyov pur wondope ua9i wourSposouy>e Jo S122]]9 WIT sswgrisnts _xiv MUSLIM LAW Objects of Waar 'y Control of Wags ous Endowments Qabristan CHAPTER 13 PRE-EMPTION Definition of pre-emption, en Essential Elements of Pre-emption ofthe tight of pre-emption ‘Wiether ight of pre-emption is ransferable .. Existence of the Right Who can Pre-empt : Class of Pre-emptors- Traofer of inmavabie property. re-emplor 7 Legal Effects of Pre-empiion Extinction ofthe Right. Legal device of evading pre-emption CHAPTER 14 Primary Liabilities Execuior and Administrator levance of family Wagis in Muslim soecity ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 222 233 334 225 205 227 238 229 230 230 231 232 233 234 235 236, 239. 239 240 242 245 246 246, 246 247 248 2a 249 2a 252 233, 253 253 256 256 258 260 262 262 263 267 268 269 270 251270 271279 contents HAPTER 15 INHERITANCE APPENDIX The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939. APPENDIX ‘Mussalman Wagf Validating Act, 1913 sou APPENDIX I> Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 APPENDIX ‘The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, 7 ‘The Muslim Women (Proiection of Rigs ‘on Divorce) Rates, 1986... ‘APPENDIX F| ‘THE FAMILY COURS ACT 1986 .. THE WAKE ACT, 1995 a Td0x en "APPENDIX G 218 275 276 a a7 27% 279, 335 337 338 340 348 e347 354 451 280-332‘sopjd 20 Asorpa) 2xp jo ae} 219 werp soIReY SBHO}Oq uosiod # yoryar oF Ayuniouio> snor8qax ayn JO smo] Hp. axe Swe peUOSTOg ‘Asoyy2131 JO SMe] up uum rou “aLojarat ‘om SMP] [RUOSIAg “Mel NPUIAY JOpwN payLoyut axe sonrodoad sty “20ueI- 20 purjdusy ub soup ApUIAL v UoYm “AUREUS “ZoueIBAGUT Jo me] UIST {6q ponasyur axe soniodosd siy “asoqt sorp pub pueyBu 0} Sc08 wH|snyy © 3 ‘aduexa tog ‘seo? ay zonoioys me; YouSRIE uno sy UY YHLA Sox) Gostod 2 Ses of 6 38) “Uosiad oy itm S9doUr mw JoUOSION “SIAL UyED9 UNIAN. (2) ‘sauits9 Jo ay UnTSRyA_ 30 staRNEOD Jo Bl WAAAY £q PereynBar og roUUED tury Ay panrunuoa auitz0 20 yoesiuos 199 a4] jeuDsIOd wH|sN}Y Aq poUsoA0g ‘5 Uul|shp v Jo ssoxeUH Smyx “spun “S-2 wIpUT de ane Soe 19890 3H Jo auhie2} 94899 jeuosiod Apu St 294 posuojup ane stuarsis raey yeuosiod Wal2}}Ip ‘2070 wulo> sno#sy91 juoI9I}Ip oF SuIFuojoq suossod eIpul up susnyy axv sonaed ‘g) avoqym ace] uMSRyY pus snpur axe sonzEd ayn s20yH sve] MPL JO sas ov Aide ‘1 pastmbas azt sno Su) Equny ap 0 wedsas Uy we] WHEN] a4! 20 MC] APUIEL ayy 89 uorSijar onnoedsor mowp jo owen 241 q ipoy ur “smi. uaypo8or alt 1 st pur sdojaop rulou Yorye SHOE are “299 aoueuayut od, ayy saveyn sar ase] peuosiod AMOLOINGOULNE IMuslim Law ‘Muslim law may be described as that umity-maters of te Mu ‘Who is a Muslim ? and only one, ved from [slam and signifies a person who th opie of Moana trea han as Muslim, On the is mor dove not isla because th Of heart. Therefore, the courts have laid do Jing whether a person is Muslim or not. According hrough conversion ‘courts, a person may be Muslim (1) Muslim Dy Birth A person whose be so be a Mui by bth but father was @ such a child is Hindu although bis mother was a Muslim A person w/ birth continues (0 be a Muslici unless on a ‘majority, Ne re changes his religion of birth. i religion of birth and adopu ‘one's own choice is called But the Muslim by birth must renounce sla jublic declaration, No ene has right to condemn a person with Muslim name land unless he or she renounces islam as religion by his or her own, ‘Pronouncement publicly (2) Mustio by Conversion ‘Any person of any majority, can become the follower of (slam after re adopting /siam a non-Muslim becomes a Muslim and the ruk begin to apply on him immediately. A non-Muslim who adopts Isiam after giving up bis, ‘original religion is generally known as a 'converted Muslim’. Conversion to {slam may. take place in two ways : (@) A person may publicly declare tat he has renounced his ‘original religion and is now professing Zslam and believes that there is one God (AUiaf) ‘and that Muhammad is His messenget. (i) The second method of conversion is through ‘ceremonies prescribed in the religion of /slam itself, The ceremonies are, however, iu, was brought up as a Hinds, It was nald by dhe court that is Muslim by ‘another religion of has attained the age of igion. By ‘of Muslim personal law yzet:Oules of Matanumadan Law, BTV, 12, AedoolRacock¥. Aga Mahomed (1898) 211A 56 Hedaya @amiBoa'sTatsation), Ei Tp. 6 Bhaiye Sher Babee». Bhaiya Ganga Balsh lngh(0914) 41 i Syed Fae Al Beara, Union of li, ABODE) Ca 208, iteopuctory 3 mple, The non-Muslim would go to a mosque faith in ic but because of any other reason eg. he wants law. For example, any non-Muslim may conve but only to get ben personal law and rosh and G. 4, In the year 1992, husband G. C. has converted to Islam and that bi ‘of both sides tried to persuad this, Smt Sushmita Ghosh approached a W. rescue and filed petition in the Supreme Court in 1989, 6. Generally the Kalema includes nh. Muhanad she Messenger of 7. 8TH) 14 ota 308, Geen Ml: Prelpes of Mohoredan Law. EA. XVI p20 8. as99)38c0.645 9. ALR 2000) SE 1650.sxe ow ys oy Aag0ng sag ot 439 soon Jo suosi408t a pe a.m LHS 3p p> “oven yet separ! za 2 Medan fo Sta] “mou poridde 2q rouued me] uIt[sMpY 0} Krenuo9 afesn 10 worsno Y “250 Sunpou [Pur ov reuosied unfsnypy op Auo Abdde Yjous stanod ou “sunjsnpy axe ose> eon sosed ‘q) yroa 4 ‘ssonew pouoruout-snoge aun Jo rsodsal Ut Tet ZeaLD "a1ojaio%p “st 1 Des (OD pus 'sonsodoud sn pus asnn (6) wn8 (8) ‘drysuerpsend (1) “1omop (9) ‘ssueusugen (6) ‘2ou081p Jo spury tre Fuypojaut) a¥ess0w Jo woHnjossIp Cy) *(oFetuea Jo siuoprout te Suypnjou) aBemmewn (¢) so}ewiay aif Jo Auddoxd yesseds. ¢z) {pouentoyul 2) uorssooons awisawuy (1) sone Bu reused 290 UIE 399 a: IOILL Eg6r TOY veETEYS OU, ouddy (220s) 407] pouosseg) IEMA Abdde 01 suno> uespuy ay} sasuOMIME YOR I ben Sedu 2EuD osonoe us omo iNUIWOD dAnoadso3 a v0 I Aude 09 4n03 amp Jo AONIRY GOMES ‘2509 © qn sonsnt op a1 199} 1! asmeaaq 10 sioy uRe90 sopun os op O2 80) Puosiod wH|snyq Jo sojns goipddn“ano}a20qh OL auoiona0¥LNt vote Pea OL $8 pue sonsnf ‘Azinbo so punoi® amp vo 0 swansea wert So stones youoszad, 20 5201 quo Side sunoo 2a "stano9 MerPU am Aa sv] MISAPY Jo wonEaNady Wi wousyy youn amp pue vfowpy Suowe (oy Oy 1 papayas ‘soup ad00%0) swworsn un ye Says! Jo se] AzetuoNsHD io}s) ©) PSsDNUOD IM $1 slong au “2fdumxo 404 “uo! zest. asoyeq “ing -servew-K|sUNEP sty WO me [ELC ‘ose sidope tupjsy sidope otjw wosi0d Y “wystyAy per12Au09| np ewo4y jo s} ese 39 ; Toyie uostod ofS si HOH} Ww P33}OO"] NOFA SMO! 3 (wort aoynoute pardope avy 0 (spus.288) serge pe 1 tn Surureydxg -senods amp jo oumnopyy aip ) aeeMT ad sem a4) Goin up mel [euosiod Aue z9pun seem OAeLIeU Tepauureyoyy sopun osfe Se see ISIN] ay a1Oyor SILO sve} wepautiteyoyy 19PUN ASeLIEUL PuOeS ay Jo Too WOH jue Si) Shy S@a}Ossip SIfeDHUwOINE 10U Sop UOISsOAUOD fan akineoy OY SaBLANE NPUIHY HP JO L | WOHDAS ygeystund useig yo saua;}0 219 JO oc senso 19 2." Pumasnty 241 Jo nod wvainai B Seq UonHad wosadd 2MUSLIM Law spevto ‘vant provisions of Section 3 of 1 prescribed ity within the meaning of Sect 2 of the Act. The res a Taw on these gi lures aro competent toe erefore, succession to agric not according to ‘matters have not been exempted fi (d) Section 6 of the Shariat Act reps enactments which gave authority to the courts to apply Mus! 1S Muhammad Yon w Syounisn (1962) 1 SCR 7 12. Theamonded version ofS. ofthe Mara Msi Fersosl Law ‘Sarat Amplistion Act 37 Bui the words, ave questions respect oF Succession Act of 1918 and «i of Muslim Law on the ground of Equity In the absence o equity. justice and good conscience. the appl ‘on the ground. ‘at Act of 1937, and 14 ta Mads, thee > ‘pti is ecopsed oy there i any Toe custom to 15, AMR (1963) Pat 229,vet pa “te 6) 8: A4 par wepemmRUDH 79 OUND 502K “CE sd eueuep agen Most ET) sseepaneag orpeuM NYE HEN PAY ‘eS ep0 Yo 8 NN AL POONER 8 sini pre poo 4 wisop prey 1 JoUnys Jo wed ON, 5pI0m ‘3 Tujuoseas vouny, £q paysiyqeise 1onpuod Jo 9Pe> ‘Se pod Aq umop prej uaaq seu YHA TONF Dut uo -Iops0ys 9U,“Tonpuod UeLINY "2npuod 30 apoE “pur 20\N0 ory 242 10 ay roysoas omy 30 110d jo spiom ap 03} paonpap suomes aug Jo a8poysouy oun SUESUE YbIT Mybny poute> Kieoimijom s} Me] Jo 2Bpo|mouy oxy 30 eouadi|fanus umUNEL “aesso00u SF EL yonutod ao asvo1axa oq 30 Beywosear UeuIny oxp "TouMOE rear ao por) Jo spion aif Uf suonse TUM OF woRDsHP Cue JO aoUesqe nanan 01 Hurpsoooy "9649s WSpOu! oe UE], SOURIS Whey + ADL ‘yy wewny fo oun Jo SE YoIUM IDHDYS saul S¥m cm PEUIIEGAPY 104AOS ‘in qivh pauimasase 29 out sasonb ua, jeuly “o4op 2g you Ish KISH Ay four “2°? 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In the absence of 2 rule of law ia the texts of any of the four primary sources, the customary practices have been segarded as law. Tue four formal sources namely, Quran, Swina, Ima and Qiyas being fundamental sources, could ot include minute details in respect of certain matter cases the customs and usages became a rule in order to complete the law. Therefore, the customary law has been used to supplement the four primary sources of Muslim law. British cours in India had on several occasions recognised the legal force of customs and usages. Those courts have 1um use of customary practices in respect of Muslim law and recognised a the Privy Council observed that if proved, a custom would prevail over a written (ext of law provided the custom was ancient and invariable, The ‘orthodox Mustims felt that by giving general apy ‘the original Muslim law (Sha ‘They demanded that there should Ietroduction o Ar Rain's Maslin Jurisprudence (A.A. Allahabed), 11 See KA, Syad Hse xx 18 Fyew + Outine of Mohammedan Law Ba 1, p47 18, @91 SIA 10. SOURCES OF rot be any place for customs (0 custom and usage, The custom of ad Muslims of this State is valid although under Muslim persor possible 2! 2) Judicial Decisions Judgment of a superior court becomes an authority for uke courts subordinate to it, ‘The subordinate courts are bound t0 fol called the prin practice and therefore, a point of law decided by the Supreme Court or a High Court of India becomes a source of law’ for the courts subordinate to them, ‘There is not much scope for the jt the absence of any clear text of Mi ple, generally the takin Islam, but the Privy Council allowed sien Accordingly, the realisation of i ‘now become a rule of Katheessa Umma v. Narayanath 21, Seo Kha Abdel Raga, AIR (977) LK. 4, 22 Hamecra Bik». Zabai Bis, (1946) BC 86; Marana Begun w Sarat Khan (1931) Al 463,‘snponoud ta aqaeystand se pu fepsew pnp, v SE Yemak gL s9pun pF & Jo pe smak Z Jo a ayy sapun Soq v jo deus op ww SopLrosd (BzG1 JOY mn Aq popuowe se) "py 91, “sHeueW Jo Fe oop Supresan wey aMSAyY = SoUpoun fay stp WoIXd Ios OL—BZ6T DY ManIsay aBLULDW PIM ALL CO) ‘worstoop rent am &q pourpour Se Ig spbea-A on Simreyas osey oxp poqsyqense-of Aida seu "8U] U|sOyA aand Jo ays 9M poueyo tou sex tuounonde si, ‘Uboas nb-[0-1D-fB044 30 2m) FoUsHgeIso-a2 OY SML—ET6T PY na JOON, wenaDssMPY IL ‘nofoq WOAH axe Nyy TeuEsIed waISAWY Ho StuoUND¥UD rue mag ‘urn Aq parasoo siuTOd ayn UO Me] JO 9D3noS quo 3M ase stUsUNZeUE ase IPL ‘iy Sino wopous 241 40} puE “wey UNTSAAY Jo saxdioULA Mop <éy ssEeIeKNO wow siay urena9 axe ase ‘a “ime MHYSMYY JO 294N0S 1 2un vodn iuounjoeoroue we se pavean 29 Keur uonvorRPoU aAnUTsIFay Aue ‘Cepor woAD Te paroos-daap 08 sf yotfoq Stuy, “Sae s3EUL Oo} AMINE sey TBseD uo {Poq 40 AoHeHe IO_PO fm pu sovesiSer] uiasdng amp s1 9u0pe poy Tem poxorfan AjqeroUes St Ht ‘ants B EMN 199) kN MEGS WMH pIoy Sey L203 aruaidng aM scs00loey Imp °s may * jun AvDA aqtO$ Dar 9A Stinoo oi, “SumSMy UPIpUY 2m Jo stoMPLOD fungsnyy $6 softy umop Sarsey uf 9102 IME UOdAT, we paseyd any SUOISIDep TeIDIpNY ‘pres sti un uorsi9p simp axe ang ancyPotygamous Ni ‘Under Must four wives 4 MARRIAGE huinber of male Muslims lost There were several war-widows and orphans to Whom nobady was jc Arabian society jon of women was very bad. In those the males, The females were only object of a m: prejudice Subsequent Ayar that ©, which was very near to the present jardian sold the gu ‘you will aot be able to deal equally betwee the Motazila Muslims, in every part of the war ly means ‘band and wife in the the husband and wife I. Nikah ot jm-marriage’, ensures Stability in the matrimoni ship. The Prophet declared that in a tiatriage the fhusband must pay or promise to pay something to the wife not as her price but a8 « mark ‘of respect towards her. Islam prohibits limitless polygamy and na Muslim is now fo marry wi lowed iready made laws for ‘not been (Quran, Sua IV, Aya 3. waa, 4 See Tahir Matmood (EL): Fanly Law and Sosil Change. 1975 9.115 or profits by physogromise Sos" Abdur Rabi Motasnedon Juspradsace. (CELL. 1907) 1938 (Lahore) p. 7 cay oS1e EM 9a WTA me] epHEREGEN AY EY “> 24 se oun ee ssenuoo Sveur se on sous Keun 900 “soe nues sanoy ueqp zou yp Tet ‘01 pele 10u st uossod ® pur we] MIsNyA 29pan AuteBAjod poset st 2541. 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Ie is bel among men." ‘Therefore, m: “duty of every Mus! that apart from being a contr Alter taking into accouni in essence its nature is undoubtedly them, and ( ESSENTIALS OF A VALID MARRIAGE | guardian give the consent, the marriage is lawful. A minor's marriage A marriage is valid (Sahih) if ‘conditions must be Fu There mu 12. Aber Rabi 13. (1939) 55 AIL. 743,756 the thee aspect the nature of a Muslim marriage is concerned, is also their religious duty. se ig, husband and wife, must be competent. (2) The consent of the parties, oof (3) The required formalities are bbe any prob We may now discuss hese essential condition road Jspatenc, p27 1. Competence of the Parties ime of marriaye, both the pasties ie. the bos and o enter into the contract of marriage, The patties are cons apeteat e (2) ofthe age of pubes T @) of sound mind, an (e) Mustims. (a) Age of puberty For purposes of marringe, dower and divorce, law is nor eigh sinment of a state of pl ‘The same rule may be the absence of any evidence tothe contrary sy atthe age of fifteen Years ‘The requirement ‘of the age of puberty is esse 1s pointed out give their own consent for the marriage. mature enough to give consent for his or her marriage no consent of the guardian is necessary validaie the martiage."? may be concluded form or appearance Minor's Marriage Under Muslim law a person who has not attained the age of put fleen years) is a minor. As such, he (or she) has no capacity to give consent for marriage. A minor's marriage without the consent of guatdian is void. Tf on behalf of the minor. his or her erefore, valid is recognised by the courts as lawful. Following ‘Muslim mactiage— es the fndian Majority ALL. 1875. is fans, must be a free consent = 16. (1916) AIR PC 250. Shea, Nea Saiy Al 28) 3OBonn LR 136) L the Pavy Council al observed thatthe age of perty fort girl nine year. Bat this has wot been dion or impediment in contracting the marriage. b n detail 1"“0u6t w popoawe ss A afeuIEYY twig ones pum ss npund ae atten eu st Auaghd Jo uo 0 3URU 4 “TE {eR WY LEE Hp rsa vomgaio Jo ade ayy SuwNENE J dys J] "sIO6 woaysy> Jo ade ayn sue ISIN ¥ Ge6! "OV aeALEY J98§ s9pun “JOABMOH ISO] St HH ne ain so4ye se tu aay jf unas Rusgnd jo wondo a5]989% ues

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Eco Buta person of unsound age guardian’. In the mattiage of marriage by a ssame rules of n, whose marriage was contracted by a g\ hhas an option to repudiate the martiage on téeovering bis irrespective of sect or the sub-sect. fone is Shia ‘cligious mariage. Inter-Religious Marriage fous marriage. Suni and Shar laws are different. The law iely under both the schools, Marriage of a Muslin femaie with a non-Mustior male Marriage is irregular. Marriage is voi. Marriage is voi. (©) Muslim female + Non-Muslim male ‘The Special Marriage Act, 1954—A Muslim, whether male or female, « lawfully marry a non-Musl ge Act, 1954. Marriage co under this Act is called ‘cou ‘person (whether Hindu or Muslim etc.) contracts marriage under this A applicable to him. Thus. if any Muslim contracts a marriage unde? and its other incidents (... rights und duties of the parties) are rei 1954, is governed by the provisions of the 1925, and not by the Muslim Law of inheritance, 24. Fyece : Outies of Muhoromedon Lau. Ed 1V, p99: Sila i the view eapvesied by Ty aed Wilton, But according Halla such marages are merely imepulae they ae nt vid1S@AL Fa AM MG HL 6 yon st oF 49yJ0 ip vt Aayacada1 ow st asata *,20%0 58 OOO" Se UpuTON ayy 4a) UDAIS st aoundoaoe Sy) pl -iomop 8 IM “Iesodo: roe pouwuexs 9q ose aes ures 941 uy e4p poms st SWI, s2uasaud stoun ut 19M oyp Jo asumdoaae A04) S225) seaooar 4 “ifeurew 199 FuEI9}10 iduexo 204 paiva sf 93m uss (rysae|e SoITNsUED * 1 9319} sosans svoxd 8 St 5301p Inq 994 Yo s¢aeuureu ou st ar5yp pue snoatE| sdoo9e pu 2: nt) ooueidoooe at 30 49] loa oe pe 43} ‘Monta 40 1249) nop 40 uyenao0n jen atop JO 40) SNES 7208 PUE J0q}0 Ue 205 Aq apout st Googe) soumdaoay aounda90y pate 22010 nu soneanoy 1e8>t 2531, ffo ayy wep axe sgnyyetu20) yeqass or apynnivny HE BY IE G61) omy ama eT py 9 1yueo © osama EEE MOONE und ou sauinbes aAuuew uepaumoneyy & Supiossy -oFeu seu fea oy Aavssanou you Aue SaI11 30 SazuOUIoNSD SnOHHaX "s8e] WHISHIA 19H a8epEePY 3x9 UY SOPHTEUIIO TH oenIuo9 IRYMe} @ JO LOREULOY OU St afouP osmMEDQq prDA SI aRELIEUH 2p tpopuonyy w909 set 20) 241 WGN 0 LT ayn Jo AiUapr ay! 1 Se ayEISHULw Sta inexe 103 ‘Plow s} sfeuzeUs ayn pire yHasuoD OW St s3aqp “eBeENEUT KH C) YWEAC|A! 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Presence af Witnesses age Under Muslim personal ‘States of Punjab, Bengal (& ‘and 1949 respect territories. The pul 1 lav on ls corary 7 tah Khan}! Madras High Court held that oma ange at computor ut a onder aecrain a proper ny ea ny develop tis poets o eg sie, tn a course of tine, tis prow ce wat cust : lative of personal law. The Cox hed and developed the practice fon by whi ‘Mustims in Mose, utd cetanly become a customary ght Tegisrsion of marrige wes recognised under the customary a plaintiff. He had informed the Secretary of 1 ‘marriage-register) about the date and time of th ‘marriage could Samat ‘did not come to register the marriage nor did register on the dato of marriage. Since the marriage could not be registration of macriage is not necessary. However. the jough under Muslim law ‘annot also be said that Mustim Personal jade of proof. the Muslims of resp may develo ‘registered as required under the customary lav. But the Secretary of specified date the plaintiff suffered great meatal agony for the conipensation of which he ied a suit for damages against the Secretary of Jamath. The Madras High Court held that si istration of marriage was recognised as"a customary law ofthe to get his marriage « nal abseace of the Secretary and his fail register amounted to denial of plaintiff's legal right which resulted in untoward ‘unpleasant events at Court held, the to send the and eausing mental ld Secretary of Jamath ff) to compensate the to marriages Act if any party to mari ‘a Suna uch marriage ge is void under ye marriage personal law. But in tn rar. I tis not registred, the a Tiage, Since marriage is also a social ins law eoquires that co of the society. Law ‘contracted under cert (Gthe absolute probil nature, A marriage for a Muslim in his or her ‘prohibited relationship", Two persons are said ionship’ if they are related to each other by (1) consanzuinity oF (3) fosterage, 2) Consanguinity (Relation by blood) let consanguinity or blood-relationship, 2 Muslim cannot marry with any of (cr he:) following relations (a) One's own ascendant or descendant, how highsoever, (8) Descendants of one's father and (or) mother how lowsoever, {€) Brothers or sisters of one's ascendants how highsoever. (@) One's own ascendants and descendants + descendants how lowsoever. Father and mother of a person are his (her) ascendamts. Ascendant fiom the side of father are father's father ‘Similarly, ascendamts of higher degree fron 52, Soe Pye Outlines oF Mobmadan Law. EV, p00222 ee SEM 9a CLS woRTMENN eeROH 9 Bron pois Bg pooja 4c 88 pons ct 2p aroused ep es ue arn posloun sD opine a ea eke ese sonzeid go aso ws aang oid 2y1—210N ou mou 51 diysuon ISMN MDA fo parepino aiso99q 1soU sey oBero%s05 Jo punost axp UO uo) saowsoy 30 Py ig spun SuONe}ar=I9}S0} [eUo} yS-10180} “IO 4pOW-I9180) 5,01 “sy si eo Fe . oar £4 po os st Aue pu utinbuesu0 jo punoi® Sy og 900 fa 3 jose a se papa pur IYO soy SaRss meen }eoug wey ayy aesow ap 81 94S "198 pity 3 pus ru) JO rua, Sue 50 ‘poo|d ou $1 atoyp YaNoUY oqo amo si, Wei 29470) yD Palanan nojay) 9Besssog (g) 1 ue go suep pow say Jo pas a. 30 wsnep JOY JO my it} 50 Iso s9pnpou A amp Aureus or pouaiqozd st wow y= impuaasop pau soxoasiy2i UpuUa2sy su Jo (Pugsry 20} 2h, (@) Sspungsny sa Sarma stepuaos my ag none) Senay (2) es xe se UV Es nant nd TE 1p an pus out2vern fay an oc aap a Bab 318 POS ea aa pu Soe po i 08 Sy perdeny gy caw a ene ee ner sete otesurstoy st ae Pt unt Son ae 25 Sige Sean onan oes 08 “Dats sap mh Jos payee A 2c MOP vue e “smi, seyrosd sauored ‘hag Heep pavou 99 04 SI AlN youd =} weutose ao nunpy pamopls 20 peoHent Souo Jo apm au SurdaroU suored s0q Jo Dump 10 “y -swuosed sty Jo s04pi9 go sappy 30 B00g amp An {oumyy 3 oyooy9) ateun [ reur ionua ueuiow ¥y (epDipy) Fh SIH 30 (yc) DOO SIM Ruse aan ee tarsi ao soyyes si Jo saoiste xp AO 0} avg St UERL Y qouuiea Met © SAUL “ION Jenaostsey mol suumpuaasy s.2u0 fo sizisis 10 siomorsy (2) soyyo toes Aa A pur saqpo% neg pa ofuoye 30 fer pu Mara NS ist : ur ¥ ‘oy “Aes 01 St JUL “S4aBSIS PUE fond one ate Y suru» 30 s20036p p Aurew 01 pat oq euanuysuo3 2th pute 9 si sys 10 231709, r suns uno sy af Suoied 5,200 mopusrsa¢) (9) poomsap Aue wt 2104 cos zy} Kean YoUUH UEWION. & sino soysnep “serysenp Sy io ssp $095 38) OUENED 8, 0] no SIPUDISAP 1 sony “929 HS Sf 2 Jd yo stoyanep pur SOsfosterag ‘ander all the scbools of Mi Relative Probibitions Relative prohibitions are those prohibitions the compliance of wi mandatory (aust) but their pracence is deemed {0 be unjust. Under Shari ry Cust) ad age without any legal ee erogular, not (2) Unlawful Coajunetions AM ted to have two wives ata each other (by consanguinity. affinity or fost fof different sexes, they could not have ge wth (wo such wives is an Unlawful conjunction. For exaruple, a man is prohibited to marry the sister of bis wife because, if one of them is presumed be a male, they would become brother and sister the aunt (Broa or Maus i. se two wives are related to ner that if they had been the dasth or divoree of the wife A marriage against ‘Shia law.—G@) Under Shia lave, marriage with wife's Khala) is not unlavful conjunction. Therefore one can marcy ‘aunt. But he ‘cannot marry with wife's neice without consent of the wife ; with wife's consent, marriage Avith wife's neice is permitted. - A martiage against the cule of unlawful conjunetions (except marriage with ‘wife's aunt) is void under Shia law.** (2) Marriage with the Eitth Wife ‘Muslim faw permits a limited polygamy of four wives. ‘Tht is t0 say. a Muslim can snacry lawfully with four wives ata time. But he is prohibited to marry with a fifth wie. However, marriage with the fifth wife is only ireegular. After the death or the divorce of fany of the four wives, this irregularity does not exist and he can lawfully marry because fa time he will have four wives, which is permissible th wife is void ‘Shi le. —Marriage with the (3) Marriage with non-Mustim ‘As discussed cartier, a Swen’ male can lawfully contract the marriage with a Kita female, but he is prohibited to marry a non-Muslim or non-Kitabia woman. For example, hie is prohibited to marty a Hindu woman, But a marriage against the prohibition simply irregular, not void al ‘Shia law.—Marriage aor Nanwiao ss Mar Sun A martan iragutar Shia the preseae contracted without witness iy thettore val oh e Without Witnesses (5) Marriage During Iddat dat is that petiod which aw dhusband. Matviag counting Under Mi hnusband may be regarded as the father of such a chi Drovides that where a marriage is dissol ‘woman cannot re-matry befor Period. the possible conception by ‘and visible, ‘observing /ddat is void. Different periods mis legally eequied to undergo, are gaven bolo PO {) Dissolution of Marri By Tatag, ia Marciages Act 103 is tree nar month (Wf the marriage has not been consummated, the woma observe dddat, See (i) 1 te woman is pregnant a the tine of divorce th extends il detvery a the child or short (©) Dissoltion of marriage by Death of Husband (© Where valid mariage sone by the death ofthe shin th dation of ‘dat four mots cn ays, ses pega a the ine of hasan whichever longer eae wired 10 the duration of Iddathave right to ao cme MARRIAGE 59 agrcements cannot be enforced because they contain ua- in marriage-agreemenis are illegal : 1 from her husband. in a marriage-agreement are not against the legal and is binding upon the parties. een regarded as legal conditions and the agreements ‘The condition that busband shall not contract a second marriage during the continuance of the first. That, a husband and wife shall live in a specified place (matrimonial home). Te band shall pay a fixed maintenance allowance to the wife. ertain portion of the dower shall be paid at once and the remainder on the dissolution of marriage, (i That, the husband shall maintain the childcen of the wife by a former husband. (ti) ‘That, the husband shall not prevent the wife from receiving the visits of her relation whenever she likes.“ A contract between the parties that wife shall generally be at liberty to ive with her Parents, has been held illegal by the Bombay High Cour. But in Nicamul Haque v. ‘Begum Noorjahan,* the Calcutta High Court held that husband ' house and would not compel the valid, In Jammu & Kashmir, there is a well established custom of Khanadamad under which after the marriage, the busband lives with the wife's parents, The High Court of J. &X. accordingly, held that an agreement under which the husband was required to live with the wife's parents was valid. Breach of Marriage-Agreements Breach of an illegal agreement has no effect on the marital rights and duties of the Parties because an illegal agreement is not taken into account at all by the courts of law. On the other hand, if there is a breach of a valid agreement, the result would be : ‘) restitution may be refused to the husband, ‘certain rights as wo dower may arise, ofst roppr-smyuiow 20x) + (Kup wor sxptiom 03) ou poe opin. amp snl Aue seq sosnods soqno ay 1OMONAL mnsa4 0} TMs © JO aruyTEs 10 ssa90N “ITT ‘paaousse om ane Kom “Auogd power aawy PUB oues aze Sonued omp UAL Jo mana ayn pue puregsny az vod aman v sew oSeueU oy) Te ‘op paumeya a} amp uodnustss ence “moun ay senm0os (ours wows ae ree | soe so 2212 pans 99 few zomop y “ofequPUH amp 30 uoRepdHOD amp Jaye beso 20 ‘SBerTeUL on Jo 2 aly ve penaoo afte en as070q parsoads 9q AU IOMOGOMLAUDTAGY-A40 py) 1 Saigroupd agugep wo paBpnfpe spat HER sanog pauoads payea st “somop se poxy $1 yom kuodosd kue40 ouow Jo ans 24), 1 afer om aun axn av paureadsun ‘deuuUr etn JO tm ath We Jom JO nIMONTE 9m7 a¢N3S oF S| aanaeIMd HOUND oL + afeuour so sts 2 or WBUESSAY 1 Couasnyy-+-1y074) 2980q payroeds ‘poseur nHosoad 453230 ante outs a SePdao> a poo 9 Seu a4 UNITES 1.677 Og FuIysIOM OD JBATES w SEM WNC —239 U6 mnoqe Fu HS B SBM taDIeTI—a80N) cumysayy 41989 40 wed eH OW (en) pe vuuucsmpg sodoag 247 198 61 pannus $1 og1 spupy aarp 30 31 somop amp ‘auoyasoMp “se DIYS oI FupIODY 7 wen hq pouoddns .yDxy se suey. QOS prEzas uy met Jo uonesado £q Goffoany) vt ‘paw xd ‘ous yon somocy sadosd © ow stu Jog 9d a0 simer-mOyA) sowog paupadsig, -Aysnodauasn beef, 290 sen wIOY SapeA Z9MmoCl Yadoug 4 sonlleg yoo uh 1q fedora ve popsefar 9g Seu *pay the same to the wi y id becomes a surety, then that {in default of the husband. where a minor's marriage was contracted by sonally Table to pay the dower if linerests may be settled as dower. Acconding to Fan wer !® Personal service’ ret specified petiod, this ‘personal servi Amount of Dower of any valuation may be setled as Specified Dower, ice among the Muslims is to fix an husband from pronouncing Talag the Specified Dower under Sunni law is 10 Dishams. According to Shia law, there is no such minimum. Note—Section 5 of the Oud Laws Act, 1876, provides that where the amount of Specified Dower is excessive with reference to the means and capacity of the husband then court shall not award the amount fixed in the marriage. The court shall then make the husband liable only for a reasonable amount keeping in view bis capacity and the AT, Tyas Muslin aw, Ba 1, p10 may be demanded by the wi summation has taken place or not. the busband does nt pay he Prom Provided the marriage is not consummated a i is not necessary that wife should demand the Prompt Dower y after the masriage. It may be demanded any time. " ‘after co the Deferred Dower. may be provide some allowan: pen te appening of some event alu of tho husband to WC Mot Malmana Begun ¥. Sharafat Cla Kha rohit uruay kg oterest stearateOLY sone ROHS “OE TH eb UW (ESD Wndog Ouray" eT OL mg IO AY ‘ra] 31 saazyonyat somoc] 1odosg 2mp 20 sO KOC Paroads Na 128 01 poTUD SF OFM OM ‘pouoads st semop am pire pasowunsuoo uaeq soy Beusew seqnTaAN We AFUA (A) “zoaop sv Sunpou 1% m 2} 2mp ‘posoununsuod 1999 you soy 2Rexssew amp 3f“aBHRewL sOINsAN UE Uy (8) 2 aBsons soynSoss} (g) ‘samod todo otp 128 07 popu st ayrm xp ‘poyroadsun st soMOp om a1aMAA “sOMOC PaYTDodg am Jo yunoure jay 138 oy PapND S| a7EK Om ‘porPURUMsUOD vag soy SBEITENM OM HE) “aKOp Se ay 2p 01 UoANE st SurnON UaKD “Aas “ammo WB DeqRTEHTY aM) JO WEN $1 MOIA DaxIOD oAp eM panUNgNS 5 omy ve (s2v06 st) Aognd jo of aq) pourene oneq 61 postnbos nt aff “Auognd yo site sy Apo/eu Jo oBe yp JaKop pur aBeuzem jo sasodind 0) pu 29mop 2p s}MbUTH O ‘dduzorg 29 01 poumnsaxd st xom0c1 pornsadg amp Jo oJous aM “ToMop Jo UDMA SEBEL 3k 30 PUADLY DMN OM I “MENS W]— rano ndnosg se nf ose sem eg is ase sensed op somtoyas dun po rn ‘aBeueur ap 20470 In] “BEA ‘q) "19sop oF HH rou ye TeMp seas ‘0 Tuipioooy (an) Spm0p om Jomo MOT NYS (H) op on ny 10 ‘Kent 40 Sewn ays 14a si Sue SONY uotp ‘pougjaq] 40 iduiorg st Jamop JOMIOy'S pow ‘oupyas soso fouond5>%9 wn ING" a ; “s9se9 powonuausanoge ae) Ut 1a asotn pu postuiooo ren ase PY Iuaqeamnba SP PSE. « 4 1 20 aun sew Jo wonnpOssIp raved 61 zamoct dosg 21n “SesseU x nok “aqeed AYowespoaIU Avian wu eLband is personally table aid, Gio widow Cogether with other wand Prompt Dower may be tive wt ber basher! ad mo pi toner, Ti cunt So tong as rompe Dower isnot et egugay nants by ae hisband, the Snsummati sa comple. tefene a he suites. tot Pron mation is a compl. 1 Regmente Prompt Dower Dolor consummation i com fail. ling contin waried woman may have under Muskim-law, of, on the dissolution of her marriage, Inpaid dower is an unsecured debt {the legal obligation of a husband 1o pay dower to the wife, imple debs ia which the husband is like a debtor and the wi fore the payment of dower (Specified or Proper), the ’ the husband has taken some loan from the wife which he could sar {elevant to note chat if the husbard has been giving some money te sappets in the married ife) without mentioning thst dower then, such money cannot be regarded as t jin the custody of her husband, such guardian can take | ment of Prompt Dower. Ea i" summation has even once the wife's sight 1 refuse eal iy been ‘consummated, the husband's suit hs ground Of non-payment of POND uch a ase fo pats decree fr are towards unpaid deb ‘ovo kinds : socured and u ring repayment of loan e-¢. Property is specified as security for repayment actionable claim. Thus an unpaid dower 1s an husband. For example, if some money was fixed in yet. Here A and B are on cured. Debt is secured if some propet edge or mortgage. In unsecure de Unsecured debt is simple debt and is an Actionable claim of the wife again husband has taken some money fasriage as dower which he could not pay to the wi take back their ioans rom the busbuand because they a led 28, Sh Aolmmomod Zobare Ma ib Subidan (1942) Patsuo seq ae fodnd Seyamat a8 0 Stl odio sr bum soooe ss) s05500) pots 0g vou ! oc WI wea Fr (oped) mur=aint uw ZO CV ‘964 74 (1960) MORRIS Hag HF NamaeZ poUEHO RT 9 yeRUeD se papeFOt 29 pyNOA. ‘SHEL MOPTAL so18op epi A 194 am 30 roHMsT om ae WED Aysodod eqn Jo wo! “aaamoy “Silay Eo} aSOM 01 S8AOIEC OTE Supdoad arn Jo ano Fuse yyou39 10 ‘soyoraq, “PURASMY J0K| JO S5IOW TES ‘Sn Xq pouma sf “ramop predun 324 JO nay] ui SuNEIaX mopIav qoNyss Sunodosd oa Guadoag fo omoruy wosf samo fo ruauakog (8) ‘puoqsny pasvod0p Jo Jo Smo FEB] OCD wou samop predun 224 Jo wonestyeas 2ano9qs0 405 AquO ops 9m 1 NE stm Sants MeL qu Aaossossod w Kyduns st uonvstes Jo 198H § MORIN IA, rary Kaossassag SHO (W) 1 ava ast ato SI pe puegsnd yey stot sey Adon amp Fen ‘PommTOqAS 230}. 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