Glossary of

architecture

This page is a glossary of architecture.

Abacus
A flat slab forming the uppermost
member or division of the capital of a
column.

Accolade
A sculptural embellishment of an arch.
Aisle
The subsidiary space alongside the
body of a building, separated from it by
columns, piers, or posts.

Ante-choir
The space enclosed in a church
between the outer gate or railing of the
rood screen and the door of the screen.

Apron
1. A raised panel below a window or
wall monument or tablet.
2. An open portion of a marine terminal
immediately adjacent to a vessel berth,
used in the direct transfer of cargo
between the vessel and the terminal.
3. A concrete slab immediately outside
a vehicular door or passageway used to
limit the wear on asphalt paving due to
repetitive turning movements or heavy
loads.

Apse
A vaulted semicircular or polygonal end
of a chancel or chapel. That portion of a
church, usually Christian, beyond the
"crossing" and opposite the nave. In
some churches, the choir is seated in
this space.

Araeostyle
A style of intercolumniation in which the
distance between columns is at least
four diameters. The large interval
between columns necessitates the use
of a wooden architrave.

Araeosystyle
An architectural term applied to a
colonnade, in which the
intercolumniation is alternately wide and
narrow.

Arcade
A passage or walkway covered over by a
succession of arches or vaults
supported by columns. Blind arcade or
arcading: the same applied to the wall
surface.

Arch
A curved structure capable of spanning
a space while supporting significant
weight.

Architrave
A formalized lintel, the lowest member
of the classical entablature. Also the
moulded frame of a door or window
(often borrowing the profile of a
classical architrave).

Area or basement area

In Georgian architecture, the small
paved yard giving entry, via "area steps",
to the basement floor at the front of a
terraced house.

Arris
A sharp edge created when two
surfaces converge; this includes the
raised edge between two flutes on a
column or pilaster, if that edge is sharp.

Arris Rail
A type of rail, often wooden, with a
cross-section resembling an isosceles
triangle.[1]

Arrowslit
A thin vertical aperture in a fortification
through which an archer can launch
arrows.

Articulation
The manner or method of jointing parts
such that each part is clear and distinct
in relation to the others, even though
joined.

Ashlar
Masonry of large blocks cut with even
faces and square edges.

Astragal
A moulding profile composed of a half-
round surface surrounded by two flat
planes (fillets).

Atlas
A support sculpted in the form of a man,
which may take the place of a column, a
pier or a pilaster.

Atrium
 (plural: atria) The inner court of a Roman
house; in a multi-story building, a toplit
covered court rising through all stories.

Attic
A small top story within a roof above the
uppermost ceiling. The story above the
main entablature of a classical façade.

Balconet
A false balcony, or railing at the outer
plane of a window.

Ball flower
An architectural ornament in the form of
a ball inserted in the cup of a flower,
which came into use in the latter part of
the 13th, and was in great vogue in the
early part of the 14th century.

A page of fanciful balusters

Baluster
A small moulded shaft, square or
circular, in stone or wood, sometimes
metal, supporting the coping of a
parapet or the handrail of a staircase. A
series of balusters supporting a handrail
or coping is called a balustrade.

Bar-stayed girder
A structural member of inadequate
capacity for its load or span that is
augmented by one or two steel bars
anchored to each bearing end at or
above the centroid of the girder to
assume the tension forces. The bar(s)
runs down and below the girder and
stand off the girder on one or more
struts anchored to the girder at its
bottom surface. The struts are sized to
accept the compressive forces imposed
without bending. The load limit to this
member is the crippling capacity
(horizontal failure) of the girder.

Bargeboard
A board fastened to the projecting
gables of a roof.

Barrel vault
An architectural element formed by the
extrusion of a single curve (or pair of
curves, in the case of a pointed barrel
vault) along a given distance.

Bartizan
An overhanging, wall-mounted turret
projecting from the walls, usually at the
corners, of medieval fortifications or
churches.
Basement
The lowest, subordinate storey of
building often either entirely or partially
below ground level; the lowest part of
classical elevation, below the piano
nobile.

Basilica
Originally a Roman, large roofed hall
erected for transacting business and
disposing of legal matters; later the term
came to describe an aisled building with
a clerestory. Medieval cathedral plans
were a development of the basilica plan
type.

Batement Lights
The lights in the upper part of a
perpendicular window, abated, or only
half the width of those below.[2]

Batter (walls)
An upwardly receding slope of a wall or
column.

Battlement
A parapet (i.e., a defensive low wall
between chest-height and head-height),
in which rectangular gaps or
indentations occur at intervals to allow
for the discharge of arrows or other
missiles.

Bays
The internal compartments of a building,
each divided from the other by subtle
means such as the boundaries implied
by divisions marked in the side walls
(columns, pilasters, etc.) or the ceiling
(beams, etc.). Also, the external
divisions of a building by fenestration
(windows).

Bay window
A window of one or more storeys
projecting from the face of a building.
Canted: with a straight front and angled
sides. Bow window: curved. Oriel: rests
on corbels or brackets and starts above
ground level; also the bay window at the
dais end of a medieval great hall.

Belfry
A chamber or stage in a tower where
bells are hung. The term is also used to
describe the manner in which bricks are
laid in a wall so that they interlock.

Bench table
A stone seat which runs round the walls
of large churches, and sometimes round
the piers; it very generally is placed in
the porches.

Bond
Brickwork with overlapping bricks.
Types of bond include stretcher, English,
header, Flemish, garden wall,
herringbone, basket, American, and
Chinese.

Boss
1. A roughly cut stone set in place for
later carving.
2. An ornamental projection, a carved
keystone of a ribbed vault at the
intersection of the ogives.

Bossage
Uncut stone that is laid in place in a
building, projecting outward from the
building, to later be carved into
decorative mouldings, capitals, arms,
etc. Bossages are also rustic work,
consisting of stones which seem to
advance beyond the surface of the
building, by reason of indentures, or
channels left in the joinings; used chiefly
in the corners of buildings, and called
rustic quoins. The cavity or indenture
may be round, square, chamfered,
beveled, diamond-shaped, or enclosed
with a cavetto or listel.[3]

Boutant
A type of support. An arc-boutant, or
flying buttress, serves to sustain a vault,
and is self-sustained by some strong
wall or massive work. A pillar boutant is
a large chain or jamb of stone, made to
support a wall, terrace, or vault. The
word is French, and comes from the
verb bouter, "to butt" or "abut".[4]

Bracket (see also corbel)

A weight-bearing member made of
wood, stone, or metal that overhangs a
wall.

Bressummer
(literally "breast- beam") A large,
horizontal beam supporting the wall
above, especially in a jettied building.

Brise soleil
Projecting fins or canopies which shade
windows from direct sunlight.

Broken pediment
A style of pediment in which the center
is left open (and often ornamented) by
stopping the sloping sides short of the
pediment's apex. A variant of this in
which the sides are curved to resemble
esses is called a swan's neck pediment.

Bullseye window
Either a small oval window, or an early
type of window glass.

Bulwark
A Barricade of beams and soil used in
15th- and 16th-century fortifications
designed to mount artillery. On board
ships the term refers to the woodwork
running round the ship above the level of
 the deck. Figuratively it means anything
serving as a defence. Dutch loanword;
Bolwerk

Buttress
A vertical member projecting from a wall
to stabilize it or to resist the lateral
thrust of an arch, roof, or vault. A flying
buttress transmits the thrust to a heavy
abutment by means of an arch or half-
arch.

Cancellus
(plural: Cancelli) Barriers which
correspond to the modern balustrade or
railing, especially the screen dividing the
body of a church from the part occupied
by the ministers hence chancel. The
Romans employed cancelli to partition
off portions of the courts of law.[5]

Cant
An angled (oblique) line or surface,
especially one that cuts off a corner.

Cantilever
An unsupported overhang acting as a
lever, like a flagpole sticking out of the
side of a wall.

Capital
The topmost member of a column (or
pilaster).
 The Caryatid Porch of the
Erechtheion, Athens, 421–407 BC

Caryatid
A sculpted female figure serving as an
architectural support taking the place of
a column or a pillar supporting an
entablature on her head.

Casement window
A window hung vertically, hinged one
side, so that it swings inward or
outward.

Cauliculus, or caulicole
Stalks (eight in number) with two leaves
from which rise the helices or spiral
scrolls of the Corinthian capital to
support the abacus.[6]

Cavetto
A moulding in which the negative space
makes a quarter-circle.[7]

Cella
The inner chamber of a temple in
classical architecture.

Chalcidicum
In Roman architecture, the vestibule or
portico of a public building opening on
to the forum, as in the basilica of
Eumachia at Pompeii, and the basilica
of Constantine at Rome, where it was
placed at one end. See: Lacunar.[8]
Chamfer
A transitional edge, often 45 degrees,
formed by paring down an arris
diagonally.[9] Some buildings may be
chamfered such that the base is
octagonal.

Chancel (also Presbytery)

In church architecture, the space around
the altar at the east end of a traditional
Christian church building, including the
choir and sanctuary.

Chandrashala
The circular or horseshoe arch that
decorates many Indian cave temples
and shrines.
Chigi
In Japanese architecture, a V-shaped
finial used almost exclusively on Shinto
shrines, where they are placed near the
ends of the ridgeline(s) of the roof
through extension of or attachment to
the gable. In most cases, the direction of
the cut at the top of a chigi indicates the
sex of the kami within.

Chimera
A fantastic, mythical or grotesque figure
used for decorative purposes.

Chimney
A structure which provides ventilation.

Chresmographion
A chamber between the pronaos and the
cella in Greek temples where oracles
were delivered.[10]

Cincture
A ring, list, or fillet at the top and bottom
of a column, which divides the shaft
from the capital and base.[11]

Cinquecento
A style which became prevalent in Italy
in the century following 1500, now
usually called 16th-century work. It was
the result of the revival of classic
architecture known as Renaissance, but
the change had commenced already a
century earlier, in the works of Ghiberti
and Donatello in sculpture, and of
Brunelleschi and Alberti in
architecture.[12]

Cippus
(plural: cippi) A low, round or rectangular
pedestal set up by the Romans for
military purposes such as a milestone or
a boundary post. The inscriptions on
some cippi in the British Museum show
that they were occasionally used as
funeral memorials.[13]

Circulation
Describes the flow of people throughout
a building.

Cleithral
A covered Greek temple, in
contradistinction to hypaethral, which
designates one that is uncovered; the
roof of a cleithral temple completely
covers it.[14]

Clerestory
The upper part of the nave of a large
church, containing a series of windows.

Clock gable
A gable or facade with a decorative
shape characteristic of traditional Dutch
architecture. The top of the gable is
shaped like a church bell.

Coffer
A sunken panel in the shape of a square,
rectangle, or octagon that serves as a
decorative device, usually in a ceiling or
vault. Also called caissons, or
lacunar.[15]

Colarin or Hypotrachelium
(also colarino, collarino, or
hypotrachelium) The little frieze of the
capital of the Tuscan and Doric column
placed between the astragal, and the
annulets. It was called hypotrachelium
by Vitruvius.

Column
A structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the
structure above to other structural
elements below.

Compass
In carpentry, architecture, and
shipbuilding, a compass is a curved
circular form.

Compluvium
The Latin term for the open space left in
the roof of the atrium of a Roman house
(domus) for lighting it and the rooms
round.[16]

Coping
The capping or covering of a wall.

Corbel
A structural piece of stone, wood or
metal jutting from a wall to carry a
superincumbent weight.

A corbie gable from Zaltbommel

Corbiesteps
A series of steps along the slopes of a
gable.[17] Also called crow-steps. A
gable featuring corbiesteps is known as
a corbie gable, crow-step gable, or
stepped gable.[18]
Corinthian order
One of the three orders or organisational
systems of Ancient Greek or classical
architecture characterised by columns
which stood on the flat pavement of a
temple with a base, their vertical shafts
fluted with parallel concave grooves
topped by a capital decorated with
acanthus leaves, that flared from the
column to meet an abacus with concave
sides at the intersection with the
horizontal beam that they carried.

Cornice
The upper section of an entablature or a
projecting shelf along the top of a wall
often supported by brackets or corbels.

Cresting
Ornamentation along the ridge of a roof.

Cross Springer
A block from which the diagonal ribs of
a vault spring or start. The top of the
springer is known as the skewback.[19]

Cross-wing
A wing attached to a main or original
house block, its axis at right angles to
the original block, and often gabled.

Crypt
A stone chamber beneath the floor of a
church or other building. It typically
contains coffins, sarcophagi, or religious
relics.

Cryptoporticus
A concealed or covered passage,
generally underground, though lighted
and ventilated from the open air. One of
the best-known examples is the crypto-
porticus under the palaces of the
Caesars in Rome. In Hadrian's Villa in
Rome they formed the principal private
intercommunication between the
several buildings.[20]

Cuneus
A wedge-shaped division of the Roman
theatre separated by the scalae or
stairways.[21] This shape also occurred
in medieval architecture.

Cupola
A small, most often dome-like, structure
on top of a building.

Cyma
A projecting moulding whose edge
forms an S-curve. The two major types
of cyma are the cyma recta, in which the
upper curve is concave, and the cyma
reversa (also known as the ogee), in
which the lower curve is concave.[22]

Cyrto-style
A circular projecting portico with
columns.[23]
D

Denticulation
Finely toothed or notched; having
dentils.[24]

Dentil
One of a series of small rectangular
blocks projecting from a moulding or
beneath a cornice. A string of dentils is
known as dentillation.

Diastyle
An intercolumniation of three or four
diameters.[25]

Diaulos
Peristyle around the great court of the
palaestra, described by Vitruvius, which
measured two stadia (1,200 ft.) in
length, on the south side this peristyle
had two rows of columns, so that in
stormy weather the rain might not be
driven into the inner part. The word was
also used in ancient Greece for a foot
race of twice the usual length.[26]

Diazoma
A horizontal aisle in an ancient Greek
theater that separates the lower and
upper tiers of semi-circular seating and
intersects with the vertical aisles.[27]

Dikka
An Islamic architectural term for the
tribune raised upon columns, from
which the Koran is recited and the
prayers intoned by the Imam of the
mosque.[28]

Temples which have a double range of

columns in the peristyle, as in the
temple of Diana at Ephesus.[29]

Distyle in antis
Having two columns.

A portico having two columns between

two anta[30]

Dodecastyle
A temple where the portico has twelve
columns in front, as in the portico added
to the Temple of Demeter at Eleusis,
designed by Philo, the architect of the
arsenal at the Peiraeus.[31]

Doric order
One of the three orders or organisational
systems of Ancient Greek or classical
architecture characterised by columns
which stood on the flat pavement of a
temple without a base, their vertical
shafts fluted with parallel concave
grooves topped by a smooth capital that
flared from the column to meet a square
abacus at the intersection with the
horizontal beam that they carried.

Dormer
A structural element of a building that
protrudes from the plane of a sloping
roof surface. Dormers are used, either in
original construction or as later
additions, to create usable space in the
roof of a building by adding headroom
and usually also by enabling addition of
windows.

Dosseret, or impost block

A cubical block of stone above the
capitals in a Byzantine church, used to
carry the arches and vault, the springing
of which had a superficial area greatly in
excess of the column which carried
them.[32]

Double-depth plan
A plan for a structure that is two rooms
deep but lacking a central corridor.[33]

Dromos
An entrance passage or avenue leading
to a building, tomb or passageway.
Those leading to beehive tombs are
enclosed between stone walls and
sometimes in-filled between successive
 uses of the tomb.[34][35] In ancient Egypt
the dromos was a straight, paved
avenue flanked by sphinxes.[34][36]

Dutch gable
A gable whose sides have a shape made
up of one or more curves and has a
pediment at the top.

Eave return
An element of Classical Revival
architecture in American domestic
architecture.

Egg-and-dart
An ornamental moulding in which an
ovolo is inscribed with alternating oval
and V-shaped motifs.

Enfilade
A row of rooms with aligned doorways,
creating a linear processional route.
Enfilades were common in upper-class
Baroque architecture and are used in
museum layouts to manage flow.

Engaged column
A column built into and partially
projecting from a wall, particularly
notable in Roman architecture.

Engawa
In Japanese architecture, a section of
floor outside the shoji that encircles the
structure’s rooms, similar to a porch or,
when itself enclosed by storm doors or
sheet glass, a sunroom.

Entablature
A superstructure of mouldings and
bands which lie horizontally above
columns, resting on their capitals.

Entasis
The application of a convex curve to a
surface for aesthetic purposes. Its best-
known use is in certain orders of
Classical columns that curve slightly as
their diameter is decreased from the
bottom upward. It also may serve an
engineering function regarding strength.

Ephebeum
(Ancient Greek: ephebion) A large hall in
the ancient Palaestra furnished with
seats, the length of which should be a
third larger than the width. It served for
the exercises of youths of from sixteen
to eighteen years of age.[37]

Epinaos
An open vestibule behind the nave. The
term is not found in any classic author,
but is a modern coinage, originating in
Germany, to differentiate the feature
from the opisthodomos, which in the
Parthenon was an enclosed chamber.[38]

Estípite
In Churrigueresque Baroque
architecture, an elaborate pilaster with a
tapered base.

Estrade
The French term for a raised platform or
dais. In the Levant, the estrade of a
divan is called a Sopha, from which
comes our word 'sofa'.[39]

Eustyle
Intercolumniation defined by Vitruvius
as being of the best proportion, i.e. two
and a quarter diameters.[40]
F

Facade
An exterior side of a building, usually the
front.

Fanlight
A window, semicircular or semi-elliptical
in shape, with glazing bars or tracery
sets radiating out like an open fan.

Fan Vault
A conoid architectural element in which
a series of equidistant curved ribs
projects radially from a central axis,
often a vertical wall support such as a
column. Fan vaults are particularly
connected with the English Gothic style.

Fascia
1. A board attached to the lower ends
of rafters at the eaves. Along with the
soffit, the fascia helps enclose the
eave.[41]
2. In some Classical orders, one of a
series of bands (either fillets or faces)
sometimes seen around the
architrave.[42]

Feretory
An enclosure or chapel within which the
fereter shrine, or tomb (as in Henry VII's
chapel), was placed.[43]
Fillet
1. A small band, either raised or sunken
and usually square, used to separate
mouldings.[44]
2. The raised edge between two flutes
on a column or pilaster, if that edge is
flat.[45]

Finial
An element marking the top or end of
some object — such as a dome, tower,
or gable — often formed to be a
decorative feature. Small finials may
also be used as ornamentation for
furniture, poles, and light fixtures.

Flushwork
The decorative combination on the
same flat plane of flint and ashlar stone.
It is characteristic of medieval buildings,
most of the survivors churches, in
several areas of Southern England, but
especially East Anglia. If the stone
projects from a flat flint wall, the term is
proudwork as the stone stands "proud"
rather than being "flush" with the wall.

Flying buttress
A type of buttress that transmits the
thrust to a heavy abutment by means of
a half-arch.

Flying rib
An exposed structural beam over the
uppermost part of a building which is
not otherwise connected to the building
at its highest point. A feature of H frame
constructed concrete buildings and
some modern skyscrapers.

Foil
An architectural device based on a
symmetrical rendering of leaf shapes,
defined by overlapping circles of the
same diameter that produce a series of
cusps to make a lobe. Typically, the
number of cusps can be three (trefoil),
four (quatrefoil), five (cinquefoil), or a
larger number.
Footprint
The area on a plane directly beneath a
structure, that has the same perimeter
as the structure.[46]

Foot-stall
The lower part of a pier. (A literal
translation of "pedestal.")[47]

Formeret
The French term for the wall-rib carrying
the web or filling-in of a vault.[48]

Fractable
A coping, often ornamental, on a gable
that hides the slope of the roof and
becomes a parapet.[49][50]

Fusuma
 An opaque partition consisting of a
cloth or paper sheet over a wood
framework, commonly seen in
traditional Japanese architecture.
Fusuma are built to be moved (usually
by sliding them along tracks) or
removed, allowing rooms to be
reorganized and reshaped as desired
and, in earlier constructions, allowing
the interior of a structure to open
directly to the outdoors. Some fusuma
are painted, though many now feature
printed graphics. Shoji are similar to
fusuma but are generally translucent.

G
Gable
A triangular portion of an end wall
between the edges of a sloping roof.

Gablets
Triangular terminations to buttresses,
much in use in the Early English and
Decorated periods, after which the
buttresses generally terminated in
pinnacles. The Early English gablets are
generally plain, and very sharp in pitch.
In the Decorated period they are often
enriched with paneling and crockets.
They are sometimes finished with small
crosses, but more often with finials.[51]

Gadrooning
A carved or curved moulding used in
architecture and interior design as a
decorative motif, often consisting of
flutes which are inverted and curved.
Popular during the Italian
Renaissance.[52]

Galletting (also Garretting)

The process in which the gallets or
small splinters of stone are inserted in
the joints of coarse masonry to protect
the mortar joints. They are stuck in while
the mortar is wet.[53]

Gambrel
A symmetrical two-sided roof with two
slopes on each side.
Gargoyle
A carved stone grotesque with a spout
designed to convey water from a roof.

Garret
A habitable attic at the top of a larger
building, generally with sloping walls,
and with skylights or dormer windows.

Gauged brickwork (also rubbed

brickwork)
Brickwork constructed of soft bricks
rubbed to achieve a fine smooth finish
with narrow joints between courses.

Gazebo
A freestanding pavilion structure often
found in parks, gardens and public
areas.

Geison
(Greek: γεῖσον — often interchangeable
with cornice) The part of the entablature
that projects outward from the top of
the frieze in the Doric order and from the
top of the frieze course of the Ionic and
Corinthian orders; it forms the outer
edge of the roof on the sides of a
structure with a sloped roof.

Gorgerin
On some capitals, a smooth or ornate
part placed above the astragalus of a
column.

Geodesic dome
A structure formed of straight wood or
metal members between points (or
nodes) on a circular sphere (or part
thereof) that are "pinned" at each
connection point to two or more other
members that transfer loads imposed
on the structure to the base of the
structure. The geometric areas between
individual members may support a "skin"
if the structure is to be enclosed. A
"regular" geodesic structure have
members of equal length but strengths
of members may vary depending on
location in the geodesic "grid".

Grotto
An exterior submerged room that is
decorated with landscaping or art in
which has no exterior exit or entrance.
One enters and exits only through the
building.

Gutta
In a Doric entablature, one of a number
of small, projecting, drop-like ornaments
under the triglyphs between the taenia
and the architrave as well as under the
mutules.

Hip roof
 A type of roof where all sides slope
downwards from the ridge to the eaves.

Hood mould
An external moulded projection from a
wall over an opening to throw off
rainwater. Also known as a dripstone.

Hyphen
Possibly from an older term
"heifunon",[54] a structural section
connecting the main portion of a
building with its projecting
"dependencies" or wings.

Imperial roof decoration

A row of small figures along the unions
of the roofs of Chinese official buildings.

Intercolumniation
The interval separating one column from
another in a colonnade.[55]
Intercolumniation regularly occurs in six
forms: pycnostyle, systyle, eustyle,
diastyle, araeostyle, and araeosystyle.

Interlaced arches
A scheme of decoration employed in
Romanesque and Gothic architecture,
where arches are thrown from alternate
piers, interlacing or intersecting one
another. In the former case, the first arch
mould is carried alternately over and
under the second, in the latter the
mouldings actually intersect and stop
one another.[56]

Ionic order
One of the three orders or organisational
systems of Ancient Greek or classical
architecture characterised by columns
which stood on the flat pavement of a
temple with a base, their vertical shafts
fluted with parallel concave grooves
topped by a capital with volutes, that
flared from the column to meet a
rectangular abacus with carved ovolo
moulding, at the intersection with the
horizontal beam that they carried.
J

Jagati
A raised surface, platform or terrace
upon which an Indian temple is placed.

Jettying
A building technique used in medieval
timber frame buildings in which an
upper floor projects beyond the
dimensions of the floor below.

Kamoi
In Japanese architecture, the upper rail,
made from wood, to which shoji or
fusuma are attached.[57]

A chigi and katsuogi at the end of the

ridgeline of a Shinto roof

Katsuogi
In Japanese architecture, a log used as
ornamentation atop the roof. Katsuogi
are normally round and are placed in
parallel lines perpendicular to the ridge.
They are currently only used on Shinto
shrines, placed behind chigi and
 sometimes helping to convey, by their
parity, the sex of the kami within.

Keystone
The architectural piece at the crown of a
vault or arch and marks its apex, locking
the other pieces into position.

Lacunar
The Latin term for a paneled or coffered
ceiling, soffit, or vault adorned with a
pattern of recessed panels.[58]

Latticework
An ornamental, lattice framework
consisting of small strips in a criss-
crossed pattern.

Lesene
A type of pilaster that lacks a base or
capital.[59]

Light
The opening(s) in a window between
mullions and muntins through which
light enters an interior space. A 6:6
window is a window that has six lights
in the upper sash and six in the lower
sash.

Lightning rod
A conductive bar of copper or zinc
coated steel mounted on the ridge or a
roof or on the parapet of a building
connected to a large capacity conductor,
usually copper, routed to a ground rod
driven into the earth for the purpose of
safely directing electrical charges
caused by a lightning strike to the
ground to avoid damage or fire to the
structure.

Lintel
A horizontal block that spans the space
between two supports usually over an
opening such as a window or door.

Loculus
An architectural niche that houses a
body, as in a catacomb, hypogeum,
mausoleum or other place of
entombment.

Loggia
A gallery formed by a colonnade open
on one or more sides. The space is
often located on an upper floor of a
building overlooking an open court or
garden.

Lunette
A half-moon shaped space, either
masonry or void.

Mandapa
In Indian architecture, a pillared outdoor
hall or pavilion for public rituals.

Maqsurah (maqsura)
In Islamic architecture, the sanctuary or
praying-chamber in a mosque,
sometimes enclosed with a screen of
lattice-work; occasionally, a similar
enclosure round a tomb.

Mansard roof
A curb hip roof in which each face has
two slopes, the lower one steeper than
the upper; from the French mansarde
after the accomplished 17th-century
French architect noted for using (not
inventing) this style, François Mansart,
died 1666.

Marriage stone
A stone lintel, usually carved, with a
marriage date.

Mascaron
A face, usually human, sometimes
frightening or chimeric, used as a
decorative element.

Meander
A decorative border consisting of a
repeated linear motif, particularly of
intersecting perpendicular lines.[60] Also
known as a fret or a key pattern.

Metope
In a Doric entablature, the space
between triglyphs along the frieze.[61]
These may be ornamented or plain, and
may be square or rectangular.[62]

Mihrab
In Islamic architecture, a semicircular
niche in the wall of a mosque that
indicates the direction of prayer.

Minaret
In Islamic architecture, a tall spire with a
conical or onion-shaped crown, on or
near a mosque, that is used by the imam
to give the prayer call.

Modillion
An enriched block or horizontal bracket
generally found under the cornice and
above the bedmould of the Corinthian
entablature. It is probably so called
because of its arrangement in regulated
distances.[63]

Moulding
A decorative finishing strip.

Monotriglyph
The interval of the intercolumniation of
the Doric column, which is observed by
the intervention of one triglyph only
between the triglyphs which come over
the axes of the columns. This is the
usual arrangement, but in the Propylaea
at Athens there are two triglyphs over
the central intercolumniation, in order to
give increased width to the roadway, up
which chariots and beasts of sacrifice
ascended.[64]

Mullion
A vertical structural element of stone,
wood or metal within a window frame
(cp. transom).

Muntin
A vertical or horizontal piece that
divides a pane of glass into two or more
panes or lites in a window.

Muqarnas
A type of decorative corbel used in
Islamic architecture that in some
circumstances, resembles stalactites.

Mutule
A rectangular block under the soffit of
the cornice of the Greek Doric temple,
which is studded with guttae. It is
supposed to represent the piece of
timber through which the wooden pegs
were driven in order to hold the rafter in
position, and it follows the sloping rake
of the roof. In the Roman Doric order the
mutule was horizontal, with sometimes
a crowning fillet, so that it virtually
fulfilled the purpose of the modillion in
the Corinthian cornice.[65]

Narthex
An enclosed passage between the main
entrance and the nave of a church.

Nave
The main body of a church where the
congregants are usually seated. It
provides the central approach to the
high altar.

Newel
The central supporting pillar of a spiral
staircase. It can also refer to an upright
 post that supports the handrail of a stair
railing and forms the lower, upper or an
intermediate terminus of a stair railing
usually at a landing.

Niche
In classical architecture, an exedra or
apse that has been reduced in size,
retaining the half-dome heading usual
for an apse.

Oculus
A circular opening in the center of a
dome such as the one in the roof of the
Pantheon in Rome or in a wall.
Oillets
Arrow slits in the walls of medieval
fortifications, but more strictly applied to
the round hole or circle with which the
openings terminate. The same term is
applied to the small circles inserted in
the tracery-head of the windows of the
Decorated and Perpendicular periods,
sometimes varied with trefoils and
quatrefoils.[66]

Onion dome
A dome whose shape resembles an
onion.

Order
A term for a standard arrangement of
architectural features; most often refers
to the three traditional classical orders
of Western architecture: the Doric order,
Ionic order and Corinthian order, though
there are others. Can also refer to types
of mouldings most often found in
Romanesque and Gothic arches.

Orthostates
(Greek: ὀρθοστάτης, standing upright)
The Greek term for the lowest course of
masonry of the external walls of the
naos or cella, consisting of vertical
slabs of stone or marble equal in height
to two or three of the horizontal courses
 which constitute the inner part of the
wall.[67]

Orthostyle
(Greek: ὃρθος, straight, and στῦλος, a
column) A range of columns placed in a
straight row, as for instance those of the
portico or flanks of a classic temple.[68]

Ovolo
A moulding whose edge forms a convex
quarter-circle or quarter-ellipse.[69]

P
 Parclose screen, c. 1530, of the
Moorhayes Chapel, Cullompton
Church, Devon, England

Panelling
A millwork wall covering constructed
from rigid or semi-rigid components.
These are traditionally interlocking
wood, but could be plastic or other
materials. Panelling was developed in
antiquity to make rooms in stone
buildings more comfortable. The panels
served to insulate the room from the
cold stone. In more modern buildings,
such panelling is often installed for
decorative purposes. Panelling, such as
wainscoting and boiserie in particular,
may be extremely ornate and is
particularly associated with seventeenth
and eighteenth century interior design,
Victorian architecture in Britain, and its
international contemporaries.

Parapet
A low wall built up above the level of a
roof, to hide the roof or to provide
protection against falling, and similar
structures associated with balconies,
bridges etc.[70]

Parclose screen
A screen or railing used to enclose a
chantry chapel, tomb or manorial
chapel, in a church, and for the space
thus enclosed.[71]

Parterre
A garden design made from patterns of
mostly low elements such as plant beds
and small hedges interwoven with gravel
or grass paths, historically meant to be
open spaces. Modern parterres are
often denser and taller.

Pavilion
A freestanding structure near the main
building or an ending structure on
building wings.

Pedestal (also Plinth)

The base or support on which a statue,
obelisk, or column is mounted. A plinth
is a lower terminus of the face trim on a
door that is thicker and often wider than
the trim which it augments.

Pediment
(Gr. ἀετός, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton) In
classic architecture, the triangular-
shaped portion of the wall above the
cornice which formed the termination of
the roof behind it. The projecting
mouldings of the cornice which
surround it enclose the tympanum,
which is sometimes decorated with
sculpture.
Pelmet
A framework placed above a window.

Pendentive
Three-dimensional spandrels supporting
the weight of a dome over a square or
rectangular base.

Peripteral
A temple or other structure surrounded
on all sides by columns forming a
continuous portico at the distance of
one or two intercolumniations from the
walls of the naos or cella. Almost all the
Greek temples were peripteral, whether
Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian.

Peristasis
(Greek: Περίστασις) A four-sided porch
or hall of columns surrounding the cella
in an ancient Greek peripteros temple
(see also Peristyle). In ecclesial
architecture, it is also used of the area
between the baluster of a Catholic
church and the high altar (what is
usually called the sanctuary or chancel).

Peristyle
A continuous porch of columns
surrounding a courtyard or garden (see
also Peristasis). In ecclesial
architecture, the term cloister is used.

Phiale
A building or columned arcade around a
fountain.

Piano nobile
The principal floor of a large house, built
in the style of renaissance architecture.

Pier
An upright support for a superstructure,
such as an arch or bridge.

Pilaster
A flat, slightly projecting element that
resembles a pillar or pier and is engaged
in the face of a wall.[72] Pilasters usually
do not serve a structural purpose.[73]

Planceer or Planchier
A building element sometimes used in
the same sense as a soffit, but more
correctly applied to the soffit of the
corona in a cornice.[74]

Plate girder
A steel girder formed from a vertical
center web of steel plate with steel
angles forming the top and bottom
flanges welded, bolted or riveted to the
web. Some deep plate girders also may
have vertical stiffeners (angles)
attached to the web to resist crippling
(horizontal failure) of the web.

Plinth
The base or platform upon which a
column, pedestal, statue, monument or
structure rests. A plinth is a lower
terminus of the face trim on a door that
is thicker and often wider than the trim
which it augments.

Poppyheads
Finials or other ornaments which
terminate the tops of bench ends, either
to pews or stalls. They are sometimes
small human heads, sometimes richly
carved images, knots of foliage or
finials, and sometimes fleurs-de-lis
simply cut out of the thickness of the
bench end and chamfered. The term is
probably derived from the French
poupee doll or puppet used also in this
sense, or from the flower, from a
resemblance in shape.[75]

Portcullis
A heavy wooden or metallic grid
vertically-sliding down and thus blocking
the main gateway of a medieval castle
or fortification.

Porte-cochère
An often ornate porch- or portico-like
structure at a main or secondary
entrance to a building through which
vehicles can pass in order for the
occupants to alight under cover,
protected from the weather.

Portico
A series of columns or arches in front of
a building, generally as a covered
walkway.

Prick post
An old architectural name given
sometimes to the queen posts of a roof,
and sometimes to the filling in quarters
in framing.[76]

Prostyle
Freestanding columns that are widely
spaced apart in a row. The term is often
used as an adjective when referring to a
portico which projects from the main
structure.

Pseudodipteral
A temple similar to a dipteral temple, in
which the columns surrounding the
naos have had walls built between them,
so that they become engaged columns,
as in the great temple at Agrigentum. In
Roman temples, in order to increase the
size of the celia, the columns on either
side and at the rear became engaged
columns, the portico only having
isolated columns.[77]

Pteroma
 In Classical architecture, the enclosed
space of a portico, peristyle, or stoa,
generally behind a screen of columns.

Pycnostyle
A term given by Vitruvius to the
intercolumniation between the columns
of a temple, when this was equal to one
and a half diameters.[78]

Quadriporticus
Also known as a quadriportico, a four-
sided portico. The closest modern
parallel would be a colonnaded
quadrangle.
 Quirk
A small recess, often V-shaped, at the
edge of a moulding.[79]

Quoin
The cornerstones of brick or stone
walls. Quoins are also common in some
brickwork corners that are alternately
recessed and expressed.

Rake
The diagonal outside facing edge of a
gable, sometimes called a raking cornice
or a sloping cornice. Rake is equivalent
to slope which is the ratio of the rise to
the run of the roof.

Rear vault
A vault of the internal hood of a doorway
or window to which a splay has been
given on the reveal, sometimes the
vaulting surface is terminated by a small
rib known as the scoinson rib, and a
further development is given by angle
shafts carrying this rib, known as
scoinson shafts.[80]

Ressaut
A projection in an entablature

Return
The receding edge of a flat face. On a
flat signboard, for example, the return is
the edge which makes up the board's
depth.

Revolving door
An entrance door for excluding drafts
from an interior of a building. A revolving
door typically consists of three or four
doors that hang on a center shaft and
rotate around a vertical axis within a
round enclosure.

Rib vault
The intersection of two or three barrel
vaults.

Ridge board
A structural member that runs the length
of the ridge (high point) on a sloped roof
to which the upper ends of rafters are
attached.

Roof comb
The structure that tops a pyramid in
monumental Mesoamerican
architecture (also common as a
decorative embellishment on the ridge
of metal roofs of some domestic Gothic-
style architecture in America in the 19th
century).

Rotunda
A large and high circular hall or room in
a building, usually but not always,
 surmounted by a dome.

Sash
The horizontal and vertical frame that
encloses the glazing of a window. A
sash may be fixed or operable and may
be of several different types depending
on operation (i.e. casement, single or
double hung, awning, hopper or sliding).

Screens passage
The passage at one end of the Great hall
of an English medieval house or castle,
and separated from it by the spere.

Scroll
An ornamental element featuring a
sequence of spiraled, circled or heart
shaped motifs. There are, among others,
flower scrolls, foliated scrolls, plants
scrolls, vines scrolls.

Shiki-i
In Japanese architecture, the lower rail,
made from wood, to which shoji or
fusuma are attached.[57]

Shoji
A translucent partition consisting of a
paper sheet over a wood framework,
commonly seen in traditional Japanese
architecture. Shoji are built to be moved
(usually by sliding them along tracks) or
removed, allowing rooms to be
reorganized and reshaped as desired
and, in earlier constructions, allowing
the interior of a structure to open
directly to the outdoors. Because of
their translucence, shoji are notable for
diffusing light, air, and sound. Fusuma
are similar to shoji but are generally
opaque.

Site-specific architecture
Architecture which is of its time and of
its place. It is designed to respond to
both its physical context, and the
metaphysical context within which it has
been conceived and executed
Skeiling
A straight sloped part of a ceiling, such
as on the underside of a pitched roof.[81]

Soffit
Any architectural element’s underside,
especially the board connecting the
walls of a structure to the fascia or the
end of the roof, enclosing the eave.

Sommer or Summer
A girder or main "summer beam" of a
floor: if supported on two storey posts
and open below, also called a "bress" or
"breast-summer". Often found at the
centerline of the house to support one
end of a joist, and to bear the weight of
the structure above.[82]

Spandrel
1. In a building facade, the space
between the top of the window in one
story and the sill of the window in the
story above.
2. The space between two arches or
between an arch and a rectangular
enclosure.

Spere
The fixed structure between the great
hall and the screens passage in an
English medieval timber house.

Spire
A tapering conical or pyramidal
structure on the top of a building.

Splay
A slant created by cutting a wall around
an opening such that the inside of the
opening is wider or narrower than the
outside.[83]

Springer
The lowest voussoir on each side of an
arch.

Squinch
A piece of construction used for filling in
the upper angles of a square room so as
to form a proper base to receive an
octagonal or spherical dome.
Squint
An opening, often arched, through an
internal wall of a church providing an
oblique view of the altar.

Stoop
A small staircase ending in a platform
and leading to the entrance of an
apartment building or other building.

Sunburst
A design or figure commonly used in
architectural ornaments and design
patterns, including art nouveau.

Syrian arch
In American architecture, esp.
Richardsonian Romanesque, an archway
 that begins at the ground, rather than
being set upon a supporting pedestal.
[C.f. Richardsonian Romanesque: Syrian
arch (https://www.buffaloah.com/a/DCT
NRY/s/syrian.html) ]

Systyle
In the classical orders, columns rather
thickly set, with an intercolumniation to
which two diameters are assigned.[84]

Taenia
In a Doric entablature, a raised fillet
separating the architrave from the
frieze.[85]
Throating
A continuous groove underneath a
coping or other projecting element, to
prevent water from running back onto
the wall beneath.

Timber framing
The method of creating structures using
heavy timbers jointed by pegged
mortise and tenon joints.

Trabeated arch
A simple construction method using a
lintel, header, or architrave as the
horizontal member over a building void
supported at its ends by two vertical
columns, pillars, or posts.
Tracery
The stonework elements that support
the glass in a Gothic window.

Transom (architectural)
A window or element, fixed or operable,
above a door but within its vertical
frame; also horizontal structural element
of stone, wood or metal within a window
frame (cp. mullion).

Triglyph
In a Doric entablature, an ornament
along the frieze consisting of three
vertical recesses.[86]

Truss
A structural component made of
straight wood or metal members,
usually in a triangular pattern, with
"pinned" connections at the top and
bottom chords and which is used to
support structural loads, as those on a
floor, roof or bridge.

Turret
A small tower that projects vertically
from the wall of a building such as a
medieval castle.

Tympanum
(Greek τύμπανον, from τύπτειν, to
strike) The triangular space enclosed
between the horizontal cornice of the
 entablature and the sloping cornice of
the pediment. Though sometimes left
plain, it is often decorated.

Undercroft
Traditionally, a cellar or storage room. In
modern usage, a ground-level area that
is relatively open to the sides, but
covered by the building above.

Ventilation shaft
A small, vertical space within a tall
building which permits ventilation of the
building.

Vierendeel truss
A rectilinear truss usually fabricated of
steel or concrete with horizontal top and
bottom chords and vertical web
members (no diagonals) in which the
loads imposed on it are transferred to
the supports through bending forces
resisted in its connections.

Volute
A spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms
the basis of the Ionic order.

Voussoir
A wedge-shaped or tapered stone
between the springer and the keystone
used to construct an arch.

Wing
1. A lateral part or projection of a
building or structure such as a wing
wall.
2. A subordinate part of a building
possibly not connected to the main
building.[87]
3. The sides of a stage (theatre).

Widow's walk
 A railed rooftop platform often having
an inner cupola/turret frequently found
on 19th-century North American coastal
houses.

Zaguan
A passageway of a central passage plan
house, or the complex as a whole, in
Territorial or Territorial Revival
architecture in the American Southwest

Ziggurat
A temple tower of the ancient
Mesopotamian valley, having the form of
 a terraced pyramid of successively
receding stories.

See also

Look up Appendix:Architectural
glossary in Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.

Architecture
portal

Outline of architecture
List of classical architecture terms
Classical order
List of architectural vaults
List of structural elements
Glossary of engineering
Notes

1. "Arris rail". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

Retrieved 2022-11-12.
2. One or more of the preceding
sentences incorporates text from a
publication now in the public
domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Batement Lights". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press. p. 509.
3. Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Bossage"
(https://archive.org/stream/Cyclopediacha
mbers-Volume1/cyclo1#page/n269/mode/
2up/search/bossage) . Cyclopædia, or an
Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.
Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton,
et al. p. 269.
4. Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Boutant"
(https://archive.org/stream/Cyclopediacha
mbers-Volume1/cyclo1#page/n269/mode/
2up/search/bossage) . Cyclopædia, or an
Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.
Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton,
et al. p. 269.
5. "Cancelli" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Canc
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(11th ed.). 1911.
. "Cauliculus" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ca
uliculus) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 557.
7. Parker, John Henry (1994). "Cavetto". A
Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms
(9th ed.). London, England: Studio Editions
Ltd. p. 62. ISBN 1859580696.
. "Chalcidicum" (https://en.wikisource.org/wi
ki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/C
halcidicum) . Encyclopædia Britannica.
Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 804.
 9. Fletcher, Banister (1975). "Chamfer". Sir
Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
(18th ed.). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 1315.
ISBN 0684142074.
10. "Chresmographion" (https://en.wikisource.
org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britan
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11. Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Cincture"
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2up/search/cincture) . Cyclopædia, or an
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Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton,
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12. "Cinque Cento" (https://en.wikisource.org/
wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannic
a/Cinque_Cento) . Encyclopædia
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13. "Cippus" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/19
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15. Ching 1995, p. 30.
1 . "Compluvium" (https://en.wikisource.org/w
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ompluvium) . Encyclopædia Britannica.
Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 811.
17. Parker, John Henry (1994). "Corbie-steps".
A Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms
(9th ed.). London, England: Studio Editions
Ltd. pp. 82. ISBN 1859580696.
1 . Fletcher, Banister (1975). "Corbie Gable". Sir
Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
(18th ed.). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 1316.
ISBN 0684142074.
19. "Cross Springer" (https://en.wikisource.or
g/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britanni
ca/Cross_Springer) . Encyclopædia
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20. "Crypto-porticus" (https://en.wikisource.or
g/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britanni
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21. Vitruvius v. 4.
22. Parker, John Henry (1994). "Cyma". A
Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms
(9th ed.). London, England: Studio Editions
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23. "Cyrto-style" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
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24. Free Dictionary, accessed December 15,
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2 . "Diaulos" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
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27. "Diazomata" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
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2 . "Dikka" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/191
1_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dikka) .
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29. "Dipteral" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
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30. "Distyle" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/19
11_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Distyl
e) . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
1911.
31. "Dodecastyle" (https://en.wikisource.org/wi
ki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/D
odecastyle) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
32. "Dosseret" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Do
sseret) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
33. "Double depth plan" (https://thesaurus.histo
ricengland.org.uk/thesaurus_term.asp?thes
_no=546&term_no=137705) . English
Heritage Online Thesaurus. Retrieved
5 December 2016.
34. Deurer 2011.
35. "Glossary of terms related to the
catacoombs" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20061027164701/http://www.catacombso
ciety.org/glossary.html) . International
catacomb society. Archived from the
original (http://www.catacombsociety.org/g
lossary.html) on 2006-10-27. Retrieved
2006-12-01.
3 . "Dromos" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dro
mos) . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
1911.
37. "Ephebeum" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ep
hebeum) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 669.
3 . "Epinaos" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Epin
aos) . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
1911.
39. "Estrade" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Estra
de) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 800.
40. "Eustyle" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eust
yle) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 957.
41. Bonk, Lawrence. "Understanding Fascia and
Soffit Repair" (https://www.angi.com/article
s/understanding-fascia-and-soffit-repair.ht
m) . Angi. 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
42. Parker, John Henry (1994). "Fascia". A
Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms
(9th ed.). London, England: Studio Editions
Ltd. p. 115. ISBN 1859580696.
43. "Feretory" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Feret
ory) . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
1911.
44. Fletcher, Banister (1975). "Fillet". Sir
Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
(18th ed.). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 1319.
ISBN 0684142074.
45. "Glossary" (http://lookingatbuildings.org.u
k/glossary/glossary/F.html?no_cache=1&tx
_contagged%5bpointer%5d=2) . Looking at
Buildings.
4 . Harris, Cyril M., (ed.), Dictionary of
architecture & construction, 4th ed,
McGraw-Hill, NY, 2006
47. "Foot-stall" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Foot
-stall) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 628.
4 . "Formeret" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/For
meret) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
49. "fractable". CollinsDictionary.com.
HarperCollins. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
50. Curl, James Stevens and Wilson, Susan
(2015). A Dictionary of Architecture and
Landscape Architecture (3rd ed.). Oxford
University Press. ISBN 9780199674985.
51. "Gablets" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gabl
ets) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 381.
52. "Godroon" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Go
droon) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
53. "Garretting" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ga
rretting) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 475.
54. Richard Taylor, AIA (10 April 2007). "Q & A
about "heifunon." " (https://web.archive.org/
web/20081012052215/http://en.allexperts.
com/q/Architecture-2369/heifunon.htm) .
All Experts, owned by About.com. Archived
from the original (http://en.allexperts.com/
q/Architecture-2369/heifunon.htm) on 12
October 2008. "Question: In the film At First
Sight the word "heifunon" was mentioned
as a supposed architectural term… Is there
really such a word? I can find nothing with
that spelling. Answer: My guess is that
they're talking about a "hyphen" … a
connecting piece between two larger
masses of a building. It is most commonly
used when referring to Colonial-era houses
- especially the Georgian style. Take a look
at the photo [of the James Brice house] at
 the top of this page. (http://www.bsos.umd.
edu/anth/aia/james_brice_house.htm) The
hyphens are clearly visible on either side of
the main house block. The masses
connected to the main house by the
hyphens are called dependencies." {{cite
web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
55. Parker, John Henry (1994).
"Intercolumniation". A Concise Glossary of
Architectural Terms (9th ed.). London,
England: Studio Editions Ltd. p. 141.
ISBN 1859580696.
5 . "Interlaced Arches" (https://en.wikisource.
org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britan
nica/Interlaced_Arches) . Encyclopædia
Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 693.
57. Takashi, Sasaki (27 June 2021). "The
Japanese House: The Basic Elements of
Traditional Japanese Residential
Architecture" (https://meguri-japan.com/e
n/knowledge/20210627_1697/) . Meguri
Japan. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
5 . "Lacunar" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lacu
nar) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 56.
59. Fletcher, Banister (1975). "Lesene". Sir
Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
(18th ed.). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 1322.
ISBN 0684142074.
0. Parker, John Henry (1994). "Fret". A Concise
Glossary of Architectural Terms (9th ed.).
London, England: Studio Editions Ltd.
p. 124. ISBN 1859580696.
1. Fletcher, Banister (1975). "Metope". Sir
Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
(18th ed.). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 1323.
ISBN 0684142074.
2. Parker, John Henry (1994). "Metope". A
Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms
(9th ed.). London, England: Studio Editions
Ltd. pp. 155–156. ISBN 1859580696.
3. "Modillion" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mo
dillion) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
4. "Monotriglyph" (https://en.wikisource.org/
wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannic
a/Monotriglyph) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
5. "Mutule" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/19
11_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mutul
e) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 102.
. "Oillets" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/19
11_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oillet
s) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 43.
7. "Orthostatae" (https://en.wikisource.org/wi
ki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/O
rthostatae) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
 . "Orthostyle" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ort
hostyle) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
9. Parker, John Henry (1994). "Ovolo". A
Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms
(9th ed.). London, England: Studio Editions
Ltd. p. 183. ISBN 1859580696.
70. "Parapet defined in Oxford Dictionaries" (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/2012071814100
4/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/
english/parapet) . Oxforddictionaries.com.
1912-04-28. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/
english/parapet) on July 18, 2012.
Retrieved 2014-05-01.
71. "Parclose" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Par
close) . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
1911.
72. Fletcher, Banister (1975). "Pilaster". Sir
Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
(18th ed.). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 1325.
ISBN 0684142074.
73. Craven, Jackie (2018-08-26). "All About
Pilasters in Architecture" (https://www.thou
ghtco.com/what-is-a-pilaster-engaged-colu
mn-4045117) . ThoughtCo. Retrieved
2022-11-13.
74. "Planceer" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pla
nceer) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 713.
75. "Poppy Heads" (https://en.wikisource.org/
wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannic
a/Poppy_Heads) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
7 . "Prick posts" (https://en.wikisource.org/wi
ki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pr
ick_posts) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
77. "Pseudo-peripteral" (https://en.wikisource.
org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britan
nica/Pseudo-peripteral) . Encyclopædia
Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
pp. 541–542.
7 . "Pycnostyle" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Py
cnostyle) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
79. Fletcher, Banister (1975). "Quirk". Sir
Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
(18th ed.). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 1327.
ISBN 0684142074.
0. "Rear Vault" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Re
ar_Vault) . Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
1. "Skeiling" (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sk
eiling) . 11 March 2021.
2. "Sommer" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/So
mmer) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25
(11th ed.). 1911. p. 393.
3. Parker, John Henry (1994). "Splay". A
Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms
(9th ed.). London, England: Studio Editions
Ltd. p. 263. ISBN 1859580696.
4. "Systyle" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/19
11_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Systyl
e) . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
1911.
5. Fletcher, Banister (1975). "Taenia". Sir
Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
(18th ed.). New York City: Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 1329.
ISBN 0684142074.
 . Parker, John Henry (1994). "Triglyph". A
Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms
(9th ed.). London, England: Studio Editions
Ltd. p. 309. ISBN 1859580696.
7. "Wing" def. 9. a. Oxford English Dictionary
Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) ©
Oxford University Press 2009

References

Ching, Francis D.K. (1995). A Visual

Dictionary of Architecture. New York:
John Wiley and Sons. p. 30. ISBN 0-471-
28451-3.
Deurer (2011). "Glossary of Egyptian
Mythology" (http://www.egyptartsite.co
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Table of contents. 1911 Encyclopædia
Britannica (https://en.wikisource.org/wi
ki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannic
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