GEOGRAPHY

01 NEWSLETTER
A Fortnightly Ini a ve!

By Himanshu Sir
Topic - UTTARAKHAND GLACIER DISASTER
1. What : A glacial breakage at the Ron peak triggered flash floods in Chamoli district on
February 7, in which two dams, 12 km apart, were destroyed within 20 minutes. [Owing
to SNOWBALL EFFECT].

A Trail of Destruc on! “Turn of EVENTS”

A Point to Note:
Chamoli recorded
no extreme
rainfall before the
flash floods.
According to IMD,
Chamoli received
26 per cent less
rainfall than
normal between
January 1 and
February 7. No
major seismic
ac vity was
recorded during
the period.

A Reminder!
Kedarnath flash floods, 2013: in which around 6,000 people died and 200,000 pilgrims were
trapped. That me, too, roads and bridges got washed away in the neighbouring Rudraprayag
district a er the moraine (a mass of rocks and sediment carried by glaciers) holding the waters of
Chorabari glacial lake exploded following 72 hours of rain and a cloud burst.

2. What was done to ascertain the CAUSE: Agencies conducted field and aerial surveys, analysed
satellite imagery and submi ed a preliminary report to the government, saying the disaster has
been caused by rock avalanche.
3. What caused the glacial break that triggered the Chamoli flash floods:
A Rock Avalanche That Fell In The Rishiganga Caused The Flash Flood. The Rock Avalanche Was
Caused Due To Breaking Of A Glacier. But There Is No Consensus On What Caused The Glacier To
Break
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4. View-Points put forward for the GLACIER BREAK-OFF?
Few hypotheses were postulated:
View-Point #1: The hanging glacier was lying over a highly weathered mica (a highly foliated
medium-grade metamorphic rock). Due to temperature fluctua ons, such rock masses some mes
go through thawing and refreezing and develop small cracks. Rainwater might have percolated into
these cracks and freezed up, increasing in volume and exer ng pressure from within. This glacier
rock mass might have gone through such thawing and refreezing in geological me, eventually
becoming so weak that it fell due to gravity.
View-Point #2: The hanging glacier might have reached a cri cal stage over a period of me where
any small factor toppled it over. It could have been wind or even snowfall. Before the event, on
February 3-4, there was some snowfall in the region. It might have accumulated and added weight
to the glacier which was already placed on a highly-weathered rock mass.
View-Point #3: Points at rising temperatures. Just before the event, temperatures in the region
were unusually high. Snow might have melted and percolated through the mica's fractured path,
making the overlaying rock mass slippery.
Such rising temperatures could have played a significant role in the rock avalanche. The glacial ice
could have melted to form liquid water and then destabilise the rock, and even lubricate the
bedrock, thereby contribu ng to its failure.

Some Sta s cs to Jus fy!

Climate change has driven erra c weather pa erns like increased snowfall and rainfall,

..
warmer winters have led to the mel ng of a lot of snow.
The thermal profile of ice has been
increasing. Earlier, the temperature of ice
ranged from -6°C to -20°C and now it is -2°C,

.. making it more suscep ble to mel ng.

The average temperature in the northwestern
Himalaya has risen by 0.66°C since 1991 (an
increase much higher than the global

.. average).
The higher Himalaya became even warmer on average in the same period.
Several other studies also indicate that glacial mel ng are becoming frequent in a warming
world. Climate change has an indirect effect on landslides occurring at high al tudes by
degrading permafrost and mel ng glaciers, which may increase magnitude and frequency
of landslides”.
For example: The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment Report (2019): had pointed out that
one-third of the Hindu Kush Himalaya's glaciers would melt by 2100. It may happen even
if all the countries in the region fulfilled their commitments under the Paris Agreement.

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 Other View-Points:
Ø Experts also opine that massive deforesta on is a possible reason for the disaster. For
example, in 2014, the Chopra commi ee established that the haphazard construc on
of dams can cause irreversible damage to the region.
Ø There are also possibili es that the use of explosives in the construc on of dams and
other infrastructure would have weakened the rock strata.

Are Dams a feasible op on in Fragile Himalayan Ecological System?

The Himalayan ecosystem is in a constant state of flux and are naturally primed for
calami es.
According to a study, U arakhand has faced 27 major landslide events between 1880 and
2015, one-third of which have occurred in just 15 years—between 2001 and 2015.
This can be seen in the valleys in the Garhwal Himalayas that are drained by the Alaknanda
and the Bhagirathi river systems. The snow-clad Chaukhamba range, from where these
rivers emerge, consists of enormous glaciers.

PECULIAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HIMALAYAS

Youngest Highly
mountain prone to
range erosion

In higher reaches of catchment areas

Due to con nuous upli ment
of the mountain the region
falls in a very high seismic
zone (seismic zone V) and its
rivers cut the rocks deeply
the ground is made of unconsolidated
PECULIAR moraine which greatly helps in the
CHARACTERISTICS forma on of landslides. As they move
downstream, they hit the corners of the
valley and cause a lot more damage to
surrounding areas. If the river has a high
gradient, the boulders rack up more
strength and cause more damage”.

Bank erosion
is also extensive
wherever the Higher
rivers take a Himalayas
sinuous course Rainstorms
and cloud also do not
bursts are have vegeta on
very common

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Thus, Hydropower projects must be weighed against their benefits and challenges:
Ø Re-Thinking HydroPower Op on: IPCC report has assessed that the climate crisis has
altered the frequency and magnitude of the natural hazards in high mountain regions
of the world.
In this respect, adherence to the Chopra Commi ee recommenda ons, which
studied the impact of receding glaciers on hydroelectric power projects (HEPs) and
objected to the construc on of HEPs in paraglacial regions (between 2,200 to 2,500
meters above the sea level) is of utmost importance.
Ø Miscalcula on of life of dams: There is also some evidence that the life of dams is
o en exaggerated, and silta on, which reduces it, is grossly underes mated: in the
Bhakra dam in Himachal Pradesh, for instance, silta on was higher by 140% than
calculated.
According to the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People, a think tank, under
construc on HEPs threaten about 50% of the Dhauliganga's length.
The need is to rigorously study the impact of policy on the Himalayas and confine
Hydroprojects to those with the least impact, while relying more on low impact run-
of-the-river power projects that need no destruc ve large dams and reservoirs.
Ø Apart from this, other alterna ves like solar energy, wind energy should be pursued
as the green growth model of development.
Ø Red flags have been raised repeatedly, par cularly a er the moderate quake in 1991
in the region where the Tehri dam was built and the 2013 floods that devastated
Kedarnath, poin ng to the threat from dam-induced microseismicity.

Ambi ous Char Dham Project: Widening the roads can prove detrimental!

The Chamoli flash floods hove once again fumed the spotlight on the Union government's
ambi ous Char Dham Na onal Highway project. Stretching 899-km, the project is to
connect the Hindu pilgrimage sites of Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yomunotri in the

..
Garhwal Himalayas of U arakhand.
The project will convert the highways into two lanes with 12 bypass roads, 15 big
flyovers, 101 small bridges, 3,596 culverts and two tunnels, it will widen the roads by at
least 10 m and make them all-weather. All this ac vity will destabilise hill slopes. Felling
of trees and the reverbera ons from the construc on will cause disturbance of glaciers

..
like the one involved in Chamoli flash floods.
Issues in EIA: The exact ecological impact of the Char Dham project is difficult to assess as
there has been no Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of the project as a whole.
Ghatak says the government got around the EIA process by claiming that the project is
actually a combina on of 53 smaller projects, each less than 100 km long as such
projects do not require EIA.

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 Why UTTARAKHAND is ambi ous to be a HYDEL POWERHOUSE?
Ever since it became a separate state in 2000, U arakhand wanted to be “Urja Pradesh” (Electricity
State), says the U arakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited website. With the neighbouring Himachal
Pradesh—the highest generator of hydro-power in the country—having 9,809 MW installed capacity,
U arakhand too wanted hydro-electricity to power its economic progress as well as provide
employment. So, the state planned a massive network of around 450 dams.
Till 2013, the state had commissioned 22 projects with a combined capacity of 2,616 MW, while 23
projects with a combined capacity of 4,404 MW were s ll under construc on. Of the 45, as many as 30

..
dams of above 25 MW were in either the Alaknanda or the Bhagirathi valley.
“According to Ministry of Environment & Forests: 80,826.91 ha of forests have been diverted to
non-forest use in U arakhand since 1980. The diversion for hydropower produc on is 5312.11 ha:
of about 7,500 football fieldsl.
Most of the diversion for roads and hydropower has been in U arkashi, Rudraprayag, Chamoli and

..
Pithoragarh districts, the ones most affected by the June 2013 disaster.
Of the 26 hydroprojects that have been stopped by the Supreme Court in 2014 or by the Group of

.. Ministers in 2010, the Centre is planning to go ahead with four of them.

In 2009, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, in its report on U arakhand highlighted:
the distribu on, the construc on companies, and the pre-feasibility studies of the projects had
many flaws. “Physical verifica on of four of the five opera onal projects showed riverbeds
downstream had almost completely dried up, the water flow was down to a trickle, and extremely

.. inadequate for the sustenance of ecology and nearby groundwater aquifers.”

A Task Force set up by the erstwhile Planning Commission: found lapses in the Environment
Impact Assessment processes of hydropower projects and recommended strategic environment

.. assessments for all such projects in Himalayan states.

According to a study: Of the 39 projects proposed between 2000 and 2010, 24 would cause severe
and irreversible damage to the biodiversity of the area and wipe out cri cal corridors for the
movement of wildlife. It recommended that these 24 projects be scrapped. All of them were within
10 km of Protected Areas like the Valley of Flower Na onal Park, the Nandadevi Na onal Park, the
Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary or were within the Gangotri Eco-Sensi ve Zone.
Also there are a large number of projects which have very small distances between them leaving li le

..
space for river to regenerate and revive.
The 2014 Supreme Court-appointed commi ee report, for instance, says while hydropower
projects emit less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels, they have a huge environmental impact.
Construc on ac vi es like making approach roads, tunnelling and quarrying lead to
deforesta on, muck dumping and slope destabilisa on. “Blas ng with the use of explosives is a
common feature in all these ac vi es. Unscien fic blas ng creates environmental problems in the
form of ground vibra ons, air overpressure and flyrock,” it notes.
It is conceivable that such incorrect blas ng can loosen masses of earth leading to a rock or debris slide,
create fissures or enlarge exis ng ones, increase slope instabili es, change underground water
courses, dry up springs and lead to cracks in houses and other structures.”
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The Supreme Court, in April 2014, stayed the construc on of the 24 projects that wii recommended to
be scrapped. It also men oned how the tunnelling for the Tapovan-Vishnugad project in 2010 ruptured
an aquifer, which caused a discharge of 60-70 million litres of water daily, enough to sustain 2-3 million
people.
However, over the past couple of years, the government has started gravita ng towards hydropower
projects again.
Thus, the tragedy is a failure to draw a balance between fragile ecosystems & topography and
development impera ves, compounded by climate-change effects. The increased pace of
development in the region has also heightened fears about fallout from deforesta on and other
environmental troubles.

Can Van panchayat play an effec ve role!

Van panchayat or the village forest council is an autonomous local ins tu on unique to
U arakhand and is responsible for managing and protec ng community forests. The 13 MW
run-of-the-river Rishiganga project is situated within the territory of Raini Van Panchayat, which
spans 24 hectares. “But in 2000, when the government gave forest clearance to the project, no
permission was sought from the van panchayat. In 2019, when construc on was in full swing,
the project proponents started felling trees in the van panchayat territory. There were
complaints made to the district administra on. But no one did anything.
That year, some of the residents of Raini also filed a public interest pe on in the U arakhand
High Court against the power plant. They alleged that blas ng and illegal mining and
transporta on of riverbed materials at the dam site is causing “substan al damage” to the
area's environment. The court in its order in June 2019 stayed the use of explosive in any form
“in and around Raini village, the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and the Valley of Flowers” and
directed the district magistrate to check any form of illegal mining being carried on in the area.
“But the work con nued business as usual.

5. What can be Done?

With the increasing frequency of flash floods in the Himalayan region, a broad framework for
robust early warning systems, infrastructure development, construc on, and excava on in
vulnerable zones must be evolved.
1. Create a separate department for the Himalayas under the Ministry of Home Affairs to
understand and resolve unique challenges of the region.
2. Undertake a mul - ins tu onal study of the changing nature of glaciers.
3. Set up an eco-development board as men oned in the 1982 M S Swaminathan task
force set up to study the Himalayas. The aim of the board will be to balance the
challenges posed by climate change and social and economic development of the
region.
4. Create an early warning system involving all the Himalayan countries, to enable
coopera on in prepara on.
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 Case-Study: Satellite imagery, pressure gauges can help monitor glaciers for mely alerts.
There are more than 10,000 glaciers in The Indian Himalayan region.
Ø Research on Glacial Lakes: Detailed Project Analysis should be conducted to understand
which of the 12,000-odd glacial lakes in U arakhand are prone to flooding. Poten ally
dangerous lakes can be iden fied based on field observa ons, records of past events,
geomorphologic and geotechnical characteris cs of the lake/dam and surroundings, and
other physical condi ons.
So, dependence on satellite data or remote-sensing for observa ons is of utmost importance as
so many things are happening in the Himalayan region, right from tectonic ac vity to tunnelling,
it is not easy to iden fy causes of any glacier fall or its breakage without ground data.
Ø Proper monitoring can be done by crea ng vulnerability map of glaciers, along the line of
seismic zones, with the help of high-resolu on satellite data, validated by ground
informa on. Adop on of early warning technologies is the need of the hour.
The size of glaciers varies from peak summer to winter. Worldwide, such changes in the size
of glaciers have caused earthquakes.
Ø Taiwan have iden fied landslide-prone areas and placed pressure gauges to receive an early
warning in case of on impending landslide. ln India, we have iden fied regions that are
prone to landslides, but nowhere will you be able to see pressure gauges.
Also, the government needs centres that exclusively study glaciers, which is now being done
only by a few scien sts and visi ng experts from different ins tu ons.
Losing Environmentalism of State: Once the crucible of Do You Know:
environmentalism, epitomised by Sunderlal Bahuguna, Gaura
THE GENESIS OF THE CHIPKO
Devi and the Chipko movement, the State's deep gorges and MOVEMENT LIES IN A SEVERE FLASH
canyons have a racted many hydroelectric projects and dams, FLOOD AND LANDSLIDE IN 1970,
with li le concern for earthquake risk. Thus, it is high me for WHICH WASHED AWAY THE ENTIRE
BELAKUCHI VILLAGE OF THE
CHIPKO 2.0.
ALAKNANDA VALLEY.
6. What should be done?
1. Coherent research: There are a lot more glaciologists and others who are working in the area and
genera ng data. Mul ple scien fic groups and ins tu ons are involved. But there is no coherent
output. Lots of data are being generated but not being put to good use.
2. Monitoring: Glacial lakes and every glacier more ac vely and regularly. Glaciers in one basin do not
have remarkably different proper es. It will increase our ability to zoom in on any of them and track the
changes happening year by year.
3. Planning: Construc on-related ac vi es in the state might not have a direct link to Chamoli incident,
but these are not en rely benign. The en re catchment areas should be made part of the Environment
Impact Assessment.
4. Mi ga on: Several structural and geotechnical measures can be applied for the gradual and regulated
discharge of water from these lakes, which will reduce the pressure on them, and minimise the chances
of a breach.

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 Adhering to NDMA Guidelines!
1. The NDMA guidelines say that the construc on of any habita on should be prohibited
in the high hazard zone.
2. NDMA has recommended use of Synthe c-Aperture Radar imagery to automa cally
detect changes in water bodies, including new lake forma ons, during the monsoon
months. It has said methods and protocols could also be developed to allow remote
monitoring of lake bodies from space.
3. To manage lakes structurally, the NDMA recommends reducing the volume of water with
methods such as controlled breaching, pumping or siphoning out water, and making a
tunnel through the moraine barrier or under an ice dam.
4. The NDMA guidelines say that risk reduc on has to begin with iden fying and mapping
such lakes, taking structural measures to prevent their sudden breach, and establishing
mechanism to save lives and property in mes of a breach.

Other Measures to put in Place:

1. Government should Invest in long-term crisis response mechanisms and resilience
solu ons such as:
Ø Flood preven on and rapid response.
Ø Road stabiliza on technologies for fragile road networks, bridges, culverts, and
tunnels.
Ø Strengthening embankments using scien fic knowledge.
Ø Inves ng in training and capacity building of local communi es to prevent and
manage risks effec vely.
2. Hydropower and other public infrastructure projects need reassessment based on the
sensi vity of local ecology.
3. Implemen ng pragma c policies and regulatory guidelines such as responsible eco and
religious tourism policies. This will restrict detrimental human ac vi es.
4. Applying innova ve and inclusive solu ons that support nature and marginalized
communi es, to restore and rebuild a resilient future for U arakhand.

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 Academic Cornor: Ready to Boost your Geography Knowledge!
1. Types of Floods
#1

#2

09 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com

 #3

#4

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 2. Glacial Lake outburst flooding:
1. Glacial Lake outburst flooding:
A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a release of meltwater from a moraine or ice-dam glacial
lake due to dam failure. GLOFs o en result in catastrophic flooding downstream, with major
geomorphic and socioeconomic impacts.
GLOFs have three main features:
Ø They involve sudden (and some mes cyclic) releases of water.
Ø They tend to be rapid events, las ng hours to days.
Ø They result in large downstream river discharges (which o en increase by an order of
magnitude).

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12 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com
Calving of ice blocks at the glacier terminus is a common cause for lake water displacement,
seiche wave development, and overtopping of moraine dams.

Mains Ques on Desk!

1. Formulate a suitable and a proac ve Flood policy for a topographically diverse

country like India? [15 Marks]
2. Applying regional approach, examine the vulnerability of various parts of the
country towards floods? [15 Marks]
Are these ques ons difficult. No worries, sir will provide a blueprint to a empt these
ques ons in the classes.

mmmmm

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