The 13th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC 2022)
Interactions between residential electricity consumption and urban
households' lifestyle and behaviour in Burkina Faso: Findings from a survey
Komlan H. S. Tete*, Y.M. Soro, S. S. Sidibé
Laboratoire Energies Renouvelable et Efficacité
Energétique (LabEREE)
Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de
l’Environnement (2iE)
2022 13th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC) | 978-1-6654-8897-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IREC56325.2022.10001866
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
*: seth.tete@2ie-edu.org (Komlan H. S. Tete)
Abstract — Although the residential sector is responsible for
almost one-third of electricity consumption in Burkina Faso, very
little information and details on actual electricity use and
households' behaviours in relation with it exist because research
on residential sector electricity use remains very poor. This study
addresses this research gap by conducting a residential electricity
consumption survey within 387 households in the city of
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. To the authors' knowledge this is
the first large-scale, city-wide household electricity study
undertaken in Burkina Faso. Information on the households'
socio-demographic characteristics, behaviours, and patterns of
electricity use were collected to provide insights into the actual
city-scale residential electricity use. Findings showed that
households use, on average, 2395 kWh/year. Cooling accounts for
39.9% of the total electricity use, followed by cooking/food
preserving (22.7%) and information-communication-
entertainment (19.1%) activities. The study’s findings could be
used by researchers, energy actors and households to better
understand actual electricity use patterns in a city and country
where a paucity of data currently exists as well as to identify
ways to modify consumption patterns to reduce power outages
and improve the living conditions of households.
Keywords — Urban households, City-scale survey, Lifestyle and
behaviours, Electricity consumption, Burkina Faso.
I. INTRODUCTION
Economic growth, global development, as well as poverty
eradication are recognised as the main challenges of most
developing countries in the sub–Saharan Africa region, and
access to modern forms of energy and their services are
considered prerequisites for reaching such objectives [1–3]. In
Burkina Faso, the demand for primary energy grew at an
average rate of 6.67% from 2010 to 2018, while the electricity
demand increased at a higher rate of 8.36% per annum [4,5].
Such rapid growth in electricity demand is mainly due to the
progress in urbanisation, which has increased on average
4.13% per annum since 2010 [6]. Urban zones that account for
26.35% of the population are responsible for 74% of the total
electricity use, as appliance ownership and use are higher in
these zones [6–8].
The residential sector, which accounts for 72% of total
primary energy and 33% of total electricity use in the country
[4] is one of the most contributing sectors to the greenhouse
gas emissions due to the high prevalence of fossil fuels (47%)
978-1-6654-8897-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
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Rory V. Jones
School of the Built Environment
University of Reading
Reading, United Kingdom
r.v.jones@reading.ac.uk
and imports (45%) in the country’s energy mix [4]. This makes
such a sector, a key target for energy efficiency, with safer and
cleaner energy resources and greener energy production
methods necessary. Furthermore, improving consumers’
behaviours and implementing suitable energy efficiency
policies, measures and programs are also crucial for demand
reduction whilst avoiding rebound effects experienced in other
countries [9].
In short, effective strategies are needed to improve energy
provision and therefore, the living conditions of households in
Burkina Faso. However, to do so, it is essential to have
accurate data about the lifestyles and energy behaviours of
households, which are widely considered as the main aspects
that dictate residential energy consumption patterns [10].
In Burkina Faso, studies on residential energy consumption
are almost non-existent. Apart from studies by the national
institute of statistics (INSD/BF) on living conditions of the
population which gather some data on the household energy
expenditure, no other studies have been conducted. To address
this research gap, this study undertakes a residential electricity
consumption survey of 387 households in the city of
Ouagadougou. To the authors' knowledge this is the first large-
scale, city-wide household electricity study undertaken in
Burkina Faso.
More specifically, the study will address the following
research questions:
1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics,
lifestyles and energy behaviours of households in
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso?
2. What are the ownership and saturation rates of typical
household appliances, and how much do they
contribute to the electricity consumption?
3. How do households' socio-demographic
characteristics, lifestyles and energy behaviours
influence their electricity consumption?
II. METHODOLOGY
A. City of Ouagadougou
Ouagadougou, known colloquially as "Ouaga", is the
capital and largest city of Burkina Faso and the cultural,
economic and administrative centre of the country. The city is Table 1. Items covered by the survey’s questionnaire
in the centre of the country (central region) at latitude
12°21'58" N and longitude 01°31'05" W [11]. The city is Items
Content or description
located in the Sudano-Sahelian climatic zone, which gives the investigated
climate, a hot and dry character, with average monthly Household Family status and size, total income,
temperatures ranging from 25°C in December to 33°C in April characteristics members’ age, relation to the HRP,
[12]. The average relative humidity is 48.5%, and the rainfall education level, employment status.
varies from less than 50 mm in the dry months (December to Dwelling Building type, Number of storeys, period
April) to about 200 mm in August, the wettest month [12]. In characteristics of construction, Numbers and usage of
addition to being the largest city in the country, Ouagadougou rooms, Floor area, tenure type, and
is home to 45.4% of the country's urban population, with a size presence of HVAC and DHW systems.
of 2,453,496 inhabitants grouped in 12 districts and 55 sectors Appliances Number and characteristics of appliances,
[6]. The city was chosen because it gives a good representation possession and pattern of use per type of day
of urban areas in the country and can also serve as a basis for use (weekdays/weekends), and appliance
predicting the characteristics of electric use of the other purchase condition (new / used / mixed).
urbanising areas of Burkina Faso in the future. Daily life Presence and daily life activities related
activities to household appliance use (cooking,
B. Survey design and data collected Information, communication,
Questionnaires were used to collect data as they have been entertainment etc.).
identified as a suitable method for gathering data [13] and are Electricity use Electricity sources, monthly electricity
often used in energy consumption studies [14]. The survey consumption (amount and cost) and
sample size (n) was determined as 384 by using (1) and (2) at a electricity account information.
95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error (e). Energy Behaviour Awareness and practice of energy
no = z² p q / e² (1) conservation, awareness of appliance
labelling and influence on purchase,
n = no / (1 + (no – 1) / N) (2) awareness and behaviours amid standby
Where no refers to the non-adjusted sample size , z 1 consumption.
represents the z-score corresponding to the 95% confidence Others Level of satisfaction with utility services,
interval, p refers to a proportion of the population which has a Frequency and duration of power outages
defined attribute (50%), q = 1 - p and N is the size of the and load shifting preferences.
targeted population (here the households of Ouagadougou).
As the city of Ouagadougou consist of 12 districts, the
overall sample size was made of a combination of the sample C. Data processing
size in the districts, and the number of selected houses was In order to understand the patterns of electricity
proportional to the total number of households in the consumption and the importance of appliance use and daily life
corresponding district. activities on household electricity consumption, it is essential
to access the household’s electricity consumption breakdown.
Random sampling was used in this survey to ensure that On-site measurement has been demonstrated as the most
each households had an equal chance of being selected. accurate solution, however, it remains a challenging activity as
However, the selected households surveyed in each district it is complex, expensive (high costs for initiation, operation and
depended on the readiness of the respondents to participate. maintenance of sensors [13] and much effort from both the
Throughout the sampling process, attention was also paid to participants and the researchers [15]. Therefore, to determine
selecting samples with different household backgrounds and the electricity consumption breakdown in the surveyed
domestic economic levels. The in-person interview was the households, this study makes use of more traditional survey
primary data collection method, as it was identified as the most methods, which have also been widely used [16]. Indeed, along
common completion option and the method that produced the with the number, type and other characteristics of the
highest response rate [14]. Nevertheless, some households appliances, the participants were asked to state their daily
preferred to self-report the questionnaire sheets and return them duration of use of each home appliance. As a result, five main
later. Responses were obtained from 387 households out of the categories of appliances were defined corresponding to the
522 households (74.1% participation rate) approached from daily life activities of the households: Cooking and food
September 2021 to February 2022, following a pilot test of the preserving, lighting, cooling, Information Communication and
questionnaire in August 2021. Entertainment (ICE) and others. With such data, the theoretical
The survey content, as shown in Table 1, consisted of seven Active Appliance Electricity (AEC) consumption is therefore
main items characterising households’ lifestyle and behaviour calculated as the sum of the electricity consumption of all
regarding electricity use: household and dwelling appliances in the household while performing their primary
characteristics, appliances ownership and use, daily life functions [17].
activities, electricity use and energy behaviours and others. Along with the active electricity consumption, and as a
feature of the energy behavior of the residents, the standby
1
: the sample size for an infinite and unknown size population

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electricity consumption was determined as the multiplication
between the standby power of the corresponding appliances
(kW) and the number of hours (hr./year) that appliances are left
on standby [17].
Also, the corresponding annual electricity use for lighting
was also determined as the multiplication between the
operating power of the corresponding lighting fixture (kW) and
the number of hours (hr./year) of operation [17].
Finally, the household’s total annual electricity (3) is
calculated as the addition of the household’s active (AEC),
standby (SEC) and lighting electricity consumption (LEC).
This theoretical electricity consumption determined using the
survey and appliance consumption data is then compared with
the measured data obtained from the electricity bills.
TEC = AEC + LEC + SEC
Where TEC refers to the total (annual) electricity
consumption, LEC, to the lighting electricity consumption,
AEC, to the active electricity consumption and SEC, to the
standby electricity consumption. The power ratings and
features of the appliances were measured in retail stores and
selected from standard products in the market following the
actual characteristics of appliance [18] due to inaccessibility
for measurements.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Socio-economic charcteristics
The survey results for the households' socio-economic
characteristics demonstrated that about 47% of the surveyed
households consist of couples with dependent children, 24.5%
are multi-generational families with dependent children and
16.8% are single-parent families. All other household types
counted for 11.7%. The average household size was 6, with
69.3% housing between 3 and 7 persons, 20.7% more than
eight persons and the last 10% a maximum of two persons.
The majority (70.8%) of the surveyed households earn a
monthly income between 100,000 and 550,000 CFA francs
(i.e., US$ 173-9472). 10.3% of the households earn up to
100,000 FCFA (~ US$ 172), 10.6% between 550,000 and
850,000 FCFA (US$ 948-1463) and 8.3% more than 850,000
FCFA (> US$ 1463).
72.3% of the surveyed households' respondent person
(HRP) were aged between 29 and 61 years old, 7.5% were 62
years old or more, and 7.5% were up to 28 years old. 44.4% of
the HRPs are full-time employees, 3.6% are part-time
employees, 31.8% have their own business, and 20.2% are
non-employed or retired. The majority of the HRPs are literate
(87.6%), with 46.3% reaching college education level, 33.3%
secondary school and 8% only primary school. The last 12.4%
never attended school.
2 together here due to the small number of freezers)
: With a conversion rate of 580.94 from US$ to FCFA francs (March 2022)
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B. Dwellings’ charcteristics
More than half of the dwellings (68.2%) have a floor area
ranging between 50 to 200 m², 23.5% have less than 50m², and
8.3% have more than 200 m². The dwellings are mostly built
on one storey (88.1%), with 57.4% detached houses, 32%
multi-unit houses, and 10.6% apartments and semi-detached
houses. In addition, 65.4% of the participants own their
dwellings, while 32% rent privately their dwellings and the last
2.6% live in free rented dwellings. Finally, 7% of the dwellings
were built before the 80s, 29.8 % between the 80s and the 90s
and 63.3% after the 2000s.
C. Appliance ownership and use
Two features of the appliances are defined here to yield a
comprehensive investigation of appliance ownership within
urban households in Burkina Faso: appliance ownership and
(3) appliance saturation. Appliance ownership refers to households
owning one or more typical appliances, while saturation refers
to the amount of a given appliance per household [19].
Appliances' ownerships are displayed in Fig.1. 100% of the
surveyed households own indoor lighting, while 97.7% own
outdoor lighting. LED lights represent 74.9% of the total
number of lighting fixtures, while ballast fluorescents, compact
fluorescents and other lights share respectively 15.6%, 4.7%
and 4.8% of the total number of lighting fixtures.
Among the other appliances, fans, televisions, satellite
receivers, fridges, laptops and air-conditioners are owned by
more than 30% of the households, with the ownership ranging
between 97.2% for fans and 32% for air-conditioners (AC).
The lasting appliance ownerships range between 27.9% (for
irons) and 2.3% for electric stoves.
Like with appliance ownership, the essential appliances
showed greater saturations. Indoor lighting has the highest
saturation rate with an average of 8.7 lights per household,
followed by fans, 4.3 units/household, outdoor lighting,
televisions and satellite receivers for respectively 2.5, 1.4 and
1.1 units/household. The lasting appliances showed various
saturations, which were less than 1, with laptops, fridges and
ACs having more than a 0.5 saturation and the others'
saturations ranging from 0.3 (iron) to 0.03 (washing machine).
Along with the appliance ownership, the appliance's use
pattern is also fundamental to know as it gives a more
comprehensive explanation of how ownership influences
electricity consumption. For this purpose, during the survey,
participants were asked to indicate, on average, how long each
appliance was used daily.
It was demonstrated that after the almost unceasing
operation of the Wi-Fi routers (23.4 hours/day) and
refrigeration3 (21.7 hours/day), lighting, cooling and some of
the ICE appliances are the most used by households. Indeed,
for the cooling appliances, fans operate at an average of 10.3
hours/day, followed by the air-conditioners, 5.2 hours/days and
3 : Refrigeration refers here to either fridges or freezer (which are grouped
the humidifiers, 4.7 hours/day, which is a good reflection of the contribute only 3.8% to the total electricity consumption of the
hot and dry climate in Burkina Faso. surveyed households.

Fig. 1. Appliance ownership (%) within the households Fig. 2. Average annual electricity consumption per appliance

D. Electricty consumption breakdown

In order to determine the electricity consumption
breakdown, the method explained in section II was employed.
The theoretical average electricity consumption was 2573
kWh/year, 7% greater than the measured electricity
consumption (2395 kWh). On the individual scale, calculated
electricity consumption reached 79% above the measured value
for some households. It can be explained by the differences
between actual and reported values for average use times and Fig. 3. Electricity consumption breakdown in the surveyed
because appliances are usually not operated at their total households per appliance (a) and activity (b)
capacity. Fig. 2 shows the average annual electricity per
appliance in the surveyed households. Due to their higher The SEC of the households was also studied in detail in
ownership, saturation, and operating hours, the appliances such order to investigate the effect of energy behaviours on
as air-conditioners, fans and fridges display higher electricity use. The methodology explained in section II
consumption. However, some appliances like electric stoves, was employed for the purpose. Descriptive of the number of
kettles, irons, microwaves and washing machines also showed standby appliances, standby power, usage time and electricity
high values for electricity use due to their operating powers. consumption are given in Table 2 for the households.
ACs consume the most electricity (1833 kWh/year),
Table 2. Standby power, usage time and electricity
followed by electric stoves (1027 kWh/year). The food-
preserving appliances such as the freezers and the fridges consumption of the overall population
stayed almost within the same ranges (519 and 401 kWh/year Standby Elements Statistics Values
respectively), while the other appliances displayed values from Number of standby Mean 4.6
392 kWh/year (for the kettle) to 19.89 kWh/year (for the appliances St. dev. 3.3
radio). Minimum 0.0
Fig. 3 shows the share of total electricity use for appliances Maximum 30.0
and activities within the surveyed households. Air-conditioners Standby power (W) Mean 12.6
remain the major appliances, accounting for 24.6% of the total St. dev. 9.8
electricity use, refrigeration appliances had a 16.7% share, fans Minimum 0.0
15.1%, lighting fixtures 14.5% and televisions4 13.5%. Due to Maximum 80.0
lower ownerships and/or saturations, the rest of the appliances Total standby usage Mean 4.6
represent 15.6% of the total electricity use. time (hours / day) St. dev. 6.9
Among the activities (Fig. 3 (b)), cooling was the most Minimum 0.0
significant consuming activity with a share of 39.9%, followed Maximum 48.6
by cooking and food preserving activities (22.7%), ICE Standby electricity Mean 29.5
activities (19.1%) and lighting (14.5%). The other activities consumption St. dev. 47.5
(kWh/year) Minimum 0.0
Maximum 434.3
4 : The televisions are considered jointly with the satellite receivers here.

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 The total SEC represents 1.2% of the TEC for the overall
sample. This can partially be explained by the energy
behaviours of the households. Out of the overall sample, 35.9%
declared not to be aware of energy conservation, while 64.1%
declared to be aware. For energy practice, 41.9% recognised
not practising any energy conservation actions, 27.4%
recognised regularly practising energy conservation actions,
and 30.7% recognised not really or only practising energy
conservation actions sometimes. About the practical actions of
energy conservation undertaken by the households. 26.9% of
the overall sample turn off unused appliances, while 27.4%
turn off unused appliances and unplug standby appliances to
avoid standby mode consumption. 3.9% of the households
undertook advanced conservation actions such as the usage of
typical efficient lighting fixtures (1.3%) and installation of
solar system (2.6%). Most of the low consumers do not
practice energy.
IV. DISCISSIONS
While most existing literature has investigated residential
electricity consumption within developed countries, this study
contributes to improving the tiny body of literature on
developing countries by providing helpful information on the
interaction between lifestyles and energy behaviours of urban
households and their electricity use in Burkina Faso. The
meanings of the findings and the policy implications are
discussed below.
The survey results demonstrated that most urban
households in Burkina Faso own appliances like lighting
fixtures, televisions, fans and refrigerators. The price, which is
known to be one of the most influencing factors for appliance
purchasing, explains the ownership of these typical appliances.
As the price for buying these appliances are cheaper than that
for buying other appliances such as microwaves, ACs, washing
machines and electric stoves, for example. These appliances
become automatically essential in the appliance stocks of the
surveyed household. However, with the urbanisation rate
growing faster as well as the economic level, not only is the
saturation of these "essential" appliances expected to increase,
but the increase of affordability from the households will also
lead to higher ownership and saturation of the other appliances.
This will therefore lead to higher electricity demand from the
households.
Furthermore, as the survey demonstrated that even if they
are equipped with the essential appliances at almost identical
ownerships and saturation rates as other countries' households,
Burkina Faso households still demonstrated a lower level of
electricity consumption in comparison with others survey
studies in other countries [20]. Instead of the affordability of
the appliances for purchasing, this could be attributed to the
high tariffs proposed by the electricity utility and the lower
performances of the electricity grid in the country. Indeed, the
electricity utility, the only one in the country, has one of the
highest electricity tariffs in the West-African region [7]. Also,
the grids' performances are among the worst, with an average
of 84 interruptions, accounting for 60 hours of outages within a
year for customers [5]. Efforts are needed, therefore, to
improve, for example, generation capacity, with high
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penetration of renewable energy sources to make it affordable
for the population and enhance the electricity grid materials.
Due to the hot and dry environment, weather-related
appliances such as fans and air-conditioners are extensively
used. Fans that are more affordable for purchasing are widely
used by most of the surveyed households, while ACs are used
more by less households, most likely those can afford
purchasing and use. This translates into cooling being the most
consuming activity in the surveyed households. Indeed, results
showed that household with fans consumes 1.5 times more than
those with no cooling appliances. Such coefficient goes to
almost 3, 4 and 5 when households owing 1, 2, and 3 or more
ACs are compared to households with no cooling appliance.
Therefore, attention should be paid to ownership and use of
weather-related appliances such as fans and especially the ACs,
as cooling, which 39.9% of the TEC within the households,
represents a primary target and one of the central energy-saving
potentials. In addition, some alternatives, such as improving the
buildings’ thermal performances, have been investigated in the
literature. However, it was demonstrated that the affordability
of the solutions involving materials remains challenging for the
population, along with the lack of information on the
effectiveness of the materials, even in urban zones [21].
Incentives policies can therefore be designed and implemented
by the government as well as sensitisation on the use of the
local materials, which has been demonstrated to be efficient for
helping improve buildings’ energy performances [22].
Finally, attention should also be paid to SEC. Although this
represents only 1.2% of the TEC, the ICE appliances represent
the absolute majority of such a share (96%), and as they are
more affordable than the high-power appliances (such as A.C.s,
washing machines, microwaves), monthly income levels
increase in the future can rapidly translate into a higher share
for the SEC.
V. CONCLUSION
This study investigated residential electricity consumption
between September 2021 and February 2022 within 387
households in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to
provide insights into the urban residential electricity
consumption of Burkina Faso. To the authors' knowledge, this
is the first-ever survey study conducted to provide helpful
information on city-scale electricity consumption in Burkina
Faso homes.
The study demonstrated even though urban households in
Burkina own and operate for the majority of them, the basic
appliances (lighting, televisions, fans, and fridges), electricity
use level is still lower in the country when compared to others
countries. In such a use, cooling activities which represents a
big part of the total electricity use of the households need to be
set as a priority for energy efficiencies policies and measures.
Needed actions and policies were therefore provided after
analyzing the findings and should be used by actors such as
deciders, grid operators, building designers and householders
themselves. This study could also serve as a reference for the
possible characteristics, behaviours and patterns of the other
growing cities in the country or other hot climate developing
countries.

FUNDING
This work was supported by the International Institute for
Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE) and the World
Bank through the Africa Centers of Excellence Project (ACE),
especially the Engineering College Project (CoE-2iE).
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