Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering and Design

Silliman University

Testing the compressive strength of the different brands of the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Pipe using the standard testing ASTM D2412

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in ME 56 - Material Science and Engineering for ME

Submitted to:

Engr. Louie Pierre O. Equio

Faculty of the College Engineering and Design

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Silliman University

Submitted by:

Joven Saturnino Cabanban

Jesse Rey Emperado

Phillip Ruales

BSME – IV

MARCH 23, 2023

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Primarily we would like to thank God for being able to complete this project with

success. For always being with us, guiding us with his grace, showing his love to us every day,

and kept us motivated.

We would also like to thank our instructor Engr. Louie Pierre O. Equio for motivating us

throughout the making of this project. His insights and expertise were incredibly valuable, and

We appreciate the effort you put into answering all of our questions thoroughly.

We would also like to thank Sir Roger A. Alcancia who have helped us in using the

ASTM machine inside CBB1at Silliman University by accommodating us despite of the holiday.

We would also like to thank Engr. Rufwin A. Pabu-aya who have helped us in giving

insights and background in doing research papers.

We also like to thank our parents who have supported the project morally and financially.

ABSTRACT

This study aims to identify which of the following brands: Condu-tech, Emerald, Lamtex,

Moldex, and Unidex has the highest compressive strength as well as the lowest compressive

strength by following the ASTM D2412 testing standard. The researchers would also identify the

highest load and the lowest load among the five different brands of Pvc pipe. Additionally, the

proponents will also determine the pipe stiffness, stiffness factor, and percentage pipe deflection

by means of the Universal Testing Machine (UTM).

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page………………………………………………………………………………………..0

Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………………………..1

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….1

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………..2

Chapter I Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...5

1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………………………….6

1.2 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………6

1.3 Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………...6

1.4 Research Questions………………………………………………………………….6

1.5 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………...6

1.5.1 General Objectives………………………………………………………...6

1.5.2 Specific Objectives………………………………………………………..6

1.6 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………7

1.7 Scope of Limitations……………………………………...............................7

1.8 Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………8

Chapter II Review of Related Literature, Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework...9

2.1 Review of Related Works……………………………………………………………9

2.2 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………...11

2.2.1 Pipe Stiffness………………………………………………………………11

2.2.2 Stiffness Factor………………………………………………………….…12

2.2.3 Percentage Pipe Deflection……………………………………...…………12

2.3 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………………13

2
Chapter III Methodology……………………………………………………………………......15

3.1 Materials Needed……………………………………………………………………15

3.2 Standard Procedure………………………………………………………………….17

3.3 Ethical Consideration………...……………………………………………………...18

CHAPTER IV Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Results

4.1 Results…………………………………………………………………………….…19

4.2 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………………….….22

4.3 Economical Analysis……………………………………………………….………..22

CHAPTER V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation……………………………………23

5.1 Summary…………………………………………………………………….………23

5.2 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………….……23

5.3 Recommendations………………………………………………….………………..24

APPENDIX A……………………………………………………………………...……………25

APPENDIX B……………………………………………………………………...……………26

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………...…………………………………………………......27

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.3 Conceptual Framework…….……………………………………….………………13

Figure 3.1 5 Different Brands of PVC Pipes……………………………………………...……..15

Figure 3.2 Unidex PVC……….…………………………………………………………….….16

Figure 3.3 Condu-Tech PVC…………………….……………………………………..………16

Figure 3.4 Moldex PVC……………….…………………………………………………...…..16

Figure 3.5 Lamtex PVC……………….……………………………………………………….16

Figure 3.6 Emerald PVC……………………………………………….………………………17

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Figure 3.7 Grinder ,Measuring tape, Marker……………………………………….…….……17

Figure 4.2.1 Comprehensive Strength of Five Brands of PVC pipes………………………… 22

Figure 5. 4: Condu-Tech……………………………………………………………………….25

Figure 5.5: Lamtex………………………………………………………………………..……25

Figure 5.6: Moldex………………………………………………………………….….………25

Figure 5.7: Unidex………………………………………………………………………..……25

Figure 5.8: Emerald……………………………………………………………………………25

Figure 5.9: Preparation for Testing………………………………….…………………………26

Figure 5.10: UTM…………………………………………………………………...…………26

Figure 5.11: Data Gathering………………………………………………………...…………26

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Trials and Average load of the five brands of PVC pipes……………….……………19

Table 2. Pipe Stiffness of the five brands of PVC pipes…………………………….…………20

Table 3. Stiffness Factor of the five brands of PVC pipes, load/displacement……..…………20

Table 4. Percentage Pipe Deflection of the five brands of PVC pipes, deflection/ inside

diameter…………………………………………………………………………………..……21

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a commonly used thermoplastic polymer in various

applications due to its desirable properties, such as high chemical resistance, durability, and low

cost. In addition, PVC’s are long lasting construction material, which can be utilized in a variety

of applications, either rigid or flexible, white or black and a wide range of colors in between.

Due to its very nature, PVC is widely used in many industries and provides many popular and

necessary products.

Compressive strength is an important mechanical property that indicates a material's

ability to withstand compression or crushing forces. In the case of PVC pipes, compressive

strength is an important parameter to consider as it determines the amount of weight or pressure

the pipe can withstand without breaking or deforming.

The ASTM D2412 specifies a test method for determining the stiffness and load

deflection of plastic pipe. This test method covers the determination of load deflection

characteristics of plastic pipe under load and is positioned parallel to the ground. Testing the

compressive strength of PVC material is important to determine its ability to withstand

compressive forces without experiencing permanent deformation or failure.The compressive

strength data obtained from the testing can be analyzed to determine the mean, standard

deviation, and range of the compressive strength values. The data can also be plotted to visualize

the distribution of the compressive strength values.

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1.2 Statement of the study

The research proponents would like to determine the compressive strength of 5 different

brands of PVC’s using the ASTM D2412. PVC’s are widely used in the construction industry for

pipes, fittings, roofing, flooring, cable insulation and more. It will be beneficial mainly for adults

for the reason that PVC’s are frequently used in construction plans. The result of this study will

decide which type and brand of PVC is the most suitable for long lasting use.

1.3 Hypothesis

The costly PVC pipe brand will have the highest compressive strength compared to an

inexpensive PVC pipe brand. The research proponents will be able to differentiate and determine

which of the 5 different brands of a 2 inches diameter PVC pipe has the best quality using the

ASTM D2412.

1.4 Research Question

1. Which of the five brands of PVC pipes has the highest compressive strength?

2. Which of the five brands of PVC pipes has the lowest compressive strength?

3. How much load can the brand with the highest compressive strength withstand?

4. How much load can the brand with the lowest compressive strength withstand?

1.5 Objective of the Study

1.5.1 General Objectives

The research proponents would like to determine the compressive strength of 5

different brands of PVC pipes

1.5.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the study are:

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  To be able to determine the maximum load for each of the five brands of PVC

pipes.

 To be able to determine the compressive strength for each of the five brands of

PVC pipes.

 To be able to determine which among the five brands of PVC pipes has the

highest compressive strength.

 To be able to determine which among the five different brands has the lowest

compressive strength.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The test results would aid research proponents in determining and recommending which

brand of PVC pipe is the most durable among the five brands of PVC pipes through testing their

compression property. It would also aid companies to improve their product by comparing the

performance of the five different PVC pipes brands through compressive strength testing, and for

them to look into further the mechanical properties of pipes as to why the brand with the highest

compressive strength performed better

1.7 Scope and limitations of the Study

The scope of the study is only to test the compressive strength of five different brands of

PVC pipes that is available in Dumaguete City.Testing the compressive strength of a PVC pipe

allows for the material properties of the PVC to be characterized and understood, providing

valuable information on the strength and durability of the pipe.Testing the compressive strength

of a PVC pipe can help determine the suitability of the pipe for specific applications where high

compressive loads are expected.The project is limited to a testing procedure that is based on

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ASTM D2412, is a testing standard used to determine the stiffness and load deflection of plastic

pipe after being applied with a certain load. The proponents will test five different brands of

PVC pipes, each brand will have five trials of testing with a diameter of 2 inches and a length of

7 inches. There are different testing methods for measuring the compressive strength of PVC

pipes, and some methods may not provide consistent or accurate results. Therefore, it is

important to follow standardized testing methods to ensure reliable results.

1.8 Definition of terms

1. Pvc Pipes - a type of plastic used for pipes that carry water and for many other products.

PVC is an abbreviation of “polyvinyl chloride.”

2. Compressive Strength - the resistance of a material to breaking under compression.

3. Deformation - the action or process of changing in shape or distorting, especially through

the application of pressure.

4. Load - a weight or source of pressure borne by someone or something.

5. Flexible - capable of bending easily without breaking.

6. Rigid - unable to bend or be forced out of shape; not flexible.

7. ASTM D2412 - is a testing standard used to determine the stiffness and load deflection of

plastic pipe.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Related Works

A piping network refers to a system of interconnected pipes used for transporting fluids or gases

from one location to another. Piping networks are used in various industries, such as construction,

manufacturing, and agriculture, and can be found in buildings, factories, and pipelines. Piping networks

can be made from a variety of materials, including PVC, metal, concrete, and fiberglass. The choice of

material depends on factors such as the type of fluid or gas being transported, the temperature and

pressure of the system, and the environmental conditions. In addition, PVC pipes are commonly used in

piping networks due to their durability, corrosion resistance, and ease of installation. PVC pipes are

lightweight, making them easy to transport and handle, and can be joined together using various

techniques, such as solvent welding and mechanical couplings.

PVC is one of the most important commercial plastics owing to its wide applications and low

cost. Regardless of its enormously technical and economic importance, PVC still possesses many

problems such as low thermal stability and brittleness (Awham and Salih, 2011). Modern technology has

produced PVC pipe, which provides dependable and long-lasting service to a range of consumers,

including contractors, engineers, operators, industries, utilities, and irrigation districts. Because of their

various performance benefits, PVC pipes have largely replaced many conventional materials.

As stated by Smith (2016), the advantages of using PVC pipes is that they are lightweight, rust

resistant, tough, resistant to chemical attack, and they come in different sizes. It is also easy to ship, easily

adapts to the earth’s movement, and it has a good elastic property. However, there are also disadvantages

of PVC pipes which are that these plastic pipes cannot be installed in high temperature due to their non-

decomposing property. At higher temperatures, the strength of plastic pipes reduces, and it easily cracks.

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 The properties of PVC make it suitable in tough long-life applications. For instance, PVC

products used in some construction applications should have an expected “service-life” of minimum 50

years. As stated by Ahmad, W. A. (2018), PVC pipes may reach a ”service-life” of 100 years in 75% of

all cases, provided there is no mechanical damage. PVC products are long-life products consuming

relatively low amounts of energy in the course of the production and comparing favorably with most

alternative products or solutions when analyzed in a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In addition, PVC

products are furthermore non-toxic and can be recycled several times.

PVC pipe is subjected to a wide range of strict standards, control tests, and independent

certifications that guarantee its performance and quality. Numerous standards agencies govern PVC pipe

manufacturing. The most widely recognized of these for water and sewer applications are the American

Waterworks Association (AWWA), the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the

Canadian Standards Association (CSA) , respectively (Hollands, n.d.). ASTM standards are developed by

committees made up of experts from various industries and are designed to promote safety, quality, and

reliability. The standards cover a wide range of topics, including materials properties, construction

methods, environmental testing, and product performance. In addition, ASTM standards are used by a

variety of industries, including construction, manufacturing, aerospace, and healthcare. They provide a

common language and framework for organizations to communicate about materials, products, and

processes.

It can be seen that PVC has two different behaviors, depending on the amount of strain induced in

the material. The first is elastic (elastic region in the stress-strain curve) in which the stress is proportional

to the strain, then, if the load is removed in this state, the specimen will return back to its original shape,

but the other behavior is plastic and the deformation that occurs is called plastic deformation . It is

recognized that the fashion of failure of a PVC material is buckling failure mode which always happen

during compression test.(Awham and Salih, 2011)

Most plastic materials will continue to deform over time even when the loading applied to the

material is constant. This time-dependent deformation is called creep.When a pipe liner is exposed to

10
external pressure, the compressive hoop stress that is induced may lead to buckling of the pipe wall. For

constrained tubes such as a pipe liner,collapse is typically manifested as large inward radial deflections at

a single location (Winter 2007).

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 Pipe Stiffness

It is an important property of PVC pipes as it directly affects the pipes' ability to withstand

external loads without excessive deflection. It is a measure of the pipe's strength and rigidity, and

it is one of the critical factors to consider when selecting PVC pipes for a particular application.

PS = ( E * T / D)

Where:

PS is the pipe stiffness in newtons per square millimeter (N/mm^2)

E = Elastic modulus, stress over strain (N/mm^2)

T = wall thickness in millimeters (mm)

D = outside diameter of the pipe in millimeters (mm)

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2.2.2 Stiffness Factor

It is used to indicate the pipe's ability to withstand external loads, such as soil and traffic loads,

without excessive deflection. A pipe with a higher stiffness factor will deflect less under a given

load than a pipe with a lower stiffness factor.

Stiffness Factor (K) = Force (F) / Displacement (D)

Where:

F = Force applied to the structural element

D = Displacement produced by the force

2.2.3 Percentage Pipe Deflection

PVC pipes are commonly used in a variety of applications, including drainage, sewerage,

irrigation, and water supply. During installation, these pipes can be subjected to various types of

loads, such as soil and traffic loads, which can cause deflection or bending of the pipe.By

calculating the pipe deflection percentage, we can determine whether a given PVC pipe is

suitable for its intended application.

Percentage Pipe Deflection = (Delta / D) x 100%

Where:

Delta = Deflection or bending of the pipe in inches

D = Original diameter of the pipe in inches

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2.3 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the step-by-step process of the researchers when conducting the project.

The proponent's first step in making a study is to do research. Researching on a specific topic to

document critical information. The next step would be planning and it is essential to arrange the

13
flow of the study. The next step is to gather the materials needed for the study. After gathering

the materials, the researchers will prepare for the next step which is the testing setup. By using a

Universal Tensile Machine by an ASTM D2412 testing standard, the researchers will need to

prepare the pvc pipes with a certain length. For the researcher's case, it is a pvc pipe with a 2

inches diameter having 7 inches in length as the specimen for the trial. The next step would be

the testing procedure which the researchers would conduct through 5 trials with 5 different

brands namely Condu-Tech, Emerald, Lamtex, Moldex and Unidex . After testing the material,

the researchers would gather data and analize the data which would then give results to the study.

Last step will be the conclusion, a summation of rational statement based on the results that has

been presented.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Materials and Procedure

 Grinder or Hacksaw

 Pencil or Marker

 Ruler or Measuring Tape

 Five (5) Different Brands of PVC from:

o Condu-Tech

o Emerald

o Lamtex

o Moldex

o Unidex

Figure 3.1 (5) Different Brands of PVC Pipes

15
 Figure 3.2 Unidex PVC Figure 3.3 Condu-Tech PVC

Figure 3.4 Moldex PVC Figure 3.5 Lamtex PVC

16
 Figure 3.6 Emerald PVC Figure 3.7 Grinder, Measuring tape, Marker

Equipment

 Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

3.1.2 Testing Procedure

ASTM D2412

It is a standard test method used to determine the external loading strength of a plastic

pipe by analyzing its response to an applied constant deflection. In addition, it's a way to test

how much weight a plastic pipe can hold before it starts to bend or break. This test method is

important for the reason that it helps ensure that plastic pipes are strong enough to withstand the

external loads they may encounter in real-world applications, such as buried under roads or

buildings. By using a standardized testing method like ASTM D2412, manufacturers and

consumers can have confidence in the quality and durability of plastic pipes.

17
 1. Gather the Materials.

2. The PVC pipe of the 5 different brands is cut into a specimen having measurements

of 7 inches long with a diameter of 2 inches.

3. Set-up the UTM and its software.

4. Load the specimen into the UTM properly place them in a secure manner.

5. Begin compressing the specimen and collect the data of the displacement of being

applied into the specimen.

6. Be aware of line cracking, wall cracking, wall delamination, and break. Record the

load and deflection when these events are observed.

7. Stop the test at break, when the load no longer increases with deflection or when the

specimen reaches the required maximum deflection.

8. Repeat 5 times for each brand.

3.2 Ethical Considerations

This study tackles the ethical concerns raised by proponents in order to comply with

international norms and research procedures. The project employed no hazardous chemicals, and

environmental concerns were addressed. Waste and other pollutants are monitored and observed

throughout the project's construction.

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 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

4.1 Results from Experiment

Table 1. Trials and Average load of the five brands of PVC pipes

5 BRANDS OF PVC PIPES WITH THE RESULTS OF TESTING

BRAND Trial 1 Trial Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Average (kN)

2

Condu-Tech 2.16 2.23 2.90 2.84 2.12 2.45

Emerald 3.64 2.98 4.98 3.42 3.78 3.8

Lamtex 0.60 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.78 0.674

Moldex 4.99 3.96 3.96 4.10 4.14 4.23

Unidex 3.92 3.99 4.09 3.24 3.75 3.8

Table 1 shows the average maximum load capacity of the 2 x 7 inch specimens for the

five trials for each of the five different brands of PVC pipe. The brand with the highest

maximum load capacity is Moldex which was able to carry a load of 4.23 KN. Followed by

Emerald and Unidex with an average maximum load of 3.8 KN, Condu-Tech with 2.45 KN, and

lastly Lamtex with 0.674 KN

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 Table 2. Pipe Stiffness of the five brands of PVC pipes

Brand Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Ave. Pipe Stiffness (N/mm^2)

Condu-Tech 0.012 0.01204 0.014 0.0141 0.011 0.0126

Emerald 0.021 0.018 0.026 0.02 0.022 0.0214

Lamtex 0.003 0.0029 0.00316 0.00299 0.0034 0.0031

Moldex 0.0032 0.0295 0.0294 0.0303 0.02991 0.0245

Unidex 0.019 0.022 0.0218 0.018 0.021 0.0204

Table 2 shows the Pipe Stiffness of the five brands of PVC pipes of the 2 x 7 inch

specimens for the five trials for each of the five different brands of PVC pipe. The brand with

the highest pipe stiffness is Moldex which was able to have a pipe stiffness of 0.0245 N/mm2.

Followed by Emerald pipe stiffness of 0.0245 N/ mm2, Next is Unidex with a pipe stiffness of

0.0204 N/mm2, Condu-Tech with 0.0126 N/ mm2, and lastly Lamtex with 0.0031 N/mm2.

Table 3. Stiffness Factor of the five brands of PVC pipes, load/displacement

Brand Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Ave. Stiffness Factor

(N/mm)

Condu-Tech 49.47 49.202 57.63 58.55 46.375 52.245

Emerald 80.72 67.092 102.36 75.471 83.51 81.83

Lamtex 17.390 16.71 18.139 17.246 19.385 17.774

Moldex 104.61 90.47 94.035 94.995 94.35 95.692

Unidex 70.07 83.19 82.416 68.121 78.088 76.377

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 Table 3 shows the Stiffness Factor of the five brands of PVC pipes of the 2 x 7 inch

specimens for the five trials for each of the five different brands of PVC pipe. The brand with

the highest Stiffness Factor is Moldex which was able to have a stiffness factor of 95.692 N/mm.

Followed by Emerald stiffness factor of 81.83 N/mm, Then Unidex with a Stiffness factor of

76.377 N/mm, Condu-Tech with 52.245 N/mm, and lastly Lamtex with 17.774 N/mm.

Table 4. Percentage Pipe Deflection of the five brands of PVC pipes, deflection/ inside

diameter

Brand Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial Trial 4 Trial Percentage Pipe Deflection(%)

3 5

Condu- 13.73 10.78 5.88 7.84 7.84 9.22

Tech

Emerald 7.84 3.92 4.90 5.88 2.94 5.10

Lamtex 31.37 23.53 30.39 29.41 21.57 27.26

Moldex 7.84 17.65 22.55 19.61 13.73 16.28

Unidex 47 50.98 29.41 34.31 31.37 38.61

Table 4 shows the Percentage Pipe Deflection of the five brands of PVC pipes of the 2 x

7 inch specimens for the five trials for each of the five different brands of PVC pipe. Emerald

has the lowest percentage pipe deflection with 5.10% , followed by Condu- Tech with 9.22%,

then Moldex with 16.28 %, next is Lamtex with 27.26 %, and lastly Unidex 38.61 %

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4.2 Statistical Analysis

Figure 4.2.1 Comprehensive Strength of Five Brands of PVC pipes

4.3 Economic Analysis

BRAND QUANTITY UNIT COST

Condu-Tech 1 ₱ 332.00

Emerald 1 ₱ 325.00

Lamtex 1 ₱ 235.00

Moldex 1 ₱ 350.00

Unidex 1 ₱ 245.00

TOTAL COST ₱ 1,487.00

This table shows the total cost of materials tested needed to conduct the research.

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

PVC pipes, which are made of polyvinyl chloride, have become an important component

in a wide range of applications due to their durability, versatility, and affordability. It is crucial to

ensure that PVC pipes are of good quality, durable, and able to fulfill their intended purpose

effectively. This study was conducted to identify which among of the five different brands and it

inlcudes Condu-Tech, Emerald, Lamtex, Moldex, and Unidex, is the most and least durable

when using the standard procedure testing ASTM D2412 (Plastic Pipe Deflection Testing),

where the average value of the five trials were gathered, and the resulting values were analyzed

and compared with each other. The quality of the pvc pipes is very important to ensure that it

will not break when used. From the data that was gathered, the researchers observed that among

the five brands of pvc pipes, the brand that had the highest compressive strength and did not

break during the trial was Moldex, and Emerald, followed by materials that did break which are

Unidex, and Condu-Tech in descending order. Moreover, the brand that had the lowest

compressive test was Lamtex.

5.2 Conclusion

With the data gathered, the researchers may conclude that among the five brands of the

product, PVC pipes, the most durable is Moldex, a product manufactured by MOLDEX

Products, Inc. Philippines that was able to carry a mean load of 4.23 kN and has the highest

compressive strength. Followed by Emerald and Unidex with a mean load of 3.8 kN , Condu-

23
Tech with 2.45 kN. While the least durable is Lamtex, a product manufactured by Lacko Plastic

Products INC. since it was only able to carry a mean load of 0.674 kN and has the lowest

compressive strength.

5.3 Recommendations

Throughout the period of the study, the researchers suggest that Moldex be used among

the five brands of PVC pipes for residential and commercial areas, as well as other applications

such as in plumbing, drainage, agricultural irrigation, electricity & telecommunications systems

and the ductwork of heating and cooling systems because it is the most durable when it comes to

its comprehensive strength. It is also recommended to test other brands of PVC pipes found

outside Dumaguete City.

24
 Appendix A:

Photos of the 5 samples of the five brands of PVC pipes after testing.

Figure 5. 4: Condu-Tech Figure 5. 5: Lamtex

Figure 5. 6: Moldex Figure 5. 7: Unidex

Figure 5. 8: Emerald

25
 Appendix B:

Photos of the researchers during the testing.

Figure 5.9: Preparation for Testing

26
 Figure 5. 10: UTM Figure 5. 11: Data Gathering

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Ken Research. (2018). Philippines Plastic Pipes and Fittings Market Outlook to 2022- By UPVC,

CPVC, PE, PPR and Other Plastic Pipes. Retrieved from https://www.kenresearch.com/manufacturing-

and-construction/machinery-and-parts/philippines-plastic-pipes-fittings-market/174221-97.html

Ahmad W. (2008). Compression Bending Test For PVC pipe. Retrieved from

https://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/4512/1/COMPRESSION%20BENDING%20TEST%20FOR%20PVC

%20PIPE%20(24pgs).pdf

Awham M. and Salih Z. (September, 2011). A Study of some Mechanical Behavior on a

Thermoplastic Material. Retrieved from https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/cb45f490179f7b3c

Hollands B. (n.d.). PCV pipe: High Quality and Performance Standards. Retrieved from

https://www.uni-bell.org/Portals/0/ResourceFile/highqualitystnds.pdf

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