Grid Substation

• Grid Substation (GS): is station that assembly of equipment

involving any necessary housing, for the conversion, transformation,
switching or control of electrical power, where the incoming supply is at
a high voltage.
Ø There are 3 kinds of GS: AIS, GIS, and SEMI GIS (MTS).
Ø There are 3 kinds of GS system are: Transmission; distribution;
Transmission and distribution.
• Transformer: An apparatus for reducing or increasing the voltage of
an AC.
Ø There are 2 kinds of transformer are: Leveraging transformer and
Measurement transformer.
Ø Transformer protection: Body protection, Relay protection.
• Body protection Transformer
Ø Buchholz relay: Protecting when the oil run out until middle of the
Buchholz and protecting when the gas flow from the transformer to
the Buchholz. (Short circuit)
Ø Pressure relief: Activate when too much pressure of gas that
happen quickly.

Ø Sudden Pressure Relay: Activate faster than pressure relief.

Commend to trip Circuit Breaker (CB).
Ø Oil temperature: Protection and cooling system. (Fan, pump, alarm
and trip)
Ø Winding temperature: Temperature measurement (protection)
 Ø Silica gel: to absorb moisture and condensation from the
surrounding environment.

• Relay protection of Transformer:

§ 87T: Differential protection Transformer
§ 64REF: Restrict Earth Fault
§ 50/51: Over current
§ 50N/51N: Earth Fault
• Switch Yard
Ø Bushing transformer: is an insulation structure that facilitates the
passage of an energized, current, carrying conductor through the
grounded tank of the transformer.
Ø Earthing Transformer (ET): Grounding transformers are typically
used to Provide a relatively low-impedance path to the ground,
thereby maintaining the system neutral at or near ground
potential. Limit the magnitude of transient overvoltage when
restriking ground faults occur. Provide a source of ground-fault
current during line-to-ground faults.

Ø Neutral Ground Resistance (NGR): To limit ground fault current to

safe level so that all the electrical equipment is protected.
Ø On Load Tap Changer (OLTC): Use for stabilizer HV and LV for
user by changing tap (22.55KV - 23.15KV).

Ø Radiator: Cooling transformer oil through natural air or forced air

flowing in these radiator fins (ONAN/ONAF).

Ø Ground Wire: To provide a relatively low-impendence path to

ground (safety).
Ø Oil Tank conservator (Main Tank conservator): to provide enough
space for the oil to spread after heating.

Ø Hypact or SEMI GIS: is combination of CB, DS, ES and CT in one

part and fill with gas SF6.
Ø Circuit Breaker (CB): An electrical switch designed to protect form
damage cause by 50/51(Over current) or short circuit.

Ø Disconnecting Switch (DS): A type of safety device use to

disconnect when it doesn’t have any voltage (Burden).

Ø Earthing Switch (ES): A mechanical switch device for protecting

parts of a circuit after disconnected DS.
Ø Surge Arrester (SA): A protective device for limiting voltage on
equipment by discharging or by-passing surge current.

Ø Current Transformer (CT): For reducing the current form high to

low for relay and metering.

Ø Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT): For reducing the voltage

from high to low for relay and metering.
Ø Insulators: A substance that do not allow electricity to pass through
them.

Ø Capacitor Bank: Use for power compensation and power factor

correction.

Ø Bus Bar (BB): Solid metal bars used to carry current.

 Ø Bus Couple (BC): A device which is used to couple one bus to the
other without any interruption in power supply and without
creating hazardous arcs.

Ø Auxiliary transformer: used to supply low voltage for AC power

system inside substation such as lighting, air conditioners and
other AC supply system and DC power system such as protection
relays, batteries, SCADA & telecom system and other DC supply
system.

• Switch Gear
Ø Battery Bank: in GS some of relay and equipment are use in DC
(110V and 48V).
Ø Line Trap: is an equipment for transmission and distribution data
for telecommunication.

Ø Control Panel: is an enclosure, typically a metal box or plastic

molding which contains important electrical components that
control and monitor a number of mechanical processes (CB, DS,
ES).
Ø Protection Panel: is designed to monitor and protect electrical
systems with the purpose of ensuring the systems can be controlled
and the critical infrastructure is protected from damage.
Ø Distribution Panel: is the main source of a large set of electrical
circuits. Distribution panels work by combining circuits from many
different locations into one central hub.
Ø Charger Cubicle Panel: is a charger that inverted AC to DC to
supply battery bank and also for SCADA and Relay.

Ø Low Voltage Panel: is a component of an electrical distribution

system that divides an electrical power feed into branch circuits
while providing a protective fuse or circuit in a common enclosure.
(400V, 220V that use in GS).
Ø Medium Voltage Switch Gear: is capable of handling between 3KV
to 22KV. (Supply to outgoing)

Ø Telecommunication Panel: is a panel that transfer data to NCC or

many more GS.
Ø Computer SCADA: is a computer-based system for gathering and
analyzing real time data to monitor and control equipment that
deals with critical and time sensitive materials or events. (for
switching, checking and data).
 • SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of

software and hardware elements that allows industrial organization to:

¨ Control industrial processes locally or at remote locations

¨ Monitor, gather and process real-time data
¨ Directly interact with devices such as sensors, values, pump,
motors and more through human-machine interface (HMI)
software
¨ Record events into a log file
SCADA system are crucial for industrial organizations since they help to
maintain efficiency, process data for smarter decisions and communicate

System issues to help mitigate downtime.

Ø HMI system: HMI stands for Human Machine Interface. Generally, it

refers to a screen or dashboard that communicates information, data and
metrics using graphics or visual representations of numbers.
Ø BCU: to monitor the whole system remotely away.

Ø RTU: RTU stands for Remote Terminal Unit, sometimes also called

Remote Telemetry Unit or Remote Telecontrol Unit. A RTU is a

microprocessor-based device that monitors and controls field devices,
that then connects to plant control or SCADA (supervisory control and
data acquisition) systems.
Ø Protocol converter: are small devices that mainly function as translators
between various protocols and physical layers (i.e. Ethernet and serial
lines).

Ø Eternal switch: is a kind of network that used for connect all kind of
equipment into the SCADA computer.

Basic SCADA Diagram

• SAFETY AT GRID SUBSTATION (HV)

Ø Safety Equipment
¨ Insulated Gloves and Accessories: used to provide personal
protection against electrical shocks while working near live wires,
cables, and equipment. Wearing appropriate safety precautions and
gloves can prevent accidents caused by jointing cables or excavating
around live cables.
¨ Insulated Ladders: to protect a worker against electrocution whilst
working in a potentially hazardous situation – ladders insulate the
worker from earth.

¨ Life Saving Kits: Complete equipment allowing intervention on

victims in case of an electrical hazard. Delivered in a plastic box with
transparent cover for immediate visualization of contents and wall
mounting kit.
¨ First Aid and Emergency Equipment: a bag, box, or pack
containing life-saving supplies that can be used to assist a sick or
injured person until full medical assistance or emergency services are
available.

¨ Earthlings and short Circuit Kits: Earthing kits are components

that connect earthing and short-circuiting cables or bars to the
ground, either directly or through connecting links.
¨ Substation Warning Signs and Tape: Substation warning signs are
used to warn people of the dangers that exist around substations,
providing protection against accidental contact with high voltage
equipment that may cause serious injury, even death.

¨ Customized Barriers: safety barrier rails built to your exact safety

specifications reduce workplace injuries by offering your workers
protection against machinery, moving vehicles and other in-plant
dangers that are tailored to your application.
¨ Voltage Detectors: are used to check for the absence or presence of
voltage on medium and high switchgear, transformers or overhead
lines

¨ Operating Rods and Accessories: are devices that have been proven
safe for a person to remotely perform work on energized HV
conductors while maintaining safe working distances.

¨ Safety Helmets: designed to protect the head against falling objects

and the side of the head, eyes, and neck from any untoward impacts,
bumps, scrapes, and electrical exposure, etc.
¨ Suitable footwear (safety/steel-toed boots, rated dielectric
footwear): They help protect the feet from potential occupational
hazards such as falling objects, sharp objects, electrical dangers,
slipping, and more.

¨ Fire extinguisher: cool burning heat, smother fuel or remove oxygen

so the fire cannot continue to burn.
 • Safe distance of high voltage

For power lines over 350 to 1,000 kV, the minimum distance is presumed to be
50 feet. Over 1,000 kV, the utility/owner or a registered engineer must establish
it. The work zones must be demarcated 360 degrees around the equipment to
prevent encroachments within 20 feet of a power line.

TABLE: Minimum clearance distance based on voltage

 TABLE: Minimum clearance distances while traveling with no load

Note: 3.3 feet = 1m

Substation Safety Clearances