FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS 3.

ONE TO MANY

 If there are x values that have more

than one y value mapped onto them.
RELATION

 A SET OF ORDERED PAIRS

 RELATION IS A MAPPING FROM ONE
SET, CALLED DOMAIN TO ANOTHER
SET, CALLED THE RANGE.
 Shows relationship between two values

DOMAIN

 IS THE SET OF ALL FIRST COORDINATES

(X-COORDINATES) FROM THE ORDERED
4. MANY TO MANY
PAIRS
 Also known Abscissa  Occurs when multiple x in a table are
associated with multiple y in another
RANGE
table.
 IS THE SET OF ALL SECOND
COORDINATES (Y-COORDINATES) FROM
THE ORDERED PAIRS
 Also known Ordinate

FOUR TYPES OF RELATION

1. ONE TO ONE

 Each x in the domain has exactly one

image in the y range. REPRESENTATIONS OF RELATIONS
 No y in the range is the image of more
than one x in the domain. 1. Ordered pairs

 An ordered pair is a composition of the

x coordinate (abscissa) and the y
coordinate (ordinate), having two
values written in a fixed order within
parentheses.
 Domain – left, range – right

2. Table of values

 The ordered pairs are arranged in table.

2. MANY TO ONE For column x, these are domain and
column y for range.
 If there are y values that have more
than one x value mapped onto them. 3. Mapping

 The ordered pairs are divided into two

ovals with the domain on the left and
the range on right.

4. Graph

 The graph of a relation is the set of

points in the coordinate plane
corresponding to the ordered pairs in
the relation.
Quadrant I - +x and +y

Quadrant II - -x and +y

Quadrant III - -x and -y

Quadrant IV - +x and -y

FUNCTION

 is a relation in which each element of

the domain corresponds to exactly one
element of the range.
 Is a relation where each input has only
one output

FUNCTION – ONE TO ONE, MANY TO ONE

NOT FUNCTION – ONE TO MANY, MANY TO

MANY

vertical line test

 is method that is used to determine

whether a given curve or graph is a
function or not. A graph represents a
function if and only if no vertical line
intersects the graph in more than one
point.

NOTE:

ALL FUNCTIONS ARE RELATIONS, BUT NOT ALL

RELATIONS ARE FUNCTIONS
Problem Solving and reasoning
PROBLEM - a situation, quantitative or
otherwise, that confronts and individual or
group of individuals, that requires resolution,
and for which the individual sees no apparent
or obvious means or path to obtaining a
solution – Krulik and Rudnick
Problem Solving - the means by which an
individual uses previously acquired knowledge,
skills, and understanding to satisfy the demands
of an unfamiliar situation – Krulik and Rudnick
Problem solving theory and practice suggest
that thinking is more important in solving
problem than knowledge. -Jamin Carson
Problem Solving is Not an Algorithm
- not step-by-step solution
- A problem will no longer be
considered a problem once it can
easily be solved by algorithms that
have been previously learned.
Problem Solving is Heuristic
- using exploration and trial-and-
error
- Method that does not pertain to
specific or pre-solved problems or
to any specific content or
knowledge.
Algorithm
Guaranteed to find a solution.
The found solution is the correct one.
The solution is found in finite time.
Heuristic
Probable to find a solution.
The found solution is the acceptable one.
 The solution is found in practical time.
REASONING - mainly pertains to the aspect of
using different thoughts to create a valid
argument that can be used to make decision.
Inductive - the process of reaching a general
conclusion by examining specific examples.
- specific to general
example : Parrots, eagles, and doves are birds.
They can all fly. Therefore, all birds can fly.
Predicting the next number.
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ___
1, 3, 6, 10, 15. ___
Most of our snow storms come from the north
It's starting to snow. ThIs snow storm must
becoming from the north.
Browny is a shelter dog. He is happy. All shelter
dogs are happy.
deductive - the process of reaching a conclusion
by applying general assumptions, procedures,
or principles.
- general to specific
Example: All birds can fly. Parrot is a bird.
Therefore, parrot can fly.
If Quadrilaterals have four sides, then square is
a quadrilateral.
All mammals have backbones. Humans are
mammals. Therefore, humans have backbones.
All ben & ben songs are woth listening. The
sone “Araw-Araw” is a Ben & Ben’s song. Thus,
“Araw-Araw” is worth listening.
conjecture - a conclusion based on inductive
reasoning it may or may not be correct
COUNTER EXAMPLE - an exception to a
proposed general rule or law
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES  If possible, determine other related or more
general problems for which the techniques will
Polya’s Four-Step
work.
Problem Solving Strategy

THE HANDSHAKE PROBLEM

GEORGE POLYA - known as the father of
There are 6 people in a room. How many
modern problem solving
shakehands are there if everyone in the room
shakes hand exactly at once?

1. Understand the problem

o  Can you state the problem in

your own words?
o  What are you trying to find or
do?
o  What are the unknowns?
o  What information do you
obtain from the problem?
o  What information, if any, is
missing or not needed?

2. Devise a plan AGE PROBLEM

a) Draw a Diagram Mark is half the age of Joremae. Their uncle,

b) Make a List/Table Michael, is 4 times as old as Joremae. If Michael
c) Guess and Check is 42 years older than Mark, how old is
d) Working Backwards Joremae?
e) Pattern Recognition
f) Write an Equation
g) Logical Reasoning

3. Carry out a plan

o  Implement the strategy or

strategies in step 2, and perform
any necessary actions or
computations.
o  Keep an accurate record of your
work.
o  Realize that some of your initial Sample Problem (3) MAKE A LIST/TABLE
plans will not work and that you
may have to devise another plan or Justin, Jisoo, Japs, and Jun were recently elected
modify your existing plan. as the new officers (mayor, vice mayor, sec. on
records, and sec. on finance) of the BSEd Math
4. Looking Back 1A. From the following clues, determine which
position each holds.
 Check the results in the original problem. (In
some cases, this will require a proof.) a. Jun is younger than the mayor but older than
the sec. on finance.
 Interpret the solution in terms of the original
problem. Does your answer make sense? Is it b. Justin and the sec. on records are both the
reasonable? same age, and they are the youngest members
of the group.
 Determine whether there is another method
of finding the solution. c. Japs and the sec. on records are next-door
neighbors
 A great discovery solves a great problem but
there is a grain of discovery in the solution of
any problem. Your problem may be modest; but
if it challenges your curiosity and brings into
play your inventive faculties, and if you solve it
by your own means, you may experience the
tension and enjoy the triumph of discovery

GEORGEPOLYA

Sample Problem (6) Working Backwards

MATHEMATICS OF FINANCE
Andy had some books. He gave Ben 15 books
and then bought 1 more book. He gave Cathy
10 books and bought another 2 books. If he had (I) INTEREST
6 books left in the end, how many books did
Andy have at first? - It refers to the fee or payment for the use of
money.

-Income or additional amount aside from the

original money; money paid for the use of
borrowed money.

(P) PRINCIPAL/ PRESENT VALUE

- the capital or sum of money borrowed or

invested

(t) TIME

- the number of years for which money is

borrowed or invested.

(F) MATURITY VALUE / FUTURE VALUE

- the sum of the principal and the interest

accumulated over a certain period

Note: Although maturity value and future value

mean the same thing, maturity value is used for
loans while future value is for invested or
saved money. Although principal and present
value mean the same thing principal is usually SIMPLE INTEREST IN YEARS
used for loans while present value is for
A man borrowed P 25,000 for 2 1⁄4 years at 8%
invested or saved money.
per year. Find the amount of simple interest
and maturity value.

MATURITY VALUE P = P 25,000

To find the maturity value, use the formula r = 8% - 0.08

F = P + Is t = 2 1⁄4 years or 2.25 years

= P + Prt SOLUTION

F = P (1+rt) < by factoring > I = Prt

Where: I = (25,000) (0.08) (2.25)

P = principal, r = interest rate (convert to I = P4, 500

decimal), and t = time (in years)

FUTURE VALUE

The formula for future value is –

F = P (1 + R)^T

WHERE:

F= maturity (future) value

P = principal or original amount of money

R = interest rate
MATURITY VALUE
T= term or number of years
P = P 25,000

r = 8% - 0.08
DEBTOR OR MAKER - an individual or institution
that borrows money for any purpose. t = 2 1⁄4 years or 2.25 years
LENDER - an individual or financial institution F = P (1+rt)
which loans the money.
F = 25 000 (1 + (0.08) (2.25))
SIMPLE INTEREST - is interest that is calculated
+on the principal but not on previous interest. F = 25 000 (1 + 0.18)

Simple Interest(I) =Principal(P)xRate(r)xTime(t) F = 25 000 (1.18)

or I =Prt F = P 29 500
o The rate of interest, expressed in
percent (%) be converted first to a
decimal number before it is substituted
into the formula.
o The time must also be converted to
year before it is substituted into the
formula.
 r = 0.0725

Mr. Johnson borrowed the money at

an annual rate of 7.25%, or 7 %.

COMPOUND INTEREST - interest calculated on

the principal including previous interest.

The formula for compound interest

(Ic) is
SIMPLE INTEREST IN MONTHS
Ic = F – P
How much is the simple interest on P 17,600 for
7 months at 7.5%? Where:

P = P 17,600 Ic = compound interest

r = 7.5% or 0.075 F = maturity (future) value

t = 7/12 or 0.5833333 P = principal

SOLUTION

I = Prt

I = (P 17,600)(0.075)(7/12)

I = P 770

RATE OF INTEREST

Mr. Johnson borrowed P 8000 for 4 years to

make home improvements. If he repaid a total
of P 10,320, at what interest rate did he
borrow the money?

M=P+I

10,320 = 8000 + I

I = 10,320 – 8000 = 2320

He paid P 2,320 in interest. Use the

amount of interest to find the interest rate

SOLUTION

I = P2,320

P = 8000

t = 4 years

r = I/Pt

r = 2320/8000 (4)

r = 2320/32 000

STOCKS
o Stock is an instrument that signifies
ownership in a corporation and
represents claim on a share of a
corporation’s assets and profits.
o Stocks are typically riskier and long-
term investments.
o Stocks represent ownership in a
publicly traded company. When you
buy a company's stock, you become
part-owner of that company.
o For example, if a company has
100,000 shares, and you buy 1,000
of them, you own 1% of the
company. Owning stocks allows you
to earn more from the company's
growth and gives you shareholder
voting rights. Alternative names
include shares and equity.
BONDS
o Bonds are interest-bearing certificates
used as a way for government or
business to raise money.
o The bondholder lends money to the
bond issuer for a set amount of time
and interest. When the bonds are
“sold” back to the issuer, the interest
earned is given to the bondholder.
o Bonds are typically low-risk and good
for short- term investments.
Example: Mr. Cruz needs to raise P10 million to
build more computers. They decide to offer a 5
year bond to investors to raise the money. You
purchase the bond at the issue price and Mr.
Cruz pays you interest on the money paid for
the bond. After the bond matures, Mr. Cruz
pays you back the value upon maturity, known
as the face value.
Bonds are “fixed income” assets, which means
they pay interest at regular intervals until they
reach maturity. They’re called fixed income
because the amount of the interest payments
are fixed in advance. When you buy a bond,
you’re basically making a loan to the issuer.
MUTUAL FUNDS
o Mutual funds are open-ended
investments that are professionally
managed and consist of a variety of
investment instruments including
stocks, bonds, options, commodities,
and money market securities.
o Diversification provides greater safety
and reduces risk.
o Mutual funds are long-term
investments.
THINK ABOUT IT!
Jane will be retiring in five years. She needs a
low-risk place to put her money that will earn
interest. Where might she invest? Why?
o Bonds would be a good place for her
retirement monies. They are typically
low-risk and still pay interest.
Anton will be retiring in 38 years. He has an
emergency fund that could support him for nine
months if something were to happen. Skip
wants his money to work for him and he is not
scared of market fluctuations. Where might he
invest? Why?
o Stocks and/or mutual funds would be
good options. Typically, stocks and
 mutual funds perform well over time o Little to no responsibility for
and outperform other investments. maintenance.
o Easier to move.
Eugene needs to start an emergency fund.
o Depending on the state of the
Where might she invest? Why?
economy, you could get more "bang for
o A savings account in a bank would be a your buck" as housing prices sky rocket,
good option for her. It is a low-risk rental prices tend to stabilize.
investment, easily accessible and it
earns interest.

TO SUM IT UP

o There are different types of investments

and all have different Return of
Investment (ROI).
o The greater the risk on an investment,
the greater the possibility of high
returns and also negative returns.
o The type of investment should align
with your investment profile.

Note: ROI is the return an investor receives

relate to the investment they gave.

HOME OWNERSHIP

o the situation of owning one's house or

flat, or of having a mortgage on it.
o Home ownership, basically, means
owning a house. Owning a house comes
in several steps such as planning for a
house, setting aside the money required
for down payment over a period of
time, looking out for a property,
bargaining, applying for a home loan,
agreement drafting, and property
registration.

Homeownership is thought to be "good" for

the following reasons

o it helps families acquire wealth.

o it is also good for the economy because
it encourages people to save.
o studies show that homeowners invest
more in their neighborhoods, engage in
more civic activities, etc.

OWNERSHIP

o Property builds equity

o Sense of community, stability, and
security.
o Free to change decor and landscaping.
o Not dependent on landlord to maintain
property.

RENTING