O/A LEVEL

1 electrons cannot move / no mobile electrons 1

2 low melting point / low boiling point / does not conduct electricity (1) 1

3 (a) electrons cannot move / no mobile electrons (1) 1

(b) H H 2
x x x
C x C
x x x
x
H H
two shared pairs of electrons between both carbon atoms (1)
two shared pairs between carbon and hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom (1)

4 giant covalent (1) 1

5 has a simple (molecular) structure (1) 2

weak intermolecular forces / weak attraction between molecules (1)

6 carbon dioxide is a (simple) molecule and calcium carbide is ionic (1) 3

for carbon dioxide: weak (attractive) forces between molecules / weak intermolecular forces(1)

for calcium carbide: strong (attractive) forces between ions (1)

7 inert / (relatively) unreactive 1

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8 (i) H H 1
.. ..
:N:N:
.. ..
H H

9 (a) chlorine is a (simple) molecule and sodium chloride is ionic (1) 3

for chlorine: weak (attractive) forces between molecules / weak intermolecular forces(1)

for sodium chloride: strong (attractive) forces between ions (1)

.. .. .. 1
10 : Cl : S : Cl :

11 outer shell of phosphorus is correct (3 bond pairs with chlorine and 2 non-bonding electrons) (1) 2

rest of outer shells of all three chlorine atoms correct (1)

12 sand is a giant molecule / giant covalent / macromolecule (1) 2

has many strong bonds (that have to be broken or overcome) / needs lots of energy to break or overcome the many
bonds / difficult to break the many bonds (1)

13 simple covalent molecule / simple covalent molecular (1) 1

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14 (a)(i) Any two from: 2

both have covalent bonds / covalent (lattice) (1)

both have giant structures (1)

tetrahedral arrangement of structure (1)

(a)(ii) many strong bonds / strong bonding throughout the structure (1) 2

needs a high temperature to break (all) the bonds / needs a lot of energy to break (all) the bonds (1)

(b) SiO2C4H12 1

(c) pair of shared electrons between each of the 4 Cl atoms and central Si AND 6 non-bonding electrons around each 1
chlorine

15 one pair of bonding electrons between the P and each of the three Cl atoms and 2 non-bonded electrons on P (1) 2

6 non-bonded electrons on each Cl (1)

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16 (a) Any two from: 2

high melting point / high boiling point (1)

poor conductor of electricity (1)

does not dissolve (in water) (1)

(very) hard (1)

(b)(i) correct ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for silane (1) 1

H Si H

(b)(ii) has a simple (molecular or covalent) structure (1) 2

weak intermolecular forces / van der Waals’ forces between molecules / easy to overcome the forces between molecules /
weak forces between molecules / easy to break attraction between molecules (1)

17 Any two from: 2

• low melting point / low boiling point (1)

• poor conductor of electricity / poor conductor of heat (1)

• does not dissolve in water (1)

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 O/A LEVEL

18 2
H H
C C
H H
(2)

If 2 marks not obtained, one mark for:

EITHER two shared pairs of electrons between the two carbon atoms
OR incorrect number of electrons in carbon-carbon bond (or bond shown by line) BUT
one electron pair between each of the two carbon-hydrogen atoms on each of the two carbon atoms (four electron pairs)

19 2 pairs of bonding electrons in overlap area (1) 2

only 2 lone pairs on each oxygen atom (1)

20 correct dot and cross diagram showing 3 pairs of bonding electrons and two non-bonding electrons (2) 2

If two marks not scored, award one mark for one pair of bonding electrons in each of the three overlap areas

21 oxygen is a (simple) molecule / oxygen has weak forces between molecules / simple covalent (structure) (1) 2

polonium has metallic bonding / polonium has metallic structure (1)

22 Correct ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram 1

xx

x
x I Cl
x

xx

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23 two pairs of bonding electrons (1) 2

rest of structure correct (1)

24 (a)(i) giant (molecular) structure / many covalent bonds (1) 2

takes a lot of energy to break the bonds / needs a high temperature to break the bonds (1)

(a)(ii) Diamond has a giant covalent structure whereas tin has a metallic structure (1) 2

because diamond or carbon has a much higher melting point OR diamond does not conduct electricity but tin does (1)

(iii) (simple) molecular (1) 2

covalent bonding (1)

25 (a)(i) Magnesium has strong bonding between positive ions / cations and electrons / magnesium is a giant structure (1) 2

Sulfur is a simple molecule / weak forces between sulfur molecules (1)

(a)(ii) Magnesium has electrons which move (from place to place) (1) 2

Sulfur does not have delocalised electrons / no mobile electrons / electrons don’t move (1)

(b) Giant structure / many covalent bonds (1) 2

Need high temperature / lot of energy to break the bonds (1)

26 Correct ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for CFCl3(1) 1

27 (a) Correct ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for carbon dioxide (1) 1

28 (i) correct ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram with two pairs of bonding electrons and four non-bonding electrons on each of the 1
two oxygen atoms (1)

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29 (a) S8 (1) [1]

(b) (i) Weak intermolecular forces / weak attraction between molecules (1) [1]

(ii) No free electrons / no delocalised electrons / all electrons used in bonding / no

mobile electrons (1) [1]

30 Both shared pairs between H and S (1)

Rest of structure correct (1) [2]

31 (a) P4 (1) [1]

(b) (i) Weak intermolecular forces / weak attraction between molecules (1) [1]

(ii) No free electrons / no delocalised electrons / all electrons used in bonding / no

mobile electrons(1) [1]

(c)
number of neutrons 16 (1)

number of protons 15 (1)

electronic configuration 2,8,8 (1)

[3]
(d) All three shared pairs between H and P (1)

Rest of structure correct (1) [2]

(e) 2PH3 + 4O2 → P2O5 + 3H2O

Correct formulae (1)
Balancing – dependent on correct formulae (1) [2]

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32 (Simple) molecular / reference to molecules (1)

Covalent (1) [2]

33 (a) three pairs of bonding electrons between H and N (1) [2]

two non-bonding electrons on N (1)

34 (a) weak forces between layers / (weak) van der Waals’ forces between layers (1) [2]

layers slide over each other (easily) (1)

(b) 5 protons and 6 neutrons (1) [1]

(c) giant structure / lattice (1) [2]

(all) bonds are strong / lot of energy needed to break the bonds / needs high
temperature to break the bonds (1)

(d) (i) has delocalised electrons / free electrons / electrons can move (1) [1]

(ii) inert / does not react (with the electrolyte) (1) [1]

35 (a) (atoms) arranged tetrahedrally / tetrahedral (structure) / (bent) hexagonal [1]

(structure) / four atoms round carbon and four atoms round silicon / both giant
(structures) / both lattices / both macromolecules / each has one atoms surrounded
by four others (1)

(b) giant structure / lattice (1) [2]

(all) bonds are strong / takes a lot of energy to break bonds / needs high
temperature to break the bonds (1)

(c) SiO32– (1) [1]

(d) no mobile electrons / does not have delocalised electrons / does not have free [1]
electrons / all electrons are used in bonding (1)

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36 Correct ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram (1)

IGNORE: inner shell electrons
ALLOW: electrons to be all dots or all crosses [1]

37 (a) (i) silicon dioxide is giant covalent structure / has a continuous structure of
covalent bonds all linked in 3-dimensions (1)

all bonds are strong / all bonds need high temperature to break / all bonds
need a lot of energy to break (1)

poly(ethene) has weak forces between the molecules / weak intermolecular

forces (1)

not much energy required to overcome weak forces / weak forces easily
broken / small amount of energy required to separate molecules (1) [4]

38 correct dot and cross diagram for bromine molecule (1) [1]

39 (a) (i) Correct ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram with one pair of bonding electrons between O and
Cl, four non-bonding electrons on O and six non-bonding electrons on each Cl (1) [1]

(ii) ANY TWO FROM

Simple molecular structure / small molecule (1)

Weak intermolecular forces have to be broken (1)

Little energy needed to break intermolecular force / intermolecular force is easy to

overcome (1) [2]

40 Correct dot-and-cross diagram with one pair of bonding electrons between I and Br and six
non-bonding electrons on each atom (1) [1]

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41 (a) (i) does not conduct electricity / does not conduct heat (1)
liquid (at room temperature) / low melting point / low boiling point (1) [2]

(ii) bonding pair between each of the 4 Si and Cl atoms (1)

rest of structure completely correct (1)

IGNORE: inner shell electrons [2]

(b) many (strong) bonds / many (covalent) bonds / lattice / giant structure / lattice of
covalent bonds (1)

a lot of energy needed to break the bonds / high temperature needed to break the
bonds / strong bonds (1) [2]

42 (a) No free electrons / no delocalised electrons / no sea of electrons / all electrons are in
covalent bonds / electrons cannot move (1) [1]

(b) Correct structure – ignore inner shells (1)

XX XX

X X X
X I X I X

XX XX

Allow all crosses or all dots [1]

43 (i) SiO2 [1]

(ii) Many (covalent) bonds / (covalent) giant structure / macromolecule / all atoms joined
together (1)

Takes a lot of energy to break bonds / hard to break bonds / high temperature needed to
break bonds / bonds are strong (1) [2]

(iii) No free electrons / no delocalised electrons / no sea of electrons / all electrons in

covalent bonds / electrons cannot move [1]

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 O/A LEVEL

44 correct dots and cross diagram similar to that of methane [1]

45 one pair of electrons between each H and O; (1)

rest of structure is correct; (1) [2]

46 (a) (i) (both have) tetrahedral arrangement of atoms / (both have) hexagonal
arrangement of atoms; (1)

(both are) giant structures / giant molecular (structures) / macromolecules /

covalent lattices; (1) [2]

(ii) many (covalent) bonds / giant structure / macromolecule / all atoms joined
together / network of bonds / lattice; (1)

takes a lot of energy to break bonds / hard to break bonds / high temperature
needed to break bonds / bonds are strong; (1) [2]

(iii) no free electrons / no delocalised electrons / no sea of electrons / all electrons

in covalent bonds / electrons can’t move / electrons in fixed positions; [1]

47 (i) shared pair of electrons between carbon and each of the 4 halogen atoms; [1]
ALLOW: all dots / all crosses

rest of structure correct [1]

IGNORE: inner shells of electrons
IGNORE: type of halogen atoms e.g. CCl4 / CF4
REJECT: incorrect arrangement of atoms e.g. CF3

(ii) Any one of: [1]

• poor conductor of heat / does not conduct heat

• has low melting point / has low boiling point / it is a gas
allow: it is a liquid
• low density
• insoluble in water / soluble in organic solvents
IGNORE: covalent / forms dimers

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48 (a) many (strong) covalent bonds [1]

IGNORE: has a giant molecular structure

needs a lot of energy to break bonds / needs a lot of heat to break bonds / needs high
temperature to break bonds [1]
ALLOW: hard to break the bonds / large amount of energy to overcome bonds / lot of energy
needed to break strong forces between atoms
NOT: (just) lot of energy needed to break strong forces
REJECT: references to intermolecular or ionic forces = 0 for the question

(b) (i) no free electrons / no mobile electrons / electrons not free to move / all outer electrons
fixed in position / no delocalised electrons / all electrons involved in covalent bonding /
no sea of electrons [1]
ALLOW: the four electrons needed to form a covalent bond
IGNORE: no ions to move

(ii) (some) electrons free to move / it has delocalised electrons / blue diamond has
delocalised electrons (some of the) electrons are delocalised / (some) free electrons /
sea of electrons [1]
IGNORE: boron is metallic / boron is a metalloid / boron has sea of electrons / boron has
delocalised electrons

49 (a) no free electrons/no mobile electrons/all electrons involved in bonding/no

delocalised electrons/no sea of electrons (1)
strong bonding throughout the whole structure/covalent bonding throughout the whole
structure/idea of many strong bonds (1)
NOT ionic bonds [2]

(b) PdCl2 (1) [1]

50 correct dot and cross diagram for acetylene; [1]

51 (a) Structure correct

ALLOW all dots or all crosses [1]

(b) (Weak) intermolecular force / weak forces between molecules / simple

molecules /simple covalent [1]
NOT just weak bonds

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52 (a) graphite has electron(s) that can move / are mobile / are delocalised ; [1]
ALLOW: graphite has free electron(s) / graphite has a sea of electrons
REJECT: implications of layers moving / ions have free electrons

diamond has all its electrons involved in bonding / has electron(s) that cannot move /
are not mobile / no delocalised electrons ; [1]
ALLOW: diamond has no free electron(s)
REJECT: mention of ions

(b) solid sodium chloride has ions fixed in position / ions cannot move ; [1]
IGNORE: electrons cannot move / ions can’t carry electricity / references to intermolecular
forces
ALLOW: ions are not free
REJECT: no ions to move
aqueous sodium chloride has ions that can move / are mobile ; [1]
ALLOW: ions are free
REJECT: reference to moving electrons as well as ions
IGNORE: ions carry electric charge / ions dislocated / ions delocalised /

53 H H [2]
•x •x
: N : N :
•x •x
H H
Structure completely correct = 2 marks
NOTE: (i) only outer shells need be shown
(ii) no distinction need be made between dots and crosses
IF: inner shells incorrect = 1 mark maximum.
IF: structure with a triple bond and no lone pairs = 1 mark
NOT: structures with separate nitrogen atoms / double bonds (= 0)

54 (a) correct electronic structure of three bonding pairs and a lone pair (1) [1]

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55 (a) (i) 1 mark for each pair of matching descriptions up to max of 2 marks [2]

• diamond: atoms closely packed

graphite: layers / atoms less closely packed /

• diamond: each atom joined to 4 other atoms

graphite: each atom joined to 3 others
ALLOW: (atoms in) diamond form more bonds than graphite

• diamond: atoms arranged tetrahedrally / in a pyramid / in bent hexagons /

ALLOW: in triangles
graphite: atoms arranged in hexagons / rings / layers

• diamond: all atoms connected (by covalent bonds)/

graphite: some atoms (i.e. those between layers) not connected (by covalent
bonds)

• graphite: had intermolecular forces / van der Waal’s forces

diamond doesn’t / has strong forces or bonds throughout

• diamond has no free moving electrons / no delocalised electrons / all electrons

involved in bonding
graphite has (some) delocalised / mobile electrons

(ii) in graphite the layers can slide / weak forces between the layers / intermolecular
forces between the layers; [1]

in diamond there is continuous 3 dimensional structure of (covalent) bonds /

covalent bonds are linked in all directions / (strong) bonding in all directions / all
atoms in fixed positions [1]
ALLOW: all the atoms are bonded together
REJECT: ionic structure

(iii) 6 electrons shared between C and O; (1)

2 non bonding electrons on outer shell of oxygen and 2 non bonding electrons on outer
shell of carbon (1)
REJECT: 0 non bonding electrons on outer shell of oxygen and 4 non bonding [2]
electrons on outer shell of carbon
IGNORE: dots / crosses
IGNORE: inner shell electrons
NOTE: mark these points independently

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56 (a) weak forces between layers / van der Waals forces between layers ; [1]
ALLOW: weak bonds between layers
NOT: the forces are weak / has weak forces between atoms
NOT: no forces / bonds between layers
NOT: has layers and weak forces
NOT: weak forces between molecules
NOT: weak electrostatic forces between layers

layers can slide / slip ; [1]

NOT: atoms slide over each other

(b) no mobile / no moving electrons / no delocalised electrons / [1]

(all) electrons in covalent bonds ;
ALLOW: no free electrons / no sea of electrons
IGNORE: no ions

(c) Any two of: [2]

• hard
IGNORE: strong / tough
• high melting point
IGNORE: high boiling point
• lots of strong (covalent) bonds
ALLOW: giant structure of strong bonds
ALLOW: has strong bonds throughout
ALLOW: all the bonds are difficult to break / takes a lot of energy to break all the
bonds
ALLOW: ideas of all the atoms held together strongly
NOT: has covalent bonds / has strong bonds (without qualification)
NOT: rigid arrangement of tetrahedral structure
NOT: strong forces of attraction between atoms / strong electrostatic forces

[Total: 5]

57 (a) each of 4 chlorine atoms bonded to carbon by pair of electrons ; [1]

rest of structure correct i.e. 6 unbonded electrons on each chlorine ; [1]

(b) Ca2+ as 2,8,8 and Cl – as 2,8,8 in diagram or as numbers ; [1]

correct charges at top right of each structure ; [1]
ALLOW: correct ions shown as Ca2+ and Cl –

[Total: 4]

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