   WWW.

A
WWW.A SA
.ASA VALI.COM
SAV


N 1471
7



















 2
  


4 

3- 3vb[tbk cffrfidbkb
sfdbc ]fyvhstkj,fc


3rfut,tib4
itveifdt,ekb
cgtwvtsjlbs


8 t,h'dbc=4



 13
ybyj yflbhf’tv
cfcfvfhskj
14

ghjwtcpt
,tzt,pt lflj


cffrfidbkbc


fldjrfnt,b=



4



 


 26









 19
 

hf’bc ltlbc cfwbdb lf cfl

@_@# okbc # st,thdfkc7 pehf, ;dfybfc vrdktkj,blfy 2 cffrfidbkbc ltlbc ybd-
pecnfl !( okbcsfdpt7 cffrfidbkbc cfcfvfhskj ghjwtcpt hbfyb gehb=
foufhlfwdkbkb wyj,bkb
vjovbc cf[bs lfbrbs[f rkbybrf 3dbdfvtlbc4 lbhtmnjhb7 ntktofv.dfyb lf vcf[bj,b7
tmbvb   hjvtkvfw vc]fdhlt,ekb yfw,tkflbc gfhnbekb yfwntktdbpbbc
fldjrfnt,c ifdb lqt f.fhf lf cfmdt.yjl itfhw[dbyf8 .jabkb cf[bc 2 ubjhub uf-
,eybfc ltlf 
 ybjhc cbwjw[kbcf
]th vfhnj bc hfl qbhlf7 lf cbkfvfpbc tktmcbhfl vb-
hjv kfvfpb lf vjv[b,kfdb bxytdlf lf .jdtk wbcvfht sb-
ybyj yflbhf’t  sj r,bkc vbbhsvtdlf7 vfuhfv
  gbhpt
cffrfidbkbc ltlfc rkbybrf
lffluf 2 ufb[ctyts7 xtvc rf-
3dbdfvtlib4 ybjhb bvbcfsdbc
hjlb vbfmdc7 hjv vbcvf idbk-
,bytnib hjujh itvj[dtlbs
vf cbwjw[kbcf lf cbkfvfpbc
lf vbs[fhbs7 hjv cffrfidb-
tktmcbhb vbbqjc8 gbhbmbs7
kb utpbpqt,fs7 hflufy lf-
e,fytkbf lf .fhcj=
3dbdfvtlbc4 lbhtmnjhvf cf- ubekb fkfcfybf sfdbcb ybd-
cfvfhskjc xdtyt,f vbcwf bvfc- hbs7 ifdb gehbs7 vj[fhie-
sfy lfrfdibht,bsfw7 se hj- kb rdthw[bsf lf cfkfsbc
ujh eikbfy [tkc cffrfidb- ajskt,bs bvfpt pheyfdc7
kbc ufvj]fyvhstkt,fc vbcb- hjv vbcvf idbkvf 'fkbs
dt j]f[bc otdht,b lf  lfrkt,ekb ojyf bctd fh fr-
 jhufybpfwbf hbajc lf ath-[jhwb fh vj-
3tvgfsbbc4 ofhvjvflutykt,b7 bljc7 hflufy gbfh-vbsb vb-
hjvkt,bw .dtkfathc frtst- cb ofvt,bc7 vjofvdkbcf lf
,ty7 hfsf gfnbvfh-gfwbtynb fhfcfsfyflj vrehyfkj,bc
yfw,tkflb chekafcjdyfl itcf[t, vjvtynfkehfl xf-
fh brdt,t,jltc lf cfzbhj ofv- vjbikt,f8
kt,c fh bqt,ltc8 .jdtkbdt fmtlfy ufvjvlbyf-
ht7 fhfdbsfhb fphb fhf fmdc


 vbth cf-
cfvfhskjcfsdbc vbwtvekb   lf 
xdtyt,bc sfyf[vfl7 cbwhetf7   lfveyf-
sbsmjc cffrfidbkc yj.bthb st,fc7 cffrfidbkc chekaf-
cfrdt,bc vbqt,f fh ite’kbf cjdfyb rdt,bcf lf vrehyfkj-
lf fvbnjv vbbhsvtdc lbt- ,bc cfiefkt,f vbcwty=
neh7 lf,fkrfkjhbek cfz- fvbcfsdbc 3dbdfvtlbc4
vtkt,c8 vbcb smvbs7 cffrfi- vtlgthcjyfkvf bctd cjaj
dbkc hfvlty]thfw rfhub lf yb;fhf’bc ltlfc eylf vb-


.efsbfyb rth’t,b7 vfufkb- vfhsjc7 hjvkbc vjvpflt-
sfl7 [fzfgehb lf cfwbdb vb- ,ekb cfwbdbw cffrfidbkvf
enfytc7 bvlty]th vidtybd- f[fk otkc cbfvjdyt,bs vb-
hfl vbbhsdf lf vtlgthcj- bhsdf8 lfhoveyt,ekb dfhs7
yfkcfw ufevfcgby’klf8 yb;fhf’bc ltlf7 mfk,fnjyb
3dbdfvtlbc4 [tkv’qdfytkbc  
xdtyt,blfy bcbw itdbn.dts7
hjv cfwbdb7 hjvtkcfw cffrfi- 
dbkb rkbybrfib f[fkb okbc 
qfvtc vflbfyfl ittmwf lf tmb-



vt,cfw eobkflf7 vbcsdbc 
 vjev- 
pflt,bf8 
vjut[ctyt,fs7 vjvqthfk 
 vb[tbk cf-
frfidbkbcfufy idbkb 2 tkbc-
vfhbf cffrfidbkb /.fdc lf
chekbfl ,eyt,hbdbf7 hjv lt-
lfvbcvf7 mfk,fnjyvf 
 idbkbidb-
kbc vfvfc rkbybrfib cff[fk-
okjl cfwbdb ufeupfdyf8
c[dfsfijhbc7 cjaj yb;f-
hf’bc ltlf lf cffrfidbkbc
mfkbidbkbc ,t,bf 
 ghjatcb-
bs tmbvb uf[kfds lf lfhove-
yt,ekb dfhs7 rfhub cfwbdbc se cjaj yb;fhf'bc ltlf cffrfidbkc
ufrtst,fcsfy thsfl bcbw vi-
dtybdhfl twjlbyt,f7 hjv cff-
rfidbkbc ufvj]fyvhstkt,b-
rkbybrfib cfwbdc eupfdybc7
cfsdbc rfkjhbekb cfrdt,bc
vbqt,f fewbkt,tkbf8 yfw,tkflbcfsdbc cfresfh ltlfc
lf rbltd5 cjaj yb;fhf’bc
ltlf7 hjvtkvfw cffrfidbkc
rkbybrfib cfwbdb ufeupfd-
v[jkjl vj[fhiekb rdthw[b7
yf7 hjujhw xfyc7 gjkbnb-
reh bycbyefwbt,ib xfhse- vfqfpbfib yf.blb cjrjc ibkfakfdb7
kb fh fhbc7 yfw,tkflbc ]fy-
vhstkj,bc vlujvfhtj,bc
[tkjdyehfl lfv’bvt,bc
cfkfsbc ajskt,b lf
cwtyfhib fh vjyfobktj,c lf
uekohatkfl cehc7 vbcb ybjhofcvekb ifdb gehb vbfmdc=
idbkbidbkbc vfvf ufvj]fy-
vhstkltc8
cfvfubthjl7 bvfdtc dth dbn.- 
dbs  
hjvtkcfw7 tmbvt,bc fhfthsb yfwbjyfkehb
s,bkbcbc vthb







gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfht
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtvbth-
vbybcnhb


3mfhsekb jwyt,bc4
sfdv]ljvfht

tdhj-
s[jdybcf lf vjojlt,bc vbe- rfdibhbc vj’hfj,f fhbc gfh-
[tlfdfl7 idbkbcfsdbc rkbyb- nbf7 hjvtkbw fx-
htrjvty-
rfib yjhvfkehb cfzvtkb lfwbt,bc
dtyt,lf cfpjuf-
fhfahbc lblt,bs fh vbfmdc8 evhfdkt-
ljt,fc bvfc7 se
hjujhw  hjujhb fh eylf
vbth cfcfvfhskjcfsdbc vbwt-
cj,f erdt b.jc [tkbceaf-
kb8 lqtc7 hjlt-
vekb xdtyt,bs ufw[fllf7 se itchekt-
cfw jgjpbwbfib
cjaj yb;fhf’bc ltlf cffrfi- ,ekbf7
gjkfhbpf- fhbfy bcbyb7 cfpj-
dbkc rkbybrfib cfwbdc eupfd-
ybc7 yfw,tkflbcfsdbc cfre- wbbc lfc- ufljt,fc fxdtyt-
 fhxtdbs @_@@ okbc rjheawbbc
hekt,f jgjpbwbbc xfhsekj,bc ufhtit it-
,ty7 hjujhb fh eylf b.jc jgjpbwbf8 
sfh ltlfc v[jkjl vj[fhie-  dby fhbc0 fhfdby fh fhbc cfthsjl8 
kb rdthw[b7 vfqfpbfib yf.b- e’kt,tkbf8 xdtyvf [tkbceakt,fv ,jkj  fhbc  vbth hflbrfkehb jgjpbwbe- fqmvbc byltmcbc vb[tldbs7
cfmfhsdtkj ecoht,c tdhj-
lb cjrjc ibkfakfdb7 cfkf- !_ otkboflib tdhjbyntuhfwbbc upfpt lhjt,bs lfcvekb [tkmdtbsb7 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 hb cgtmnhb eahj vtnfl rfdibhbc otdh w[hf lf .dt-
sbc ajskt,b lf ybjhofcve- 'fkbfy vfkt vfc vjfijht,ty lf uffult,ty fv sf-
kf rfylblfn mdt.fyfc8
.dtkf itcf’kj ghjuhtcc7 vfs ijhbc7 td- rjvbrehb uf[lt,f8
kb ifdb gehb vbfmdc8 hjgekb gthcgtmnbdbc fqbfht,fc vbfqobf8 yfvlt,j,blfy7 hjujhw  uffultc8
f,f7 itflfhts5 cfl 2 yb;f- 3HTPJYFYCB4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3HTPJYFYCB4

2  
  

 ufcek rdbhfc cffrfidbkbc ghjwtcpt

 rkbybrf 3dbdfvtlbc4 evidtybthtcvf lf
 ezrdbfytcvf [tkv’qdfytkvf 
  sfdlf.bhf lff.tyf aeafkfl

mwtekb ubekb fkfcfybfc vbth

lfmbhfdt,ekb mfhsdtkb7 fvthbrtkb


se tdhjgtkb tmcgthnt,bc lfcrdyt,b


cffrfidbkbc ]fyvhstkj,bc v’bvt


vlujvfhtj,fpt lf [vfvfqkf ufyfw[flf
vbcb ufyrehyt,bc thsflthsb
 ajhvekf5 +xdtybc v[hbd
 lfdfvfnt,lbs 2 wtw[kb=`

fhfdby bwbc7 uthvfyekb

3ktjgfhlt,b4 hects-er-
hfbybc jvib hf hjkc it-


fchekt,ty7 vfuhfv ktj-
gfhlbc ghbynbc ,kepib
ufvjo.j,bkvf 
 cfcfvfhskj ghj-


wtcpt ,tzt,pt lflj cff-
rfidbkbc fldjrfnt,b lf
vfsb vjcfpht,t,b cffrfi-
dbkbc vjcfkjlytkb
ufhlfwdfkt,bc vbptpt,-


pt8 ,fhfmfkf ybyj yflbhf-
’tc7 hjvtkvfw cojhb fh-
uevtynt,bsf lf cfmvbc
pecnb itafct,bs res[t-
ib lff.tyf cffrfidbkbc

sfdbcb idbkbidbkbc vfvbcfs-
ljc7 cek vfkt rehfnbdbs

cfvb dfb-fldjrfnb7 afh-
lf xfvj[cyf tmcghtpblty-
nbc cbvekfwbfc7 b,h’jkf
fhfvfhnj sfdbcb ghjat-
cbjyfkbpvbc7 rkbybrbcf

dbc yfbh-yfbhb rth’t,bc vjv-
pflt,fc fh lfbpfht,c lf rkb-
ybrfib .jdtklqt ufeupfdybc
utvhbtk cfrdt,c8
bmyt, cffrfidbkbcfsdbc yj-
.bthb cfrdt,bc vbojlt,bc cfm-
vtib   
xfthsjc lf sfdbcb f[fklf,f-
lt,ekb idbkbidbkbc 2 ;fc-
vby bfcrjc vfvfc 3dbdfvtlib4
utvhbtkb erhfbyekb ,jhi-
xb7 rbtdehb njhnb lf c[df vf-
qfkrfkjhbekb cfzvtkt,b
ufeupfdyjc8
hfw itt[t,f cffrfidbkbc
gbhdtkb wjkbc 2 
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           

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  fldjrfnt,b
cebwblbc [tkito.j,fib lf-
flfyfifekf7 hjvkt,bw cff-
rfidbkc .jdtklqbehfl
vjkjlbybc ht;bvib fv.jat-
,ty lf cfgfnbvhjlfy uf.df-
yfc /gbhlt,bfy8 hjujhw fq-
vjxylf7 thsflthsb7 dbcfw cf-
frfidbkb twjlt,f7 
 hjvtkvfw idb-
kbidbkbc lfcecnt,ek vf-
vbrjc cfwbdb lf [fzfgehb vb-
enfyf8 fv afmnpt vjudbfyt,bs
  rjvtynf-
hb uffrtsf5 'fkbfy 'dbhafc-
vf flfvbfyvf ufvjeupfdyf cf-

wbdb7 'fkbfy wjnf itzfvf7
vfuhfv vtjht-vtcfvt lqtc
qt,byt,f /mjylf7 vjofvke-
kbf7 fvbnjvfw dth zfvcj8
3,fnjyj ifkdf7 smdty
[fhs flfvbfyb7 hjvtkbw xtvc
rf,bytnib itvj[dtlbs lf
vbs[fhbs5 vbif ,by’ehbf7 .f-
hc lf vtpbpqt,fj8 fh dzjhf-
j,7 wbnbht,fc df[lty7 vtht
uf[dtlbs lf bkfgfhfrts7 udf-
vehb kfmt,b fmdcj47 2 tc

cffrfidbkpt7
otkpt fotekb
vfbcehbs
[fy
vewtkitceysmekb
hjv gjpbht,c lf
[fyfw 2
kj.t,itceysmekb8
fv cbnefwbfv
ptktycrbc
vfc[hj,fcfw
rb uflfecohj8
thsflthsb7 hfw cffrfi-
dbksfy cbf[kt ufvjxylf7 if-

db ekdfibf7 hjvtkbw7 fk-
,fs7 !)## okbc bfydhbc ,j-
 kjc uthvfybbc hfb[crfyw-
 kthfl /bnkthbc lfybi-
 dybc )_ okbcsfdc vbe’qd-
yf8 fb7 rbltd se tmfyfdt,f7 hj-

ujhw ubekb fkfcfybfv fl-
ht vjudf[ctyf7 fvfc7 fk,fs7
itvltu ufvjcdkfib bn.dbc8

tc ltlf erdt bmwf idbkbc
cfvfhw[dbyj htfkj,bc cf-

cfwbkj uvbhfl7 hjvtkbw
.jdtk ufvjcdkfpt thsvf-

ytsbc cfgbhbcgbhj byajh-

vfwbt,c fdhwtkt,c lf xb[-
ib bztlt,f8 fmfvlt se bvfc

fv,j,lf7 xtvc idbkc v[jkjl
cfpqdfhufhts evrehyfkt-

3dbdfvtlbc4 lbhtmnjhb 





 
 


,ty7 cfmfhsdtkjib vbcb ufvj- cfblfy vjbujytc7 hfc ,jlfdty7
]fyvhstkt,f ite’kt,tkbfj7 hfc x[kfhsfdtyj0=
f[kf fv,j,c 2 xdtyb s[jdyf
 fhfdby fhfathc fh
cfc]tkbc uflfdflt,ff7 sfdb-
x[kfhsfdc7 smdtyb idbkb
ceafkb hjv bmyt,f7 sdbsjy x[kfhsfdc fdflv.jaj,bc cb-
vbbqt,c uflfo.dtnbkt,fc7 vekfwbfc lf fvfib eo.j,s
cflfw ofdf7 bmyt, fm fgbht,c [tkc8 ahs[bkfl7 mfhsekb
vjs[hj,f 3whe4-c uvbhbdbs7
vrehyfkj,bc ufuh’tkt,fcj8
hjujhw xfyc7 ubekb fkf- smdtyb idbkbcsdbc cbrdlb-
cfybf lqtvlt dth [dlt,f7 hjv kbc wbdb vutkb fh ufvjx[kfh-
vbcb idbkb gfnbvfhbf lf fct
sjs lf cfvelfvj cfyfyt,kfl
sfdbceakfl dth ofdf bm7 cf- fh utmwts vbcsdbc utvhbtkb
lfw eylf8 hjltcfw vbcb xfyf- cflbkbc fhvbnfyf8 lfc]thlbs
othb ufdhwtklf7 cflfw cfmfh-
rkbybrf 3dbdfvtlbc4 gthcj-
sdtkjib cffrfidbkbc lf,he-
yfkbc ufh]fc lf ufvjbxbyts
yt,fpt hectsbc ufdktyfc f[- obylf[tlekj,f8 ghjatcjh-
ctyt,lf7 ]th ufyfw[flf7 tc xf-
vf mfkvf 
yfothb jhb okbc obyfyltkbf7
 wyj,bkb wbnfnf vfbyw
f[kf hfnjv vjbnfytcj7 itvltu ufb[ctyts7 cflfw thbc kblt-
ijhc lfbzbhf 2 tc cfe,fhb hbc fewbkt,tkb gbhj,f js[








.jabkb vfqfkxbyjcfyb
ibyfufy cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjc

gfnbvfhb


erhfbybc ghtpbltynb
vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc vfvf

fhbc  vbvfh-

 vjudbojlt,c7 ufy-
sdblfy fldjrfn 
 hjwf [fzfgehb- cfresht,bs ltlfc 2 ubekbc7
’tv ybyj yflbhf’tc rjvgtnty- vjdbltc lf lffhoveyjc gf-
wbf lfeoeyf7 tc erfyfcrytkb wbtynb7 hjv brdt,jc lf vbb-
fmfw [bcnb lf itedfkb b.j7 qjc vrehyfkj,f vfiby7 hj-
vtnhjctmcefkb lf kfv,th- wf vbif sfdbcb at[bs itdblf
ctmcefkb  cfhrt- rkbybrfib lf lqtc htfybvfwb-
ib xff[tlf5 3tc smdtysfy fhbc7 fc cfzbhjt,c8 fkjubrehbf===
acbmbfnhb hjv ghjmnjkj- ufcfjuyt,tkbf7 hjltcfw itib-
ubfpt kfgfhfrj,c7 ufcnhj-
cfmfhsdtkj b.j cf- yt,ekb vtlbrjct,b vfidtk hujkfl b[vj,ty ltlfc lf j]f[c8 se vt dth dbwjw[kt, er- vt dkfgfhfrj, erhfbybc vj-
hfbybc ufvfh]dt,fvlt7 hjvt- mfkfmt 
tynthjkjub 2 acbmbfnhb-
sfvfij fvthbrbc [tk- se rkbybrfc dth 'fke’c gfwbtynbc vjdkf7 vfiby sdbs
kbw 'fkbfy f[kjcff7 xtvb ue- lfrfdt,fpt7 hjvtkcfw .jdt-
fpt lf .dtkfathb fhtekb
3dbdfvtlbw4 fmnbehfl itethsltc tmcgthnt,bc vjs[jdyfc vb-
hjv ufmds8 .dtkfathb eylf
ib7 f[kf tc cfsfvfij ifc uf.dfyfpt8 se tctw fh itub’kbfs7 uflvjudtwbs j]f[c vb- kb eylf b.jc lfvfh[ekb klqt cf]fhjl fofvt,ty8 lf7
ufn.lf8
b.jc rfyjybc vb[tldbs8 rfh-
lbjkjub rfhlbjkjubfpt if lf xdty vjdedkbs8 ,jkjc lf ,jkjc7 tmbvt,b dfhs8 rbtdib 2 bc tresdybc erhfb- dabmhj,7 hjv vbpfyb fmds 2
eylf kfgfhfrj,ltc7 lbhtm- 3BVTLBYBECB4 3HTPJYFYCB4 yfc= 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4   3HTPJYFYCB4

4  
 
          

cjaj yb;fhf’bc ltlbcfufy cfwbdbc

vjvpflt,f vfbyw bcofdkts lf idbkc
vbenfyts7 sjhtv vcjakbj
gjkbnbrjcc7 cfyfv cfcfvfhskj
ghjwtct,pt xfhsdbc lhjc ktqdbc
ajskt,b fh vbeafht,bf7 js[b cfkfsbc 

aehwkbc bvtlfl ye lfnjdt,s= 

cbn.dfibf ajhvekbht,ekb5 dtklqbehfl ecvbyjy lf lfv-

 yfifdt idbkb ufesfdbcea-
 kjy8 mfhsdtkb [fk[b uek-
 smdty erdt mdt.fyfc vjo.fktf lf gfnbvfh cffrfi-
fwbyt,s lf cfrvfhbcbf8 tc cb- dbkbc fcfrbfy ltlfc v[j-
wbkb ]th rbltd vfiby lf- kjl fvfc ehxtdc7 idbkc utv-
bo.j7 hjltcfw hecsfdbc wb- hbtkb rth’b ufertsjc7 sj-
[tib smdtyc idbkc gfnbvhbc htv [vf ufdfhlf7 cffrfidbkc
ltlbcfsdbc iteatht,tk rfkjhbt,b itvjfrklf lf
rjrj ifytkbc ufvzdbhdfkt 3dbdfvtlbc4 ath[jhwbfy
xtmvt,bs vbfrbs[ts lf vfc gthcjyfkc lfthbfj8 smdtyc
itvltu7 hjltcfw cfresfh idbkc rfyb,fkfl vfbyw ye fm-
ufhlthj,c ofhvjflutylbs7 wtds7 sjhtv bcts rjvbreh cb-
idbkbc necfqj,bc gthbjlb nefwbfibf7  
ifytkbc xtmvblfy lfo.t,e- 
kb7 vtkbbc ,todbc v[ht,pt   vjtidbs ew[j-
vjult,fib uffnfhts8 fv vjm-


tsib ufafynek xdtyc sfyf-
vtlt,bs rb [fk[bcsdbc lfcf- vjmfkfmtt,c7 ufbrbs[ts lf
wby ce,btmnfl bmtwbs lf fvfc
utn.dbfy7 hfvltyb rfwb itbr-
fcfrib itcekb mfk,fnjybc rj-


hb,f hbufib cffrfidbkbc v[fh-
rtnj,fl sdkbfy7 vfuhfv cfre-
sfhb idbkbc vbth rkbybrfib lfcfzthfl ufvfhsek fmwbfpt8


lfluvekb cgtmnfrkt,bc rj- smdtyb idbkb rkbybrfib
vtynbht,fpt cbn.dt,c hjv bctdt bmwtdf7 hjujhw @__(
t’t,s7 tc erdt ufb'dthj,bc che- okbc fudbcnjib sdbsvahb-


kb kecnhfwbff8 smdtyc idb- yfdbc [vfpt w[dbhbs vbof
kc htfybvfwbfib sfdbc vjvr- hjv s[fhf7 [fafyuib uf,ve-
kb ubtyfcfdbs sdfkt,c f,-


dlfheyt,fw eyljlf7 vfuhfv7
hjltcfw ufbuj7 hjv ltlfc hbfkt,c7 at[t,c bmytdc lf
htfybvfwbfib fqfh iteidt,- atrfkbt,c bcdhbc8 yese fv
[ybc mfkc ,jkjvlt rkbybrbc

lyty7 bctd gfkfnfib uffuh-
’tkf cgtmnfrkbc sfvfib8
 vfs f[kj,kt,c7 db-
cfw smdtyvf idbkvf cbwjw[kt
vjecohfaf7 ewyfehb [fk[b
eojlts7 sfdfl rb cfcfvfhs-
kj ghjwtcpt gbhdtk dbltj-
xfhsdfib trhfybc tatmnbs cgt-
wbfkehfl ufkeh]t,ekb
smdtyb idbkbc lfyf[dfpt tk-
lf utwfs 2 yfofvt,bfj7 [jkj
vtjht cfcfvfhskj ghjwtcpt
vewkbc ufvjxtyfv 2 vskfl
fuhbfs8 cffrfidbkbc tc aj-
njt,b  vcjakb-
jc lfcfyf[fdfl rb fahbfkf
lf tdhjgfhkfvtynfht,vfw
uflfelt,tkb lt,fnt,b xf-
ybiytc7 vfuhfv qbvbkc bc bo-
dtdc7 hjv erhfbybc ghtpb-
ltynvf pecnfl bwbc7 cffrfi-
dbkb hfcfw sfvfij,c7 [jkj
tdhjgfhkfvtynib wfhbtk
crfvt,sfy cffrfidbkbc cfrbs-
[bc ufy[bkdfv lt,fnt,bc .dt-
kf htrjhlb 3vj[cyf48 wfkrt

ufcf[ctyt,tkbf 
 hjwf cfylhf
hekjdcsfy thsfl7 tdhjgfh-
kfvtynfht,c gkfrfnt,b lffzt-
hbyf lf ajnjt,b uflfbqj7
vfuhfv fh ufzhf8
fv [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib ube-
kb fkfcfybfc ths[tkfw fh
e[ctyt,bf rezbc lfcfgfnfhf-
dt,tkb jgthfwbf7 hjvtkbw
vbcvf idbkvf cfmfhsdtkjib
xfvjcdkfvlt ufbrtsf8 fv jgt-
hfwbbc itvltu jhufybpvbc
vlujvfhtj,bc sfj,fpt7 serb
tmbvt,bcufy fh bwbfy7 vecbrjc
  /rbs-
[jy7 hjvtkvfw vcufdcb jgthf-
wbf ufbrtsf7 bycnfuhfvib aj-
njw lflj7 cflfw !__ rbkj-
pt vtnc bojyblf lf lffothf5
dbc df[cjdfh fctsb0 ntktb-
vtlbc cf[tv7 tmbvvf 
 vrfwhb lbtnbc
lfwdbs cthbjpekfl lfbrkj
ojyfib lf hfqf rezbc jgthf-
wbfufrtst,ekb cffrfidbkbc
ojybc rkt,f bmwf vcjakbj
ofhqdyfl0= w[flbf7 tc .dtkf-
athb 'fkbfy rfhufl bwbc 
 vfuhfv7 hj-
ujhw xfyc7 ub;j,fyfc sfvfib
ehxtdybf lf @ vtnhb cbvfq-
kbc rfwbcsdbc cfzvtkfl js-
[b cfkfsbc aehwkbc vbnf-
yfc bvbs fvfhskt,c7 hjv vb-
cb idbkb cfrdt,c dth bqt,c7
vjofvkekbf8 fkfcfybf bvfcfw
fv,j,lf7 xtvc idbkc rbchbc vf-
kt,b xfvndhtekb fmdcj8 rbc-
hbc vfkt,bc xfvndhtdfc hfw
vj/.dt,f7 xevfl vfbyw trbs[f8
 
   
 

    
  
 
 
   


   


tc fv,fdb s,bkbctkt,vf xdt-
ekb tyfrdbvfnj,bs uffdhwt-
ktc7 vbifv lfikf lfbo.jj
+hjujhw hflbfmnbehvf ybd-
sbtht,fv7 hbsbw7 cffrfidbkbc
fphbs7 bc vjofvktc‘8 serb 
 obyfcofhvtn.-
dtkt,bs7 cfvij,kjcfsdbc of-
vt,ek vb[tbk cffrfidbkc ovby-
lfyfl ithfw[fdty7 ovbylfysf
w[jdht,bc pjuflb vfufkb-
sbs7 cffrfidbkbc7 hjujhw
yfwsf ovbylfybc7 c[tekc lf-
yfobkt,f tkbc8
 7 hjvt-
kbw velvbdfl bv gjpfibf7
3hfw vfvfv gtnth,ehuib of-
ubqj7 rfhnekb cek lfuf-
dbo.lf47 itdf[ctyt,s7 hjv vjr-
kekb  
    
 vbcvf h’fkvf cfylhf he-
kjdcvf cf[kib ]ljvf lf
res[tib nbhbkb ehxbf7 sdb-
sjy rb [fk[c fb’ekt,c7 .j-
rb,tt,pt cf[neyfjl ufubvt-
nt,s lf itvltu [fk[bc obyf-
it sfdbcb fdflv.jaj,bc ufcf-
vfhskt,kfl f[fk-f[fkb cb-
n.dt,bc 'bt,fib ufv.jat,s0
ubekb7  
ltlbcfufy cfwbdbc vjvpflt-
,f vfbyw bcofdkts lf idbkc
vbenfyts7 sjhtv vcjakbj
gjkbnbrjcc7 cfyfv cfcfvfh-
skj ghjwtct,pt xfhsdbc
lhjc ktqdbc ajskt,b fh
vbeafht,bf7 js[b cfkfsbc
aehwkbc bvtlfl ye lfnj-
dt,s8 ubekb fkfcfybf fct se
fh vjbmwtdf7 cek vfkt vbifc-
ufy  vbbqt,c8 cfg.hj,b-
kblfy  ufsfdbceakt-
,bc fewbkt,tk gbhj,fpt rb7
dujyt,s7  
c rfhufl vjt[-
ctyt,f===





xdty .jdtksdbc rjktubfkj,bc ghbywbgc dbwfds7 vfuhfv .dtkfathc cfpqdfhb fmdc8 fvbnjv b’ekt,ekb dfhs7 vstkb mdt.ybc ufcfujyfl dsmdf bc7 hbc smvfcfw

3dbdfvtlbc4 rkbybrehb
lbhtmnjhb

dfgbht,8 fmfvlt fvbc itcf[t, vbybiyt,bs dfv,j,lbs7 vfuhfv fv flfvbfyt,vf7 tn.j,f7 dth ufbutc8 hfw itt[t,f rdt,fc7 tc gfwbtynbc itvjcdkbc lqblfy hxt,f ghj,ktvfl8
gfwbtynb cfo.bc tnfgpt vrehyfkb tmbvbc htrjvtylfwbt,c tmdtvlt,fht,jlf7 vfuhfv itvltuib fv rfkjhf;bc itvwbht,f vj[lf8 vbdvfhsfd jhufybpfwbf
3tvgfsbfc4 lf vbc [tkv’qdfytkc 2 ye tsfvfit,bfy gfwbtynbc cbwjw[ktc7 ufeahs[bklyty gfwbtynbc cbwjw[ktc= xdtyb gbhdtkb lf vsfdfhb fvjwfyff
gfwbtynbc ]fyvhstkj,fpt pheydf7 vbcb vlujvfhtj,bc ufev]j,tct,f7 fvbnjv ye udbikbfy fvfib [tkc8 xdty gfwbtync fhfclhjc fh lfdflfyfifekt,s lf dth
lfdflfyfifekt,s dthfathib7 vfuhfv afmnbf bc7 hjv gfwbtynb vfs htrjvtylfwbt,c fchekt,c8 fmfvlt vbdfybiyt,lb lf f[kf qbf ntmcnc dfv,j,7 tc .dtkfathb 2
rfkjhf;b ithxtekbf bv ]ueabc tmbvt,bc vbth lf7 itcf,fvbcfl7 gfwbtynb tmdtvlt,fht,f bvfc7 fye tc bc rfkjhf;bf7 hjvtkbw vbybvfkehb hfjltyj,ff cfcbwjw[kj
aeymwbt,bc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl7 vfuhfv fhf vbcb vlujvfhtj,bc ufcfev]j,tct,kfl7 se fhf ufcfefhtct,kfl8 tc flfvbfyt,b xfcfaht,ekt,b fhbfy7 hjv gfwbtynvf
uhfvt,b vjbrkjc lf fvbs kfvbc .b;byf itvjw[jy8 tc rdt,fcfw t[t,f lf vtlbrfvtynt,bc ithxtdbsj,fcfw8 se gfwbtynb ufhrdtek gthbjlib ufhrdtek vtlbrfvty-
npt efhc fv,j,lf7 tctw fv jhufybpfwbbc tmbvt,bc htrjvtylfwbbs [lt,jlf8 vbpfyb b.j bc7 hjv vjdcekb.fdbs lqtdfyltk lqtvlt7 fv vlujvfhtj,fvlt lf itvltu
lfcvekb.j rbs[df 2 fb7 hf uffrtsts hdf se w[hf sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib0   erdt .dtkf pqdfhc uflfcwlf7 erdt rkbybrbc tmbvt,c
edbwt,fl vjb[ctybt,c8 fh dbwb7 sdbsjy7 vujyb7 acbmbfnhbf7 vfhbfv ]birfhbfyb ghfmnbrjcb tmbvb fh fhbc7 fvbnjv ghfmnbrjc tmbvt,c bc htrjvtylfwbt,c dth vbcwtvc7 vrehyfkj,bc
rjhtmwbfib dthfyfbhfl dth xfthtdf8 xdtyb tmbvt,b7 ufhlf bvbcf7 hjv cfvtlbwbyj eybdthcbntnt,bc ghjatcjh-vfcofdkt,kt,b fhbfy7 fctdt ghfmnbrjcb tmbvt,b fhbfy lf 'fkbfy rfhufl bwbfy
lffdflt,t,bc vfhsdf8 fv vfhsdfib [tkbc itviktkb afmnjhb hfw fhbc7 tc fhbc7 3tvgfsbbc4 ]ueab8 bubdt gfhtynthfkeh rdt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs gfwbtynvf efhb ufyfw[flf8 tc hfqfw
rjcvjcehb lf ufkfmnbrehb cfjwht,ff  vfuhfv xdtysdbc tc fhbc xdtekt,hbdb cfvrehyfkj ghjwtlehf8 xdty e’kbthtcb htfybvfnjkjusf ]ueab ud.fdc7 hjvkt,bw
vpfl fhbfy7 tc xdtekt,hbdb ghjwtlehf itfchekjy8 fvfpt gfwbtynb sfdc brfdt,c 3tvgfsbbc4 htrjvtylfwbblfy ufvjvlbyfht7 tc sdbsjyfw [vfvfqkf ufyfw[flf8 tc fhbc lbcrhtlbnfwbf xdtyb
rkbybrbc lf fctdt lbcrhtlbnfwbf vstkb mfhsekb cfvtlbwbyj cfpjufljt,bc8 3GBHDTKB FH[B4

 
5
 
fhct,j,c se fhf
cffrfidbkbc uflfhxtybcf
lf ufvjcojht,bc
vtmfybpvb0 2
dtcfe,ht,bs cjatk
lbqvbc ovblf vfhbytc
cf[tkj,bc nf’hbc
obyfv’qdfhc7 ltrfyjp


2 cffrfidbkb lqtvlt hxt,f
vcjakbjc htfmwbekb 'fkt-
,bc [tkib cfmfhsdtkjc
obyffqvltu vjvfhsek bycn-
hevtynfl8 tc vfs fmwbtc cff-
rfidbkb gjkbnbreh abue-
hfl7 [jkj vbcb [tkv’qdfyt-
kj,bs itmvytc ht;bvb7 hjvt-
kbw egbhbcgbhlt,jlf vfh-
skvflblt,keh cfhoveyjt-
,fc7 ufvbpyekfl totjlf cfce-
kbthj gbht,bcf lf vhtdkbc
lbcrhtlbnfwbfc7 [jkj cfh-
oveyjt,bc lfwdbc ufvj fgf-
nbvht,lf f[fkufphlt,c8 fv
ht;bvbc lfyfifekbf cfvij,-
kjcf lf ztivfhbnb gfnhbj-
nbpvbc obyffqvltu ufkfimht-
,f7 yfwt,bc cfmvbfyj,f vfuj-
yt,c uthvfybfib yfwbcnehb
gfhnbbc vbth xfltybk lfyf-
ifekt,c7 hjvkt,vfw vstkb
vcjakbj vjbwdf8 
   
  
 
  


2 ht;bvbc ae’tvlt,tkb7
hjvtkvfw efvhfdb flfvbfyb
wb[tib se wb[bc ufhts nfy-
]f lf bvc[dthgkf7 f[kf sf-
dfl bmwf gfnbvhfl888
2 cffrfidbkb fh uf[kfds
bc hbubsb lfvyfifdt7 hjvtk-
vfw rjyrhtnekb flfvbfybc
obyfit xfblbyf lfyfifekb7
bub uf[kfds cfmfhsdtkjc vj-
cf[ktj,bc7 cfmfhsdtkjc cf-
[tkvobajt,hbj,bc7 vfhsk-
vflblt,tkb trktcbbc lf7 pj-
uflfl7 /evfybpvbc vnthb8 vfh-
skvflblt,kj,f udfcofdkbc7
hjv ]j,c7 flfvbfyvf fvmdt.yfl
pqjc sfdbcb lfyfifekt,bc
ufvj7 dblht ufhlfwdfkt,bc
itvltu8 mhbcnt udfcofdkbc7
hjv fvmdt.ybehb lfyfifekt-
,bcf lf wjldt,bc ufvjc.bl-
dbc evsfdhtcb cfiefkt,ff fv
lfyfifekbc uffpht,f lf xflt-
ybkbc ufvj uekohatkb cb-
yfyekbc ufywlf8 lfvyfifdtc
t’ktdf cfiefkt,f7 uekoh-
atkb fqcfht,bs ufybovbyljc
cekb7 hfsf ufhlfwdfkt,bc
itvlujv fv wjldt,bc ufvj ea-
kbc obyfit fqfh vjtrbs[jc888






   
   
  rbghbfyt
vstk fqvjcfdktsib wyj,b-
kb ]fljmfhb uf[klfs7 hj-
vtkvfw cfresfh sfdpt ufvjc-
wflf eakbc 'fkf lf uekoh-
atkfl lfuvj whehovtyf7 ]f-
ljmhj,f7 ofhvfhsekb wyj-
,btht,f8 bub itrht,bkb [fk-
[bc obyfit ufdblf rfhsfutybc
wtynhfkeh vjtlfypt7 cf]f-
hjl lfodf qdsbc cfuvj,b obu-
yt,b lf ufvjfw[flf7 hjv byf-
ybt,lf sfdbc cfmvbfyj,fc= 
   

  
 se cffrfidbkc cehc vbc-
ufy yfnfy]b cfpjufljt,bcufy
itylj,bc vbqt,f7 fct cf]fhjl
eylf vjbyfybjc qdsbcf lf
thbc obyfit 2 fb7 tc bmyt,f yfv-
ldbkb cbyfyekb lf fhf bc7
hjv cfcekbthj gbhb itdf vbc
gfkfnfib lf bmblfy 3byajh-
vfwbfc4 ufvjbnfyc7 sbsmjc
byfybt,c888
2 smdty7 vhfdkbcvyf[dtk
vj’qdfhc7 hjujh uujybfs7
cffrfidbkc uffxybf cbyfye-
6 
3qdfokvjcbkb
rjyrhtnekb

fvmdt.yfl vjtdkbyf7
dblht gfce[b
cfvc]fdhjpt tujs=4
cfc]tkbcufy sfdbc lf[cybc
vwltkj,t,bc yfwdkfl7
ubcehdt,7 vbfqobj bv
vlujvfhtj,fc7 hfcfw
cbylbcbc mty]yf /mdbf7 buh’yj
xfltybkb wjldt,bc ufvj
cbyfyekb lf tc cbyfyekb
cf]fhjl ufvj[fnj=4
kbc ufywlf0
2 
   
 

gbhbmbs7 d[tlfd ufvfkt,ek
vwltkj,fc7 sfdbcb eqvthsj
cfmvbfyj,f uffvfhskjc=
   
 
   
  

 lbf[7 v[jkjl it-
epqelf7 hfvtse bv rjvajh-
nek vlujvfhtj,fc7 hfibw bv-
.jat,f7 gfnbvhj,fc dth deoj-
lt,=    






  
  
  

  
   hj-
ltcfw wb[t-rjkjybt,ib cfce-
kbthj gbht,b itdlbjlbs7 d[t-
lfdlbs e’bkj,bs ufsfyuek7
fhwse bidbfsfl7 evjo.fkjl
yfwtv gfnbvht,c7 hjvtksf
vlujvfhtj,f f[kjc dth vbdf






ovblf vfvt,b

wjldbc ufvj
eafkc
cs[jdlyty7
vfssdbc
ufycfwltkb
bvmdt.ybeh
gbhj,t,sfy7 hfibw cffrfidb-
kb bv.jat,f8 f,cehlbf vjcfp-
ht,f7 sbsmjc vbc ufyflueht-
,fc [tkbceakt,f fgbht,c8 gb-
hbmbs 2 [tkbceakt,f ufycf-
resht,ekfl eahs[bklt,f7
hjv eyt,kbts hfvt fh ittvs-

[dfc8 w[flbf7 fhfdbc fh cbfvjd-
yt,c wb[tib .jayf7 vfuhfv vt
vbyf[fdc efvhfdb gfnbvfhb7
hjvkt,vfw7 cffrfidbkbcufy
ufyc[dfdt,bs7 qbhctekfl lf-
bsvbytc ufycfwltkb7 cbyfye-
kbw cojhtl wb[tib vj[dtl-
hbc itvltu fqt’hfs8 eahj




vtnbw7 vfs hflbrfkehfl itw-
dfktc w[jdht,bc otcb7 wb[b-
lfydt lfbo.tc trktcbehb w[jd-
ht,f lf fv upfc fhw ufsfdb-
ceakt,bc itvltu uflfe[dbtc8
cfvoe[fhjl7 cffrfidbkb vbcs-
dbc vbc]bk vbpthek cfc]tk-
cfw fh tuet,f lf c[dflfc[df
ajhvbs wb[blfy sfdbc lfq-
otdfc wlbkj,c7 hfw bvfpt vb-
esbst,c7 hjv cbylbcbc mty]-
yf fh foe[t,c888
2 se lffdflt,fc cbvekb-
ht,c7 ufyf eakbcufy eahj
lblb ufycfwltkb fh vjt-
kbc0
2 vf[ctylt,f erhfbybc [t-
kbceakt,fib v.jab thsb vf-
qfkxbyjcfyb mfk,fnjyb7 hj-
vtkvfw wb[tib vj[dtlhbcsf-
yfdt sfdb vjbfdflv.jaf7 bydf-
kblbc tnkib xf]lf lf sfdb-
ceakt,fw vjbgjdf7 fvbc itv-
ltu rb cfcohfajl 3ufvj]fyv-
hstklf4 lf 'dtk cfmvbfyj,fc
lfe,heylf8
cfpjufljt,fv b[bkf cffdfl-
v.jajib uflfqt,ekb db-
ltjrflht,b7 hjwf cffrfidbkb
firfhfl fpdbflt,c sfdbc vluj-

vfhtj,fc8 fhflf7 cbyfyekib
v.jab flfvbfyb fct fh vjbmwt-
df= se cbvekbht,c7 rbltd ea-
hj vtnfl bv’bvt,c cekc7 hbc-
sdbcfw gfce[b fewbkt,kfl
vjtrbs[t,f8 

   
  
  


2 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 fv
bynthdbec cffrfidbkbw of-
brbs[fdc8 hjujhw vfhskvf-
lblt,tkb vj’qdfhb7 hjvtk-
cfw7 xtvb xfsdkbs7 wb[tib
fcj,bs gfnbvhbcsdbc itubv-
ce,emt,bfs cekbthb vluj-
vfhtj,f7 fub[cybfs ufycfwlt-
kbc fhcb lf vbubsbst,bfs uf-
lfhxtybc upf 2 hf hxtdfc
vbcwtvs cffrfidbkc0
2 
    



  


 
 ufbfphjc7 hjv vjmvtlt,lf
cfresfhb [fk[bc vybidytkj-
dfyb yfobkbc w[jdht,bc otcbc
lf yt,bc obyffqvltu7 hjv ek-
vj,kfl ecojhlt,jlf .dtkfc7
dbyw lfcf[ek vbpyt,fvlt vbq-
otdfib [tkc eikblf lf tqj-
,t,jlf=
  
   
  

  
   


 
2 vfuhfv7 se cfresfh wjl-
dt,c cf]fhjl ufvjfw[flt,c7
ufyf cfc]tkb fh lftvfnt,f0
2 

 vflkj,f eaf-
kc7 fv;fvbyltkb [tkbceakt-
,f cffrfidbkc bct fh tg.hj,f7
hjujhw cffrfidbkbc ht;bvb
gjkbnbreh jgjytync tmwtj-
lf lf fv ntyltywbbc vb[tldbs7
itcf’kjf7 fhw fhfathb lfe-
vfnjc vbc vbobth cfc]tkc7 gb-
hbmbs7 cbyfyekbc cfae’dtk-
pt itevce,emjc rbltw8 

  
  

 
  


 
  

   

 
2 u]thfs7 hjv fhct,j,c
ifycb7 mhbcntc vfh]dybd ]dfh-
wvekb7 vjyfybt fdfpfrbc
vcufdcfl7 cffrfidbkvfw itf-
,b]jc cfceatdtkib0
2 hsekb cfsmvtkbf8 ue-
kf[lbkfl hjv ubs[hfs7 fvbc
ybiyt,c vt ]th dth d[tlfd7 sev-
wf7 flfvbfyb obyfcofh dthfcj-
ltc ufyzdhtnc qdsbc yt,fc lf
vjvfdfkc8 rfhub vfufkbsb uf-
b[ctyts= lbf[7 ]dfhwvekb b.j
bc fdfpfrb7 fenfytkb nrbdbkt-
,bs bnfy]t,jlf7 cbwjw[kbc
lfchekt,fvlt cek hfvltyb-
vt oesb /mjylf lfhxtybkb7
vfuhfv uekohatkfl itbyfyf
lf itltufl cfceatdtkib itf-
,b]f= 

   

  ]th qvt-
hsc lf vtht ityufy yfnfy]
fcbfsfcj,bs flfvbfyc ityb cb-
yfyekbs uekb vjek,t888
    

tcfe,hf


ofhvjlutyf
uh’tklt,f5 gfnbvfhb
cffrfidbkb7
hjvtkvfw rdljvf
wb[tib xfcvblfy
vtjht lqtcdt
lfbo.j7 otkbofl-
yf[tdhbc itvltufw
rdlt,f8
cgtmnfrkbc vjhbub fmnb
@_@# okbc ! st,thdfkc db-
[bkts7 hjwf rkbybrf 3dbdfv-
tlbc4 jhjsf[bfyb kemc-gf-
kfnblfy cfcfvfhskj c[lj-
vfpt lbcnfywbehfl xfhsek-
vf cffrfidbkvf vfbcehb fbobf
lf dbltjrfvtht,bc oby cfre-
sfhb cbufv[lhbc ltvjycnhb-
ht,f vjfo.j 2 fmfjlf7 itv-
jv[tlts7 hf e,tleh lqt-
ib dfh7 vfhnj 'dfkb lf n.f-
dbqf lfdhxbj=
cffrfidbkb vfhskfw ufv[-
lfhbf lf itebfhfqt,tkb sdf-
kbsfw itfn.j,7 hjv ojyfib
cfuh’yj,kfl lferkbf7 vfu-
hfv tc ofvt,bcf lf fhfflfvbf-
yehb vjg.hj,bc rb fhf7 sdb-
slfpbfyt,bc itltubf8
rth’jl7 yfw,tkflb ufvbp-
yekfl fh vbbhsvtdc rfkj-
hbek cfrdt,c7 fh tvjhxbkt-
,f tmbvt,bc vbth lfybiyek
vrehyfkj,fc lf vtlbrfvty-
nt,cfw ithxtdbs bqt,c7 hf-
sf cfae’dtkb fh ufvjtwf-
kjc gjkbnbreh rfvgfybfc7
sbsmjc  
sfdbc yjvth gbhdtk vnthc
bdfybidbkbc hecekb ht;b-
vbc [tkbs rkfdc lf vbcb cb-
wjw[kbc uflfcfhxtyfl fe-
wbkt,tkbf7 cfvrehyfkjl
cfpqdfhufhts ufeidfy8
rb vfuhfv7 cffrfidbkb [jv
bvbc xbnb fh fhbc7 cbwjw[-
kt cfahs[tib xfbuljc lf
sdbsvrdktkj,fpt ofdbltc0
hf smvf eylf7




 

 




 
  
 
 


 
 

 
 

fvbnjvfw cffrfidbkb7 gh-
jdjrfnjh 
 lf wtynh 3tvgfsbfib4
sfdit.hbkb yfwtmbvt,bc
htrjvtylfwbbs7 bvlty cfr-
dt,c bqt,c7 hfvltybw vbcb jh-
ufybpvbc cfcbwjw[kj aeym-
wbt,bc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl
fhbc fewbkt,tkb=
bvfdt  lf
3tvgfsbbc4 yfwtmbvsf lfhb-
ut,bs7 cffrfidbkb v[jkjl bv
ofvkt,c cdfvc7 hjvkt,bw uf-
hfynbht,ekfl epheydtk-
.jaty7 hjv fh vjrdltc=
.jdtkbdt fvbc ajypt7 rkb-
ybrf 3dbdfvtlbc4 [tkv’qdf-
ytkj,f lf tmbvt,b cffrfidb-
kbc ltlfc t[dtot,bfy7 idbkc
bctsb cfrdt,b vbenfyjc7 hj-
vtkbw vfc ojybc vfnt,fcf lf
 

]fyvhstkj,bc ufev]j,tct,-
fib iteo.j,c [tkc7 vfuhfv tc
vukbc sfdpt cf[fht,bc rbs[-

dfc /ufdc7 hflufy ubekb fkf-
cfybf fv itvs[dtdfibw cffrfi-
dbkbc ltlfpt eahj cffrfi-
dbkbc sfyfvphf[dtkfl udt-
dkbyt,f=
cfthsjl7 ,jkj otkbofl-

yf[tdhbc ufyvfdkj,fib ube-
kb fkfcfybfc ufyw[flt,t,b
lf cfmwbtkt,b flfcneht,c7
hjv bub .jdtksdbc cfresf-
hb idbkbc sfyfvphf[dtkb
b.j lf fhwse gfnfhf odkb-
kb vbe’qdbc .dtkf e,tle-
ht,fib7 hfw cffrfidbkvf cf-

mfhsdtkjcf lf mfhsdtk
[fk[c lffnt[f8 frb7 ltlf ub-
ekbv ths-ths ntktuflfwt-
vfib ufyfw[flf rbltw 2 vtw

lf vstkb xdtyb j]f[bw xfh-
sekb db.fdbs .dtkf vybi-
dytkjdfy uflfo.dtnbkt,f-
ib7 hfcfw vbif ghtpbltynj-

,bcfc bqt,lfj=
fvbnjvfw fhbc7 hjv ube-
kb fkfcfybf fv,j,c 2 xtvc
idbkc [tkbceakt,fib .ja-
ybcfc fhfse lfyfifekb fh
xfeltybf7 fhfvtl itwljvfw rb
fh lfeidbfj= fvbs bub vfh-
nj sfdbcb v[jkjlij,bkb
vbibrjc rb fhf7 egbhdtktc
.jdkbcf7 cfresfhb sfdbc uf-
vfhskt,fc wlbkj,c=
vjrktl7 

2 'fkfeakt,bc cb.dfhe-
kbs fqn.byt,ekb tc idb-
kbrj lf ltlbrj .jdtks-
dbc sfyfvjcfmvtyb lf 
 b.dyty lf f[-
kfw fctf 2 thsj,kbdfl7 it-
sfy[vt,ekfl7 it[vfnr,bkt-
,ekfl wlbkj,ty7 rfyjybc
udthlbc fdkbs7 ghjdjrfwb-
ekb lf cbvekfwbehb vtsj-
lt,bs vbfqobjy vfhskvcf-
]ekt,bc sfdblfy fhblt,fc8









cfyfv rkbybrfib hxt,f lf
stjhbek ifycc vfbyw byfh-
xeyt,c7 hjv [tkbceakt,f
lffifynf;jc7 cfc]tkbc uf-
lfdflt,fc vbfqobjc lf cf-
pqdfhufhts uf'dhtc7 cffrfi-
dbkb sdbslfpbfyt,fcf lf
sfdbc vjvrdlfheyt,fc fh
ito.dtnc=
lbf[7  hj-
wf vc]fdhlt,ek cffrfidbkc
rkbybrblfy cfc]tkfqchekt-
,bc lfotct,ekt,fib uflfb.-
dfyty9   hj-
wf lfvyfifdt yfw,tkflb vb[-
dlt,f7 hjv cf[tkvobajc ghj-
djrfwbfpt ofvjut,f dth it’-
kj lf vstkb !_-sdbfyb cb-
vekfwbbc vbe[tlfdfl7 gfnbv-
hj,blfy sfdbc lf[cyf fh uf-
vjedblf9

 

 





 


 



 

 

 
 


cffrfidbkbc f[kfyltkb
cfmwbtkb 'fkbfy /ufdc bv
cbvekfynb at[,ehstkbc
vjmvtlt,fc7 hjvtkcfw jh-
sf,h’jkbc lhjc vtnjmt
at[ib at[c vce,emfl vbfh-
n.fvc fy pehuib vwbht ve]-
keueyc of/rhfdc7 bc rb vf-
ibydt vbyljhpt ufujhlt,f7
.dbhbkc bo.t,c lf dbsjv
ufecf’kbcb nrbdbkbcfufy
buhb[t,f7 hfsf vcf]c vtnj-
mbcfsdbc obstkb ,fhfsb uf-
vjcn.ejc lf vjobyffqvlt-
ut ueylb rfwyfrkekb lf-
njdjc=
hfc frtst,ty fcts lhjc uf-
vjwlbkb lf vfqfkrdfkbab-
wbehb vcf]t,b0 cbvekfyn
at[,ehstkc ghjdjrfwbekb
cfmwbtkbcfsdbc c]bfy lf .db-
stk ,fhfsc exdtyt,ty fy ce-
kfw vjtlyblfy f’tdt,ty=
mfhsekb cf[tkvobajw
itcf,fvbcfl7 tmbvt,bc vjoj-
cojhtl fct eylf vjtmwtc
lt,fc 2 cffrfidbkc lbtne-
cbvekfyn lf ghjdjrfnjh
hb rb fhf7 .efsbfyb cfrdt,b
cffrfidbkc7 hjvtkbw v[j-
vbenfyjc7 ubekb fkfcfybf
kjl vfiby lfijivbylt,f7
fbyeyibw fh fult,c lf idb-
hjwf sfdbc resdybk flub-
kbcfsdbc rdkfd vj[fhiekb
kfc fqvjxylt,f 2 hecsf-
rdthw[b7 cfkfst,b lf c[df lf-
dbc wb[bc cfrfyib7 yjvhbs 2
,fkrfkjhbekb cfzvtkt,b
B !#(7 cflfw7 cffdflv.jaj-
vbfmdc7 hfsf yfw,tkflvf [t-
ib uflf.dfyfvlt7 yfvldbkb
kjdyehfl lfult,ekb ojyf
cfyfudt /mjylf vjo.j,bkb=
fct hjv7 
itbyfhxeyjc lf athpt fh vj-
  lf lffc-
dbltc7 vfuhfv fhw vjrdltc8
hekts tc fvfphptyb ofhvjl-
utyf=
vfbyw hjltvlt itb’kt,f7
ufuh’tkltc tc vfdyt,kehb
 
ofhvjlutyf0
 lf lfecdbs othnb-
hjlbc lf hjujh itb’kt-
kb ubekb fkfcfybfc7 vfhb-
,f7 lfchekltc tc fynbcf-
fv ]birfhbfybcf lf vcufdcsf
[tkvobajt,hbdb gjkbnb-
vfssf gjkbnbreh v’edyj-
rehb rfvgfybf7 hjvtkbw fh-
,fc=
fv[jkjl mfhsdtkb cfpjuf-
 
ljt,bc ythdt,c7 fhfvtl cf-
 lf lfe,heyts mfh-
mfhsdtkjc cfthsfijhbcj
sek cf[tkvobajc cfvfhs-
bvb]cfw ehn.fvc0
kt,hbdb cf[t7 hjvtkbw bv
lqblfy lfrfhuf7 hjwf cbc[-
 
  othnb-
kbc cfvfhskbc lfvyfifdt yfw-
kb v[jkjl vfiby lftcvt,f7
,tkflb rfyjycf lf .dtkf lf-
hjwf vfc 3dbdfvtlbc4 jhjsf-
yfhxty gfnbvfhpt vfqkf lff-
[bfyb fgfhnfvtynblfy ufvjf,-
.tyf=
h’fyt,ty lf hecsfdbc wb[bc
cfrfyib lff,heyt,ty7 vfuhfv7 
7
 

 
cffrfidbkbc ht;bvbc vbth     


vjrkekb vbkbfhlthb 

,flhb gfnfhrfwbidbkbc

  

   
gfhnybjhb lf 
ecfahs[jt,bc cfvcf[ehbc

 
2 hf eylf lfegbhbcgbhjc
eahjcb7 cfmfhsdtkjib 3rfut,tc4 vbth itveifdt,ek
fv vtsjlbrfc [tkbceakt-

 
fqvjcfdkehb ,h’jkt,bc
lfvae’yt,tkb  ,fv0
2 lfdbo.js bvbs7 hjv fv
 hjvtkbw

  

vtsjlbrfc7 gbhdtk hbuib7 cf-
ybrenf udfhfvbfv frfidbkb egbhbcgbhlt,f lf7
@__* okbc * yjtv,thc hjujhw xfyc7 ufsdfkbcobyt-
itsbs[ybkb ,hfklt,bs ,ekpt vtn rfkjhf;c vfbyw
lfbzbhf7 fw[flt,c7 hjv uf [fyc bwjw[kf8 cfmvt bc uf[- hflufy j,btmnc7 afmnj,hb- bqt,c7 sjhtv cfcehdtkb it-
kfds7 hjv 3rfut,tib4 lfveif- dfl7 zrefcecnj,f7 fye ltvty- ltub erdt vbqotekb bmyt,j-
lf8  
cffrfidbkbc ibvibkj,f
dt,ekb fv vtsjlbc sfyf[vfl7 wbf fqtybiyt,f888 hflufy rjy-
n.dtl xfdfhlybkb vfqfkb hfy-
rfhufl fghj,bht,ekb lf
3cffrfidbkvf nfmnb dth [th[lt,jlf7 ,eyt,- 
lfveifdt,ekb bv ubc cf,zjsf vpdthfdt,b fy cfv- hbdbf7 fcts n.dtt,c lfrbs[dt,-    
cgtwvtsjlbrbc yfobkbf7 [tlhj jabwht,b7 sfdbc uf- pt fh fnfht,lyty lf fv vnfy]-    
hjvtkcfw cf,zjsf 3bvtlbc4 lfhxtybc vbpybs7 bvbcfsdbc7 dtkb lf vjvmfywdtkb ghjwt-  ,jkjc lf ,jkjc7
3rfut,t4 sfdbc futynt,c hjv lfrbs[dt,pt fh tnfht,b- cbcufy fsfdbceakt,lyty888  
tmcnhtvfkehb ufyflueht,f yfs7 .jdtklqbehfl fvwbht,-
lyty cfrdt,bc ekeafc lf fv



cbnefwbblfy sfdbc   
upbs bodtdlyty cfcbwjw[kj
lfcfqotdfl fcofdkblf5 cojhtl ybrf tythubbc uf[fh]dfc7 hfw chek-

 
lt,jlf bvbs7 hjv flfvbfyb ,j-
2 dblht bv vtsjljkjub-
udfhfvbfc 
  
bc itcf[t, vjuf[ctyt,lts7 hj- kjc [lt,jlf itehfw[flb8 vfh-

   
vtkbw cf,zjsf 3rfut,tib4 tmb- skfw7 rfkjhbt,bcufy lfwkb-    
vt,bc7 tmcgthnt,bc7 ufvj’bt,b- lffdfkf=4 kb flfvbfyb inthlt,f lf vfc- 

sfy rjynfmnbc lfv.fht,f zbhc7
cf lf7 pjuflfl7 [tkbceakt- 



,bc vjcfn.et,kfl lf itwlj-
vfib itcf.dfyfl itbveifdtc7 uf- 



db[ctyt, bv ofvjwltyt,c7 hj-
vtkbw cffrfidbkvf lf vbcb uf- 
htvjwdbc otdht,vf fldjrfnt,-
sfy se cfvtlbwbyj gthcjyfk- 


sfy cfe,hbcfc uff;qthtc8 fb7 
vfufkbsfl7  of-
vjcwlf fctsb ahfpf 2 




  
hfc ybiyfdc tc0 tc .dtkfathb 2 cffrfidbkbc lhjc dby-
[lt,f bv ajypt7 hjwf cfvtlb- vtcsdbc wb[tib aehwkbc


wbyj gthcjyfkbcf lf becnb- yfukt]b lf afymhbc yfnt[b
wbbc vbybcnhbc rfntujhbe- hjv tgjdfs7 wtvbs cekc
kb ufyw[flt,bs7 cffrfidbkb fvj[lblyty7 fhflf7 cffrfi-


vbpfyvbvfhsekfl vbbhsvtdc dbkc bynthytnbs lfo.t,e-
lf,fkrfkjhbek cfrdt,c lf kb7 fhfathb frkbf8
wbd efhc fv,j,c gfhtynthf- 2 fv [tkbceakt,fc bvfcfw
keh rdt,fpt= gfhfktkehfl7


itdf[ctyt,7 hjv yf’bhfkf 
'fkbfy cfbynthtcj ofvjwlt-  hjvtkvfw xtvb
yf vjedblf   cfmvt gbhflfl 3itrthf4 lf uf-
 hjwf smdf 2  .fk,t,ekb ,hfklt,f gbhlf-
 gbh tsthib ofbrbs[f7 wb[tib
 cek c[df hfvbc ufvj pbc= hdf
 sdt vnfy]tc wb[tib lf ,flhb
 fhfyfrkt, vjrktc se fhf7 vtjht lqtcdt
cfbynthtcj b.j  itvjdblf cfrfyib eibihjt,bc
 ofvjwltyfw 2  utythfkb7 hjvtkvfw vbs[hf 2
   vbptpb7 hbcsdbcfw lfubzb-
 hts7 erdt fqfh fhct,j,c7 ,fl-
   hb ufyflueht,ekbf8 fvbnjv
 fye vstkb tc se ghtcfc fh uftrfht,b lf
jhjvnhbfkb cbyfvldbktib tyfc r,bkc lffzth7 dtwlt,bs7
tvcf[eht,f cffrfidbkbc ufsf- vfkt ufubidfsj= ,flhbc
dbceakt,fc lf fhf vbc ]fyvh- 3xfidt,bc4 cfyfwdkjl fehfw-
stkj,fpt pheydfc= xtvb lfc- [tk aekc vsfdfpj,lyty888 gbh-
rdyf fctsbf5  lfgbh vbs[htc 2 ,flhbc7 xdt-
   yb fyufhbibs7 !#-lfy !^ vb-
kbfhlb ljkfhb fmdc7 lfotht
 
lf cf]fhjl fqbfht7 hjv gf-

nfhrfwbidbkb cf[tkvobaj

uflfnhbfkt,fc fabyfyct,lf
  
lf hfvltycfw vjbs[jd7 bvlty

 aekc vjuwtvsj= @ vbkbjy td-
2 ,fnjyj ujuf7 vfbyw hf
hjpt b.j kfgfhfrb888 wyj,b-
vtsjljkjubbs [tkv’qdf-
cfsdbc7  
ytkj,c cffrfidbkb7 hjwf lf-


,fkrfkjhbek cfrdt,c vb-
  


pfyvbvfhsekfl zfvc0
2 ltlfvbcc   
 lf ,b’fvbcc 

   
 /ujybfs7 hjv tc 


vtsjlb 3rfut,tib4 v[jkjl   
vfs fcofdktc lf c[dt,vf fvm-    


dt.yfl fhfathb bwbfy7 vfuhfv 
cfmvt fct fh fhbc= 


   tcfe,hf
 

   

  hjvtkbw cfmfhsdt- fylfpff fct-





tmcgthnb

gfhkfvtynbc dbwt-cgbrthb
vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc ltlf

ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbbc
utythfkehb vlbdfyb

sfdbc lhjpt ofhvfnt,bs uf- sb7 xdtekt,f

vjb.tyf   kjib xfvj-
h]ekpt evn-
vfh]dtyf [tkvf lf 3rfut,tc4 ut- n.et,bs  rbwtcbfj8 hj-
ythfkvf    ujhw xfyc7 'd-
 hjvtkcfw  hfcfw /mdbf tk xdtdt,pt
 vnhj,lf lf vbc uf- efhc dth fv,j-
yflueht,fc kfvj,lf8 cojhtl 3iteche-
,ty7 bctd rjv-
fv vtsjlbs uflfbhxbyf  ktc48 [tkc ghjvfnt,bs
 sfdb lf [hei- dthfdbc lf- lf afhekb
xjdvf bc dth lf[dhbnf7 hfl- dflt,7 vfuhfv xfyfotht,bs
ufy itehfw[flb7 erjynfmnj xdtyb s[jdyf    lf fhf
b.j7 sjhtv lfcf[dhtnsf cbf- itvb’kbf7 vfhnbdb hfvbc smvf 2 .dtkf wlbkj,ty thsvfytsbc lbcrhtlbnbht,fc8
hfcfw flht c[dt,c ertst,lyty7 f[kf thsvf-  cfpqdfhufhts uf- vfhnj vbcb ufyw[flt,t,b vb-
ib vthdt uf[klfs8 lfvyfifdtf7 dbyw cffrfidbkc fhoveyt,- ytspt uflfdblyty8 sfdbfysb kblthb cffrfi- lf.dfyf rb fh fhbc7 fhfvtl bc7 esbst,c bvfpt7 hjv cfmvt
[heixjdb hjv uffyfluehtc lf7 cfmfhsdtkjib xfvjlbj7 vbe[tlfdfl dbkb ufobhtc lf at[t,pt lfbrbltc8 cf,j- hjv uflfedfljy cfc]tkb7 bm- udfmdc cfmfhsdtkjc obyffq-
lf vjbijhtc7  bvbcf7 fvfc ituyt,ekfl7 qfkfnbs frtst,- kjjl7 tc .dtkfathb7 tc lfgbhbcgbht,f lfc- yt, fm fgbht,c vrehyfkj,bc vltu itsmveksf7 sfqkbst-
 wb[blfy ufvjdblf7 heklt,f yfwvj’hfj,bc lfikbs8
]fyvhstkj,f fqblubyf lf rfh- lf se cb,hb.dbs8 ufuh’tkt,fc8 ,bc 'fkbfy lbl ]ueasfy8
3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4 3FKBF4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3HTPJYFYCB4

8  



 


 ths-
thsb gbhdtkb b.j7 dbyw
3rjdbl !)4-bc gfyltvbf
ukj,fkbcnt,bc vbth
lfluvek afhcfl
itfafcf7 [jkj7 hjltcfw
afhsj vfct,vf ptktycrb
uvbhfl ithfw[tc7
[vfvfqkf ufyfw[flf7
hjv htfkehfl
thsvfytsib fvthbrf
lf hectsb jvj,lf5
2 .dtkfathb7 hfw [lt,f7
rfhufl lfdbo.t,ekb 'dtkbf8
fcb okbc obyfsfw7 gfyltvbbc
lhjc7 pecnfl fyfkjubehb
cbnefwbf b.j8 @_@_ okbc
vcufdcfl [fk[b cf[kt,ib uf-
vjrtntc7 hfcfw jvb7 trjyjvb-
rehb rhbpbcb lf vcjakbjc
f[fkb uflfyfobkt,f vj/.df8 bc7
hfw lqtc [lt,f7 !)^@ okbc
rfhb,bc rhbpbcbc ufvtjht,ff8
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv vfiby
fvthbrfc fltrdfnehb ghtpb-
ltynb vfhsfdlf 2 
 ghjwtct,b vfbyw vbdb-
lf rhbpbcfvlt lf v[jkjl ,j-
kj vjvtynib vj[lf .dtkfa-
hbc ufedyt,tk.jaf8 f[kfw7
jhbjlt lqbc oby7 ptktycrbv
qbfl vjbs[jdf o.fkmdtif yf-
db 2 fnjvehb bfhfqbc vj[-
vfht,bc cfiefkt,f eylf ud-
mjyltcj8
2 tc hjujh eylf ufdb-
ujs7 ghjwtct,b ,bhsdek
jvib uflfbphlt,f0
2 tc ybiyfdc bvfc7 hjv rjy-
akbmnb abyfkbcrty vblbc=
,fbltybc .dtkf cf[kib vblbc
x[htrf lf vbcb abyfycehb lj-
revtynfwbbc crhegekjpehb
itcofdkf ofhvjt,c7 fye vfkt
vbcb bvgbxvtynbc cfrbs[b lfl-
ut,f8 fv .dtkfathsfy rb gbh-
lfgbh fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb
ahjynbc [fpb8 




 fctdt fqvjxtybkbf frh’f-
kekb yfqvt,b7 hjvtkcfw
ajskbc ajhvf fmdc8 c[dfsf-
ijhbc7 hjltcfw sfdbc lhj-
pt fvbc itcf[t, ufthjib he-
ct,vf ufyfw[fltc7 .ehflqt,f
fhfdby vbfmwbf7 f[kf rb sfdfl
cfe,hj,ty fvfpt8
hect,vf sfdbfysb cf,h'j-
kj ntmybrf vbb.dfytc yfnjc
otdhb mdt.yt,bc cfyfgbhjt,-
sfy7 cfblfyfw 'fkbfy vfhnb-
dfl ite’kbf7 lffyuhbjc .dt-
kf tdhjgekb mdt.fyf8 bcbw
afmnbf7 hjv ptktycrbc uey-
gfhkfvtynfhb


 eylf
des[hfs7 hjv

 rb
fhbc gfnbvf-
hb7 vfuhfv er-
dt vthfvltyt
sdtf7 kemc-
gfkfnfibf7 sfdbceakfl uflfflubklt,f7 vj’-
hfj,c lf rtsbkb byt,jc7 lftvjhxbkjc tmb-
vt,bc htrjvtylfwbfc lf vbbqjc bc cfrdt,b
lf bc rfkjhfwbf7 hfw fhbc lflutybkb8 fvbc-
rty vjeojljc sfdbc idbkc8
 






lb ytk-ytkf bikt,f8 lbf[7 vb-
e[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv erhfbyf
$$-vbkbjybfyb mdt.fyff7 @_ vb-
kbjyfvlt mdt.yblfy fhbc uf-
cekb8 fhfdbc eylf ptktycrbc
fv,bwbt,bc ufvj [jhwcfrtg vfy-
mfyfib xf.jkf8 lqtc ,tdhb lf-
cfdktkb kblthb fabmcbht,c
gjpbwbfc7 hjv tc jvb rfhuc
fhfathc vjbnfyc lf ptkty-
crbc rfgbnekfwbbc ufvjw[f-
lt,bcrty vjeojlt,ty8
2 vfiby7 hjwf smdty pt-
ktycrbc rfgbnekfwbfpt cf-
e,hj,s7 ntktfh[t,b cfpj-
ufljt,fc fhoveyt,ty7 hjv
erhfbyf ufvfh]dt,fcsfy 'f-
kbfy f[kjcff=
2 

   




yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
otdhb
hbcj bycnbnent,bcsdbc tc ybiyfdc7
hjv vbcb vlujvfhtj,f lfv’bvlf 2
cgtwbfkehfl fh uflf/.fds7 cbcnt-
vbc bynthtcbf vbcb vjrdkf8
3HTPJYFYCB4
 
 

 .jdtklqt blt,f wba-
ht,b7 hfvltyb ]fhbcrfwb lf-
tqegf hectsc lf fhfathc
fv,j,ty erhfbytkb vtjvht-
,bc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itcf[t,8
se erhfbytkt,c n.dbf fh
trfht,fs0
hjltcfw cfahfyutsblfy
htgjhnf;t,c dfrtst,lb lf
dfv,j,lb7 ehsektcb dbsf-
ht,ff-vtsmb7 'fkbfy ,tdhb
crtgnbrjcb lfc’tylf 2 td-
hjgfc hjujh ufezbhlt,fj8
[jv fmds lqtc vbkbjybfyb
ufvjcdkt,b 2 ufxtht,ekbf
nhfycgjhnb7 pfvshbc re-
hjhnt,bc cf,fubhj upt,b888
cfymwbt,bc itltufl hectsb
serb gh-
3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb
tpbltynb

 vj[d-
lt,f htf-
ybvfwbek
gfkfnfib7
cfthsfij-
3GFKBNHFYBECB4

fh lfpfhfkt,ekf7 vtnbw7 vj- 
bijhf ,fkfcnb7 ufovbylf sf-   
dbcb hbut,b vjqfkfntt,bcufy
  
lf chekfl lfe,heylf thsb   
okbc obyfyltkb trjyjvbre-

hb phlbc ybiyekc8 cfuekbc- 
[vjf7 hjv $_ ghjwtynbs uf-   
bpfhlf hectsbc tythujht- 
cehcbc tmcgjhnb tdhjgfib8 2 dthw vt lfdb]tht,7 hjv
cfvfubthjl7 .dtkfathb sfd- cffrfidbkpt itcnrbdf ue-
lf.bhf lufc tdhjgfib8 seh- kb8
mtsbc ghtpbltynvf  2 fm cek c[df sfvfibf8 er-
 cfahfyutsbc ghtpb- hfbytkt,c f[kf bctdt czbh-
ltyn  cek  lt,fs gkfwlfhvb7 hjujhw
 t’f[f8 vjrktl7 'fkbfy lb- sfdbc lhjpt uthvfytkt,c8
lb vcjakbj rhbpbcbf8 fb7 tc vfssdbc fctsb gkfwlfhvb cf-
fhbc htfkj,f lf fhf bc7 hfw mfhsdtkjf8 ]th rbltd jvbc
mfhsekb ntktfh[t,blfy vj- lfcfo.bcib ufyb[bkfdlyty
tlbyt,f= jhbdt dfhbfync 2 
 

futynb vj-




3ubhxbc4 otdhb7
gfhkfvtynfhb
ybc acbmj-
kjubbs vjm-
vtlt,c lf
lfdfkt,bc
vbvwtvbc yt-
,f-cehdbkbc
ecbn.dj fv-
chekt,tkbf 2  hjvtkbw 2 thsflths ktubnbveh vbptpfl7 hb-
vpflff7 'fkfeakt,bc lfcf,heyt,kfl7 sbw fvfc ufdfvfhskt,lb7 
cfresfhb qbhct,f lf mdt.ybc bynthtct-  dfzhj,ff7 .dtkf lfyfh-
,b uf.bljc7 futynj,f sfdfldt fqbfhf8
xtyb qfkfnb bmyt,f8
3BVTLBYBECB4
  

  

  

 xdty er-
dt udtcvbc tc vemfht,b8 cjwb-
fkeh mctkib vsdhfkb mfh-
sdtkt,bc dbltj itvs[dtdbs
fh ufdhwtkt,ekf7 vfs htf-
kehfl fmds tc utuvf8 ofhvj-
blubyts7 offuj erhfbyfv7 cfl
vblbc tc [fk[b0 xdty [jv db-
wbs7 hjv .jabkb vtjvht,b
fhwths mdt.fyfc fh czbhlt-
,f0=
rbltd ths[tk dbvtjht, 2
  


  

   @__(
otkb utythfkehb htgtnbwbf
b.j bvbcf7 hfw erhfbyfib ey-
lf vjv[lfhb.j8 lffrdbhlbs7
erhfbyf b.j mdt.fyf7 hjvtk-
vfw cffrfidbkb lf vbcb lfv-
yfifdt [tkbceakt,bc otdht-
,b itbafhf7 vrdktkt,bcsdbc
gkfwlfhvfl bmwf7 f[kf erhf-
byfib fhbc fyfkjubehb ghj-
wtcb lf cfmfhsdtkjcrty ezb-
hfds sdfkb 2 erhfbytkt,b
cfmfhsdtkjib fgbht,ty sf-
dbc itafht,fc8 fb7 hfnjv fa-
hbfkt,c ptktycrb cffrfidb-
kbc cehfst,c8 'fkbfy lblb
cfahs[tf bvbcf7 hjv ofut,e-
kb erhfbyblfy fmts lfb’hfy
lf cfmfhsdtkj gkfwlfhvfl
ufvjb.tyjy= lbf[7 

  
 

vfs rfhuf [fybf7 xdtysfy
fsfcudfhb wtynht,b lf erhf-
byekb fbnb rjvgfybt,b fmds
itmvybkb8 vjrktl7 cthbjpe-
kfl veifj,ty8 eibihjt,fcfw
fmdc fvbc sfj,fpt byajhvf-
wbf7 gbhflflfw vbdfojlt7 hj-
ltcfw ufdbut7 hjv ufhrdtekb
]ueat,b cfcnevhjt,ib lf,b-
yfdlyty8 itvs[dtdbsb fhw 
 fhxtdff yfwbjyf-
kehb vj’hfj,bc sfdv]ljvf-
htl8 tctw fv cwtyfhbc yfob-
kbf=
2 hf rfdibhibf ktdfy [f-
,tbidbkb fv ghjwtct,sfy0
2  
 2 pecnfl
fcts rkjeyt,c7 vfhnbd abue-
ht,c fhxtdty7 hjltcfw hfqf-
wbc ufcfaezt,kfl tvpflt,b-
fy= fcts rjvbreh7 .dtkfath-
pt ofvcdktk flfvbfyt,c lffy-
uhtdbytc cfmfhsdtkj lf er-
hfbyf8 [f,tbidbkbcufy ufyc[-
dfdt,bs7 ybrf vtkbf fh fhbc
]fv,fpb7 'fkbfy rfhub j]f[b-
lfyff lf flfvbfyehb qbhct-
,t,b uffxybf8 fhfcjltc brfl-
ht,c7 [tkb vjfothjc mdt.ybc
ufyflueht,fc= fvbnjvfw dfv-
,j, 2 
  
   
   
   

UFUH'TKT,F
VT-!_ UDTHLPT
yfwbjyf-
kehb vj-
’hfj,bc
kblthb
fhxtekbf
3mfhse-
kb jwyt-
,bc4 vbth
3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4
9
 








3[f,tbidbkbc afmnjhb
[tkofvjcfrhfdb fh fhbc8
vfc cfrvfjl lblb
aeymwbf frbchbf lqtc 2
LFCFO.BCB
VT-) UDTHLPT
  hjujh
abmhj,s7 hfc utuvfdlyty7 hj-
ltcfw erhfbybc eibihjt,bc
c[ljvfpt b]lf pehf, fltbi-
dbkb0= sevwf7 dabmhj,7 hjv
cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f7
hjvtkbw cthbjpek byajh-
vfwbfc akj,c7 fv ghjdjrfwb-
fc vjvpflt,ekb it[dlt,f8
2 hfw itt[t,f cffrfidbkc7
vfc hf hjkb fmdc cwtyfhib0

















hjujh abmhj,s7 hbcsdbc
b,h’dbc lqtc cffrfidbkb7 fh
ehxtdybf7 o.yfhfl b.jc lf
eljsb ufvjdbltc fy ,jlbib
vjb[fljc0 cfmvtw bc fhbc7 hjv
vbc [tkib lqtc cthbjpekb
rjpbhbf8 
  
  
   


  
 
  c[-
dfsfijhbc7 kbpf bfcrjv sf-
10 
mdt.ybc fhtdf=4
dbc ,jkj bynthdbeib cojhtl
tc smdf 2 vt dbn.db7 dby lf
hbcsdbc xfvjlbjlf rbtdibj8
2 ufvjlbc7 cffrfidbkc uj-
yt,f fhf fmdc ofhsvtekb lf
vidtybdhfl [dlt,f .dtkf-
athc888
2 lbf[7 vfc sdbsuflfhxtybc
vtmfybpvb fmdc xfhsekb lf bfc-
rjc gbhbs vybidytkjdfy upfd-
ybkt,c frtst,c8 hjujh uuj-
ybfs7 bfcrjv hjv lffcf[tkjc
.dtkf bc gbhjdyt,f7 dbyw fv
cgtwjgthfwbfib b.j xf,vekb7
vfs ijhbc erhfbyekb v[hb-
lfy7 [jv ufcfut,bf7 hbs lfv-
sfdhlt,f .dtkfathb0 bcbw
afmnbf7 hjv [tkbceakt,f fh
t,h’dbc cffrfidbkc7 gbhbmbs7
te,yt,f 2  


lf7 cfthsjl7 cffrfidbkc fhf-
athb zbhc cfvrehyfkj7 e,hf-
kjl7 cbvekfynj,c 2 fh zfvc8
fbqts jhrdbhbfyb lbtnf lf
bvfdt itltuc vbbqt,s8 lbf[7 

  
 se
[tkbceakt,f cffrfidbkc gt-
ybntywbeh cbcntvfib uflfb.-
dfyc7 cflfw vbc rdt,fpt fbqt-
,ty gfce[bcvut,kj,fc7 lfvb]t-
hts7 ths rdbhfib kj.t,qf;-
qf;f cffrfidbkc yf[fds=
2 fhfathc tn.dbs .jabk

gjkbnjkjub
vtuj,fhc0
2 vbif7 ittidb rhbvbyfkt,c7
vbsevtntc erhfbytkt,c7 mfh-
sek vfhskvcf]ekt,fc 2 wb-
[tc itfafht sfdb= tc fhbc it-
yb uflfhxtybc thsflthsb upf=
lf rbltd5  

  
 ]th rbltd ufmdc
ifycb7 ,tdh hfvtc lfecdf oth-
nbkb7 hfqfw vfbyw vjbyfybj
lf mdt.fyf vfs cfsfhtijl fh
ufobhj=
tcfe,hf



gjkbnbrehb wbhrb7 b.eht,jltc8 fvfcsfy7 fqvjx-
ylf7 hjv ubekb fkfcfybfc7

hjvtkbw vb[tbk
tmbvt,bc vhfdfkupbcb s[jd-
cffrfidbkbc ybc vbe[tlfdfl7 gfnbvfh
gfnbvhj,blfy

idbksfy ufyphf[ fh vbfmdc
lf[cybc vbpybs erdt rfkjhbekb cfzvtkb7 hfsf
vtfst sdtf7 ojyfib fh vjbvfnjc lf uf-
 
vj]fyvhstkt,bcfrty fh ofdb-
uh’tklt,f7 ufcek ltc8 fvfpt hfc bn.dbs0
rdbhfc cfpjufljt,bc 2 firfhff7 hf vbpfybw fvj’-

hfdt,s 2 vfmcbvfkehfl v’bvt
obyfit f[fkb yjvhbs
cehfsb eylf itmvyfy lf cff-
ofhluf 2 rfidbkb hjujhvt ufvjf’dhb-

odthufegfhcfdb7 yjy gfnbvhj,blfy= 
svflfedfhw[ytkb lf


ojyfib lfrkt,ekb   
  
cffrfidbkb


cfcfvfhskj c[ljvfpt   
dbltjxfhsdbcfc 
otkptdbs 
 
  
ufibidklf7 erhfbybc     

ghtpbltynvf    
ptktycrbv rb vbcb    
ajnjt,b ffahbfkf lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 lhjsf
ufyvfdkj,fib yfwt,b eahj

lf erhfbybc vjmfkfmt hflbrfkeh ghjdjrfwbt,ptw
yfw,tkflb ofdkty7 hflufy tc vfsb cnb-
kbf8 ufb[ctyts7 hjujh lffh-

ofvt,ekfl
ufvjfw[flf8 fv lf c[df n.f [tkb fdnjbycgtmnjhc
 hj-
fmnefkehb ujh cwtvf gfhkfvtynbc lfw-

cfrbs[t,bc itcf[t, dbc sfyfvihjvtkb 
;ehyfkbcncf lf  hjujh xffhn.f
 gjkbwbtkc

fyfkbnbrjcc7
sfdib ,jskb888 @__# okbc cf-
cfmfhsdtkjc .jabk gfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc lhjc
 hjvtkbw vfiby

cf[fk[j lfvwdtkc
 s,bkbcbc cfrht,ekjc sfdv-
 ]ljvfht b.j7 ths-ths cffh-
xtdyj e,fypt gjkbwbtkc [t-

dtcfe,ht,bs5 kb lffhn.f7 vfy rb [tkb dth
ite,heyf7 uekb ufecrlf lf
2 hfw cffrfidbksfy lf-
vjrdlf8 fctsbf yfwt,bc ,eyt-

rfdibht,bs ,jkj thsb
,f lf .dtkfyfbh cbvlf,ktpt
okbc ufyvfdkj,fib [lt,f7
fhbfy ofvcdktkb7 vfuhfv [tkb-
tc fhbc ufvfkt,ekb gbfh-
ceakt,fv ghjdjrfwbt,c ey-

jvb7 hjvtkibw cfmfhsdt-
lf ufe’kjc lf mfhsekb cf-
kjc [tkbceakt,f dth
[tkvobajc vnht,sfy fhfyfbh
f[th[t,c7 tdhjgfhkfvtynfv-
lfsvj,fpt fh ofdbltc8
lt lf c[df cfthsfijhbcj
gfhnybjht,fvlt tktvtynf-
2 hjujh abmhj,s7 jvib
hekb cbvfhskt vbbnfyjc8
ufhlf fvbcf7 cffrfidbk-
sfy lfrfdibht,bs veifj,c
3cfmfhsdtkj
fvthbrtkt,bc wyj,bkb
ajhvekf 2 3’fqkbcidb- jvib hjv
kbf7 vfuhfv xdtyb 'fqkbci-
dbkbf=4 fvbnjvfw r,bkt- fh xfthsj
,bs bwfdty=
hjujhw .jabkb cf[fk- lf fh
[j lfvwdtkb7 utn.dbs7 hjv
wb[tib thsb fctsb otcb
ufwfvndthlf7
fhct,j,c 2 

tc ghtvbth-
 vbybcnh

 qfhb,fidbkbc

   elbltcb
   
lfvcf[eht,ff=4

2 sevwf7 wyj,bkbf7
hjv cffrfidbkb sfdc ufy-
phf[ fh edkbc7 hfsf vfm-
cbvfkehfl welfl ufvj-






 yfwbjyfkt- vt se jltcvt dbkfgfhf-

jgjpbwbjythb
gfhkfvtynfhb

,bc ufhlfvfdfkb sfdv]ljvfht
rt,lb 
bmyt,f7 vfkt c[dbcbs xffyfw-
dkt,ty8 hfvltybvt sdbc oby  sfyfw lfdbwfdlb7 dt-
rfwbidbkb dth babmht,lf7 hfahbs dth ofhvjdbluty-
hjv  lb8 itb’kt,f7 flfvbfyb fh
 hfbvt vjuojyltc7 vbc jgjpbwbf-
cf[bc bynthtcb /mjylfs mfh- ib b.j7 vfuhfv flfvbfyvf
sek gjkbnbrfib7 vfuhfv fv
fhxtdyt,vf .dtkfathc afhlf wb[t ufvjbfhf7 fvltyb ot-
f[flf0= kb b]lf7 fhfdbc obyffqv-
yfwbjyfkt,b vvfhsdtk ueylc erdt vjuelekb /.fdc7 ltu xdtyt,f fh vbewbf8 rfhubs hf7 .dtkfathc fmdc
vjhxf7 gfhnbf7 hjujhw fctsb7 fqfh fhct,j,c8  cfpqdfhb8 evjmvtlj sfdv]ljvfhtc  
[fk[bc [jwdf tlt,f ,hfkfl lf bv cfcnbrb ht;bvbc itmvyf7 hf gfce[bw vbfuj [fk[vf7 .dtkfv lfdbyf[ts8 f[kf 
 rb ,be]tnbc lf ]fhbc uf’fhwdf jvbc
lhjc8 tc [fk[b 3jwyt,bcsdbc4 @_@$ okbc fhxtdyt,bc oby  se dth vjb.dfyc gfhnbfc vjmvtlt,fib7 [fk[b
chekb cfxemfhbf8 vfcfw  upfc ufe.tyt,c8
3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4








v.jab erhfbybc ghtpbltynb
ptktycrb7 hjvtkcfw mdt.f-
yf sfdpt tyuhtdf7 cffrfidb-
kbc ajnjt,bc fcfahbfkt,-
kfl lf vbc 3ofvt,fpt4 cfkf-
gfhfrjl hfnjv bwkbc0
2  bvbc ybify-
o.fkbw fh tn.j,f7 hjv erhf-
bybc uflfhxtyf cehc= bub7 afm-
nj,hbdfl7 bvfdtc bvtjht,c7
hfw @__( otkc cffrfidbkvf xf-
blbyf7 hjwf cbnefwbf bmfvlt
vbb.dfyf7 hjv hectsc fa[fpt-
sbcf lf t8o8 cfv[hts jctsbc
lfvjerblt,kj,f fqbfht,byf8
ufb[ctyts cfahfyutsbc .jab-
kb ghtpbltynbc 
ufyw[flt,f 2 cffrfidbkvf it-
sfy[vt,bc ljrevtynblfy cfre-
sfhb [tkbs fvjifkf geymnb7
hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw fa[fptsb-
cf lf t8o8 cfv[hts jctsbc cnf-
necb afhsj cfthsfijhbcj
lbcrecbbc ufhtit dth ufybcf-
pqdht,jlf8 cffrfidbkbc vbth
fv geymnbc fvjqt,blfy pec-
nfl jh rdbhfib hectsvf fa-
[fptsb lf t8o8 cfv[hts jctsb
lfvjerblt,tk cf[tkvobajt-
,fl wyj8
2 hjujh abmhj,s7 cff-
rfidbkvf tc edbwj,bs uffrt-
sf se ituyt,ekfl sfvfij,-
lf hecek sfvfic0
2 ’fkbfy vbzbhc bvbc lf]t-
ht,f7 hjv cffrfidbkb fct sf-
dbcb edbwj,bc ufvj vjbmwf8 hf
cfzbhj b.j rjljhbc [tj,bcfs-
dbc  lfh-
mvtdf fy f[fkujhib t8o8 lhjt-
,bsb flvbybcnhfwbbc itmvyf
lf vtht7 afmnj,hbdfl7 bvbc
fqbfht,f7 f[fkujhbc hfbjyb
t8o8 cfv[hts jctsbc rjynhj-
kbht,flb nthbnjhbff0 fy hf-
njv ufvjb.dfytc vstkb flvb-
ybcnhfwbekb cnhemneht,b7
sfdbcb gjkbwbbcf lf ufvut,-
kt,bc xfsdkbs7 bv flubkt,b-
lfy7 cflfw @__( otkc n.dbf
fh ufdfhlybkf 2 vfufkbsfl7
rjljhblfy lf f[fkujhbc
cjakt,blfy0 'fkbfy eylf uf-
bcektkj sfdb7 hjv lfb]thj7
sbsmjc cffrfidbkc tc .dtkf-
athb ituyt,ekfl fh ufertst-
,bf=
2 lqtc yfwbjyfkt,b th-
svfytsc f,hfkt,ty hectsbc
futynj,fc888vfufkbsfl7 cff-
rfidbkvf ufyfw[flf 2 erhf-
byblfy cfmfhsdtkjib xtvb
itvjgfhdbc jhufybpt,f he-
hjvtk

3cfmfhsdtkjc hrbybupbc4
lbhtmnjhb
abkbfk vupfdhsf uflf.dfybc
thjdyek
vj’hfj,f-
pt cfe,hj-
,ty7 hjwf
kbfrfc7
ubhxbcf
lf zbztc
utyib thjdyekb rjlbw rb ofikb-
kbf8 vbifv cthuj jh]jybrb’tcfw f]j-
,f 2 cfvij,kjc nthbnjhbt,b of-
fhsdf lf hectsc uflfcwf8
3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4
 


ctsbc futynt,vf uffrtstcj=
2 f[kf cffrfidbkvf fhrdb-
jc7 yfwvj’hfj,fib dby eahj
lblb lf cnf;bfyb futynbf7 mfh-
sdtkb [fk[bcsdbc rb tc rfhuf
[fybf7 yfstkbf= cfthsjl7









cfvfubthjl7 se dbyvt bn.-
dbc7 hjv hectssfy lbfkjubf
cfzbhj7 cojhtl vfc ufvjfw[f-
lt,ty hectsbc futynfl=
2 ,jkjc lf ,jkjc7 hf
eylf cfmfhsdtkjcfufy erhf-
bybc [tkbceakt,fc7 hjvkbc
ofhvjvflutykt,bw erdt qb-
fl lf efgtkfwbjl flfyfif-
ekt,ty 3mfhsek jwyt,fc4
hectssfy sfyfvihjvkj,f-
ib0
2 erhfbybc [tkbceakt,f
bvfptf lf,jqvbkb7 hjv cfmfh-
sdtkjv vtjht ahjynb fh uf[-
cyf lf hectssfy cfv[tlhj
rjyakbmnib fh xfthsj= hf-
qf ijhc vbdlbdfhs7 hjwf xdt-
yb iblf vjqfkfntt,bw qbfl
fw[flt,lyty 2 vtjht ahjy-
nbc uf[cybs !_ ___ hec ]f-
hbcrfwc vfbyw [jv vjdfwltys
erhfbybc ahjynbcufyj= seh-
vt7 vstkb cfmfhsdtkj eylf uf-
lfudt.jkt,byf bvbcfsdbc7 hjv
erhfbyfib hfvltybvt fsfcbs
yfrkt, hec ]fhbcrfwc tjvf=
cfmfhsdtkj jvib hjv fh xf-
thsj lf fh ufwfvndthlf7 tc
 
 elbltcb lfvcf[eht,ff
lf dbyw vbcb gjkbnbrehb
vnthb fh fhbc7 fvfc .dtkf [t-
lfdc=
2 sevwf7 cojhtl fvbc uf-
vj ghtvbthb qfhb,fidbkb lf
vbcb [tkbceakt,f rjktm-
nbehb lfcfdktsbc wfkrt-
ekb ohtt,bc v[hblfy lbl
gjkbnbreh oyt[c ufybwlb-
fy8 hjujh abmhj,s7 ufe’kt-
,ty se fhf ,jkjvlt fv[tkf
ptojkfc0
2 gbhlfgbh itb’kt,f bsm-
dfc7 hjv lqtc mfhsekb cf[tk-
vobajc uflfhxtyf cojhtl qf-
hb,fidbkbcf lf 3mfhsekb
gjkbnjkjub

,fib fh dfhuf fhfajhvfkehb vvfh-
sdtkj,f7 hfcfw jgjpbwbf fghjntc-
nt,c7 fhfajhvfkehb vvfhsdtkj,f
fh dfhuf fhw jgjpbwbfib8
jwyt,bc4 uf’kt,fptf lfvjrb-
lt,ekb= gbhflfl ,b’byf bdf-
ybidbkptw 'fkbfy v’bvt ptoj-
kf [jhwbtklt,f lf fvbcfs-
dbc chekbfl vbeqt,tkb [th-
[t,bf ufvj.tyt,ekb8 xdty hjv
udfcofdkblyty7 sbsmjc lfcfd-
kehb cfv.fhjc ths-thsb vsf-
dfhb qbht,ekt,f flfvbfybc
eakt,t,bc7 vfs ijhbc7 rth’j
cfresht,bc eakt,bc lfwdff7
lqtc chekbfl cfobyffqvlt-
uj hfvtc d[tlfds8 
  



2 idtbwfhbekb ,fyrbc
3rhtlbn cebcbc4 vbth bdf-
ybidbkbcfsdbc @ vbkbfhlb
ljkfhbc uf.bydfc uekbc[-
vj,s0
2 hf smvf eylf= dthfcjltc
ofhvjdblutylb7 hjv idtbwfhb-
ekb cf,fyrj cbcntvbc cfylj-
j,f tzdmdti lflut,jlf7 vfuhfv
lqtc vbc vbvfhs fhfdbsfhb
ylj,f fqfh fhct,j,c=
  
 
  



  
2 sevwf7 afmnbf7 hjv @
vbkbfhlb ljkfhbc uf.bydbc
vbe[tlfdfl7 bdfybidbkbc lf-
ifynf;t,fc dth vbfqobtc=
2 lbf[7 bdfybidbkb elbltc
ptojkfc e’kt,c lf ,jkjvlt
eylf ufe’kjc7 hflufy yfwvj-
qfkfntt,sfy lf vfs cfufhtj
vafhdtkt,sfy yt,bcvbth lfs-
vj,fpt ofcdkf rfnfcnhjaf bm-
yt,f fhfv[jkjl 3mfhsekb
jwyt,bcfsdbc47 fhfvtl mfhse-
kb cf[tkvobajcfsdbc=
tcfe,hf


 

 

  
ufcfjwf-

gjkbnbrehb vj’hfj,f
cfvfhskbfyj,bcsdbc4
hbf7 hfnjv
fh cdfvc 
 rbs[dfc
2 [jv fh
ufvb.fk,-
tc0= se [t-
kbceakt-
 lf bc rkfyb7 hj-
vtkvfw cffrfidbksfy thsfl )-okbfyb ht;bvb
itmvyf8 xfsdfkts7 hjv lqtblfy cfmfhsdtkj-
ib yekjdfyb njkthfynj,f bo.t,f8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4


cfbyajhvfwbj cffutynj

3bmc-ybecbc4
lfvae’yt,tkb7
fyfkbnbrjcb 



mdt.fyfib vbvlbyfht
cfpjufljt,hbd-
gjkbnbreh ghjwtct,c
t[vbfyt,f lf rbltd
ths[tk rfntujhbekfl
fw[flt,c7 hjv cffrfidbkbc
cfmfhsdtkjib itvjupfdyf
v[jkjl lf v[jkjl
hectsbc cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc
bynthtcib itlbc5
 

2 ghbdfnek cfe,fhib
smdty vbth [ctyt,ekb cfvb yf-
’bhfkf 2  


 2 hjv-

kt,bw cnjr/jkvib cfufyut-
,jl bvbcsdbc xfdblyty7 hjv

cfmfhsdtkjc itcf[t, cb,by-
’eht lf cbwhet uffdhwtkjy7

bvfhst,bfy bvfdt kj,bcne-
hb ]ueat,bc vbth7 hjvkt,-
cfw cffrfidbkbc j]f[b cfmfh-

sdtkjib yfmehlfkb vbkbj-
yt,bs fabyfyct,c= 

 sfdbcb ufzbh-
dt,f t.jaf lf vfcpt fqfh itd-

xthlt,b7 vfuhfv vrbs[dtkc vf-
byw itdf[ctyt,7 hjv 

  
   

 
 vfiby zbf,t-
hfidbkb wtynhfkehb cffh-

xtdyj rjvbcbbc sfdv]ljvfht
b.j8 cffrfidbkvf zbf,thfi-

dbkc tc cfvcf[ehb lfeafcf
lf s,bkbcbc vthfl uffvotcf8
  fh dbw-
yj,7 vujyb7 cfufhtj cfmvtsf
vbybcnhbc vjflubkt b.j7 [j-
kj7 hfw itt[t,f 
 fh dbwb7 hf vfy-
mfyt,bs vj[dlf byukbcib7 cf-
lfw ]th cfmfhsdtkjc cftk-
xjib vtjht vlbdfyb uf[lf7 [j-
kj itvltu tkxj,fcfw ufvj/-
rhf [tkb8 hjujhw vf[cjdc7
sjhybrt ujhlf’tc fo ufycdt-
yt,ekb 
 kj,b-
ht,lyty8 
 hjvtkbw  
 ef[kjtcb vtuj,fhb
lf lfmfkbf7 jyrjkjubehb
wtynhbc [tkv’qdfytkbc7
ghjatcjh 
vteqkt uf[kfds7 [jkj htvf
qdfvbxfdf b.j cfylhf hekjd-
cbc ,bpytc-gfhnybjhb888 
  
  
 

   


  
 fv epf-
hvfpfhb ,bpytcbc erfy coj-
htl  lf 
  bluyty= thsb
cbn.dbs7 ptvj[ctyt,ekvf cfv-
UFUH'TKT,F
VT-!@ UDTHLPT

jgjpbwb-

bcnjhbbc ljmnjhb7
ghjatcjhb
3cjwbfkehb
kblthb

 sfdv]- fv fmwbt,b
ljvfhtj,b- lfudbfyjycf8
cfc gfhnbf thsc utn.-
@_!@ okfv- dbs5 vfs fm-
lt gthbjlc wbt,pt bv-
lfe,heylt- ltyb [fk[b
,f8 vbc erfy
vbdf7 hfv-
lufyfy 

ltybw ,t-
,bfxtv jkqfc [esb okbcsfdpt xtvc ze-
hbcsfdpt b]lf8
 mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc bc
ueifubf7 hjvtkbw vfvekc7 tyfc lf cfho-
veyjt,fc sfdufvjlt,bs bwfdc=
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4
11
 




LFCFO.BCB
VT-!! UDTHLPT
vf yf’bhfkfv 2 
  
 cflfw ubylf bh,byjy lf
bofyofkjy7 dthfathc itwd-
kbfy888 bct7 tdhjrfdibhbcf lf
yfnjc ufafhsjt,f7 hjujhw
xfyc7 lbl[fyc dtqfh vj[lt,f=
2 ,fnjyj vbhbfy7 hf uf’-
ktds fvbc cfae’dtkc0
2 fvbc cfae’dtkc vf’ktdc
hfvltybvt tdhjltgenfnbc
gbhlfgbhb vbvfhsdf tdhjcf,-
zjc ghtpbltynbc 
 hjwf vbitkc
gbhlfgbh vjeojltc 2 
  
  


2 cffrfidbkvf vstk vcja-
kbjc exdtyf sfdbcb ytryt-
,b888 hf bmyt,f vbcb itvltub
yf,b]b lf hf lffifdf gfnfhf
cfmfhsdtkjv0 tmdcb otkb
mdt.fyfv fv cfub;tsib eylf
bw[jdhjc se cffrfidbkc uf-
vjeidt,ty lf vjudfijht-
,ty0
2 ufvjhbw[ekbf7 cffrfidb-
kb dbyvtv ufvjeidfc=












mfk,fnjyb cfkjvt pehf-
,bidbkbc xfsdkbs lqtc cf-
mfhsdtkjib fv uflfo.dtnb-
kt,bc vbvqt,b flfvbfyb fh vt-
uekt,f=
2 smdty abmhj,s7 hjv cf-
frfidbkc cfkjvt pehf,bi-
dbkb fh itbo.fkt,c0
2 fvfc ufvjdhbw[fd= cffrfi-
dbkb fh fhbc gjkbngfnbvf-
hb7 bc uf[kfds cbc[kbc cf-
vfhskbc lfvyfifdt7 hjvtk-
cfw cfmfhsdtkjc ghjrehf-
nehbc ofhvjvflutykt,vf dth
fy fh ofe.tytc .dtkf ,hfkb7
hjvtkbw tresdybc8 afmnbf7
hjv lfyfifekb7 hbcsdbcfw
yf’bhfkf cffrfidbkb cfc]tkc
b[lbc7 wtkmb ,fdidt,bc vbth
xfltybkb lfyfifekbc njk-
afcbf bvfcsfy itlfht,bs7 hfw
vfy cbyfvldbktib vjbvjmvtlf8

fyfkbnbrjcb

@__! otkc7 @__# otkc rb fv ]ueavf [tkib
xfbulj vstkb [tkbceakt,f8 cffrfidbkbcf lf
vbcb ueylbc cfmvbfyj,f b.j hecekb rfh-
nb8 .dtkfcsdbc wyj,bkbf7 hjv tc [fk[b bqt,lf
lfabyfyct,fc hectsblfy8
12
c[dfsfijhbc7 mfk,fnjyb yb-
yj ,eh]fyf’t lqtvlt ufcfvfh-
skt,ekb hfnjv fh fhbc7 dth
d[dlt,b=
2 ,eh]fyf’tc hf lfyfife-
kb vbe’qdbc0
2 cffrfidbkvf @__# okbc
@@ yjtv,thc cf[tkvobaj uf-
lfnhbfkt,f cojhtl 
 [tkito.j,bs
vjfo.j= gbhdtk hbuib7 ybyj
,eh]fyf’tv vjf[lbyf [tkb-
ceakt,bc epehgfwbf7 hjwf
vfy mvtleeyfhjl ufvjfw[flf
f,cjkenehfl cfq-cfkfvfsb
 [jkj
itvltu uflfnhbfkt,f ufb-
ajhvf cffrfidbkvf8 ,eh]fyf-
’t gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfht
@__# okbc bdybcbc itvltu
erdt fqfh b.j lf vfc fh /mjy-
lf bvbc eakt,f7 hfw xfblb-
yf888 dbcfw cffrfidbkbc vvfh-
sdtkj,fpt yjcnfkubf fmdc7
bvfs ufcfujyflfw dfw[flt,7
hjv fdnjhsf rjktmnbdbc vb-
th ufvjcfwtvfl vpfllt,f js-
[njvtekb itcf,fvbcb ajnj-
vfcfkbsf lf ljrevtynfwbbs7
cflfw ltnfkehfl bmyt,f fq-
othbkb bc e,tleht,f7 hfw
cffrfidbkvf lf vbcvf [hjdfv
mdt.fyfc lffobtc8








.jabkb gfhkfvtynfhb

 lf vbcb
]ueabc gj-
kbnbrfib uf-
fmnbeht,f
bvsfdbsdt
b.j hecekb
gkfnajhvf8
tc ghjwtct,b
uffmnbehlf
cffrfidbkbcfufy vodfyt iemb vbbqj5 vblb7 ehsbthsj,f
vjfudfhtj8 bwbs7 hect,c hf lblb cfmvt ufertstc @__(
okbc fudbcnjib0 hecbc ]fhb erfy vjb.dfytc lf w[by-
dfkcf lf fa[fptsib ,fpt,b lff.tyt,bytc7 hectsc cf-
iefkt,f vbcwtc7 xdtyb nthbnjhbt,b lfvjerblt,tk ce-
,btmnt,fl twyj8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4

2 cffrfidbkbc cfmfhsdt-
kjib xfvjcdkfcsfy lfrfd-
ibht,bs fhfthsb ofvjwlt-
ybc vjvcoht ufd[lbs8 sfdfl
cffrfidbkvf smdf7 hjv vbcb
xfvj.dfyf itcf’kjf7 hect-
sbc futynt,bc vbth b.j by-
cgbhbht,ekb888 ,jkjc lf
,jkjc7 dby xfvjb.dfyf cff-
rfidbkb cfmfhsdtkjib0
2  
'fkbfy rfhufl bwbc7 hjv bc
cfmfhsdtkjib 
@__( otkc7 itvjlujvfpt7
 cffrfidbkc
gbhlfgbh es[hf5 vbif7 vb-
if7 f[kf [jv bwb7 hect,bc
ufhtit dtqfh ufd’kt,s7 [t-
kbceakt,fib dth lfdhxt-
,bs7 [jv bwb7 vt hec vbybc-
nht,sfy ghj,ktvf fh vfmd-
cj8 fvbnjv 
3F[FKB SFJ,F4
 
   
   
  
  fv [fk[c7
hjujhw hectsbc futynt,c7
cffrfidbkvf erdt [tkb lfflj8
cffrfidbkbc fm itvjstckt,f
v[jkjl lf v[jkjl hectsbc
cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc bynthtcib
itlbc=
2 vfiby hf ufvjlbc7 tc
elqtehb ktdfy [f,tbidbkb










hectsbc futynt,bc 2 vthf-
,bidbkbcf lf rtpthfidbkbc
futynbf0
   

   

  

2 fye dfyj vthf,bidbkc7
cffrfidbkcf lf rtpthfi-
dbkc ijhbc lqtc chekb
/fhvjybf fhct,j,c7 [jkj
[vt,b bvbc itcf[t,7 sbsmjc
vthf,bidbkvf lf rtpthfi-
dbkvf cffrfidbkc gfhnbf
ffwfktc7 htfkj,fc fh fcf-
[fdc0
2 f,cjkenehfl= fm thsf-


gfhkfvtynbc dbwt-cgbrthb
hfl7 


hjvtkbw
fw[flt,c7
hjv fh fby-
nthtct,c
mfhsekb gjkbnbrf7 .dtkfpt ea-
hj fmnbehb lf thsflthsb flf-
vbfybf7 dbyw vfhskf gjkbnbrfibf
xfhsekb8

lthsb ghj,ktvf sfdblfydt
 lfrfdibht,bs fh-
ct,j,lf bvltyfl7 hfvltyflfw
ybrfyjhb fv ctmnbcsdbc .j-
dtksdbc ew[j c[tekb b.j8
vtkbf euekfdfc ueylblfy
uf[klfs lf @_!@ okbc fh-
xtdyt,ib lfvfhw[t,bc itvltu
s,bkbcbc vthvf  
 ybrfyjhb s,bkbcib
ths-thsb hfbjybc ufvut,kfl
lfybiyf8 hjujhw xfyc7 vfiby
euekfdf lf ,jrthbf gfhnb-
bc cflfdtt,bc [tkib xfult,fc
utuvfdlyty7 vfuhfv vtht vjdkt-
yt,b cek c[df cwtyfhbs ufy-
dbsfhlf8 f[kf cffrfidbkb7
hjvtkbw erhfbybc vjmfkf-
mtf7 sfvfij,c7 dbsjvlf gfh-
nbblfy lbcnfywbht,fc f[-
ltyc7 cbyfvldbktib 'dtkt,e-
hfl .dtkfyb thsfl fhbfy7
hflufy tc fhbc njnfkbnf-
kehb ctmnf888
2 vfi7 sfvfh xthujktbi-
dbkb hjv cffrfidbkcf lf [f-
,tbidbkc kfy’qfdc lf .dt-
kf ,heydfib fnhbfkt,c7 tc
hfc ybiyfdc0
2 @__%-@__^ okt,ib xtvc
vtuj,fhc7 hjvtkbw vfiby
ths-thsb cfv[fhtj gjkbwb-
bc eahjcb b.j7 devnrbwt,-
lb7 hjv cffrfidbkb lf yfw[-
hjdf hecekb ghjtmnb b.d-
yty= vtuj,fhb fh vtsfy[vt,j-
lf lf vte,yt,jlf 2 hjujh7
[jv [tlfd7 cffrfidbkb genbyc
hjujh kfy’qfdc lf genbybw
hjujh fuhtcbekfl tgfce[t-
,f0 fvfpt drbs[t 2 hjujhw
gjkbwbbc eahjcc7 ityb futy-
nbcsdbc hfqfw lfdfkt,f fh
vbubwbf lf fh ubsmdfvc 2 fvfc
hjv itfchekt,7 vtht se uby-
lf7 cf[fk[jl ltlf vfubyt-vts-
mb0 vtuj,fhc uftwbyf lf vbgf-
ce[f 2 futynehfc 'bhbsflfl
cek tuht fh dfveifdt,sj0 fmt-
lfy lfcrdyf 2  
   
 










2 se cffrfidbkb lf vbcb
,fylf hectsbc futynt,b fhb-
fy7 vfiby vfsb v[fhlfvzthb
re,bkbect,b7 vfhrtnf uht-
ujhjdt,b7 fyf ajnbut,b7 hf-
cf berytdbxbfytt,bw hect-
sbc futynt,b ufvjlbfy0
htfke-
lfvae’yt,tkb7 gfnbvfhb
3HTPJYFYCB4

2 w[flbf7 bcbybw hectsbc
futynt,b fhbfy= f,f7 re,bkb-
ecb dby fhbc0  
  


 bubdt itb’kt,f
bsmdfc  itcf[t-
,fw888 fb7 vfufkbsfl7 vt rjv-
rfdibhib dveifj,lb7 rjvrfd-
ibhbc vlbdfyb db.fdb lf lf-
yfvldbkt,bs dbwb7 hjv tdhj-
ltgenfnb  
 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkbc uf-
sfdbceakt,fc bs[jdc7 kbn-
dbc rjvrfdibhbc ofhvfnt,e-
kb veifrb b.j= cffrfidbkbc
ctmnfc ew[jtsib cek fsb-
sjhvtnb rfwb uekitvfnrbd-
hj,c7 vfs ijhbc7 rjyuhtcvt-
yb   hj-
vtkvfw fv tmdcb sdbc obyfs
ltvjrhfnt,bc hegjhib 2
3cb-ty-ty4-ib lfbo.j veifj-
,f8 w[flbf7 fmdt eylf dbuekbc-
[vjs bc kj,bcnt,bw7 hjv-
kt,bw cffrfidbkbc fv lfvyf-
ifdt lf v’fhwdtkb j]f[bcufy
lblb hfjltyj,bs aekc
bqt,ty8
2 f[kf hf [lt,f lf hf utu-
vf fmds cffrfidbkcf vbc afy-
rke,c7 hjwf vbifc vjibid-
kt,ekb vewkbcf lf ytr-
yt,bc cehfst,c ptktycrbw
rb fahbfkt,c lf vcjakb-
jc vjeojlt,c 2 cffrfidb-
kc rkfdtyj0=
2 f[kf bc [lt,f7 hjv cff-
rfidbkb cbyfvldbktib lbt-
nfc bwfdc7 vfuhfv f;bjnf;b
fmds fnt[bkb7 sbsmjclf
vtcfvt ghtpbltynb gfnbvhj-
,fib rdlt,f8 @* bfydfhc 3igb-
utkib4 ufvjmdt.ylf ubekb
fkfcfybfc bynthdbe lf bc vt-
ybe7 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkbcs-
dbc 3dbdfvtlib4 .jdtklqbe-
hfl itfmds8 tc ghjlemnt,bf5
cfkfsb lf vj[fhiekb rdth-
w[b888 w[flbf7 thsbw lf vtj-
htw bodtdc ojyfib rkt,fc8
wyj,bcfsdbc7  
  


 
 
   
   


 
  
  
 fh ufvjdf tu fv,fdb7 cff-
rfidbkb ittuejc bv fphc7 hjv
wb[tib .jayf ,jkjvlt vje-
otdc=
tcfe,hf


3vsfdfhb fh[bc4
cfpjufljt,f fhf 
 cs[jdc gfce[c7 fhfvtl
 bs[jdc vn-
rbwt,ekt,fc7 hjv yfvldbkfl
rdlt,f 2 bc eylf vjrdltc7
hjv .dtkfv lfb]thjc7 hjv
rdlt,f8 3HTPJYFYCB4

cffrfidbkb 
 ajhvbs
ufsfdbceakt,fc bs[jdc8
hfc ybiyfdc 
 hjvtkb
rfntujhbbc gfnbvfhc
itb’kt,f itt[jc
rfyjybs lfidt,ekb tc
/evfyehb fmwbf lf
]lt,f se fhf
cffrfidbkb bv
rfntujhbfib7 dbcfw tc
vtmfybpvb t[t,f0
udtcfe,ht,f fldjrfnb7
gtybntywbehb cbcntvbc
ofhvjvflutytkb


2  
 t[t,fs v’bvtl
fdflv.ja bv rfntujhbbc gf-
nbvht,c7 hjvtksf lffdflt,bc
vfhsdf cfc]tkfqchekt,bc
lfotct,ekt,fib ite’kt,t-
kbf8 fcts itvs[dtdfib cfcf-
vfhskjc ufvjfmdc ufyxbyt,f7
hjvkbc sfyf[vfl gfnbvfhc !
okbs uflfedflt,ty cfc]tkbc
vj[lfc7 fye 
  

 

 sfdbceakt,bc gbhj-
,t,ib vfc eakt,f t’ktdf7 lf-
njdjc cfmfhsdtkjc afhu-
kt,b lf ]fyvhstkj,bc fq-
cflutyfl cfpqdfhufhts uftv-
upfdhjc7 jqjyl pecnfl !
okbc itvltu eylf ofhvjfl-
ubyjc tmcgthnbpbc f[fkb lfc-
rdyf7 cflfw vbsbst,ekb bm-
yt,f7 fv [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib vb-
cb ]fyvhstkj,bc vlujvfht-
j,f ufvjrtslf se ufefhtc-
lf8
 

  

    
   
  

fhct,j,c rfyjybs ufsdf-
kbcobyt,ekb c[df vtmfybp-
vbw7 hfw ]fyvhstkj,bc ufe-
fhtct,bc ufvj cfc]tkbc vj[-
lbcufy gfnbvhbc ufsfdbcea-
kt,fc uekbc[vj,c8 tc ajhvf
ofhvjflutyc becnbwbbcf lf
]fylfwdbc vbybcnht,bc th-
sj,kbd ,h’fyt,fc7 hjvtkbw
t[t,fs7 afmnj,hbdfl7 
   
 lf ufsfdbceakt,bc
itvltu vfs fhfyfbhb lfvfnt-
,bsb cfvtlbwbyj tmcgthnb-
pbc ufdkf fqfh vjts[jdt,fs8
jqjyl ufsfdbceakt,fvlt
vfs vjeotds gtybntywbehb
cbcntvbcf lf ]fylfwdbc cfvb-
ybcnhjc thsj,kbd rjvbcb-
fpt ufcdkf8 cffrfidbkbc itv-
s[dtdfib vbcvf lfvwdtkt,vf fh
vbvfhstc fv thsj,kbd rjvb-
cbfc7 hjujhw xfyc7 fhuevty-
nt,bc fhfhct,j,bc ufvj lf
vbvfhstc gbhlfgbh cfcfvfh-
skjc7 hfsf ufyt[bkf jhbdt
vtmfybpvb 2 hjujhw fdflv-
xdtyb gbhdtkb vjs-

cfpjufljt,hbdb gkfnajhvf
3lfbwfdb vidblj,fc4
sfdv]ljvfht
[jdyff7 lfbo.jc uf-
vj’bt,f lf ufbhrdtc7
hf ufhbut,f /mjylf

 hf b.j bvbc uf-
vjvodtdb vbptpb7 hjv
vfs e,h’jkdtkfl
lfesvtc rjljhbc [t-
j,f lf f[fkujhbc hf-
bjyb0 [tke[kt,tkb7 fctekb vbkbjybs qbht,e-
kt,bc yfnjc f[fkb itbfhfqt,f uflfcwtc hect,c lf
gbhflfl  itemvyf .dtkfyfbhb ktubnb-
vehb gbhj,f7 hectsc tqbfht,byf jregbht,ekb nt-
hbnjhbt,b 2 w[bydfkbc htubjyb lf fa[fptsb8
3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4
 
.jaj,bc ufvj cfc]tkbc uflf-
dflt,f7 fctdt cfc]tkbcufy uf-
sfdbceakt,f8
2 ltvtywbbc ufvj itb’-
kt,f gfnbvhbc ufsfdbcea-
kt,f0
2 fhct,j,c rjyrhtnekb
v’bvt lffdflt,t,bc yec[f7 hj-
vtksf itvs[dtdfib gfnbvfhb
itb’kt,f cfc]tkbc itvlujvb
vj[lbcufy ufsfdbceakltc7
jqjyl cfrvfhbcb fh fhbc7 gf-
nbvfhb v’bvt lffdflt,bs b.jc
lffdflt,ekb7 fm vsfdfhbf7 se
hf cnflbfibf bc v’bvt lffdf-

 
 






lt,f8 vfufkbsfl7 
  
  

   

 fm vsfdfhbf7
se hf cnflbfibf lffdflt,f
lf ufsfdbceakt,bc uflfo.dt-
nbkt,f ufvjfmds v[jkjl bv
itvs[dtdfib7 se gfnbvhj,bc
gbhj,t,ib ite’kt,tkb [lt-
,f lffdflt,bc vfhsdf8 
 fye e,hfkj tyfpt hjv
dsmdfs7 zrefcecnj,fcfw uf-
fxybf cnflbt,b8 

    
    

  sev-
wf7 cffrfidbkbc itvs[dtdfib7
se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s vbc vb-
vjotht,c7 gjkbnbrehb dbsf-
ht,bc ufy[bkdfc lf c[df fmnb-
dj,t,c7 lblfl fh tn.j,f7 hjv
tc lffdflt,f zbhc7 sfyfw
hsek cnflbfib8
2 cffrfidbkbc itvs[dtdf-
ib dby lfcdf ltvtywbbc lb-
fuyjpb lf hfvltyfl ktub-
nbvehbf tc lbfuyjpb0
2 
  
cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,bc
.jabkb vfqfkxbyjcfyb

abk eahjcc0 fy dbc f,hfkt,s hectsbc futynj,fc0
  hjvtkbw hecekb ht;bvbc gb-
hj,t,ib * otkb wb[tib b]lf bvbc ufvj7 hjv vbifpt fh
vbcwf xdtyt,f0 fvfc /mdbf yf’bhfkj,f lf fhfathb cfth-
sj fhf fmdc 3thsbfy yfwbjyfkeh vj’hfj,fcsfy4 lf
 
 bn.dbc7 hjv hfqfw
fh f[cjdc9 fy bn.dbc7 hjv /jc-
gbnfkib it.dfybcfc ,flhfu-
vf rbcthb fnrbyf lf f[kfw
cnrbdf7 vfuhfv dthfdby ufbut,c
lf ite’kt,tkbf j,btmnehfl
bvbcb uflfvjovt,f7 vfhsfkc
fv,j,c se whej,c8 fv,j,c7
hjv fmdc uekbchtdbc lf ue-
kbc ofcdkbc ituh’yt,f7 gfkf-
nfib lftwf888 vfuhfv thsb flf-
vbfybw rb fhfcjltc itcoht-
,bf vbcsdbc uekbc ofcdkbc
afmnc8 
   

   
   
  


  

 
hfw itt[t,f ojybc rkt,fc7
tc fhbc [tkjdyehfl7 sdbs-
lfpbfyt,bs ufygbhj,t,ekb
lf chekbfl yfstkbf 2 itu-
yt,ekfl bqt,c lflutybkb rf-
kjhf;bc yf[tdfhc lf efhc fv-
,j,c [tkjdyeh rdt,fpt7 dbyf-
blfy cffrfidbkbc ufsfdbcea-
kt,bc gthcgtmnbdf uflbc vb-
cb fdflv.jaj,bc 3lfv’bvt,f-


smdty [jv fh fahtys0
dbc f,hfkt,s hectsbc
futynj,fc0= 

@__( okbc jvbc uvbhc0=
erhfbybc eibihjt,bc
cfvbybcnhjc vfqfkxb-
yjcfyc lf jltcbc gjkb-
wbbc +vbifc ue,thyfnj-
hj,bc gthbjlib‘ .j-
3FKBF4
pt47 [jkj gtybntywbehb lf-
otct,ekt,f lf cfvtlbwbyj
gthcjyfkb gbhbmbs 2 vbcs-
dbc ]fyvhstkj,bc ityfhxeyt-
,fpt pheyfdty lf tc @ c[dflfc-
[df vbpfyb thsfl dth ufy[jh-
wbtklt,f8
2 rfyjyb hfc bsdfkbcob-
yt,c0 .dtkf cfvtlbwbyj tm-
cgthnbpbc lfcrdyf cfyljf0
2 rfyjyb eidt,c7 hjv kb-
wtypbbc vmjyt yt,bcvbthvf tm-
cgthnbpbc ,behjv lfljc sf-
dbcb lfcrdyf7 jqjyl gbhlfgbh
fhbc vbsbst,ekb7 hjv7 
3bctsb itvs[dtdf
fh vf[ctylt,f7 dbyvt
ufvj]fyvhstkt,ekb.jc lf
cfresfhb yt,bs erfy
lf,heyt,ekb.jc cfc]tkbc
dflbc lfchekt,bc vbpybs=4
  
   
  
  

 
fvbnjv stjhbekb lfidt,bc
itvs[dtdfib7 hjv cffrfidbkb
cfc]tkbc vj[lbc uflfdflt,fc
vbfqotdc lf cfmfhsdtkjlfy
uftvupfdht,f7 se thsb okbc
itvltu tmcgthnbpbc thjdyek
,behjib fh ufbdkbc itvjo-
vt,fc7 vfcpt 't,yf ufvjw[fllt-
,f8
2 hf ufvjlbc0 gfnbvfhvf
itb’kt,f sfdb vjbfdflv.j-
ajc7 hjvtkbvt ew[jehb
tmcgthnbpbc ,behjc lfcr-


fyfkbnbrjcb
.esib itaesekb itvjbnfytc cfmfhsdtkj-
ib8 cfcfwbkjf  ufyw[flt,f7
hjv vbybcnhbc gjcnpt .jaybcfc hectsbc
futynt,c t,h’jlf7 hectsbc futynt,b rb fhf7
gfnbjcfyb [fk[b lfbzbhf hectsbc lfdfkt-
,bs8

dybc cfae’dtkpt cfc]tkc df wb[bc gbhj,t,ib ite’kt-
sfdb lffqobjc lf cfpqdfh- ,tkbf lf fcts itvs[dtdt,ib7
sfdfl gtybntywbehb cbcnt-
ufhts ufb[bpyjc0
2 fm fhbc vybidytkjdfyb vf iefvlujvkj,c [jkvt gf-
jhb ufhtvjt,f7 hjv gfnbvfhc nbvhbc cfvjmfkfmj rkbybrf-
itb’kt,f cfc]tkbc vj[lf uf- ib uflf.dfyfcsfy lfrfdibht-
lftdfljc7 se bc fhbc cgtwb- ,bs8
fkeh yec[fib xfvjsdkbkb 2 bctsb itvs[dtdf se
v’bvt lffdflt,bs cytekb lf7
.jabkf7 hjv fdflv.jaj,bc
bvfdlhjekfl7 cfmfhsdtkjc
ufvj cfc]tkbc uflfdflt,bs
gtybntywbeh cbcntvfib it-
ufsfdbceakt,ekb lf
e’kt,tkbf fv lffdflt,bc
cfpqdfhufhts ufvupfdht,e-
vrehyfkj,f8 ghjwtynekfl7
kb gfnbvfhb thsb okb-
fcblfy fctsb iefvlujvkj,t-
csfdpt tmcgthnbpbc xfcfnf-
ht,kfl erfy lf,heyt,e-
kb.jc0
2 se ]fyvhstkj,bc vluj-
vfhtj,f thsb okbcsfdptw
v’bvtl hxt,f fy ufefhtclt,f7
gfnbvfhb xfvjdf7 tmcgthnbpfc
thjdyek ,behjib xfbnf-
ht,c lf ite’kbf7 bctd uftvu-
pfdhjc cfpqdfhufhts7 vfuhfv


  
   

 
cffrfidbkbc itvs[dtdfib fh
vujybf7 vjcfvfhsktv lfwdbc
v[fhbc iefvlujvkj,f lffrvf-
.jabkjc7 hflufy bvbc itcf-
[t, v.fhb fhuevtynt,b7 hjv
cffrfidbkc seylfw ltvtywbf
zbhc7 vfuhfv vbcb ctybc vfh-
sdf gtybntywbehb cbcntvbc
lf7 pjuflfl7 cfmfhsdtkjc
gbhj,t,ib ite’kt,tkbf7
lfwdbc v[fhtc fh uffxybf8 th-
sb tu fhbc7 cffrfidbkc zbhc
fhct,ek vlujvfhtj,fcsfy
iteuet,kj,f7 dth bnfyc7 hjv
gfnbvfhbf lf7 fmtlfy ufvjv-
lbyfht7 cnhtcek vlujvfht-
j,fibf8 thsvf tmcgthnvf bcbw
rb smdf 2 dth bnfyc7 rfwb lf
hf dmyfs7 [jv fh vjdrkfdsj7
vfuhfv tc fhuevtynfl dth uf-
vjlut,f7 hflufy7 se fctsb
rhbnthbevb lfvrdblhlt,f7 bc
.dtkf gfnbvfhpt eylf ufdh-
wtkltc 2  
,bc lfv.tyt,tksf )_-)% ghj-
wtync efhc te,yt,bfy8 

 yt,bcvbth gfnbvfhc ite’-
kbf7 ufbsfvfijc ltvtywbf7
 
lfbrkjc ojyfib7 cfrdt,pt

efhb smdfc vjnbdbs7 hjv dth

zfvc lf dthfdby lffvnrbwt,c7
  
vfhskfw dth zfvc se fh zfvc7

  vrehyf-
[jkj bynhfdtyehb rdt,bc lf-
kj,fpt dcfe,hj,s lf db-
’fkt,fc rfyjyb fh bsdfkbc-
wbs7 hjv fhct,j,c bctsb lf-
fdflt,t,b7 hbcufy ufyrehyt,f obyt,c lf vfiby yt,bcvbthb
fh fhbc itcf’kt,tkb fhw wb- gfnbvfhb it’kt,c fv upbs sf-
[bc lf fhw sfdbceakt,bc gb- dbceakt,bc vjgjdt,fc7 hfw
hj,t,ib7 dthw cfmfhsdtkjc lfeidt,tkbf=
lf dthw ew[jtsbc ofv.dfy
rkbybrt,ib7 fvbnjv vc]tkj-
,bc cfufybf v[jkjl lffdflt-
tcfe,hf

,bc vfhsdf8 fhbc ufhrdtekb
lffdflt,t,b7 hjvtksf vfhs-
cffrfidbkbc ht;bvbc gjkbngfnbvfhc
 wb[tib htfkehfl
lftvfhsf +lblb fk,fsj,bs7 lfvfhstc‘ bc
ctyb7 hfcfw cffrfidbkb lqtc cbvekbht,c7
vfuhfv fvbc ufvj gfnbvhj,blfy fhfdbc
ufesfdbceakt,bf7 fhw ew[jtkb
tmcgthnt,b vjeodtdbfs lfcrdybc
lfcfothfl= bc ht;bvbc itwdkbc itltufl
ufvjdblf wb[blfy lf vfktdt ufhlfbwdfkf8

hf vybid-

gfhnbf 3cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc4
otdhb
ytkj,f fmdc7
itvjbn.etc
se itvjei-
dtc7 afmnbf7
fv[tkf ab-
kfhvjybf
rfwb hect-
,bc futynt,-
dth ufdbut7 yfwbjyfkehb
vf fhf;ybc
vj’hfj,f gjkbnbrehb
gfhnbff se thsb flfvb-
fybc ufsfdbceakt,bc cgt-
whfpvb0
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4
13
 
ghjatcbek
rtsbkcbylbcbtht,fc fh
deqfkfnt,s lf
sfdblfydt utn.dbs7 hjv
obyfvlt,fht
ge,kbrfwbf cfyf[tdhjl
vjltkbht,ekbf7 fye
vbcb thsb yfobkb
lfvlufh htfkj,fc
fcf[fdc7 [jkj vtjht
yfobkb 2 /bgjstneh
htfkj,fc7 hjvtkbw
itb’kt,jlf7
lfvlufhb.j lf se
lflut,jlf7 chekbflfw
kjubrehb bmyt,jlf8
erdt lfvlufhb htfkj,f bc
uf[kfds7 hjv yfwbjyfkehb
vj’hfj,bc sfdv]ljvfhbc fh-
xtdyt,ib vthf,bidbk-rtpt-
hfidbkbc [tkbc,bzvf 
 ufbvfh]df7 hj-
vtkvfw f[fkb cnfnecbc vjh-
ut,blfy hfvltybvt cffsib mdbc
ufv[tsmfdb ufyw[flt,f uffrtsf
2 vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc gfnbv-
hj,blfy ufsfdbceakt,bc
cfyfwdkjl vpfl dfhs7 yf-
wt,vf gfhkfvtynbw lfdnj-
djs lf mdt.ybc vfcinf,bs
.dtkf cfrht,ekjlfyfw uf-
dbltsj=
[f,tbidbkbc tc ufyw[flt,f7
hjvtkbw7 cbyfvldbktib7 vthf-
,bidbkbcf lf rtpthfidbkbc
ufyw[flt,f uf[kfds7 eybzj lt-
vfujubbcf lf gjkbnbrehb
fathbcnj,bc ybveibf8 ]th th-
sb7 vbcvf fdnjht,vf vidtybd-
hfl bwbfy7 hjv 3mfhsek jw-
yt,fc4 fhfdbsfhb eakt,f fhf
fmdc7 gfhkfvtynblfy lf cfrht-
,ekjt,blfy yfwt,bc ufcdkbc
cfyfwdkjl cffrfidbkb wb[b-
lfy ufeidfc lf vtjhtw7 tc sf-
dfl dfyj vthf,bidbkcf lf lf-
dbs rtpthfidbkc fh cehs8 vfs
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,f bvb-
cfsdbc rb fh xfbultc [tkib7
hjv cffrfidbkbc sfdbcea-
kt,bc cfyfwdkjl gjkbnb-
rehb rfgbnekfwbf ufvjfw-
[fljy7 fhfvtl .dtkfpt lbl
jgjpbwbeh gfhnbfib sfdb-
fysb fhfajhvfkehb vvfhs-
dtkj,bc lfv.fht,f gjkbnb-
reh ghjwtct,pt ptufdktybc
vjcf[ltyfl czbhlt,fs8 itcf-
,fvbcfl7 .dtkf yfwb7 hjvtkbw
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtyncf lf
c[dflfc[df veybwbgfkbntnbc
cfrht,ekjt,ibf sfdvj.hbkb7
fob cojhtl 
 eylf
frjynhjkjc lf gjkbnbre-
hb ,h’jkbc bycnhevtynt,fl
ufvjb.tyjc8 f,f7 gjkbnbrehfl
bvgjntyn gfhnbfc7 hjvtkcfw
cfresfhb ofhvjvflutykt,b
fhw gfhkfvtynib t.jkt,f lf
fhw 2 cfrht,ekjt,ib7 dfyj
lf rtpthf hf sfdib b[kbfy0=
sevwf7 vthf,bidbk-rtpt-
hfidbkbc vbth [f,tbidbkbc
gbhbs ufrtst,ek ufyw[flt-
,fib .dtkfpt fathbcnek-
ltvfujubehb vfbyw bc fhbc7
gbhflfl ,b’byf bdfybidbkc
hjv vbvfhstc 2 se cffrfi-
dbkbc uffsfdbceakt,7 yfwb-
jyfkehb vj’hfj,bc wtyn-
hfkeh jabccfw rb uflvjub-
ajhvt,sj=

yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
sfdv]ljvfht


 cbvfq-
ktib jabwb-
fkehfl fgf-
nfhfdt,ty7
!8)$ vtnhbf
lf eothty
!8)@-c7 hfl-
ufy ojybs
mdtvjs vjlbc lf pqdfhc cwbklt,f8 [t-
kt,b vbtvndhtdf7 dbyw ghtpbltynb cf-
frfidbkbc ]fyvhstkj,bc vlujvfhtj,bc
itcf[t, rjyrhtnek ljrevtynfwbfc
f.fk,t,c8
3GBHDTKB FH[B4
14 








lbc erdt fhct,ekb pj-
jgfhrbc vakj,tkj,fib
fqt,f7 vbsevtntc7 hjv
bub thsj, fhf[tkcf.htk
flubkfc 2 s,bkbcbc cf-
thsfijhbcj fthjgjh-
nbc cbf[kjdtc vlt,fht-
j,c8
ufhlf fvbcf7 smdty vbth
itvjsfdfpt,ekb ityj,f7
sfdbcb fhmbntmnehbsf lf
cgtwbabrbs7 v[jkjl
udtkt,bc nthfhbevptf
ufsdkbkb7 vt rb afeybc
ofhvjvflutytksf ijhbc
 mdtofhvfdkt,b .dtkfpt yfr-
 kt,fl vbpblfdc lf vfbynt-
 htct,c8
.dtkfpt vsfdfhb vfbyw
bc fhbc7 hjv gjkbnbre-
cfe,fhbf s,bkbcib7 rf[t- s[dtdfibw fct vj[lf5 hb pjjgfhrb xtvb bynt-
sbc upfnrtwbkpt7 fthjgjh- 3,fnjyj ktdfy= htcbc cathjcsfy f[kj-
nbcfrty vbvfdfkb nhfcbc gb- egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7 ub- cfw fqfh lufc vfc itvltu7
hfc vlufh ityj,fpt7 hjvtk- kjwfds yfwbjyfkehb hfw gjkbnbrfc xfvjd-
cfw yfwt,b sfdbfys wtynhf- vj’hfj,bc sfdv]ljvfhtl ijhlb8
keh jabcfl vjb[ctybt,ty7 cf- fhxtdfc lf vbvfxybf7 hjv fv fct hjv7 ,fnjyj ktdfy7
pjufljt,bc lblb yfobkb rb gjcnbcsdbc ptlufvjzhb- yehw smdty lf yehw
udtkt,bc ,eltc t’f[bc8 kb gbhjdyt,f ,h’fylt- smdtyb eahjct,b vcufd-
c[dfsfijhbc7 cojhtl vfu ,bs= cb itvjsfdfpt,t,bs sfdc
jabcib7 @_!# okbc @% vf- hfw itt[t,f smdtyc ob- yeqfh itboe[t,s=
bcc7   ,hb- yflflt,fc gfhnbbc vsfdf- vjvbrbs[ts smdtyb gf-
abyubc lfo.t,bc oby7 cfrvf- hb jabcbc xtvsdbc uflvj- nbvfhb ,tkflb 2 vb[tbk
jl lblb pjvbc udtkb it’d- ajhvt,bc itcf[t,7 gbhlf- cffrfidbkb lf uff[ctyts
hf7 hjvkbc itcfg.hj,flfw gbh utn.dbs7 hjv tc itvj- vbc vbth @_!# otkc ufrt-
yfwt,vf s,bkbcbc vthbbc it- sfdfpt,f fh vfbynthtct,c7 st,ekb ufyw[flt,f5 
cf,fvbcb cfvcf[ehbc ofhvj- hflufy cfresfhb pjj-   
vflutykt,b ufvjb’f[tc8 gfhrb bctlfw vfmdc lf7 
/jlf7   sfyfw 2 fhfthsb8 
  cflfw [fylf- cfthsjl7 pjjkjubehb vidblj,bs ,h’fylt,j-
[fy  it- gfhrt,bc vityt,kj,f xtvb lts=4
bctbhyt,ty [jkvt7 vthf,bidb- ths-thsb /j,bf lf hfvlt- vjrktl7 .dtkfathb yfst-

kb lf rtpthfidbkb dbsjv ,b- ybvt fctsb ghjtmnb cfmfh- kbf 2 ,b’byf bdfybidbkb kt-
’byf bdfybidbkc fxemt,ty7 se sdtkjib erdt ufydf[jh-

dfy [f,tbidbkbc itsfdfpt,f-
bub [tkbceakt,fc e,h’fyt,c wbtkt8 rth’jl7 s,bkbc- pt efhc fv,j,c lf fh fgb-
2 cffrfidbkb wb[blfy ufei- ib7 xtvb ,bpytc-wtynhbc

ht,c7 gjkbnbrehb pjjgfh-
dbsj= nthbnjhbfpt7 fctdt rbc ityj,f uflfbajhvjc=
fb7 f[kf rb xdtyb ge,kbrf- fct hjv7 [f,tbidbkbc gfn-

vij,kbeh cfx[thtcf lf
wbbc vjltkbht,ek yfobkpt itrdtsbkib7 xtv vbth uf- hjyt,c 2  
uflfdlbdfhs lf dyf[fds7 hj-  vjeotds7 cff-

ityt,ek ltylhjkjub-
ujh ufvjt[vfehf ,b’byf bdf- eh gfhrib7 ltlfvbobc rfidbkbc gfnbvhj,fib lfcf-
ybidbkb vthf,bidbk-rtpthfi-

c[dflfc[df res[blfy xf- njdt,kfl c[df eahj vf[dbk-
dbkbc vbth [f,tbidbkbc gb- vj.dfybk ,tdhb cf[tj,bc ujybdhekb [th[t,b vjbabm-
hbs ufrtst,ek ufyw[flt,fc

eybrfkeh w[jdtkcf lf hjy=
cffrfidbkbc ufsfdbceakt,bc ahbydtkc vjde.fht sf-
cfyfwdkjl vbcsdbc yfwvj’hf-

vfs f[kf gfnbvfh cffrfi-
db8
j,bc wtynhfkehb jabcbc cfmfhsdtkjc afeybc
dbkbc ufsfdbceakt,f lf

uflfajhvt,bc sfj,fpt8 ufvhfdfkathjdyt,bcf lf
'kbdc [tkib xfult,ek gj-
hjujhw otcb7 gjkbnbrb- uf]fycfqt,bcfsdbc 'fkbc-
kbnbreh pjjgfhrib iaj-

lfy ofcdkbc itvltu ,b’byf bdf- [vtdbc ufotdfc vjvfdfkibw sbc itnfyf .dtkfpt yfrkt-
ybidbkb ufyw[flt,t,c othb- dfgbht,7 vfuhfv xtvc utu- ,fl fo.j,s=
kj,bs fdhwtkt,c lf fv itv- vt,ib yfvldbkfl fh it- 
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
otdhb





3ktkj cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc4
otdhb

gfhnbf 3cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc4
otdhb

3ubhxbc4 otdhb
 se
hfvt cojhb
uffrtsf fv mdt-
.fyfib7 b.j
bc7 hjv vfiby-
dt fh lfthbf
sfyfvlt,j,f-
pt lfhxtybk
yfwbjyfkt-
,c8 
 rbltd thsb otkb b.j ghtpbltynb8  eylf db.js yfwbjyfkehb yfwbjyfkehb vj’hf-  3lfkjwf4  lf vb-
 rbltd jhb otkb b.j s,bkbcbc vt- vj’hfj,bc lf fhf  cb ueylb lf fvbs cbuyfkb uf-
hb lf   eptyftcb cfcf-  fy  ueylbc otdht,b j,bc fhxtdyt,ib ufbvfh-
eidf7 hjv rvf.jabkbf bv it-
vfhskjc sfdv]ljvfht b.j bvltyb [fyb8 lbf[7 2 ,h’jkbc vsfdfhb ghbywbgb
eylf b.jc ,tdhb cfmvt7 hfibw
]df  ltubs7 hfw lfluf8 hfqfwyf-
 tc htfkj,ff8
fh ufd.fhts xdty bcbyb8 ytk-ytkf eylf ufu-
bhb itsfy[vt,bc ceyb ;jyfdc8
dtidf lf ufdeidbs8 tc b.j fvjwfyf8 cfghjntcnj fmwbt,bw bue-
3GBHDTKB FH[B4 kbc[vt,f8 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3TV BVTLB4

 ikbc evfqktcb cfv[tlhj ojlt,f
vbfybzf8 abehthb bvtljdyt,lf7 hjv
fo erdt atklvfhifkb gfekecb
fh eqfkfnt,lf 'dtkbc’dtk uthvf-
yek nhflbwbfc7 hjvkbc sfyf[vf-
lfw atklvfhikt,b n.dtl fhfcj-
ltc ,fhlt,jlyty lf sfdc vjbrkfd-
lf8 /bnkthbclf cfvoe[fhjl7
!)$# okbc #! bfydfhc gfekecbc
)_-fsfcrfwbfyb fhvbf xf,fhlf888 vt-
tmdct uthvfyekb fhvbf7 hjvtkbw7
'bhbsflfl7 ,thkbytkb f[fkufp-
hlt,bcufy b.j lfrjvgktmnt,e-


kb7 afmnj,hbdfl7 ufyfluehlf888
bv )_ fsfcb rfwblfy elbltcb ev-
hfdktcj,f n.dtj,fib lfb[jwf7
v[jkjl ^ fsfcvf rfwvf it’kj cfv-
ij,kjib lf,heyt,f888
 hjvtkbw bchft-
@ st,thdfkc pecnfl (_ otkb kbc sfdlfwdbc vbybcnhb b.j7 cj-
itcheklf vfc itvltu7 hfw kjdbjdbc uflfwtvfib cfdct,bs cf-
vfhskbfyfl itybiyf7 hjv mfkfmb
vstkb vcjakbjcsdbc w[flb cnfkbyuhflb7 hjvtkbw hectsbc
uf[lf7 hjv 'ktdfvjcbkb lbflb ufvfh]dt,bc cbv,jkjf7 he-
3vtcfvt hfb[b4 2 fljka ctsib vjcgtc lf fhwths c[df mdt-
/bnkthbc vhbc[fyt lf .fyfib sfdbfys bcnjhbfcf lf uvb-
ht,c bct egfnbt,kfl fh tg.hj-
.jdkbcitv’kt cfv[tlhj ,bfy7 hjujhw hectsib8
vfymfyf vtjht vcjakbj jvib   hjv fhfathb
rbcthc vjbvndhtdlf= tsmdf7 afmnbf7 hjv cnfkbybc cf[t-
kbcflvb lqtdfyltkb hectsbc [t-
vtbcnjhbtyb7 hjvkt,bw cfmfhsdt- kbceakt,bc lfvjrblt,ekt,f vfh-
kjib  ufvfyflueht,tk skfwlf vfybfrehb lf cfvfhw[dbyjf8
kfimhj,t,c fqothty7 'bhbsflfl sfy- fb7 vfufkbsfl7 wyj,bkbf7 hjv
[vlt,bfy bvfib7 hjv cfvfh.fyltkvf cj- lqtdfyltkb djkujuhflbc
wbjgfsvf7 hjvtkvfw mdt.yt,b lf [fk- vw[jdht,s7 hectsbc wtynhfke-
[t,b itfpfypfhf7 ofktrf lf efvhfdb cbc- hb [tkbceakt,bc uflfo.dtnb-
[kb lfqdfhf7 sfdbcb cbrjzkt cojhtl kt,bs7 otkboflib w[hf lqbc ufy-
cfmfhsdtkjib buh’yj8 cojhtl fct7 vfdkj,fib 2 @ st,thdfkc7 @# st-
,thdfkc7 ( vfbcc7 ) vfbcc7 @@ bdybcc7
@ ctmntv,thc7 @# fudbcnjc7 ) lt-
cnfkbyuhflb bc mfkfmbf7 cflfw af-
rtv,thc lf !) yjtv,thc7 hjwf ob-
ibcnehb dthvf[nb [th[tvfkib uf-
lfn.lf lf sdbs /bnkthvfw rb buh-
’yj7 hjv jvc dth vjbut,lf8 cnfkby- stkvf fhvbfv vstkb cnfkbyuhf-


uhflsfy ufywlbkb cfibytkb rfnfcn- lbc ahjynpt ev’kfdhtcb rjyn-
hjabc itvltu ufwbyt,ek uthvfytk hitntdf lfbo.j7 eakt,f fmds7
jabwthc 'ytkfl se it[dlt,jlbs8  eojljy 



sehmtsvf7 bfgjybfv7 bnfkbfv lf /bn- 
kthbc c[df vjrfdibhtt,vf cnfkbyu-
hflsfy yfodytdb ufvfyflueht,tkb 
vfhw[bc itvltu cf,zjsf rfdibhbc ob-


yffqvltu fmnbehb cfv[tlhj vjmvt-
lt,bc lfo.t,f dtqfh uf,tltc=
/bnkthc cnfkbyuhflbc [tkib xfu- 
lt,f ,tdhb vbptpbc ufvj cehlf8 gbh-
dtk hbuib7 vfc eylf uftyflueht,byf 
   hj- 
vtkbw evybidytkjdfytcb cfdfzhj lf 
cfvlbyfhj upt,bc uflfrdtsfpt vlt,f-
htj,lf8 cnfkbyuhflbc lfxjmt,bs af- 
ibcnt,b [tkib xfbult,lyty cnhfnt- 
ubek bybwbfnbdfc lf fewbkt,kfl 

lfteakt,jlyty uhjpyjcf lf ,fmjc7


hjvtkbw vfiby cf,zjsf rfdibhbc vsf-
dfhb yfdsj,fhnthbf b.j8 ufhlf fvb-
cf7 cnfkbyuhflbc ufyflueht,bs /bn- 
kthc upf t[cyt,jlf chekbfl rfdrfcb-
bcfrty7 hjvkbc obyffqvltufw vfy cfe- 
rtstcj uthvfyekb fhvbt,b ]th rbltd 
!)$@ okbc @# bdkbcc lf’hf8 djkujuhflbc vw[jdht,kt,vf
cfrvfhbcb b.j7 abehthc cnfkby- ifhify7 !) yjtv,thc7 fv vjs[jd-


uhflb ftqj7 hjv sehmtsbc r,bkt-

ybc cbchektib vjcf.dfyfl gthvf-
,fvlt itbfhfqt,ekb @^ lbdbpbf vf- ytynekb vj’hfj,fw rb lfbo.tc8

 
ibydt lfbo.t,lf itntdfc cfv[htsb- eahj vtnbw7 hfvltybvt lqbc ob-
lfy lf vstkb cfmfhsdtkj7 cjv[tsb yfs7 @_@# okbc @ st,thdfkc7 vj-

lf fpth,fb]fyb sehmb fcrtht,bs uf- cf[ktj,fv mfkfmbc f,hf7 hjvtk-
bdct,jlf8

ptw 3djkujuhflb4 tothf7 3cnf-
cf,tlybthjl7 cnfkbyuhflb uflfh- kbyuhflbs4 itwdfkf8 .dtkfc bvt-
xf7 hjujhw cnfkbybc cf,zjsf rfdib- lb /mjylf7 hjv [tkbceakt,f vjmf-
hbc e’ktdtkj,bc cbv,jkj8 hecb bc-
njhbrjct,b cfdct,bs cfvfhskbfyfl
 kfmtsf cehdbkc itbo.yfht,lf lf7
,jkjc lf ,jkjc7 mfkfmc cf[tkc
itybiyfdty7 hjv  he- itewdkblf7 vfuhfv ufvjdblf genb-
ctsbc lfevjhxbkt,kj,bcf lf ufe- ybc flvbybcnhfwbbc ghtccgbrthb
nt[kj,bc cbv,jkjf8 seylfw bc afm-  lf rfntujhbe-
nb hfl qbhc7 hjv cnfkbyuhflsfy kfl ufyfw[flf 2 djkujuhflbcs-
ufyfluehlf vnhbc [esb fhvbf7 vfs dbc cf[tkbc itwdkf lf cnfkbyu-
ijhbc7 jhb uthvfyekb7 jhb hevb- hflbc lfhmvtdf fh butuvt,fj= fhf-
yekb lf thsb bnfkbehb8 lf7 hectsb7 hjvtkbw erhfbybc vb-
cnfkbyuhflbc ,h’jkf !)$@ okbc ofpt vhbc[fyt lf lfeylj,tk jvibf
!* bdkbcblfy !)$# okbc @ st,thd- xf,vekb7 ewbkj,kfl cfzbhjt,c
kfvlt ufuh’tklf8 vstkb jhfcb lqbc uvbhc7 [fnt,fc7 hjvtkbw bvgthbbc
ufyvfdkj,fib mfkfmbc sbsjtekb me- vjcf[ktj,fc ltpthnbhfl rb fh uf-
xbcf lf cf[kbc [tkib xfcfult,fl ,h’j- lffmwtdc lf cfmfhsdtkjcrty rb fh
kt,b fh w[ht,jlf8 b.j vjvtynb7 hjwf ufvjfmwtdc7 fhfvtl yfwbfc pecnfl
afibcnt,b mfkfmbc )_ ghjwtynpt vtn- bct itrhfdc7 hjujhw tc lblvf 
cfw rb frjynhjkt,lyty7 vfuhfv bcbyb  it’kj !)$! okbc !^ jm-
wjw[fkb sfdbs dth f[th[t,lyty vlb- njv,thc7 hjwf rhtvkib 
yfht djkubc vtjht yfgbhpt uflfcd-  thsfl vfhnjlvfh-
kfc888  yfvldbk wjl- nj lfhxf lf sfdbc yf[tdfh’vfc7 3ty-
dbc rfkjl bmwf7 cflfw fsfct,bc cb- rfdtltc4 utythfk 
wjw[kt ufbktof8 cnfkbyuhflbc  cek vrdlfhb lf wjw-
,h’jkf vbvlbyfhtj,lf lff[kjt,bs [fkb fvjenhbfkf 2 xtvc obuyt,c
!__ fsfc rdflhfnek rbkjvtnhpt7 [tkb fh f[kj lf rf,bytnblfy fh
hfw lqtdfyltkb cfmfhsdtkjc afh- ufbnfyj7 bwjltc .dtkfv7 hjv cnf-
sj,c sbsmvbc jh]th fqtvfnt,f8 c[df- kbyb rhtvkblfy fh uflbc= yf[tdfh
lfc[df tnfgpt cnfkbyuhflbc ,h’jkf- cffsib tc fv,fdb vstkvf vjcrjdvf
ib vjyfobktj,lf @ fsfcpt vtnb sdbs- bwjlf7 yf[tdfh cffsib mfkfmib gf-
vahbyfdb7 @^ fsfcb mdtvt[b7 @ fsf-
cfvlt nfyrb lf @ vbkbjypt vtnb flf- UFUH'TKT,F
vbfyb8 VT-@ UDTHLPT
cnfkbyuhflbc ,h’jkbc rekvbyf-
wbf uf[klfs !)$# okbc #_ bfydfhb7
hjwf fljka /bnkthvf vttmdct uthvf- 

yekb fhvbbc cfhlfkc7 utythfk-gjk-
rjdybr  atklvfh- 

15


LFCFO.BCB
GBHDTK UDTHLPT
ybrf ito.lf lf vjcf[ktj,f
cfw[jdht,tk cf[kt,c lfe,-
heylf7 hflufy .dtkfv bhoveyf
2 hfrb cnfkbyb rhtvkib
b.j7 t8b8 vjcrjdb fh lftwt-
vjlf=
fb7 fctsb rfwb7 hjvtkcfw
stbhfybc rjyathtywbfpt 
 cnfkbyuhflsfy vjgj-
dt,ekb ,ho.bydfkt ufvfh]dt-
,bc ufvj epfhvfpfhb [vfkb fxe-
mf7 vjrdtstc7 vjb’ektc lf cfa-
kfdb yfudbs fedctc8 cfvfubt-
hjl7 uffqvthstc lf uffat-
nbitc  hj-
vtkcfw vjcrjdib epfhvfpf-
hb 'tukb lfelutc lf 3vfh-
ifk gj,tlb4 eojltc= fhflf7
cfvfhskbfyj,f vjbs[jdc fqb-
ybiyjc7 hjv ;erjdb cbyfvl-
dbktib 3vfhifk gj,tlb4 rb
fhf7 3vfhifk ,tlb47 fye
3e,tleht,bc vfhifkbf47
hflufy7 hfcfw bc lfwtvek
lf ufyflueht,ek ,thkby-
ib rflhekj,lf7 hjwf vfhj-
lbjhj,lf lf ,hbkbfynt,cf
lf fynbrdfht,c bgfhfdlf7
fhfse vfhikbcsdbc7 fhfvtl
hbubsb ]fhbcrfwbcsdbcfw rb
iteatht,tkb lf egfnbt,t-
kb cfmwbtkbf8
c[dfsfijhbc7 stbhfybc rj-
yathtywbfpt7 !)$# okbc @)
yjtv,thc7 hjwf lblb ,hbnf-
ytsbc vtabc  
 cf[tkbs ghtvbth-vbybc-
nhvf  cnfkbyu-
hflsfy vjgjdt,ekb ,ho.by-
dfkt ufvfh]dt,bc ybiyfl cnf-
kbyc [vfkb fxemf7 ,tkflb
[vfkc tfv,jhf lf xthxbkc
sbsmvbc xehxekbs vjf[ctyf
2 vfvfwb cnfkbyuhfltkt-
,bc cf[tkbs vflkj,f vbc
elblt,ektcj,f vtat utjhu
vttmdctc= fvbc itvltu cnfkby-
vf tc ,ho.bydfkt [vfkb 
 uflfcwf lfcfsdfkbt-
ht,kfl8 hepdtknvf cfertst-
cj ,hbnfytkb jcnfnt,bc vb-
th cfvb sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib
ufvjztlbkb lf yfohsj,b [vf-
kb vjcby]f7 lffrdbhlf lf sm-
df 2 cnfkbyuhfltkt,c vfh-
skfw hrbybc uekb fmds= fvt-
hbrbc ghtpbltynvf [vfkb bctd
cnfkbyc lfe,heyf7 hjvtk-
vfw bidbfsb vf[dbkb 
 uflfcwf8 rkb-
vtynb djhjibkjdc7 hjvtk-
cfw fhfcjltc fhwthsb ,h-
'jkf fh vjeubf lf vstkb
w[jdht,f cnfkbyb lffshtd-
lf7 [vfkb [tkblfy ufedfhlf7


2 2023 wlis 6 Tebervali 1 10 (17
hbc ufvjw bctlfw xbf nfybc
rfwb rbltd eahj lfgfnfhfd-
lf8 cnfkbyuhflbc [vkbc
lfh,fpib lfdfhlyfpt .dt-
kfc ecbfvjdyjl uff;h;j-
kf888 hjujhw bmyf7 [vfkb gf-
nbdbs vbf,h’fytc lfh,fpb-
lfy lf vtpj,tk jsf[ib uf-
bnfytc=
vstkb tc bcnjhbf bvbnjv
ufdb[ctyts7 hjv 

 hjvkt,bw yfxemfh
[vfkcfw rb dth bzthlyty [t-
kib7 cfjwhfl sfdlfzthbkb
lf tyfpt r,bklfzthbkb fq-
vjxylyty !)%^ okbc @% st-
,thdfkc7 hjwf ybrbnf [hei-
xjdb ufvjdblf7 cnfkbyc 'dkt-
,b fvje,heyf lf se hfv cb-
,by’eht lf cbcf’fukt fhct-
,j,lf7 .dtkfathb lff,hfkf=
tc ntyltywbf hectsbc
[tkbceakt,fib lqtvlt
uh’tklt,f888 fb7 vfufkbsfl7
@_@# okbc @ st,thdfkc7
cnfkbyuhflbc nhbevabc
lqtc7 mfkfmib xfdblf genb-
yb7 hjvtkvfw lfqegeksf
vtvjhbfksfy .dfdbkt,b vb-
bnfyf lf lftcohj cnfkbybc
,becnbc uf[cyfc7 vfuhfv fh-
wthsb cbn.df cnfkbybc
qdfokcf lf lfvcf[eht,fpt
fh lfcwltybf8 sbsmjc cnf-
kbyb fhw fhct,j,lf7 sbs-
mjc /bnkthb v[jkjl fvt-
hbrblfy ufvjupfdybkvf
3ktyl-kbpvf4 lffvfhw[f7
hjvkbc ghjwtynt,cfw cf,-
zjsf rfdibhbc vjcf[ktj,f
kfvbc (_-bfyb okt,bc vboe-
hekfvlt b[lblf=
bctsb isf,tzlbkt,f udhxt-
,f7 sbsmjc rhtvkib lblb [f-
ybf7 vb[dlyty7 hjv hjujhw
hectsbc7 bct vcjakbjc bc-
njhbfib cnfkbybc hjkbcf
lf lfvcf[eht,bc uffpht,bc
ufhtit7  vb-
th !*@! otkc itmvybkb
bvgthbbc vfhsdf cek ea-
hj lf eahj uf’ytklt,f=
fvbnjvfw tnjhqbfkt,b-
fy lf tgjnbyt,bfy cnfkb-
ybc cehfst,c lf lufvty
vbc f[fk-f[fk 'tukt,c7
vfuhfv sbsmjc bcbw afm-
nbf7 hjv fv .dtkfathc
rhtvkib dth [dlt,bfy lf
vpfl fhbfy7 .jdtk oes-
cf lf ofvc uffuh’tkjy ,t-
kflbc vrdktkj,f7 hjvt-
kbw !)%^ okbc @% st,th-
dkblfy uh’tklt,f=
cojhtl cnfkbyuhflbc
wfpt ufb,ho.byf cf,zjsf
rfdibhbc uvbhbc 
 jmhjc dfh-
crdkfdvf8 fk,fs7 utythfk-
gjkrjdybrb 
 hjvtkvfw
cnfkbyuhflib bidbfsb
v[tlfhsvsfdhekb ybzb
ufvjfdkbyf7 fewbkt,kfl
uf[lt,jlf cf,zjsf rfdib-
hbc vfhifkb7 bctdt hj-
ujhw  
 vfuhfv xfyxb,f’tc
cnfkbyvf vtuj,hbc .jab-
k wjkpt lfmjhobyt,f fh
fgfnbf7 [jkj 
dthfuvf cbrdlbkvf e.tkf
lf vtjht vcjakbj jvib
ufvjhxtekb ths-thsb
elbltcb cfhlfkb7 bct
fqtchekf7 dthw ufvfh]dt-
,fc vjtcohj=
  
   


   
   

  


 
  
  
 



c[dfsfijhbc7 cfyfv cfmfh-
sdtkjc yfvldbkb bcnj-
hbf fh lfbotht,f lf [fp-
ufcvbs fh bsmvt,f7 hjv fa-
[fptsb7 cfvfxf,kj lf lf-
dbsufht]bc vbvlt,fht vbot-
,b  

 
xff,fhtc lf uf.bltc7 dthw
cfmfhsdtkj fqblutyc nt-
hbnjhbek vskbfyj,fc=

 [t,lf8 ,tkflc 'fkbfy e.dfh-
lf hfzekb lf ktx[evehb qdb-
yjt,b7 vfufkbsfl7 ecf[tkfe-
hb lf [dfyzrfhf7 fhw rf[eh qdb-
yjpt fv,j,lf efhc7 vfuhfv fhf-
thsb vjujyt,blfy lfcnehlt-
,f7 hjv7 afmnj,hbdfl7 fh cdfv-
lf8 fb7 vfufkbsfl7 !)$@ okbc
pfa[ekib  
 rhtvkib lbl[fyc cnev-
hj,lf ,tkflc8 vfcsfy lbl-
[fyc lfhxf  vfu-
hfv fhfcjltc fhfdbc cnfkb-
yb vsdhfkb fh eyf[fdc7
ufyc[dfdt,bs xthxbkbcfufy7
hjvtkbw rhtvkib bct sdht-
,jlf7 sfdbc [fk[c dth wyj,-
lf8 ,tkflc sfvflj,f 'fkbfy
rfhufl ufvjclbjlf lf
cflqtuh’tkjt,cfw cbfvjdyt-
,bs ofhvjsmdfvlf8 wyj,bkbf7
hjv bub mfhsekb [tkjdyt,b-
cf lf vtwybtht,bc rjhbatt,-
sfy thsfl lblt,ek cfqfvj-
CDBVJY VFC[FHFIDBKB5







jabwbfkehb dthcbbs7 !)%# okbc % vfhnc7 t,c fo.j,lf7 vfuhfv7 afmnj,-
hbdfl7 fh cdfvlf8 cnfkbyb qdb-
@!5%_ cffspt7 ufhlfbwdfkf ghjktnfhbfnbc lblb yjc v[jkjl se vjohegfdlf8
tc [lt,jlf bvbnjv7 hjv vfqf-
,tkflb lf [fk[sf vfvf7 afibpvbc lfvcfvfht,tkb
kb oytdbcflvb vblhtrbkt,bc
utythfkbcbvecb cnfkbyb8 bvfdt jabwbfkehb
ufvj ,tkflbcsdbc lfktdf fh
dthcbbs7 !)%# okbc ! vfhnc reywtdjc fufhfrbc
itb’kt,jlf8 !)$% okbc ctm-
ntv,hblfy !)%_ okfvlt cnf-
lfwdbc ths-thsvf sfyfvihjvtkvf cnfkbyb vwbht
jsf[bc cfcflbkj lfh,fpib bfnfrpt lfojkbkb kbyvf cfvb byceknb uflfbnf-
itfvxybf lf vfibydt ufyufib fnt[f888 tc .dtkfathb yf=
2 tc cfblfy lfcnehlt,f0
mvybc cfae’dkbfy tzdc7 dbdfhfeljs7 hjv ,tkflb
2 tc xfyc cfvtlbwbyj vjyf-
!)%# okbc @( st,thdfkc erdt welfl b.j lf wtvt,blfy lf fvbc itcf[t, [fp-
byceknbc itltufl ujyt,f lf vj’hfj,bc eyfhb ufcvbs othty vtn-yfrkt,fl
lfrfhuekb /mjylf888 ghjatcjhb  otcbthb hecb bcnjhbrjct,b7
 fw[flt,c7 hjv fctsb hfv vfs ijhbc7  lf 
 fb7 fv byceknt,bc
,tkflc gbhdtkfl fh lfvfhsybf lf !)$% okbc lhjc fhfvfhnj cf,zjsf rfd-
ctmntv,hblfy !)%_ okfvlt cnfkbyvf cfvb ibhib7 fhfvtl vstk vcjakb-
byceknb uflfbnfyf5 jib gjkbnbrehb ghjwtct,b
ufxthlf lf ufb.byf=
2 cfthsjl7  hjv firfhfl ghjdjwbht,ekb
hsekb sdtf888 'dtkb hjvf- b.j7 fvfc o.fkb fh ufedf8 fhw
2 vfbyw hf ghjwtct,ptf
ekb rfktylhbs7 vt-!@ sdt bvfc ufvjdhbw[fd7 hjv cnf-
cfe,fhb0
2 cfmvt bc uf[kfds7 hjv
cojhtl  b.j7 kbybc lfqegdfpt itcf’kjf7 bv

ybrjkjp vtjht  lfafhekb fhmbdt,bc uf[cyfvfw
 lffv[tc7 ,jkitdbrt,vf cf- fhfathb udbs[hfc7 hflufy7 
  
 
mfhsdtkj  lf- 
  
bg.htc lf cnfkbybc vrdkt-    

kj,fw7 hjujhw xfyc7 cf,j-    
  
kjjl vfbyw    cnfkb-
uflfo.lf7 sevwf7 fhfths[tk     ybc vjs[jdyf .dtkfcsdbc wyj-
udbsmdfvc lf rbltd ths[tk  ,bkb lf ufcfut,b uf[klfs 2
dfw[flt,7 hjv rhtvkb ,tkf-    
lbc vrdktkj,fc lqtcfw fu-     
h’tkt,c=      
2 ,fnjyj cdbvjy7 cnf-   
kbyb vjrktc se ,eyt,hb-  
db cbrdlbkbs ufhlfbwdf-    
kf0 vjut[ctyt,fs7 fv cfrbs-    
[pt efvhfdb ehsbthsuf- 2 hfvltyfl ]fyvhstkb  
vjvhbw[fdb dthcbf fhct- b.j cnfkbyb0  
,j,c= 2 cnfkbyb f[fkufphlj,b- 
2 cfyfv hectsbc cf[tkv- lfydt vblhtrbkb b.j /bgth- 2 sehmtsbc cf[tkvobajc
obaj fhmbdbc .dtkfpt ea- njybbcrty7 vfqfkb oytdf foe- ufyflueht,fc lf rjycnfynb-
hj lfvfkekb lf lfafhe-

kb ctmwbt,b fh ufb[cyt,f7
xdty7 fk,fs7 fv itrbs[dfpt
pecnb gfce[b fh udtmyt,f7
vfuhfv cnfkbybc lfqegdf 
(1788 )
 
yjgjkbc fqlutyfc cnfkbyb
vbpyfl fh bcf[fdlf0
2 fhf7 tc vbpyt,b ,tkflc fh
/mjybf= sehmtsbc cf[tkvob-
aj sfdbc flubkpt eylf lfh-
xtybkb.j lf fhw cnfv,jkc
t[t,jlf dbyvt7 vfuhfv vfc eylf
lftsvj cfmfhsdtkjcufy vbnf-
wt,ekb 
   tc
fv,fdb bvltyfl uflfo.dtnbkb
b.j7 sehmtsb ibibcfufy rfy-
rfkt,lf7 [jkj cnfkbyc nhf-
gbpjyib7 jksbccf lf fhsdby-
ib hfbrjvbc vlbdyt,b erdt ufv-
pflt,ekb /.fdlf lfcfybiyfl8
gjtnvf  
ktmcbw rb vbe’qdyf fv ghj-
wtcc7 hjvtkbw mfhsek ght-
cfib ufvjmdt.ylf8 vjrktl7 tc
epfhvfpfhb cfv[tlhj 'fkf7
hjvkbc ufvxtht,tkbw ltlf-
vbofpt fhfdby b.j7 sehmtsib
eylf itzhbkb.j7 vfuhfv !)%!
okbc ctmntv,thib cnfkbyc
byceknb vjedblf lf ghjwt-
cb ufb.byf888 rhtvkib cnfkb-
ybc ufhtit rfwbidbkvf dth uf-
,tlf gjkbnbrehb gfce[bcv-
ut,kj,bc fqt,f lf fhvbbcs-
dbc itntdfpt uflfcdkbc ,h’f-
yt,bc vbwtvf8 bc7 hjv sehmtsc
vbnfwt,ekb mfhsekb lf cjv-
[ehb vbot,b eylf lft,heyt-
,byf7 cnfkbyvf tc vjs[jdyf
gbhdtkfl !)$# okbc stbhf-
ybc rjyathtywbfpt uff;qthf8
2 vjrktl7 smdty abm-
hj,s7 hjv sehmtsb !)$%
otkc cnfkbybc byceknvf
uflffhxbyf lf fhf ^ lf )
fudbcnjc /bhjcbvfcf lf yf-
ufcfrbib fvthbrtkt,bc vbth
fnjvehb ,jv,t,bc xfvjult-
,fv7 hfvfw vfiby vcjakbj-
ib 'fksf ,fkfycb firfhfl
fvthbrbc cfcfhut,kjl itw-
dfkf0
2 vtjht vcjakbj jvib uf-
vfh]dt,ek cnfkbyc fvthbrbc
itthst,ek infnt,cf lf ,hb-
nfytsib bvltyb v[fhlfvzthb
/.fdlf7 /bnkthbc lfvfhw[t-
,bc ajypt7 /bnkthbc vjrfd-
ibht sehmtsbc lfwdbc vbp-
ybs7 fvthbrfcf lf ,hbnfytsc
cf,zjsf rfdibhbcsdbc hjv
jvb ufvjtw[flt,byf7 fvfc kjy-
ljycf lf dfibyunjyib htdj-
kewbt,b vj/.dt,jlf8 tc yf’b-
hfkf  vj-
bujyf7 sbsmjc cnfkbyc fvt-
hbrtkt,bc vbth bfgjybfib xf-
vjult,ekb fnjvehb ,jv,t-
,bc ittibylf lf vfhvfhbkjc
pqdfib cfv[tlhj-cfpqdfj ,f-
pf bvbnjvfw dth itmvyf8 dbyw
fct abmhj,c7 bc bcnjhbek
ghjwtcc cfthsjl dth bfp-
ht,c888 
  
  
 
  
 

[fpufcvbs dfw[flt,5 cnfkbyc
bv[tkf fdnjhbntnb /mjylf7
'fkbfy vttzdt,f7 hjv seylfw
v[jkjl fdnjhbntnbc ufvj
vfc dbyvt lfgbhbcgbht,jlf8
cnfkbyc vstkb vcjakbj
e.eht,lf hjujhw qvthsc8
vtncfw utn.dbs7 utythfkb
  hjvkbc
vcufdcb cfv[tlhj vjqdfot lf
vt,h’jkb v[tlfhsvsfdfhb fvt-
hbrtkt,c fhfcjltc /.jkbfs7
fvthbrbc flvbybcnhfwbfc vj-
eojlt,lf7 hjv /bnkthbc uf-
yflueht,bc rdfklfrdfk ,th-
kbybc vbvfhsekt,bs fewb-
kt,kfl ittnbfs cf,zjsf rfd-
ibhbcsdbc8 fv gjpbwbbc ufvj
]jh] gfnjyb fhvbblfy cfth-
sjl lfbs[jdtc lf cfv[tlhj
[tkv’qdfytkj,fc xfvjfwb-
ktc8 gfnjyb uthvfybfib yflb-
hj,bc lhjc 'fkbfy cftzdj
dbsfht,fib lfbqegf7 vfc vfy-
mfyf uflfe,heylf8 utythfkvf
gfnjyvf vjfcohj vjujyt,t-
,bc obuybc ufvjwtvf7 cflfw
2023 wlis 6 Tebervali 1 10 (17 8 )
gbhlfgbh lfothf 2 
   
  
 ufdb[ctyt, ths
afmnc5 jvbc lhjc uthvfye-
kb cfv[tlhj yfobkt,b fdcn-
hbfcf lf xt[jckjdfrbfib ut-
ythfk gfnjyc e,h’jkdtkfl
xf/,fhlyty7 vfuhfv bvbc ufvj7
hjv tbpty/fethb cnfkbyc lf-
/gbhlf7 cf,zjsf cfjregfwbj
pjyfib lfn.dtdt,ek .dtkf
uthvfytkc uflvjuwtvsj7 fvt-
hbrtkt,vf tc ,h’jkbceyfhb-
fyb cfv[tlhj yfobkt,b7 hj-
vtksf ufvj.tyt,fcfw gfnjyb
cf,zjsf rfdibhbc itcfrfdt,-
kfl utuvfdlf7 vskbfyfl he-
ct,c xff,fhtc8 fvbc ufvj gf-
njycf lf tbpty/fethc ijhbc
lblb lfgbhbcgbht,f vj[lf888
fb7 fctsb ufyo.j,f ceatdlf
itthst,ekb infnt,bc evfq-
ktc cfv[tlhj-gjkbnbreh
tkbnfib lf dby uf,tlfdlf
cnfkbysfy lfgbhbcgbht,fc0
vjrktl7 !)$% otkc cnf-
kbybc vjekjlytkvf bycek-






nvf f,cjkenehfl .dtkf gj-
kbnbrehb ghjwtcb uf.byf lf
obstkb fhvbf sehmtsib dth
itbzhf7 fhflf7 .dtkfathb ufv-
pflt,ekb b.j= fh lfudfdbo.-
ltc bcbw7 hjv fv lhjc xhlb-
kjts bhfyib obstkb fhvbf
erdt bluf8 thsb cbn.dbs7 vj[-
lf bv vbkbjybfyb fhvbbc vs-
kbfyfl ltvj,bkbpfwbf lf
cf,zjsf rfdibhvf bhfyblfyfw
rb lfbo.j ]fhbc ufvj.dfyf8



rhtvkib gjkbnbrehb ghj-
wtct,b v[jkjl !)$^ okbc
ufpfa[ekpt lfbmjmf7 hjwf
,tkflb vjv]j,bylf7 sjhtv
vstkb !)$% okbc itvjluj-
vf-pfvsfhb bct ufdblf7 hjv
cnfkbyb byceknbc ufvj uf-
sbiekb b.j lf vrehyfkj,-
lf8 fb7 fvbc itvltu cnfkbyc
!)%! okfvlt rbltd jhb by-
ceknb vjedblf888
2 tctw ljrevtynehfl
lfcnehlt,f0
2 lbf[7 lfcnehlt,f= !)$^
otkc7 hjujhw rb cnfkbyb
ujypt vjdblf7 ths-thsb gbh-
dtkb cfmvt7 hjvtkbw vfibydt
fujhlf7 uf[klfs 
  hfcfw 
 ittobh-
yty8 cnfkbyc fv cfmvtpt fhf-
dby lfe[dhtnbf7 eahj vt-
nbw7 !)$* otkc vfy cf,zjsf
rfdibhib lf[dhtnf cfthsjl
uffemvf7 vfuhfv 
 lffvnrbwf7 hjv
se fhf cffdbfwbj vhtodtkj-
,bc f,cjkenehfl .dtkf
hujkib ufvtat,ekb cfibyt-
kb rjheawbf7 vtjht vcja-
kbj jvc cf,zjsf rfdibhb ,td-
hfl yfrkt,b flfvbfyehb lf
vfnthbfkehb vc[dthgkbs
lffchekt,lf8 vjut[ctyt,fs7
  hj-
ujhw lfhubc rehfnjhb7
3fdbfnjhsf cfmvbc4 ufvj vof-
htl lfbcf]f lf cnfkbyvf bc
udfhbfyfl xffxjxf7 vfuhfv
!)$) otkc7 3ktybyuhflbc cf-
mvbc4 rdfklfrdfk7 hjujhw tc
obyf bynthdbeib fqdybiyts7
vfktyrjdvf sfdbcb cnfnecbc
fqlutyf it’kj8 hjujh lf hf-
njv vj[lf tc0 vfktyrjdbc
3vtjhtl vjcdkf4 !)$)-!)%_
okt,ib cnfkbybc vtcfvt by-
ceknc tvs[dtdf7 hjwf ,tkf-
lb bctd mvtleeyfhj uf[lf lf
ufbsbif888
2 vtjht byceknb ,t-
kflc hjlbc vjedblf0
2 fvbc lfpecnt,f zbhc7
vfuhfv7 hjujhw fv,j,ty lf
hjujhw hecb bcnjhbrjct-
,b othty7 tc eylf vjv[lfhb-
.j !)$*-!)$( okt,ib8 tc it-
lfht,bs vce,emb byceknb
b.j lf ,tkflb vfkt vjrtslf8
vtcfvt byceknb cnfkbybcs-
dbc7 hjujhw tn.j,f7 v’bvt fq-
vjxylf7 fvbnjv bc lblb [ybc
ufyvfdkj,fib htf,bkbnfwb-
fc uflbjlf8 rth’jl7 wyj,b-
kbf7 hjv !)%! otkc ,tkflb
xfvjdblf cfmfhsdtkjib7 bc-
dtyt,lf ufuhfib7 o.fkne,j-
ib7 ,jh]jvib888 fhct,j,c vj-
ujyt,t,b bvbc itcf[t,7 hjv
cnfkbyb utythfk 
 thsfl ctbhyj,-
lf7 ,fdidt,c xemyblf rfyat-
nt,c7 vtht vodflbc itcfodfdfl
cflqfw ufdblyty lf f8i8 vjr-
ktl7 fmnbeh gjkbnbreh
w[jdht,fc ,tkflb f,cjke-
nehfl vjo.dtnbkb b.j8 w[f-
lbf7 itebfhfqt,tkb sdfkb-
sfw rfhufl xfyc7 hjv tc b.j
vrfwh cfvtlbwbyj rjynhjkc
lfmdtvlt,fht,ekb cfhtf,b-
kbnfwbj ghjwtcb8 vjdktyf-
sf fyfkbpb w[fl.jac7 hjv
cnfkbybcf lf ,thbfc vrdkt-
kj,f cojhtl fv gthbjlib
vjvpfllf=
2 lffrjyrhtnts=
2 itsmvekt,vf7 egbhdtktc
.jdkbcf7 bthbib vbbnfytc
3rfut,tc4 vbybcnhbc 
 obyffqvltu7 hj-
vtkbw cf,zjsf eibihjt,fc
!)$^ okbc * vfbcblfy !)%!
okbc !$ bdkbcfvlt [tkv’q-
dfytkj,lf8 vjut[ctyt,fs7
 vj[cytc7 vfibydt
lffgfnbvhtc lf [heixjdbc
lhjc7 !)%$ okbc ltrtv,th-
ib7 lf[dhbntc8 f,frevjdc it-
cf’kjf7 ,tdhb itwljvf /mjy-
lf7 vfuhfv bc thsuekb cnf-
kbytkb b.j lf ,tkflbc qf-
kfnc uekib fh ufbdkt,lf8
f,frevjdbc lfgfnbvht,bc itv-
ltu rfut,tc vbybcnhfl lfybi-
ytc vfktyrjdbc rflhb 
 fvbc itvltu bthb-
ib vbbnfytc cnfkbybc ef[-
kjtc flfvbfyt,pt 2 
  
  thsb
cnfkbybc fgfhfnbc eahjcb
b.j7 [jkj vtjht 2 gbhflb
lfwdbc eahjcb8 jhbdtc it-
erthtc cfmvt lf ,tkflb lf-
fhoveytc7 hjv sbsmjc thsbw
lf vtjhtw lf,thlf lf ufvj-
.t.txlf888 vjrktl7 cnfkbybc
ufhitvj7 hjvtkbw byceknbc
itvltu [fyuh’kbd htf,bkbnf-
wbfc uflbjlf lf 'bhbsflfl
cfmfhsdtkjib bcdtyt,lf7 cf-
ibib vfh.e;b itbmvyf 2 rfut-
,tc vbybcnhb lf vfktyrjdbc
vjyf   vf-
iby7 hjwf  xfvjijht-
,ekb b.j eibihjt,fc lf
cnfkbybc lfdfkt,bs vskb-
fyfl cnhfntubek ghjtmnt,-
pt uf[klfs uflfhsekb7 ,t-
kflc ethsuektc sfyfvi-
hjvkt,c fwkblf8 fv .dtkf-
athc bcnjhbek gkfyib se
ufydc]bs7 vfiby bv lfcrdyfv-
lt vbdfks7 hjv fhw fktmcfy-
lht vfrtljytkc7 fhw wtpfhc7
fhw lfdbs fqvfityt,tkcf lf
fhw cnfkbyc gjkbnbrehb
vjcfdkbc vjvrf fh lfcwfk-
lfs=  chekbfl
f[fkufphlf 2 ## okbcf xfdb-
lf cfvfhtib9  bct vjr-
ktc7 sfdbc lfwdfw rb fh ew-
lbf7 fhflf7 cfahs[bc itcf[t,
fahs[bkt,lyty9 
 'fkbfy f[fkufphlf 2 %@
okbcf fqtchekf7 fhflf7 ufh-
itvj erdt .dtkf lfvjhxbkt-
,ekb lf lf[fhrekb /.fdlf7
[jkj 
  
  
 fhflf7 vfy
lhjc ufecohj lf7 tn.j,f7
qvthsvf fh lfeidf bc7 hfw ,t-
kflc xfabmht,ekb /mjylf=
tcfe,hf

ufuh’tkt,f
bmyt,f
3










 ,jkitdbrsf gfh-
nbfib vfhskfw !)!) ot-
kc7 m8 ,fmjib7 @_ okbc
fcfrib itdblf7 sevwf7 vbc
cbwjw[ktib jabwbfkeh
,bjuhfabt,ib !)!* okbc
vfhnb b.j vbsbst,ekb
+sdtc fm ghbywbgekb vyb-
idytkj,f /mjylf lf htdj-
kewbfvltk cnf;c vbesb-
st,lf‘8 c gbhdtkb
vafhdtkb uf[klfs 
 ,fmjc xt-
rfc vfibyltkb [tkv’qdf-
ytkb7 itvlujvib rb fpt-
h,fb]fybc rg wr-bc gbhdt-
kb vlbdfyb8  vfcsfy
sfdblfy hbubs sfyfvlt,j-
,fpt veifj,lf7 sevwf7 
 vfkt lffobyfehf
sfdbc vjflubktl8 
  ,fubhjdc cb-
rtst fh lfedbo.f lf vfcpt
vfqfk cfat[ehpt fcekb
.dtkfyfbhfl vafhdtkj,lf7
cnfkbybc ufhlfwdfkt,bc
itvltu rb gjkbn,behj-
ibw itb.dfyf otdhj,bc rfy-
lblfnfl8 sevwf7 vbh ]f-
afhc ,thbfcsfy vtuj,hj-
,f ’dbhfl lfe]lf8 bub lf[-
dhbntc7 hjujhw 3[fk[bc
vnhbc sfyfvphf[dtkb84
,thbfc itvltub vafhdt-
kb7 e[tifl hjv dsmdfs7 3vb-
vojkb4 cthuj jh]jybrb’t
uf[klfs8 vfy itbn.j ,fmj-
ib vjveifdt f[fkufphlf mf-
hsdtkb xtrbcnbc ,ho.by-
dfkt itcf’kt,kj,t,bc it-
cf[t, lf bub nabkbcib uf-
lvjb.dfyf fvbthrfdrfcbbc xt-
rfc sfdv]ljvfhbc vjf-
lubktl8 fv sfyfvlt,j,fpt
,thbfv cfrvfjl lbl[fyc7
!)#! okfvlt bveifdf8 cnf-
kbysfy vbcb gbhdtkb it[-
dtlhf cojhtl fv otkc vj-
[lf o.fkne,jib7 cflfw ,t-
kflb bcdtyt,lf7 ,thbf rb vbc
lfwdfc epheydtk.jalf8 fv
it[dtlhbc itvltu vfkt bub
2 fvbthrfdrfcbbc uge-c [tk-
v’qdfytkb7 !)#! okbc yjt-
v,thib rb cfmfhsdtkjc
rg+,‘ wr-bc gbhdtkb vlbdf-
yb lf fvbthrfdrfcbbc gfhnb-
bc cfv[fhtj rjvbntnbc vt-







vjlbs7  ef[-
kjtc sfyfvjcfuhtc vjkj-
njdc lfde]thjs7 hjvtkbw
atkbmc xetdsfy cfe,fhib
fv,j,lf7 hjv  eh-
sbthsj,fib ewdktkfl
3e,hfkj7 vtnfl .ehfl-
qt,bfyb lf uekbsflb uf-
[klfs84 ufhlf fvbcf7 fh-
ct,j,c efvhfdb c[df vjovt8
uflfifkts 
 fdbfrjycn-
hemnjh 
itbfhfqt,bc vbybcnh 
 lf c[dfsf vjuj-
yt,t,b8 erkt,kbd .dtkf
beo.t,f7 hjv fvf se bv cf-
rbs[pt vc]tkj,bcfc 
 sbsjtek lfvcohtc
18 
      
jht vlbdfyb +!)#@ okblfy 2
gbhdtkb‘ [lt,f8
hjujh vj[lf tc0 !)#!
okbc itvjlujvfpt vjcrjdib
gjkbn,behjpt fvbthrfdrfcb-
bc htcge,kbrt,bc [tkv’qdfyt-
ksf fyufhbit,c bcvtylyty8 ,j-
kjc cnfkbyvf vjekjlytkb
obyflflt,f ofvjf.tyf5 3hf bm-
yt,f7 hjv fvbthrfdrfcbbc cf-
v[fhtj rjvbntnb fct xfvj-
df.fkb,js5 gbhdtkb vlbdf-
yb 2 mfhsdtkbidbkb7 vtj-
ht 2 ,thbf7 hjvtkbw fvfdt
lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc wtrfc gb-
hdtkb vlbdfyb uf[lt,f84 ’dt-
kvf ,jkitdbrvf kfdhtynb mf-
hsdtkbidbkvf v.bcdt flub-
kblfy ofvjb’f[f5 3vfu xtrbcn-
sfy thsfl fh dbveifdt,48
cnfkbyvf fhfathb itbvxybf8
hfvltybvt lqbc itvltu cfrb-
s[b 3cfveifj otcbs4 uflf-
o.lf8 fvbthrfdrfcbbc gbhdtkb
gbhb vfvbf jhf[tkfidbkb uf-
[lf7 vtjht 2 ,thbf8 cek vfkt
vfvbf vjcrjdib7 vfhmcbpv-kt-
ybybpvbc bycnbnenbc lbht-
mnjhbc vjflubktl uflfb.df-
ecvtylf lf v[jkjl itvltu
bo.t,lf cfe,fhc8 bub ’fkbfy
bidbfsfl fo.dtnbyt,lf dbyvtc
kfgfhfrc7 [fylf[fy lfcfpec-
nt,kfl rbs[dt,c ecdfvlf8 sf-
yfw +lf fvfc .dtkf vtvefhbcnb
ecdfvc [fpc`7 dth bnfylf
dhwtk vjyjkjut,c7 vjbs[j-
dlf7 hjv cfrbs[b vjrktl lf
fhct,bsfl vjt[ctyt,byfs8 rb-
ltd thsb cfbynthtcj ltnf-
kb5 v’bvt vjvtynib7 hjwf sd-
bs vbcb ’fkfeakt,fw rb sb-
smjc ,todpt trblf7 
velfv [evhj,lf7 f,cjkene-
hfl vidblb b.j lf ufhitvjv-
.jat,cfw fv[ytdt,lf8 vfufkb-
sfl7 fctsb lffvf[cjdhlfs
3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 cfufvjvwtvkj cf[kb8 dt,-udthlb bynthytnib5 www. asavali.com tk-ajcnf5 mail@asavali.com
ytc lf ,thbfv vbcb flubkb lf-
brfdf8
yf[njvb vfhskfw sfd,he-
lfv[dtdb uf[klfs8 ufhlf gb-
hdtkb it[dtlhbcfc ,tkflpt
rfhub isf,tzlbkt,bc vj[lt-
ybcf7 ,thbfc fqvfcdkfib lb-
lb hjkb itfchektc htrjvt-
ylfnjht,vf 2 cthuj jh]j-
ybrb’tv lf fa[fptsbc [tkv’-
qdfytkvf ytcnjh kfrj,fv7
cnfkbysfy vtnfl lff[kjt-
,ekvf gbhjdyt,fv8 hf smvf
eylf7 ,thbfcsdbc htrjvtylf-
wbbc ufotdbcfc jhbdt cfresf-
hb vbpyt,bcsdbc bqdojlf8
jh]jybrb’t7 hjvtkbw rht-
vkib fvbthrfdrfcbbc afhek
rehfnjhfl bsdkt,jlf7 ab-
mhj,lf7 hjv ,thbfc vfhsdf
eahj ufefldbklt,jlf7 db-
lht ’dtkb gfhnbtkt,bcf7 hj-
vtksf evhfdktcj,fcsfy +jh-
f[tkfidbkb7 vlbdfyb7 vf[fhf’t
lf c[dt,b‘ cfrvfjl lf’f,ekb
ehsbthsj,f /mjylf8 vlblf-
hb htdjkewbehb ofhcekbc
vmjyt fv fv,bwbehb [fk[bc v,-
h’fyt,kj,f ’ytkb bmyt,jlf8




atbc,emb5 www. facebook.com/Asavali.com ufvjlbc @__# okbc * fghbkblfy8


f[fkufphlf tythubekb ,t-
hbf rb cthujc .jdtk cb-
n.dfc /fthibdt bzthlf8 yt-
cnjh kfrj,fc rfhufl tc-
vjlf7 hjv fvbthrfdrfcbfib
evfqktc gjcnpt ghtnty-
pbf dth tmyt,jlf lf ueke-
,h.dbkjl vbfxylf7 hjv fa-
[fptsbc vrdblhb ,thbfc [t-
kib +hjvtkbw vfc elblt-
cb gfnbdbcwtvbs tg.hj,j-
lf‘ fa[fptsbc chekeakt-
,bfyb ,fnjy-gfnhjyb uf[-
lt,jlf lf v[jkjl rhtvkc
lftvjhxbkt,jlf8 xdty db-
wbs7 hjv jhbdt itwlf8 c[df-
sfijhbc7 evfqktc gfhnb-
ek lf cf[tkvobaj gjcnt-
,pt xtrbcnt,bc ofvjotdf it-
vlujvibw ufuh’tklf8 erdt
xdtyc lhjc lf xdty sdfk-
oby fpth,fb]fybc vsfdfhb
xtrbcnb /tblfh fkbtdb sf-
dbc htcge,kbrfc xfeluf cf-
sfdtib7 [jkj vbcb s,bkb-
ctkb rjktuf7 ibyfufy cfm-
vtsf vbybcnhb tlefhl it-
dfhlyf’t 2 cfmfhsdtkjc8







bub !)$! okbc itvjlujvbc
cfibytk lqtt,ib7 hjltcfw
uthvfytkt,b vjcrjdblfy hfv-
ltybvt rbkjvtnhib bv.jat-
,jlyty8 lf7 gbhbmbs7 hjlt-
cfw cfmvtt,b rfhufl vblbjlf7
bqeit,jlf lf ifhbfyj,lf7
sevwf7 [vfc fhfcjltc eotdlf8
v[jkjl sdfkt,pt se itfn-
.j,lbs7 hjv hfqfwbs ervf-
.jabkj b.j8
hjujhw ew[jt,c7 bct f[-
kj,kt,c  v[jkjl
3smdtyj,bs4 vbvfhsfdlf7 hf-
vltybvt ef[kjtcb sfyfvjf-
phbc ufvjrkt,bs 
  
 [jkj7 serb
dbyvt c[dfc 3ity4-j 2 tn.j-
lf7 tc vbcb ufycfresht,ekb
rtsbkufyo.j,bc ybifyb uf-
[klfs8
itcf,fvbcfl7 cfvb lfcf[tkt-
,ekb gbhjdyt,fw 
3ityj,bs4 vbvfhsfdlf8 fctdt
vbvfhsfdlf ,tkflc 
 vbcb htdjkewb-
ehb f[fkufphlj,bc vtuj,f-










3wr-bc jh ufvjxtybk ,t-
kflc4 +ktybybc ufvjsmvf‘
ijhbc vnhj,f cfsfdtc jmnj-
v,hbc htdjkewbbc gbhdt-
kbdt lqtt,blfy bqt,c8 uf-
hlf gbhflb fynbgfsbbcf7 fm
uflfvo.dtnb hjkb itfche-
kf afmnvf7 hjv .jabkb vt-
yitdbrb7 ktybybcf lf ,jk-
itdbrt,bc evjo.fkj jgj-
ytynb nhjwrb !)!* okbc fu-
dbcnjib vfs vbtnvfcyf lf
wr-ib v.bcdt ths-thsb ofv.-
dfyb flubkb lfbrfdf8 ,eyt,-
hbdbf7 cnfkbyc 2 jhsjljmc
rjveybcnc7 hjvtkcfw 3rfd-
rfcbtk ktybyc4 eojlt-
,lyty7 tc fh vjtojyt,jlf8
vfc ,jkitdbpvbcflvb 
 thsuekt,bcf fh c]thjlf
lf sdkblf7 hjv flfvbfyb7 hj-
vtkvfw hovtyfc ths[tk eqf-
kfnf7 fvfc rbltd ,tdh]th uff-
rtst,c8 eylf bsmdfc7 hjv
 sfdfl 
eylj,kfl tg.hj,jlf7 vfuhfv
vbcb ybzb ufvjb.tyf lf
 vjv[htsf [fh]pt gfhnbf
ufpfhlf lf ufyfvnrbwf8 dab-
mhj,7 tc nfmnbrehb vfytdhb lf7
fvltyfl7 lhjt,bsb vjdktyf .dtnb‘ htdjkewbbcrty7 ghf-
uf[klfs8  esejl vj- mnbrekfl7 vbcb tmcgjhnbcf
bijht,lf  sfdblfy7 lf vcjakbj jvbc ufxfqt,b-
vfuhfv fvfc vbcvf cbrdlbkvf it- cfrty vjeojlt,lf7 hjvkbc
eifkf [tkb8  fylt- wtw[kib 3veifsf lf ukt-
h’ibw rb 3fhf,jkitdbpvc4 [sf vcjakbj cf[tkvob-
aj4 lfb,flt,jlf8 
erb;byt,lf 
 cfvfhskbfyfl sdkblf7
 ufhlfwdfkt,bc
itvltu jhb 3ufvjxtybkb ,t- hjv vcufdcb tmcgfycbf cchr-
bc lfqegdfc ufvjbodtdlf8
kflbc4 ,h’jkf uflfvo.dtn
afpfib itdblf8  qb- cfibyfj gjkbnbrfib 
 w[jdht,bc .dtkf cat-
fl eojlf  3utybf-
hjc ufcfv[tlhjt,fc7 cfdfk-
kehb eathekj,f47 hjvt-
lt,ekj ihjvbs ,tufhfc7
kbw ’fkfeakt,bc epehgfwb-
veifsf lf ukt[sf ihjvb-
fc gfhnfgfhfnbc vtidtj,bs
sb fhvbt,bc itmvyfc tv[hj-
f[ltylf8  rb 
,jlf8 bub dth [tlfdlf ufyc-
 3.fk, reyst,sfy vt-
[dfdt,fc rekfrcf lf cfief-
,h’jkfl4 vjyfskf7 hjvt-
kj ukt[c ijhbc lf thsb
kvfw  lf htdjkewb-
’hj[bc vakj,tkbw rb rkf-
fc eqfkfnf8
cj,hbd vnhfl vbfxylf8 hf-
hfib ufyc[dfdlt,jlf 
qf smvf eylf7 tc7 sfdbcb
 lf  gjpbwb-
fhcbs ghjdjrfwbekb gj-
t,b0 ghfmnbrekfl7 .dtkf cfr-
kbnbrf7 ufy[jhwbtkt,bc
dfy’j cfrbs[ib8  ths
itvs[dtdfib vstk mdt.fyfc
mdt.fyfib cjwbfkbpvbc fityt-
lfv[j,bc pqdfhpt vbb.dfylf8
,bc ktybybctek sdfkcfphbcc
’ytkb ofhvjcflutyb fh
bwfdlf7 rb efh.jalf
fhbc7 fv jhsf,h’jkfib
vfc lf 3gthvfytynekb4 +eo-
nhjwrbc ufvfh]dt,bc itvs-
[dtdfib hf fyfhmbfcf lf mf-
hb7 hjvtkbw  gf-
nbvhj,blfy uffsfdbceakf
jcib xfb’bht,jlf cf[tkvob-
aj8
lf ]th 2 cfufhtj cfmvtsf cf- vfuhfv7 hjujhw dbwbs7
[rjvbc vjflubktl7 itvltu rb 3.fk, reyst,sfy vt,h’j-
hevbytsib cf,zjsf tkxfl kbc4 abpbreh ufyflueht-
,fvlt +!)$_ otkc‘ 3utybf-
lfybiyf8 lf,jkjc7 hjujh
ewyfehflfw eylf vjutxdt- kehvf eathekj,fv4 bub
yjs7  3ityj,bs4 gjkbnbrehfl uffrhf ,tzt-
vbvfhsfdlf cf[tkufysmve- ,pt +!)@* otkc‘8
kb vahbyfdb  
 vbcb vtjht gbkjnb
 .dt,f7 hjv xhlb-
kjts gjkecbc ufdkbs fvt-
hbrfib uflfahtybc itvltu
vjo.j,bk cfvsfdhj,j vbqt-
,fpt  
vbdblf lf es[hf5 3fv[fyfuj
cnfkby= tyf fh vb,heylt,f7
3smdtyj,bs vjuvfhsj8 vj-
lb7 df[nfyuehfl lfdkbjs48
ufhitvjv.jayb fqtklyty7 vf-
uhfv  ufbqbvf lf
smdf5 3vjlb7 lfdkbjs=4 vfs
df[nfyuehfl lfkbtc lf bv
lqblfy lblb vahbyfdbc fdb-
frfnfcnhjafib lfqegdfvlt
thsvfytsc 3ityj,bs4 vbvfh-
sfdlyty8

 
lblvf gjkjytkvf rjvgjpbnjhvf yfwctmnfc7 hfsf bcbyb rjyrhtnek vbcfvfh-
 hjvtkbw !($) okbc st,pt lffcfakfdjy= fct7 vfufkbsfl7 ujhib7
!^ jmnjv,thc gfhbpib ufhlfbwdfkf7 vt]dhbc[tdbc mexfpt7 bm7 cflfw fudbcnjc jvbc
cbrdlbkbc oby lfb,fhf 2  lhjc hecbc sdbsvahbyfdbc ufvjxtyfpt cffrfi-
   dbkvf w[dbhbs vbof vj[yf7 otcbs7 eylf lfcfa-
 gfhbpib7 gth- kfdltc vbcb erfyfkb7 hjvtkcfw vstkb cf[tk-
kfitpbc cfcfakfjpt7 keb]b rthe,bybcf vobaj lfwdf lf yfpbh-dtpbht,b uflftafhyty7
lf ,tkbybc cfakfdt,c ijhbc7 f[kfw hfsf !%_ mfhsekb cjatkb xft,fht,byfs7 [j-
ufybcdtyt,c ijgtyb7 hjvkbc udfvcfw7 kj cffrfidbkbc cfj[ht eylf lfbakfc wyj,b-
kb afkjcjajcbc  fy-
fylth'bc sfyf[vfl7 uekb fvjfwfktc lf
lf 3rjrf-rjkfc4 ecnf,fibc  tp-
dfhifdfib7 ovbylf ]dhbc cf[tkj,bc jib8
trktcbfib lffcdtytc= ijgtyb ths-thsb cf]bit ,bzt,bc mexfib lfv[dhtnc lf mfhse-
elbltcb vecbrjcbf7 hjvkbc erdlfdb kb vbot,bc ufvxemt,tk-xfv,fht,tkc cfmfhsdt-
/fyut,bw fhfcjltc lf,thlt,f888 vfc kjpt uekb f.hbkb hjv /mjylf7 dbwjlbs7 vfu-
e.dfhlf gjkjytsb lf gjkjytkvf hfv7 se cfmdt.yjl bvfc bn.jlf7 hfw cfcfvfhs-
[fk[vfw cfsesfl xfb[enf utybfkehb kjpt ufvjfw[flf7 fh udtujyf=
vecbrjcbc uekb7 vfuhfv cfbynthtcjf7 !)_( otkc ybrj kjhsmbafyb’tv lfothf yj-
cffrfidbkbc uekb rbtdib hf dtkf-itltdhb 2 
lfvcf[eht,bcsdbc eylf lfbvfh[jc0 ew[jj,fib ufhlfwdkbk mfhsdtk gfnhbjnc
ghjatcjhb ufrdtsc7 vfuhfv /jb7 cfrdbhdtkt-
cfmfhsdtkjc vfj[ht,tkvf wmbhvf7 hjvtkbw
,fd7 uekc dth bgjdbc= gfoforbyntkf yjdtkbc
wb[blfy ufvjcf[cytkfl yt,bcvbth cb,by’eht-
cf lf ghjdjrfwbfpt fothc [tkc7 obyf rdbhfc
tgbkjuib dut,ekj,s7 hjv7 sehvt7 mfhsdt-
cfcfvfhskj ghjwtcpt dbltjxfhsdbcfc erhf-
kbc uekb bv herfcf lf cehfsc lfezrybf lf
byekfl ufyfw[flf5 3vjutcfkvt,bs .dtkfc888
ufemhbf7 hjvkt,ptw cfvij,kj lf ef[kjt-
cb flfvbfyb b.j ufvjcf[ekb888 ]th]thj,bs
xtv vbvfhs ufy[jhwbtklf ofvt,f7 vt db.fdb
fhf'fqkt,ek cffrfidbkc 'fqkbc uekb hjv
vjofvkekb888 vflkj,f .dtkf erhfbytkc
fh /mjyjlf7 hf e,tleht,fw cfmfhsdtkjc
.ehflqt,bcsdbc8 vt lfhoveyt,ekb dfh er-
lffobf7 uekb bctdt eylf ufcrljvjlf7 hj-
hfbybc ufvfh]dt,fib7 vfuhfv7 se dth dbwjw[-
ujhw cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc sfdlflt,ek gjk-
kt, erhfbybc ufvfh]dt,fvlt7 hjvtkbw 'f-
rjdybr   hjwf yfwctmnbc
kbfy f[kjcff7 xtvb uekb eylf b.jc lfvfh-
#%-kfhbfyb fhfrfwt,b lftcbdyty lf ufe[ts-
[ekb rbtdib7 bc tresdybc erhfbyfc888 cbrd-
mtc=
vfuhfv cffrfidbkb ]th]thj,bs wjw[kfl
lbkb xdtyc vnthc=4
fvbc itvltu cffrfidbkvf sbsmvbc ufb[flf sts- bojlt,f8
hb vfbcehb7 hjvtkptw byukbcehfl tothf 2
3vt erhfbytkb dfh47 /fthb qhvfl itbceysmf 
lf vjcfvfhsktcf lf cfcfvfhskjc vewtkb lf
udthlt,b vbeidbhf8 vjrktl7 hfrb obyf cfcf-
vfhskjpt cffrfidbkvf ufb[flf7 vjvltdyj cf-
cfvfhskjpt ecfsejl xfb[lbc lf hjujhw

 bct vstk ghjrehfnehfcf lf mdt.fyfc
3fnjweh sfbuekc4 vbeidthc=

hjvtkbw lqtc 3dbdfvtlibf4 ofvjgkfrekb7 db-
qfwbc exbyfhvf [tkvf bctd 3cf,frfl47 fye if-
hbrfl fmwbf7 sevwf7 vtn.dtkt,bc eyfhb lfe-
njdf888 /jlf7 tc xdtyb wjldbs cfdctw ufb’f[bc
2 xtvb uekb rbtdib lfvfh[tsj=
ufvjvlbyfht bmblfy7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjc obyf-
it cffrfidbkbc lfvcf[eht,f lblpt lblbf7 ob-


yflflt,f itvjudfmdc7 f’fqkt,bc itvs[dtdf-
ib7 euekjl lfhxtybkb cffrfidbkbc c[te-
kbc c[dflfc[df yfobkt,b vfbyw lfdenjdjs


@_@# okbc @) bfydfhc7 vfc itvltu7 hfw wyj,bkb ]dt,f erdt vbekjwf8 tc rb ufvjxylt,fj= dblhf sfdb888 ktdfy [f,tbi- fyt,vf xfw[hbktc=
uf[lf7 hjv yfwctmnbc sfdv]ljvfht ktdfy gbhlfgbhb vnrbwt,ekt,ff sfdbc v[hbd7 vb[tbk cffrfi- dbkc fvbc htcehcb fhf fmdc7 vjrktl7  lfh-
bvbcf7 hjv cffrfidbkb [f,tc dbkbc othbkc   fvbnjv gfnhjyt,bc obyfit xtybkbf zrebc lfvhbut,kbc
[f,tbidbkb uf[lf7 rkbybrf 3dbdfvtlib4   t[vfht-  atbc,emib fct ufvj- sfdbc ufvjcfxtyfl lf lfcfvr- ufhtit lf vbthtrt,f lf vbt-
ofvjrjnhbfkt,ekvf vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf ,f8 t[vfehf5 3n.dtj,fcf lf ev’b- dblht,kfl vfy evjrktcb upf htrt,f888 vfufkbsfl7 fvfcob-
ufvfh]dt,ek rfylblfnc othbkb ufeupfdyf7 hjvkbc  2 vtc vlujvfhtj,fib v.jab7 fbhxbf 2 ufvjmfyt,f lf cff- yfs rkbybrf 3dbdfvtlbc4 tmb-
ibyffhcbw thsj, lfvfabmht,tkbf8 obyfvlt,fht othbkb flfcne- vtcfvt ghtpbltynbc othbkb rfidbkbc ufcfsfdbceakt,- vt,b kfvbc ifhfupbc .fxfq
ht,c bvfc7 hjv dfyj vthf,bi- 888 vflkj,f ghtpbltync7 kfl 3dbdfvtlbc4 rtltkpt ghjrhecntc itflfhf lf
othbkib drbs[ekj,s5 cfmvbfyj,fc fh dfgbht,47 uf- dbkbcf lf lfdbs rtpthfi- v[fhlfzthbcsdbcf lf rtsbk- sfdbs ityfhw[t,f= smdf 2  
3ubkjwfd 'vf7 udsdkb xtvc vjvbidbsj= vfuhfv cfmfhsdt- dbkbc [tkv’qdfytkj,bs7 ufyo.j,bcsdbc8 vpfl dfh vb- hjujhw otcb7 vcufdcb fn-    
ef[kjtc flfvbfyfl lf 'f- kjib ,fdidvfw rb bwbc7 hjv yfwctmnfib vjv[lfhb uflfn- ifc7 ybrfc7 gjkbnbrehb gf- hjdt,f .jdtksdbc rtsbkfl 
kbfy lblb gjntywbfkbc hjujhw rb vb[tbkb cfmfhs- hbfkt,f7 hfcfw ybrfyjh vt- nbvht,bcf lf xdtyb mdt.ybc fh cheklt,f lf ufvjvmfyt,t-   
vmjyt gjkbnbrjcfl8 vt cf- dtkjlfy vj[tdc7 vfibydt vstk kbfc xfvjkf,jhfynt,f lf sfdbceakt,bcsdbc erjvg- kb abpbrehfl 'fkbfy pbfy- 
mfhsdtkjib fh dfgbht, fhf- sfdbc cf’fqktsc itvjbrht,c ktdfy [f,tbidbkbc fqptdt- hjvbcj7 ehsektcb ,h’j- lt,f lf vtht bnfy]t,f [jkvt= 
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lfubzth erhfbyblfy lf c[df dby lfb]tht,c bvfc7 hjv gf- lfpecnt,ekb cgtwjgthfwbf stnehb cfsfehbs 2  ltkb 2 [f,tbidbkc= jhub xfkf’tc7 hjvtkbw [f-
flubkt,blfy v[fhc8 ut[dt- nbvhj,fib v.jab vfj[ht,t- uf[klfs= fmtlfy ufvjvlbyf-  w[jyt,ekb   ,tbidbkbc erfy bluf7 cf[tpt
db=4 kb wmbhb7 hjvtkbw mdt.ybc ht7 .jdtkudfhb bycbyefwbt-  2 'fkbfy udfujyt,c bv  wjw[fkb hjv ewyfehvf qbvbkvf uflf/rhf
tc othbkb js[b hfvbc uf- [tkbceakt,bc lfcfv[j,fl ,b lf vrbs[fj,f bvfpt7 hjv vj[ctyt,bs ,fhfst,c7 hjvtk- b.jc7  fewbkt,- lf itdfn.dt7 uflf[fh[fht,fc
vjf vybidytkjdfyb= vbkbjyt,c [fh]fdc7 hjwf uf- sbsmjc vthf,bidbkvf lf cfw  tle- kfl zrefc lffhbut,lf 2 fhfathb thxbdyf7 vfuhfv hf-
   sfdbceaklt,f7 fv ifd,ytk rtpthfidbkvf cffrfidbkc fhl itdfhlyf’t eupfdyblf888 sfdc ye udzhbj= 2 vfuhfv it- qfw vfymfyt,bs sfdb itbrfdf8
2 fv othbkbc ofvrbs[dtkc ufyphf[dfpt [tkc fbqt,c lf gfhnbf ff[btc7 cfcfwbkjf7 cf- itdfhlyf’tv gjkbn,behj- dfhlyf’tv bcbw vjrkf lf sfy vjrktl7 xdtyw dehxtds
sfdib gbhdtkfl bc fphb vj- bv lqblfydt 3mfhsekb jw- nbhfkb hjv fh b.jc8 w[flbf7 cf lf rhtvkib cojhtl jh]th 2 gbhdtkfl !)(% ktdfy [f,tc7 hjv ufvjtmfyjc
edf7 hjv fewbkt,kfl ecf.- yt,bc4 cflblt,kfl uflf- fvfc vtkbfw [dlt,f lf fvbnjv vcufdcb ibyffhcbc othbkt- otkc7 hjwf rhtvkib uflf- lf sfdbs itfcrltc 3dbdfvt-
dtlehjc 'dbhafc mfk,fnjyc bn.fdt,c ve[kt,c0 b.j7 hjv [f,tbidbkc ufvfh]- ,bs7 rhtvkib xfvorhbdt,e- ,fhut,bc oby  
 lfb,fhf lf vbfybiyf 2
lbc4 rtltkc=
2 bytcf bfvfyb’tc7 hjvtkvfw    dt,f vbekjwf se fhf7 vfiby- kb vlbdfy-htathtynb mfkt- itltub jhblfy thsb bmyt-
cffrfidbkc mfhsek othfib  2 cffrfidbkb7 hjvtkbw dt ufvjfw[flf 2 hjujhw rb ,bcsdbc ijrjkflt,bc xfvj- xtv itvltu [f,tbidbkb fh ,f 2 [f,t fy cek uffahtyc
3ahbflb4 lfeothf lf rfwc7 [f,tbidbkc 3’fkbfy lblb mdt.ybc vtcfvt ghtpbltynb hbut,bs7 [jkj cfmfhsdtkj- eylf vjdbltcj7 [jkj vtj-
htl !))% okbc @_ bdybcc7
fy lfzrdbylt,f lf vstkb tc
hjvtkcfw uhfvfnbrekb gb- gjntywbfkbc vmjyt gjkb- ufsfdbceaklt,f7 flfvbfyt- ib xfvjcekb vfqfkb sfyfv- rkjeyflf ths[tk lf cfve-
hbcf lf hbw[dbc ybiyt,b fmdc nbrjcfl4 vbbxytdc7 [f,tc /gbh- ,bc ufhrdtek ]ueasfy th- lt,j,bc gbht,bcfsdbc ae- hjwf cf[kblfy ufvjcekb lfvjl lfcheklt,f=
fhtekb7 crjkblfy jmhjc vt- lt,f7 hjv erhfbyblfy lf 3c[df sfl gjkbnbrehb ,h’jkbc kbcf lf cfveptevj tmcgj- itdfhlyf’bc cfthsfijhbcj
lfkb uffnfyf= flubkt,blfy4 v[fhc lfezthc8 hf gkfnajhvfcfw fdbhxtd7 yfnt,bc uflfwtvbs lfbvr- ajylbc ghtpbltynb ybq,b- 


   rfwvf hjv smdfc7 fv lfyfgb-
2 fv othbkbs7 hjvtkbw vfh- ht,c cffrfidbkb erdt fche-
skfwlf xbmjhsekbsff lf- kt,c888 vfhskfw7 mdt.ybc vf-


othbkb7 cffrfidbkvf cfmfhs- j[ht,tkb wmbhb erhfbyfib
dtkjc [tkbceakt,bc ,jc- fh bv.jat,f7 vfuhfv7 cfvfubt-

nfyib rtyzb bchjkf lf mdt.-
ybc vvfhsdtk gjkbnbreh
tkbnfc vbfybiyf 2 3cfmfhs-
dtkjib fhfyfbh gjkbnbreh

hjl7 c[df flubkfc7 rth’jl7
erfyfkib yfvldbkfl fhbc7
cfblfyfw [f,tc v[fhlfvzthb
othbkb ufeupfdyf lf ufvfh-

 
19


ktutylfhekb
mfhsdtkb rjvbrjcbcf
lf cfnbhbrjcbc 
 ths
crtnxib7 hjvtkbw
mfhsekb tybc
,fh,fhbpvt,bsf lf
;fhujyt,bs of,bkodfc
ufyfmbmt,c7 cfcfvfhskj
rjktubbc otdhb fv,j,c
2 3bvltyb
3b,kfnfdtc47 cfyfv
3chjrb4 fh 3lfbfltc4=
/jlf7 yfwbjyfkeh vj’hf-
j,fibw sbsmvbc fct lftvfh-
sfs 2 bvltyb 3b,kfnfdtc47
cfyfv 3yfchjrfkb4 vthf,bi-
dbkb fh 3lfbfltc4=
w[flbf7 duekbc[vj,s yfw-
ctmnfib f[kf[fy xfnfht,ek
iblf fhxtdyt,c7 hjvtkibw 
   
dfyj vthf,bidbkbcf lf lf-
dbs rtpthfidbkbc xextkfv
2  lff-
vfhw[f8
erfyfcrytkb ,hb.dbcsdbcfw
yfstkbf7 hjv 3yfchjrfkvf4
vthf,bidbkvf lf lfecoht,-
kfl 3ufchjrbkvf4 rtpthfi-
dbkvf lqtdfyltkb mfhsekb
gjkbnbrbc .dtkfpt rjvbre-
hb lf vfhubyfkehb ofhvjvfl-
utytkb  
.dtkfpt lblb jgjpbwbehb
gfhnbbc sfdv]ljvfhbc crfv-
pt lfltc7 dbsfhwf mdtdhb7 hj-
vtkbw bvfc fvjb’f[t,c7 hfcfw
xfc’f[t,ty=
 bmyt,f ufod-
hsybkb yfufpb7 hjvtkcfw
vthf,bidbkb lf rtpthfidb-
kb itc’f[t,ty 2 3afc=4 2 lf
bcbw evfk f.talt,f7 r,b-
kt,c lfrhtzc7 erfyf at[t,pt
itlut,f lf dbcrtyfw vbesbst-
,ty7 bvfc twtvf=
fvbthblfy vthf,bidbkb lf
rtpthfidbkb ufycfpqdhfdty
gfhnbbc cfvjmvtlj nfmnbrf-
cf lf cnhfntubfc=
fvbthblfy vthf,bidbkb lf
rtpthfidbkb uflfo.dtnty7
dby xfcdfy gfhnbbc cffhxtdyj
cbfib cfgfhkfvtynj lf sdbs-
vvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bcfs-
dbc=
fvbthblfy vthf,bidbkb lf
rtpthfidbkb itfhxtdty7 dby
eylf b.jc yfwbjyfkehb vj’-
hfj,bc rfylblfnb cfmfhsdt-
kjc ghtpbltynbc gjcnpt=
fvbthblfy vthf,bidbkb lf
rtpthfidbkb ufyrfhufdty bv
@ ___ ___ kfhcfw7 hjvtk-
cfw yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,f7
hjujhw rdfkbabwbehb cf-
fhxtdyj ce,btmnb7 cfmfhsdt-
kjc cf[tkvobaj ,be]tnblfy
.jdtkokbehfl bqt,c=
vjrktl7 vthf,bidbkb lf
rtpthfidbkb bmyt,bfy yfwb-
jyfkehb vj’hfj,bc htfke-
hb ,fnjy-gfnhjyt,b7 fye fhf-
ajhvfkehb lf xhlbkjdfyb
vvfhsdtkt,b=
,tlbc bhjybfw fvfc /mdbf5
yfwbjyfkt,vf bvltyb b’f[tc
2 cfmfhsdtkjib bdfybidb-
kbc fhfajhvfkehb vvfhs-
dtkj,f lfv.fhlfj7 ,jkjc
sfdbfys gfhnbfib vbbqtc yfv-
ldbkb fhfajhvfkehb vvfh-
sdtkj,f=
bvltyb 3b,kfnfdtc4 cffrfi-
dbkbc gfhnbbc otdht,vf 2 mdt-
.fyfib bdfybidbkbc xhlbkj-
dfy vvfhsdtkj,fc lfdfche-
kt,sj7 hjv f[kf sdbsjydt
eotds vthf,bidbkbcf lf rt-
pthfidbkbc xhlbkjdfyb
vvfhsdtkj,bc mdti .jayf=
fhflf7 yfwt,b7 erfyfcrytkb
!_ okbc ufyvfdkj,fib7 hfv-
ltyc twflyty7 sfdbfysb cbc[-
kbfyb lf rhbvbyfkehb ofh-
cekbcfufy hjujhvt lbcnfy-
wbht,ekb.dyty= hfvlty]th
fnt[tc abwb-vnrbwb gfhnbe-
kb ntktdbpbt,bc tsthib 2
ofhcekib lfidt,ekb itwlj-
vt,b ufdffyfkbpts7 .dtkfpt
v’bvt ,bjuhfabbc vmjyt [fk-
[b gfhnbblfy vjdbijhts7 f[f-
20 
 
 
 










kb cf[tt,b vjdb.dfyts lf f[-
kf cek c[df 3sfvhjt,b4 dfh-
sj=
cfo.fk vtkbfc cek 3gfh-
nbbc ht,htylbyub4 trthf gbh-
pt lf ,jkj7 obyfcffhxtdyj
rfvgfybbcfc sfdbc cfhtrkfvj-
cffubnfwbj vfcfkt,pt 3thsbfy
yfwbjyfkeh vj’hfj,fcfw4
fqfh othlf7 v[jkjl %-bfyc
b.tyt,lf cffhxtdyj yjvhfl=
yfwsfufy cojhtl vtkbf b.j
gbhdtkb7 dbyw wb[blfy f[fk-
ufvjcek vthf,bidbkc cf]f-
hjl uftvb]yf lf ufyfw[flf 2
bv gjkbnbreh ufthsbfyt,f-
ib7 cflfw bub bmyt,f7 xtv sfdc
dth d[tlfdj=
3chjrvj[lbk4 dfyjc wfk-
rt cffrfidbkvf ufvjeothf cfu-
pehb 2 dehxtd7 gjkbnbrfc
fqfh lfe,heyltc7 lfbcdtyjc7
cfvjupfehjl ofdbltcj=
bc rb fhf7 cffrfidbkvf yfw-
vj’hfj,fib iblfgfhnbek fh-
xtdyt,fvlt hfvltybvt lqbs fl-
htw cwflf7 vthf,bidbkbcfs-
dbc cfhvf ufvjtlj7 hjwf uth-
vfyek 3igbutksfy4 bynthdb-
eib ufyfw[flf 2 itdwlb7 hjv
ubhudkbfybc vrdktkj,bc itv-

ltu ibyfufy cfmvtsf vbybcnhb
sfyfvlt,j,blfy fh uflfdf.t-
ytj=
vthf,bidbkbcfsdbc sfdib
xfrfreyt,fc tvcf[eht,jlf bvf-
dt 3igbutksfy4 gfnbvfh cff-
rfidbkbc yfsmdfvb 2 fh ufvjd-
hbw[fd7 hjv erhfbyblfy cf-
mfhsdtkjib xtvb lf,heyt-
,f hectsbc futynt,bc vbth
b.j jhufybpt,ekbj=
cfmvt bc fhbc7 hjv cffrfi-
dbkc cfmfhsdtkjib itvjgfh-
dfc .dtkfpt fmnbehfl cojhtl
 exbxbyt,-
lf7 [jkj 3,jhjnfc4 vtncf[t-
kbs wyj,bkb  
yfwbjyfkt,vf bvltyb b'f[tc 2 cfmfhsdtkjib
bdfybidbkbc fhfajhvfkehb vvfhsdtkj,f
lfv.fhlfj7 ,jkjc sfdbfys gfhnbfib vbbqtc
yfvldbkb fhfajhvfkehb vvfhsdtkj,f=

!_ otkbf7 dfv,j,7 hjv he-
3ubhxbc4 ths-thsb kblthb7
rbyjht;bcjhb
ct,bc cfvcf[ehib bluyty 

 cffrfidbkbc ,b’f
  ufvj’bt,f
c[df vbvfhsekt,bs ofdblf7
sjhtv tutyb cfvij,kjc qf-
kfnbcsdbc cbc[kbccfvfhs-
kbc gfce[bcut,fib eylf .j-
abkb.dyty vbwtvekb8 vfbywlfvfbyw cffrfidbkc eylf
tsmdf7 hjv yfstkb ufv[lfhb.j7 vthf,bidbkb dbc tvcf[e-
ht,jlf0 bctsb kj,bht,f hecek ghtcfib7 hjujhw
vthf,bidbkc /mjylf7 vujyb7 ,ht;ytdc fh /mjylf8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4
 hjvtkvfw fhf;yt,b-
fy nhfbkthib cffrfidbkbc xfc-
vf lf erhfbyblfy ufvjgfht,f
epheydtk.j7 vthf,bidbkbc .j-
abkb vjflubkt lf 3vfh]dtyf [t-
kb4 uf[kfds8
vjrktl7 3chjrpt4 v.jab
yfw,tkflb7 vbc [tks lfhxt-
ybkb htcehct,bs7 ,jkj oe-
sfvlt wlbkj,lf7 yfwvj’hf-
j,f 3yfchjrfk4 vthf,bidbkc
fh 3lftflt,byf47 vfuhfv fvf-
jl 2 3chjrvj[lbkvf4 dfyjv
iehbc’bt,f it’kj7 vtkbf [f-
,tbidbkbc [tkbs vjfwehf lf
cffrfidbkbc gfhnbf 3lfbflf4=
hf smvf eylf7 rtpthfidbksfy
nfyltvib=
vjut[ctyt,fs7 rtpthfidbkc
lblb 3vf.esb4 fmdc7 hflufy [t-
kbceakt,fib .jaybcfc ,tdhb
,bpytcb 3lfbflf4 lf @__( okbc
jvbc lhjc mfhsek ]fhc vbkb-
jyt,b 3vjent[f47 vthf,bidbkc
rb lblb 3ifynhfgf4 /.fdc bv .j-
abkb 'fkjdyt,bc cf[bs7 hjv-
kt,cfw thsb cekb fmds7 mfh-
sdtkb [fk[bc 3lfxvjht,bc47
lfh,tdbc7 bfhfqbcf lf yfhrj-
nbrbc xflt,bc7 erfyjyj afhe-
kb sdfksdfkbcf lf vjcvtybc
cfiefkt,f fqblubyjy7 fye bc
rfhub lhj lfb,heyjy7 hjwf7
dfyj 3cthuttdbxbc4 o.fkj,bs7
vfssdbc .dtkfathb yt,flfh-
sekb b.j8
lbl[fyc hjv fh ufdfuh’t-
kjs7 dfyj vthf,bidbkbcf lf
lfdbs rtpthfidbkbc fhfajh-
vfkehb vvfhsdtkj,bc lfv.f-
ht,bs yfwbjyfkeh vj’hfj,f-
ib .dtkfpt ,ytkb7 .dtkfpt
cfcnbrb lf .dtkfpt lfyfife-
kt,hbdb ofhcekb lf,heylf=
se yfwvj’hfj,fib vtkbfc
sfdv]ljvfhtj,bc lhjc dbyvtc
jlyfdb bkepbf vfbyw /mjylf 2
udtkvf udtkj,f vjbifkfj7 vt-
hf,bidbkbcf lf rtpthfidbkbc
xhlbkjdfyb vvfhsdtkj,bc lfv-
.fht,bs .dtkfcfsdbc w[flb uf[-
lf7 hjv 3udtkbdt /ist,f udt-
kfl=4
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,f lf
dfyj vthf,bidbkb .jdtksdbc
bvcf[eht,lyty thsvfytsc=
dfyj vthf,bidbkbcf lf yf-
wbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc lhj-
t,bsb ufyijht,f ecfvfhskj-
,f b.j=
rfhubf7 hjv cfvfhskbfyj,f
fqluf lf vthf,bidbkvf lf yfw-
vj’hfj,fv thsvfytsb 3lfbf-
ltc4=
fvlty [fyc n.ebkfl fh
3e,kfnfdbfs4=


jgjpbwbjythb gfhkfvtynfhb


gfhkfvtynfhb
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,f  uflfhxtyf vt-
cfvt akfyupt uflfdf7 se lf-
,tkflpt jhbtynbht,ekb
jhufybpfwbff 2 hjujhw gj- cfdkeh jh,bnfc vjdo.lt-
kbnbrehb 'fkf7 bvltyfl ,bs8 cfmfhsdtkjc evsfdht-
fhbc ltuhflbht,ekb7 hjv cb ufcfzbhb lqtc fhbc rfylb-
fqfh eylf ufbsdfkbcobyj8 lfnbc cnfnecbc cfrbs[b8
3GFKBNHFYBECB4 3GFKBNHFYBECB4


yfwbjyfkt,c f[fkb
,tkflb /.fds 2
vthf,bidbk-
rtpthfidbkbc
[tkbc,bzb 7
hjvkbc fhxtdfcfw
fhfthsudfhjdfyb
itafct,t,b vj/.df8
lfluf se fhf mdt.fyf
ltcnf,bkbpfwbbc
cfibihjt,bc obyfit lf7
pjuflfl7 hf
gjkbnbreh
vjwtvekj,fib dfhs
lqtc0 2 fvbc itcf[t,
gjkbnjkjub7
acbmjkjub 

udtcfe,ht,f5
2 yfwt,bc f[fkb sfdv]lj-
vfhbc tuhts ojlt,ekvf fh-
xtdyt,vf thsb hfv lfudfyf[f 2
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,f fqfh
fhbc ufycfresht,ekb gfh-
nbf= @_@_ otkc se @_ ghj-
wtynb /mjylf v[fhlfzthf7
lqtc hjv cfgfhkfvtynj fh-
xtdyt,b nfhlt,jltc7 @ ghj-
wtynpt vtnc dth fbqt,c7 fye
lff[kjt,bs !_-]th itvwbhlf
fvjvhxtdtksf hbw[db7 hbcb vb-
ptpbw  
 cfdfhfeljl7 wj-
nf [fyib tc @-ghjwtynbfyb
v[fhlfzthfw fqfh tmyt,fs7
hflufy vfs cfsfdtib efhtcb
hflbrfkb vjdblf8 
  
   
    

cfvfubthjl7 [f,tbidbkbc yf-
wbjyfkt,bc sfdv]ljvfhtl fh-
xtdbs eahj vtnfl ufv.fhlf
3mfhsekb jwyt,bc4 gjpbwbf8
vfhsfkbf7 cffrfidbkbc cf[bs
vjfrklf cfahs[j,tkf7 vfu-
hfv vbc yfwdkfl ufxylf jhb
abuehf 2 
 hjvtksf uf’-
kbtht,fw mfhsek gjkbnb-
reh jkbvgpt vjcf[ktj,bcs-
dbc rbltd eahj lfeidt,tkbf8
2 hfnjv0
2 @__( okbc itvltu bcvbc
dthcbf7 hjv dfyj vthf,bidbkb
hectssfy fhbc itrhekb8 dbc
fo.j,c lqtc ltcnf,bkbpfwbf
cfmfhsdtkjib0 hectsc7 hfl-
ufy xbytsblfy lf byljtsblfy
ofvjcekb ndbhst,b7 hfw fl-
ht hectspt uflbjlf7 f[kf cf-
mfhsdtkjpt lf fpth,fb]fypt
uflbc8 w[flbf7 hectsbc bynt-
htct,ib itlbc rfdrfcbbc upf-
pt atsmt,flb cbnefwbf7 hjv
xbytsvf lf fqvjcfdktsbc c[df
mdt.yt,vf bctd hectssfy sfyfv-
ihjvkj,fpt babmhjy8 ufhlf
fvbcf7 mdt.fyf7 cflfw cnf,bke-
hb cbnefwbf fh fhbc7 hjuj-
hw otcb7 fhfktufkehb ndbh-
st,bc nhfypbnb [lt,f8 rtpt-
hfidbkpt tdhjgfibw fhbc tz-
dt,b7 hjv vfc fhfktufkehb
ndbhst,bc ,bpytcb fmdc8
2 ufvjlbc7 [f,tbidbkbc
fhxtdbs7 fhfv[jkjl rtpt-
hfidbk-vthf,bidbkbc7 fhf-
vtl hectsbc cfmvtw ufrts-
lf0
hjujh

cffrfidbkbc v[fhlfvzthb
lf dbc ufvjf7
hjv !_ ot-
kb lfche-
kt,bs udt-
vemht,f
3jwyt,f47
dth lfudfc-
hekf lf !_
otkbf7 lfchekt,bs dtvemht,bs 3jw-
yt,fc4 lf dth lfdfchekts0 thsvfytsb
dfwjw[kts lf mdt.fyf uflfdf.jkts= ths-
vfytsb hfnjv dfwjw[kts0 bvbnjv7 hjv
thsyfbht,b dfhs=
 




3se vfy
ltcnf,bkbpfwbf
vjfo.j7 hectsbc
,eyt,hbdb
gfhnybjhb
uf[lt,f=4



2 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 yfwb-
jyfkt,bc lqtdfyltkb kblt-
hb hectsbc futynb fh fhbc7
fhwthsb cgtwcfvcf[ehb fh
lf[fh]fdc vfcpt aekc7 vfuhfv7
se vfy ltcnf,bkbpfwbf vj-
fo.j7 hectsbc ,eyt,hbdb gfh-
nybjhb uf[lt,f8
  
   





,jkjc lf ,jkjc7 cffrfidbkc
,b’f /.fdc eibihjt,bc vfqfk-
xbyjcfyb8 cfthsjl7 hfqfpt

 
 
  


3ubhxbc4 ths-thsb kblthb7
gfhkfvtynfhb
cfvfhskbfyb vfhskvcf]ekt,f /mjylf7 j,btm-
nehb cfcfvfhskj se ltvjrhfnbf0= hbs ufy-
c[dfdlt,jlf genbybc hectsbc ghbywbgt,bc-
ufy bc7 hfcfw cffrfidbkb frtst,lf0= fmtlfy
ufvjvlbyfht7 fy .dtkfc hectsevt eylf de’f-
[js7 fy ertstcb cf,f,b eylf vjdbujyjs eh-
3FKBF4 sbths,hfklt,t,bcsdbc8 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
 
dkfgfhfrj,s0= @__( okbc jvb
hectsbcsdbc cfxemfhb b.j=
fct hjv7 
 
 

2 hfc abmhj,s vfs vbth
lffyjyct,ek fmwbfpt 2 it-
'kt,ty @$ st,thdfkc mdt.f-
yfib fhtekj,bc ufvjodtdfc0
2 fhf vujybf7 fv fmwbfv lb-
lb vfcinf,t,b itb’byjc7
hflufy rbltd eahj wjnfyb
bmyt,bfy7 sevwf7 ltcnf,bkb-
pfwbbc ufvjodtdbc ,tdhb ajh-
vf fhct,j,c7 vfs ijhbc ths-
thsb erdt b.j yf[ctyt,b 2 


tc gfhnbf
gfhnbf 3ktkjc4 otdhb
eylf lfbif-
kjc= yfwbjyf-
keh vj’hfj-
,fc wjldt,vf
eobf8 
 
 vfyfw
hecekb cnb-
kbc cf[tkvob-
aj ffityf 2
3yfwbjyfkehb
vj’hfj,bc vjv[htt,blfy
erdt ,tdhc hw[dtybf bvbc
ufv[tkf7 hjv fv gfhnbfc
ezthc v[fhc=4
   
  erhfb-
yfib vt,h’jkb mfhsdtkt,b
evtntcfl lfmbhfdt,ekyb fhb-
fy8 fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb7 fct-
sb lfmbhfdt,ekb hfpvt,b cf-
mfhsdtkjibw itmvyfy gjkb-
nbrehb cbcntvbc itcfwdkt-
kfl8 abyfycehb res[bs vfs
fh ezbhs8
lqtc se dbyvtc fo.j,c mdt-
.fyfib fhtekj,f7 vfs ijhbc7
cffrfidbkbc gjkbnbrehfl
lfcfvfht,f7 tc vthf,bidbk-rt-
pthfidbkbc ]ueabf= cfvoe[f-
hjf7 hjv cffrfidbkb vbcvf f[-
kj,kt,vfw ufbvtntc ltvtywb-
bcsdbc8

yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
sfdv]ljvfhtj,bc rfylblfnb
yfwbjyfkeh vj’hfj,fib
ufbvfh]df ofhcekvf lf fhf
2 vjvfdfkvf7 dth d[tlfd sf-
yfvihjvkj,bc vbpfyc gfhnb-
fcsfy7 hjvtkbw ofhcekib
,heylt,f8
3GBHDTKB FH[B4

2 smdty fh abmhj,s7 hjv
cffrfidbkc ltvtywbf fmdc0
2 rfvj uthvfybbc wb[tib hjv
xfcdtc7 uflfo.dbnf7 tmbvt,b lf-
thoveyt,byf7 hjv acbmbrehfl
itehfw[flb b.j lf ltvtywbf
/mjylf8 bcts hfvtc zfvlf7 hbc
vbvfhsfw pbpqbc uh’yj,f ey-
lf /mjyjlf8 hjujhw otcb7 fv
lffdflt,bc vmjyt flfvbfyt,c
pbpqbc uh’yj,f emht,fs8 uth-
vfytkvf tmbvt,vf vfhskfw lf-
b]thtc7 hjv bc fdfl b.j8 [jv
fh utwyj,fs tc cehfsb0 vfu
e,tlehc ltvtywbf fhf fmdc lf
cbvekfynj,c8 hf ufyw[flt-
,t,cfw cffrfidbkb frtst,c7 tc
ltvtywbfyb flfvbfybc ufyw[f-


fhxtdyt,bc itltut,b fh vf’-
ktdc mdt.ybcsdbc cfzbhj ghj-
wtcbc lfo.t,bc bvtlc7 aek-
vf lf fhfajhvfkehvf ufd-
ktyt,vf ufbvfh]df gjkbnb-
rfpt8
3GBHDTKB FH[B4
lt,t,c fh /ufdc=
2 vfuhfv fvfc [jv ew[jt-
kb tmcgthnt,b flfcneht-
,ty0=
2   
   

 se tdhj-
rfdibhibf rjheawbf7 acbmb-
fnht,ib7 tmbvt,ib hfnjv fh
itb’kt,f b.jc0= yfwbjyfkt-
,bw vidtybdhfl [dlt,bfy7 hjv
fv lbfuyjppt gtlfkbht,bs
cffrfidbkc gjkbnbrehfl
rkfdty7 vfuhfv7 hjujhw erdt
dsmdb7 rtpthfidbk-vthf,bi-
dbkbc ]ueac fo.j,c vbcb gj-
kbnbrehb cbrdlbkb8
2 bc [jv afmnbf7 hjv ^(
rbkjuhfvc bojybc0
2 se fh itzfvc7 rbltd
eahj uf[lt,f8 lf7 cfthsjl7
se flfvbfyvf itbmvyf acbmj-
kjubehb ufyo.j,f ibvibkj-
,bcsdbc7 vtht hjvw vjeyltc
zfvf7 cfrdt,c dtqfh vbbqt,c7 ue-
kbchtdf lfto.t,f8 fvfc hj-
ujhw acbmjkjub ute,yt,bs8
dabmhj,7 vfc hjujhw fyjhtm-
nbrc7 eylf evrehyfkjy=
2 hjujhw .jabkb ghtpb-
ltynb cffrfidbkbc vhxtdt-
kb7 hfc ehxtds mdt.ybc fv-
;fvbyltk vtsfehc bhfrkb
qfhb,fidbkc0
2 ufb[cyfc sfhjpt itvjlt-
,ekb cfmvtt,b7 lfo.t,ekb it-
gbht,ekb lfdbsufht]bs7 lfv-
sfdht,ekb bv cfmvtt,bs7 hjv-
kt,bw smdtyc rbs[dt,cfw ufc-
wtvc gfce[c7 vfufkbsfl7 hf
ghjwtct,ibf ufhtekb vthf-
,bidbkb lf f8i8 
   
  
  
  rbltd ths-
[tk dfv,j,7 mdt.fyfib lblbf
ltcnf,bkbpfwbbc cfibihjt-
,f lf ufycfresht,ekb vj,b-
kbpt,f czbhlt,f [tkbceakt-
,fc=
tcfe,hf



gfhkfvtynfhb
athb athcf7 vflkb qvt-
hscfj7 fct bltfkehfl
e[lt,bfy thsvfytsc yfwb-
jyfkehb vj’hfj,f lf vbcb
sfdv]ljvfht8
3GBHDTKB FH[B4
21
 



2 fctsvf whe byajhvfwbfv
rdkfd vjbfhf vcjakbj7 [jkj
erhfbybc ghtpbltynvf

,hbabyupt 3yfofvt,b47
cbyfvldbktib rb7 uf[ljvbc
vbpybs rezbc lfgfnfhfdt,bc
jgthfwbbc itltufl jlyfd
itaths[bkb lf cffdflv.jajc
dbg-gfkfnfib ofvjgkfrekb
sfqkbsbc ajnjt,b
ffahbfkf8 cffrfidbkb
fifh;t,c wyt,fc 3ofvt,f47
hjwf cfresfh sfdc ofvt,ekfl
b[ctybt,c8 mfhsdtkvf
cfpjufljt,fv rb rfhufl bwbc
fv wyt,bc vybidytkj,f7 hflufy
fv yf’bhfkfc wb[tt,ib cfresfh
sfdpt ufvjcwflf= lqtc
gfnbvht,bc ofvt,bc yfrkt,fl
wyj,bkb afmnt,bc itcf[t,
ubfv,j,s7 hjvkt,bw ht;bvbc
gbhj,t,ib cf[fk[j
lfvwdtkbc bvlhjbyltkvf7
cjpfh ce,fhbctekvf
fgfhfnvf fqvjfxbyf7 sevwf7
fhw fv cbcfcnbrbc xfvltysf
evhfdktcj,fc lf
fhw lfvrdtsc gfce[b fh eubfs5
 mesfbcbc 1-@ cfg.hj,bktib
@__% okbc @_ ltrtv,thc cfc]tkfq-
chekt,bc ltgfhnfvtynbc
cgtwhfpvb itbzhf8 fcpt vtnvf gfnb-
vfhvf c[dflfc[df [fhbc[bc lfpbfyt,f
vbbqj8 gfnbvfhb 
vjudbfyt,bs lfbqegf8 ufvj’bt,fv lf-
flubyf7 hjv cgtwlfybiyekt,bc hfp-
vb f[jhwbtkt,lf rfyjybs vbybzt,ek
eakt,fc gfnbvfhsf ]ueabc erfyj-
yj mvtlt,bc fqcfrdtsfl lf fmtlfy uf-
vjvlbyfht7 efhb tsmdf cbc[kbccfvfh-
skt,hbdb ltdybc fq’dhfpt8
 ,fsevbc 1# cfg.hj,bktib
@__^ okbc @$ bfydfhc x[htrf-lfs-
dfkbtht,f xfnfhlf8 cgtwhfpvtkt,b
gfnbvht,c ehn.fvlyty lthtafyib
bct7 hjv vfsb v[hblfy obyffqvltuj-
,fc flubkb fh /mjybf8 obyfcofhb uf-
vj’bt,f fv afmnsfy lfrfdibht,bs fh
lfo.t,ekf8
 vc]fdhlt,eksf lf gfnbvfhsf
cfvrehyfkj lfotct,ekt,fib @__^
okbc !% fudbcnjc cfcnbrfl cwt-
vtc gfnbvfhb 
gfnbvfhc c[tekbc c[dflfc[df yfobk-
pt fqtybiyt,jlf cbc[kyf;qtyst,b lf
tmcrjhbfwbt,b9 fctdt ie,kbc 'dkbc
vfh]dtyf vblfvjib7 sfdbc svjdfy yf-
obkib fqtybiyt,jlf nhfdvbc itlt-
ufl ufydbsfht,ekb ,jhwdbct,ehb
ofhvjyfmvyt,b8
 hecsfdbc 1^ cfg.hj,bkbc rfh-
wthib @__^ okbc !#-!% ctmntv,thc
lf @( jmnjv,thc cf[fk[j lfvwdt-
kbc vjybnjhbyubc ]ueavf ibidt-
kb gfnbvht,b 2 
   
   
 fqvjfxbyf8 gfnbvht,vf ufyfw[fltc7
hjv wb[bc flvbybcnhfwbfv rfhwth-
ib xfvo.dltdbcfc vfs nfycfwvkbc uf[-
lf lfvwbht,bc vbpybs fb’ektc8 fv
lfyfifekbc xfvltyb fhwthsb gbhb
gfce[bcut,fib fh vbewbfs8
 hecsfdbc vt-!^ lfotct,ekt-
,fib @_!_ okbc ! bdybcc cfthsj lf
vrfwhb ht;bvbc cfc]tkfqchekt,bc
lfotct,ekt,bc f[fkb rjhgecb uf[-
cytc7 hjvtkibw gfnbvht,b abpb-
rehb 'fkbc ufvj.tyt,bs lf wtvf-
n.tgbs uflfb.dfytc8 tc afmnb htf-
ubht,bc ufhtit lfhxf8
 vc]fdhlt,eksf lf gfnbvfhsf
cfvrehyfkj lfotct,ekt,fib @_!_
okbc @_ bdybcc vc]fdhlt,ek v8o8-
c abpbrehfl ufecojhlyty8 vc]fd-
hlt,ekc c[tekpt fqtybiyt,jlf lf-
pbfyt,t,b5 ie,kbc ptlf vfhw[tyf v[f-
htc yfzltdb7 vfh]dtyf ofh,bc ptvjs
pjkt,bc cf[bs cfvb yfzltdb7 vfh]dt-
yf lf vfhw[tyf sdfk,elbc fhtib /t-
vfnjvt,b7 vfh]dtyf lf vfhw[tyf sdfk-
,elbc mdtvjs yf[tsmb zhbkj,f7
w[dbhpt yfzltdt,b lf itcbt,f7 vfh]-
dtyf lf vfhw[tyf vrkfdbc ptlf flub-
22 
kt,ib udthlblfy lf erfyf v[hblfy
/tvfnjvt,b8 ufvj’bt,fv 3dth lfflub-
yf4 bv gbhsf dbyfj,f7 hjvkt,vfw v8o8-
c vbvfhs ufyf[jhwbtktc erfyjyj mvt-
lt,t,b8
 vc]fdhlt,eksf lf gfnbvfhsf
cfvrehyfkj lfotct,ekt,fib cf[fk-
[j lfvwdtkbc vjybnjhbyut,bc itlt-
ufl xfvj.fkb,lf lfcrdyf7 hjvkbc vb-
[tldbsfw7 3vc]fdhlt,ekt,b [ibh
itvs[dtdfib thblt,bfy othbkj,bs
lflfcneht,fc lf afmnt,bc ufcf]f-
hjt,fc8 ,tdhb vfsufyb fw[flt,c7 hjv
cfzbhjt,bc itvs[dtdfibw rb fqfh
cehc cfvrehyfkj lfotct,ekt,f-
ib lf,heyt,f bm fhct,ekb ptlvt-
nfl vrfwhb ht;bvbc ufvj8 [ibh itv-
s[dtdfib gfnbvht,b cfresfhb ufy-




w[flt,bs njdt,ty cfvrehyfkj lf-
otct,ekt,fc7 flvbybcnhfwbbc fu-
htcbek lfvjrblt,ekt,fc bodtdc
gfnbvht,bc cfxbdht,b tdhjgbc cf-
cfvfhskjib7 hbc ufvjw fdflv.ja
gfnbvht,c 3cfvij,kjc vjqfkf-
ntc4 lf 3bynhbufyc4 eojlt,ty8
b.j itvs[dtdt,b7 hjltcfw gfnbv-
ht,b vjhuib xfb.dfytc lf cwtvtc48
 
@_!_ okbc @^ st,thdfkc rfh-
wthib ufvjvo.dltekb gfnbvfhb 
  ufhlfbwdf-
kf8 ofvt,bc itltufl flfvbfybc lfqeg-
dbc ufvj gfnbvht,vf ibvibkj,f uf-
vjfw[fltc8 gfnbvht,bc vidblj,bfyb
ghjntcnbc fqrdtsbc vbpybs @( st-
,thdfkc rjkjybfib cfqfvjc cffst,-
ib cohfab htfubht,bc cgtwbfkehb
lfybiyekt,bc hfpvb itdblf8 vjibv-
ibkt gfnbvht,c fnfht,lyty cgtw-
hfpvtksf t8o8 3rjhbljhib47 hf lhj-
cfw vfs lfeylj,kfl cwtvlyty8
 mcybc vt-!% lfotct,ekt,fib
@_!_ okbc !) fudbcnjc cfc]tkfq-
chekt,bc ltgfhnfvtynbc cgtwbf-
kehb lfybiyekt,bc hfpvb itbz-
hf8 vc]fdhlt,ekt,b uffnfhtc cgtw-
hfpvtksf vbth vjo.j,bk 3rjhbljh-
ib47 hf lhjcfw cwtvlyty [tkrtnt-
,bs8 itvltu gfnbvht,b itf,heytc rtl-
kbcrty7 uffibidktc lf uffuh’tktc vf-
sb wtvf lf cbn.dbthb itehfw[.jaf8
gfnbvht,bc ofvt,fib vjyfobktj,l-
yty lfotct,ekt,bc lbhtmnjhbc
vjflubkt lf ht-
;bvbc eahjcb  afm-
nblfy lff[kjt,bs yf[tdfhb cffsbc
itvltu vc]fdhlt,ekt,b uflfb.dfytc
1^ hecsfdbc wb[tib lf vfsb ofvt,f
bm ufuh’tklf8
 mcybc vt-!% lfotct,ekt,fib
ufysfdct,ekb !^! vc]fdhlt,ekbc
rjktmnbehb ufyw[flt,bc sfyf[-
vfl7 @_!_ okbc ! jmnjv,thc lfot-
ct,ekt,bc sfyfvihjvkt,b 

    
 2 rjkjybfib it-
cf[kt,bcfc vc]fdhlt,ekt,c f.tyt,-
lyty ve[kt,pt7 fqybiyekb vjs[jd-
ybc itechekt,kj,bc itvs[dtdfib
cwtvlyty7 yt,bcvbthb lbcwbgkbye-
hb uflfwljvbc itvs[dtdfib7 rfhwth-
ib vjsfdct,fcsfy thsfl7 vfs abpb-
rehfl lf cbn.dbthfl itehfw[.ja-
lyty8 bv itvs[dtdfib7 se vc]fdhlt-
,ekt,b ufvj[fnfdlyty cf[fk[j lfv-
wdtksfy lfrfdibht,bc cehdbkc7 hf-
sf byajhvfwbf vbtojlt,byfs afm-
nt,bc itcf[t,7 lfotct,ekt,fib bsb-
it,jlf ntktajyt,b lf tvemht,jl-
yty cfc]tkbc lfvfnt,bs8 obyfcofhb
ufvj’bt,f fv afmnsfy lfrfdibht,bs
fh lfo.t,ekf8
 mcybc vt-!% lfotct,ekt,fib
@_!_ okbc ^ jmnjv,thc lfotct,e-
kt,bc sfyfvihjvkt,vf cwtvtc
vc]fdhlt,ekt,b5 i8a89 y8f89 j8r8 lf u8v8
@_!_ okbc @$ ctmntv,thc rb cwt-
vtc vc]fdhlt,ekt,b v8z8 lf r8a8 vc]fd-
hlt,ek r8a8-c pehupt7 vfhw[tyf v[f-
htc fqtybiyt,jlf lff[kjt,bs !_ cv
lbfvtnhbc cbc[kyf;qtysb7 fctdt rb-
cthcf lf vstk pehupt cbc[kxfmwt-
dt,b7 jhbdt ptlf rblehpt yfzltdt,b8
vc]fdhlt,ekb ufyvfhnfdlf7 hjv fq-
ybiyekb lfpbfyt,t,b vbbqj mfvhbs
wtvbc itltufl8 vc]fdhlt,ek v8z8-c rb-
cthsfy lf vfhw[tyf v[fhtc7 pehupt7
fqtybiyt,jlf vjobsfkj athbc cbc-
[kxfmwtdt,b8
 mcybc vt-!% lfotct,ekt,fib
@_!_ okbc #_ ctmntv,thc fhfc-
hekokjdfysf lfotct,ekt,blfy
uflvj.dfybk vc]fdhlt,ekt,c5
    lfotct,e-
kt,fib it.dfybcfc vfsb cehdbkbc
cfobyffqvltujl uflfgfhctc sfdt,b8
 mcybc vt-!% lfotct,ekt,fib
@_!_ okbc !^ ltrtv,thc vc]fdhlt-
,ekt,vf v lf -v ufvjfw[f-
ltc ibvibkj,f lf fvjbrthtc gbhb7
dbyfblfy fh t’ktjlfs vtlbrfvty-
nt,b8 vfs sfyfvihjvkt,vf lfotct,e-
kt,bc lbhtmnjhbc rf,bytnib cwt-
vtc7 'fkbc ufvj.tyt,bs ufe[cytc fvj-
rthbkb gbhb8 vc]fdhlt,ek -c8 uf-
htuyekb lfsdfkbtht,bs fqtybiyt-
,jlf jhbdt ptlf rblehpt lf pehu-
pt tmcrjhbfwbt,b7 next,bc fhtib 2
yf[dhtnb zhbkj,t,b8 vc]fdhlt,ek
-c fqtybiyt,jlf next,bc fhtib
yf[dhtnb zhbkj,t,b8 vfhw[tyf ptlf
rblehpt7 ie,kcf lf vf]bc fhtib tmc-
rjhbfwbt,b lf vfhw[tyf vrkfdbc blf.-
dsfy 2 cb.dbskt8
 uklfybc vt-( lfotct,ekt,f-
ib @_!! okbc % ctmntv,thc cwtvtc
gfnbvfhb vb[tbk b8 cfvtlbwbyj tm-
cgthnsfy it[dtlhbcfc7 hjvtkcfw
gfnbvhbc c[tekpt lfpbfyt,t,b ey-
lf fqtothf7 vc]fdhlt,ekvf ufyfw[f-
lf7 hjv 3fh f[cjdlf47 se hf f[cyf-
ufyvfhnt,f vbcwf cf[fk[j lfvwdtkbc
hoveyt,ekc lf vjbs[jdf7 hjv cf-
[fk[j lfvwdtkbc lf[vfht,fc fqfh cf-
zbhjt,lf lf vbc f[cyf-ufyvfhnt,fc
htfubht,f fh vj/.jkjlf +===`8 fv afm-
npt ufvj’bt,f fh lfo.t,ekf +=`8
 mesfbcbc 1@ lfotct,ekt,f-
ib @_!! okbc ) ctmntv,thc vc]fd-
hlt,ekt,vf 
     
othbkj,bs lfflfcnehtc afmnb
cfc]tkfqchekt,bc ltgfhnfvtynbc
cgtwbfkehb lfybiyekt,bc hfpvbc
lfotct,ekt,fib itcdkbcf lf gf-
nbvht,bc ufhrdtekb yfobkbc wt-
vbc itcf[t,7 hfibw vjyfobktj,lyty
lfotct,ekt,bc lbhtmnjhb 
  cjwbfkehb cfvcf-
[ehbc eahjcb 
 lfotct,ekt,bc sfyfvihjvkt-
,b5 
 lf dbyvt 
 obyfcofhb ufvj’bt,f fv afmnsfy
lfrfdibht,bs fh lfo.t,ekf8 fvfdt
lqtc  uf-
vjb.dfytc cfryblfy7 flvbybcnhfwbbc
sfyfvihjvtkvf  
lfeo.j wtvf7 itvltu wtvbs xfb.dfytc
3,jmct,ib47 cflfw ibidtk vlujvf-
htj,fib * cffsb uffxthtc7 fb’ekt,-
lyty ve[kt,pt lflujvfc7 
 rb [tkc ehn.fvlf sfdib7
hbc itvltufw rdkfd wtvbs uffnfhtc
t8o8 3rjhbljhib48
 mesfbcbc 1@ lfotct,ekt,f-
ib @_!! okbc @% bdkbcc-c
vbf.tytc abpbrehb lf cbn.dbthb
itehfw[.jaf vfc itvltu7 hfw ibv-
ibkj,f ufvjfw[flf7 hjwf rfyjybs
resdybkb ufctbhyt,bc vjs[jdyf-
pt efhb es[htc8 lfotct,ekt,bc
sfyfvihjvkt,b fctdt itt[yty vbc 
 lf fv ybf-
lfuptw vbf.tytc cbn.dbthb itehfw[-
.jaf8 fb’ekt,lyty lfxjmt,fc7 hfptw
vc]fdhlt,ekvf efhb ufyfw[flf8 vfc
rdkfd cwtvtc lf vbf.tytc cbn.dbthb
itehfw[.jaf7 vc]fdhlt,ekc c[tek-
pt fqtybiyt,jlf pehubc fhtib lf-
f[kjt,bs !_-!% cv-bc cfvb cbc[kyf;-
qtysb7 uekvrthlbcf lf rbchbc vb-
lfvjt,ib vhfdkj,bsb cbc[kyf;qty-
st,b lf tmcrjhbfwbt,b7 jhbdt at[bc
ve[kpt aea[bs lfafhekb yfzlt-
dt,b7 jhbdt [tkbc vf]fpt /bgthtvbf lf
yfzltdb7 itiegt,f sfdbc fhtib7 hfw
cfcfvfhskj tmcgthnbpbs lflfc-
nehlf8
 mesfbcbc 1@ lfotct,ekt,f-
ib @_!! okbc @@ bdkbcc gfnbvfh
 -c lfotct,ekt,bc cfvj-
hbutj yfobkib ufysfdct,bcsfyfdt
wtvf lfeo.j hfvltybvt sfyfvihj-
vtkvf8 cwtvlyty ofmwtek vlujvfht-
j,fib lf f.tyt,lyty cbn.dbth ite-
hfw[.jafc8 wtvbc itvltu cfrfyib it-
b.dfytc7 cflfw [tk,jhrbkt,bs @ lqt
fv.jatc8 vfc c[tekpt c[dflfc[df cf-
[bc lfpbfyt,t,b fqvjfxylf5 vfh]dtyf
sdfk,elbc vfhw[tyf vblfvjib 2 cbc-
[kyf;qtysb7 vfh]dtyf sdfk,elbc mdt-
lf vblfvjib 2 vjobsfkj athbc
othnbkjdfyb cbc[kyf;qtysb7 vfh]-
dtyf lf vfhw[tyf v[ht,bc vblfvjib 2
tmcrjhbfwbt,b7 pehubc vblfvjib 2
vhfdkj,bsb tmcrjhbfwbt,b8
 mesfbcbc 1@ lfotct,ekt,f-
ib cf[fk[j lfvwdtkbc vjybnjhby-
ubc itltufl ufv;qfdylf rjktmnb-
ehb lfc]bc vtsjlt,b 2 thsb gf-
nbvhbc uflfwljvbcsdbc bc]t,f vst-
kb cfrfyb7 hfw flvbybcnhfwbbcs-
dbc ptojkbc lfvfnt,bsb vtmfybp-
vbf8 lfotct,ekt,bc cfw[jdht,tk
rjhgecpt vlt,fht cfryt,ib flvbybc-

 

nhfwbf gfnbvht,c fb’ekt,c vjhb-
utj,bc lfotct,fc7 [jkj vjhbut gf-
nbvfhc sfdbcb vjhbutj,bc lhjc gf-
ce[b vjts[jdt,f c[df gfnbvht,bc mvt-
lt,t,ptw8 vjhbutj,fpt efhbc smvf7
sfdbc v[hbd7 abpbrehb itehfw[.j-
abc fy lfc]bc vbptpb [lt,f8
cfvfhnjj cfryt,ib lfvwbht,bc
vbpybs .jdtkb lbkbc itvjovt,b-
cfc gfnbvht,c ufibidkt,fc fb’ekt-
,ty8 rfhfynbybc cfrybc ufqt,bcfc gf-
nbvht,b sfdpt [tkt,lfo.j,bk
vlujvfhtj,fib lut,jlyty cf[bs
afy]hbcrty8 hfvltybvt vfsufyvf fq-
ybiyf7 hjv vfs lqtib lff[kjt,bs
cfv-js[]th eotdlfs fv vlujvfhtj-
,fib cfhrvtksfy ufysfdct,f7 hfw
pju]th itcf’kjf7 yf[tdfhb cffsbw rb
ufuh’tkt,ekb.j8 vfsb smvbs7 cfoj-
kblfy ofvt,ib fh fy dthofvjluj-
vbc itvs[dtdfib vfs lfotct,ekt-
,bc sfyfvihjvkt,b c]bfy8 gfnbvfh-
sf yfobkvf bcbw fqybiyf7 hjv rfhfy-
nbyib .jaybcfc lbkbc itvjovt,fpt
vfs flvbybcnhfwbbc sfyfvihjvkt-
,b f.tyt,lyty abpbreh lf cbn.dbth
itehfw[.jafc8 lfotct,ekt,fib uf-
vtat,ek ibibc cbylhjvpt vtn.dt-
kt,c7 hjv gfnbvht,bc smvbs7 bcbyb
erblehtcb cfzbhjt,bc itvs[dtdfibw
rb thblt,bfy cfvtlbwbyj lf[vfht,bc
vjs[jdyfc8 ths-thsb gfnbvhbc
smvbs7 bub vfyfv thblt,jlf tmbvbc
lf’f[t,fc7 cfyfv vlujvfhtj,f fh uf-
ehseklf lf cfcohfajl cfjgthf-
wbj fh uf[lf +===‘8
 peulblbc 1$ lfotct,ekt-
,fib itcfvxytdb b.j gfnbvfhsf lf-
’f,ekj,f cfrybc rfhbc ufqt,bc
,fsf cfcfvfhskjc cfhxtkbs vb-
vfhsf8 flvbybcnhfwbbc sfyfvihjv-
kt,b eojlt,lyty 3bynhbufyc4 lf
3cfmfhsdtkjc vjqfkfntc47 fh f’-
ktdlyty vtlbrfvtynt,c lf epqe-
lfdlyty ntktajybs7 ufctbhyt,bc
lf f,fyjsb cfhut,kj,bc eakt,fc8
xfvjfhsdtc cfothb rfkfvb lf afy-
mfhb8
 @_!! okbc ! ltrtv,thc cwt-
vtc lf itehfw[.jaf vbf.tytc gf-
nbvfh  lftvemh-
yty lfbydfkblt,bs bvbc ufvj7 hjv
vfy flfvbfybc eakt,fsf tdhjgek
cfcfvfhskjc cfhxtkbs vbvfhsf8
 @_!! okbc @( yjtv,thc vc]fd-
hlt,ekb  xfb.dfytc lf-
otct,ekt,bc vjhuib lf cfcnbrfl
cwtvtc8 sfyfvihjvtkb 
 vfc lftvemhf ufe-
gfnbeht,bs8 itvltu bub lff[kjt-
,bs #_-$_ oesbc vfy’bkpt [tkt,-
pt ,jhrbklflt,ekb vewkbs bo-
df vjhubc bfnfrpt8 vjudbfyt,bs 
vemfhbsf lf ub-
yt,bs lffothbyf7 hjv lfpbfyt,t,b7
hjvkt,bw vc]fdhlt,ekc fqtybiyt-
,jlf7 vfy sfdfl vbb.tyf lf hjv 1!(
lfotct,ekt,bc flvbybcnhfwbbc sf-
yfvihjvkt,bc vbvfhs ghtntypbf fh
uffxylf8
 s,bkbcbc 1* lfotct,ekt-
,fib @_!! okbc !^ vfhnc gfnbvfh
-c vjcs[jdtc7 [tkb vj-
tothf hfqfw ljrevtynpt7 hfptw
gfnbvfhvf efhb ufyfw[flf8 fvbc uf-
vj vfc cwtvtc flvbybcnhfwbbc sf-
abkt,bc eahjcb  
`8 lfotct,ekt,fib gfnbvht,bc
vbvfhs vjmvtlt,c ufycfresht,ekb
otct,b5 gfnbvht,c lqbc ufyvfdkj-
,fib fqfhw cfojkbc gbhdtk cfh-
sekpt ofvjojkbc eakt,f fmds7
fctdt fhf fmds eakt,f7 cfrfyib vj-
objy cbufhtnb7 hbc ufvjw bcbyb
hbuhbuj,bs totdbfy cfgbhafhtij-
ib7 fewbkt,tkbf7 .dtkf gfnbvfh-
vf .jdtk lbkbs ufbgfhcjc odt-
hb7 obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib itcf’-
kt,tkbf7 bcbyb lfbcf]jy8 hjujh
welflfw fh eylf b.jc gfnbvfhb
tmbvsfy ufcdkbc lhjc7 vfy [tkt,b
pehupt eylf lfbo.jc lf cbh,bkbs
uflfflubkltc8 lfotct,ekt,fib itc-
dkbcfc vfs fb’ekt,ty7 itbzhfy svf
 mesfbcbc 1@7 fctdt uklfybc
1( lfotct,ekt,t,ib ufvjb.tyt-
,f rjktmnbehb lfc]bc vtsjlt,b5
thsb gfnbvhbc uflfwljvbcsdbc bc-
]t,f vstkb cfrfyb7 hfw flvbybcn-
hfwbbcsdbc ptojkbc lfvfnt,bsb
vtmfybpvbf 2 gfnbvfhb sfdbcb mvt-
lt,t,bs gfce[bcvut,tkb [lt,f sf-
dbcb sfyfcfrytkt,bc vbvfhs lf fvf-
dt lhjc gfce[c fut,c sfyfcfryt-
kt,bc vbth xfltybk uflfwljvt,-
ptw8 gfnbvht,b fw[flt,lyty7 hjv pt-
vjfqybiyekb evrfwhtcb otct,bc
tktvtynfhekb lfhqdtdbc itvs[dt-
dfibw rb bcbyb cfcnbrfl bc]t,jl-
yty 2 vfs fy cwtvlyty7 fy lfc]bc
vbpybs uflf/.fdlfs lfotct,ekt,bc
rfhfynbyib7 hfw fctdt erfyjyjf7
lyty cfctbhyj tpjvlt lf yt,bcvbt-
hb itath[t,f sfyfvihjvkt,bc v[hb-
lfy itehfw[.jabc7 e[tij,bcf lf
lfvwbht,bc vbptpb [lt,f8 ufhlf fvb-
cf7 lfabmcbhlf itvs[dtdf7 hjltcfw
ytdhjkjubehb ghj,ktvt,bc vmjyt
gfnbvfhb7 hjvtkcfw uflfflubkt,f
'fkbfy ezbhlf7 fh lflbjlf cfctbh-
yjl7 hf vbptpbsfw7 bvbc ufvj7 hjv
thsb rfwbc lfhxtyf cfrfyib frh’f-
kekbf7 vstkb cfrfyb vjrkt,ekb
b.j ceasf /fthpt ufcdkbc itcf’kt,-
kj,fc8
 uklfybc 1( lfotct,ekt,f-
ib cf[fk[j lfvwdtkbc lfcrdybc
sfyf[vfl7 vjmvtlt,c fhfthsb otcb
lf vjs[jdyf7 hfcfw 3gfnbvhj,bc
itcf[t,4 rjltmcb fh bsdfkbcob-
yt,c lf chekbfl erfyjyjf7 sev-
wf7 gfnbvht,b [vbc fvjeqt,kfl
eylf lftvjhxbkjy7 obyffqvltu
itvs[dtdfib vfs lfc]bfy5
1. lqbc yt,bcvbth lhjc7 hjlt-
cfw lfotct,ekt,bc sfyfvihjvtkb
itvjb[tlfdc rfhbc cfsdfksdfkjib7
gfnbvht,vf eylf ito.dbnjy .jdtk-
udfhb cfmvbfyj,f7 fluyty at[pt cf-
[bs rfhbcrty8
2. se rfhb ufbqj7 eylf lflu-
yty vorhbdib cf[bs rtlkbcrty8
3. itvjovt,bc oby ptlvbotdybs
eylf lffkfujy cfrfyb bct7 hjv fhf-
yfbhb ybdsb fy nfycfwvtkb fh bljc
fhw nev,jpt lf fhw cfojkpt7 rf-
hbc ufqt,bcsfyfdt eylf lfluyty
vorhbdib7 fv]thfl 2 cf[bs rfhbcrty
lf gbhdtkvf vfsufyvf [tkib eylf


lhjc5 .dtkf vfsufyb cfcohfajl
pehupt [tkt,lfo.j,bkb lut,j-
yfvihjvkt,vf8 gfnbvfhc lfeluby-
lfbzbhjc yfudbc gfhrb8
lf lfpbfyt,t,b5 ptlf nexbc vfh]dt-
4. hflbjc ecvtyty vfmcbvfkehfl
lf,fk [vfpt7 thblt,bfy yjhvfkeh
[vfpt kfgfhfrc fy cbwbkc7 dbyfblfy


yt,bcvbthb [vf7 hjvtkbw cfryblfy uf-
df7 fqbmvt,f [vfehfl lf ufvjbodtdc
vfs lfc]fc8
fvbc lfcnehb %__-pt vtnb xfyf-


othbf cfvfhnjj cfrybc +rfhwthb‘
;ehyfkib7 hjvtkibw uflfwljvbc
cf[tl .dtkufy vbsbst,ekbf 3[vfe-
hb cfrfyib48


lf afy]fhfcsfy lf fctsbdt vlujvf-
htj,fib vjybnjhbyubc ]ueabc it-
rbs[dt,c gfce[j,lf ths[vfl7 hjv
lfotct,ekt,fib .dtkfathb
3bltfkehfl4 b.j8 cf[fk[j lfvw-
dtkvf bm fhct,ekb gbhj,t,bc ufvj
kbrdblfwbbc htrjvtylfwbf ufcwf8
 mesfbcbc 1@ lfotct,ekt,f-
ib @_!! okbc #! jmnjv,thc gfnb-
vfhb   ufhlfbw-
dfkf8 bc b.j 'fkbfy welfl7 sev-
wf7 lfotct,ekt,bc tmbvvf vbcwf
v[jkjl dfkbljkb8 c[df vc]fdhlt-
,ekvf vbvfhsf tmbvc7 hjv rfkfylbf
b.j eujyjl lf tcfzbhjt,jlf lf[-
vfht,f7 hfptw tmbvvf vbcwf 3hxtdf4 2
3ufekfoeyt lf ufvja[bpklt,f7
ne,vf fct bwbcj48 vc]fdhlt,ekb fq-
ybiyfdlf7 hjv  wj-
nf [fyib ufhlfbwdfkf8 fqybiyekc
flfcneht,ty vc]fdhlt,ekt,b 
 cf[fk[j lfvwdtkbc ufyw-
[flt,bc sfyf[vfl7 vehvfy rfkfylbfc
vlujvfhtj,fib v.jab gbhbcsdbc
3,jmcbc4 gbhj,t,ib .jayf f,cjke-
nehfl lfeidt,tkb b.j7 hbc itlt-
uflfw ktnfkehb itltub lfluf8 uf-
vj’bt,bs lflubylf7 hjv 3vc]fdhlt-
,ek vehvfy r8-c cbrdlbkbc eief-
kj ufvjvodtdb vbptpb fhbc ne,th-
rekjpehb bynjmcbrfwbf7 ufydbsf-
ht,ekb abkndt,bc jhv[hbdb ne-
,threkjpbc itltufl lf vbcb ufh-
lfwdfkt,bc afmnb lfrfdibht,ekb
fh fhbc c[df gbhbc ,hfktek fy fhf-
vfhskpjvbth mvtlt,fcsfy48 ufvj’b-
t,f ito.lf 3cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc rf-
yjybs ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb mvtlt,bc
fhfhct,j,bc4 +===` cfae’dtkpt8
 1!( cfvrehyfkj lfotct,e-
kt,fib @_!! okbc #_ vfbcc vc]fd-
hlt,ekb cwtvtc lf cfc]tkbc
lfvfnt,bs lftvemhyty bvbc ufvj7
hjv vfy tdhjgbc flfvbfybc eakt-
yf yfobkib 2 vwbht pjvbc cbc[k-
yf;qtysb7 vfhw[tyf .,bc fhtib 2 it-
iegt,f7 ie,kbc fhtib vfh]dtyf v[f-
htc 2 tmcrjhbfwbf7 vfhw[tyf sdfk-
,elbc fhtib 2 cbc[kyf;qtysb8 gf-
nbvfhb exbjlf sfd,he[dtdfc7 gbh-
qt,byt,bc ituh’yt,fc7 cbv’bvbc itu-
h’yt,fc sfdbc fhtib7 ufycfresht-
,bs sfdbc vfhw[tyf yfobkib7 vjd-
kbs nrbdbkt,c sfdib8 vfc ezbhlf
vfhw[tyf sdfkbc chek.jabkfl uf-
[tkf7 lfhqdtekb /mjylf rjjhlb-
yfwbf7 hbc ufvjw tmvyt,jlf ghj,-
ktvt,b uflfflubkt,bcfc8
 vt-!% lfotct,ekt,fib @_!!
okbc !@ fudbcnjc gfnbvfh 
 -c cwtvtc lfotct,ekt,bc
sfyfvihjvkt,vf7 sfy lftvemhyty7
hjv7 se fh ufvjbnfylf vbc vbth
lfothbk .dtkf cfxbdfhc7 vj[lt-
,jlf vbcb kbrdblfwbf8 @_!! okbc
@# lf @$ jmnjv,thc vfc rdkfd vbf-
.tytc abpbrehb lf cbn.dbthb ite-
hfw[.jaf8 vc]fdhlt,ekc ufhtuye-
kb lfsdfkbtht,bs fqtybiyt,jlf
vfh]dtyf ,fh’f.bc fhtib lblb pj-
vbc cbc[kxfmwtdf lf tmcrjhbfwbt,b7
vfhw[tyf at[pt 2 tmcrjhbfwbt,b7
vfhw[tyf vrkfdpt 2 cbc[kxfmwtdf7 ,t-
zt,pt lf vfh]dtyf vrkfdpt 2 tmcrj-
hbfwbt,b8
 uklfybc 1( lfotct,ekt,f-
ib7 cf[fk[j lfvwdtkbc lfcrdybc
sfyf[vfl7 hsekb vlujvfhtj,ff8
gfnbvht,b vfs vbvfhs fhfcfsfyf-
lj vjg.hj,bc othbkj,bsb lf-
lfcneht,bcufy sfdc brfdt,ty7 sev-
wf7 lfodhbkt,bs .dt,bfy vfs fy
c[df gfnbvht,bc vbvfhs ufy[jhwb-
tkt,ek fhfcfsfyflj vjg.hj,bc
afmnt,pt8 .dtkfpt [ibhfl cf[tk-
lt,jlf dbyvt  
mthf7 wbcathsdfkt,f sfyfvihjvt-
kb  +cfht;bvj ufy.j-
'fkbfy vjrktl lf hflufyfw lfotct-
,ekt,fib fh fhbc [tkvbcfodljvb cf-
gfhbrvf[thj vjvcf[eht,f7 evtntc
itvs[dtdfib7 b’ekt,ekyb fhbfy7 cf-
vfhst,kbs uflfbgfhcjy sfdb8 vj-
ybnjhbyut,bc itltufl ufbhrdf7 hjv
lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib vfs fh /mjylfs
'bkbc eakt,f7 trh’fkt,jlfs jh-
cfhsekbfyb cfojkbc vtjht cfh-
sekpt ofvjojkfw rb8 vbe[tlfdfl
fenfytkb cbw[bcf7 vfs fhf fmds ea-
kt,f7 cfrfyib .jaybc lhjc uft[flfs
vfbcehb7 vjtcvbyfs hflbjcsdbc cf-
iefkj [vfpt vfbyw lf tsfvfifs yfh-
lb bct7 hjv rfvfstkb uftujht,byfs
[bc lfafpt7 dbyfblfy7 flvbybcnhf-
wbbc fphbs7 tc bodtdlf ptlvtn [vf-
ehc7 hfw lfc]bc vbptpb [lt,jlf8
isfv,tzlfdb b.j bc afmnbw7 hjv
uklfybc lfotct,ekt,fib7 hjvtkbw
#%__ rfwpt vtnc bntdc7 cfjwfhb cb-
xevt bluf7 hfvfw fctdt vbbg.hj ofvt-
,bc cfobyffqvltuj tdhjgekb rjvb-
ntnbc .ehflqt,f @_!_ otkc ufy-
[jhwbtkt,ekb dbpbnbc lhjc8
5. gfnbvht,c yt,flfhsekb fmds
nfycfwvkbc ufhtw[df cfrfyib7 sev-
wf7 fhf ufihj,f7 hbc ufvjw bcbyb
nfycfwvtkc fihj,ty qfvbs7 [jkj
lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib yf[tdhfl cdtkc
vfkfdty nev,jt,ib8
6. gfnbvht,c frh’fkekb fmds rf-
ht,pt lfrfreyt,f7 vjhbubc ufvjcf-
’f[t,tkb pfhb fh veifj,c lf fhw
fhfcjltc eveifdbf7 hbc ufvjw uf-
lfelt,tkb cfzbhjt,bc itvs[dtdfib7
seylfw ]fyvhstkj,bc vlujvfhtj-
,bc erblehtcb ufefhtct,bc ufvj7 gf-
nbvht,b b’ekt,ekb fhbfy7 rfhsfy
3xfecfahlyty4 rjynhjkbjhc lf
xfdkbcfc [vflf,kf e[vjy8
7. se rjynhjkbjhvf uffqj cfr-
ybc rfhbc cfhrvtkb lf e[vj hjvt-
kbvt gfnbvfhc7 bub fcf[tkt,c udfhc7
[jkj rfhsfy vbcekb gfnbvfhb gf-
ce[j,c sfdbcb cf[tkbcf lf vfvbc cf-
[tkbc lfcf[tkt,bs8 hjujhw mesf-
bcbc7 fctdt uklfybc lfotct,ekt,f-
ib vjmvtlt,c 3vjhbutj,bc4 cbcntvf7
hfw7 cf,jkjj ]fvib7 enjklt,f th-
sb gfnbvhbc gfce[bcvut,kj,fc
hflufy cfrfhfynbyt cfrfyb fh fhbc c[dbc vbth xfltybk yt,bcvbth uflfw-
lfc]bcsdbc ufyresdybkb7 sevwf7 uf- ljvfpt8
vjvlbyfht bmblfy7 hjv lfotct,ekt-
8. @@ cs-pt7 cbyfskbc xfmhj-
,bc rfhfynbyib ufycfresht,bs
fenfytkb gbhj,t,b b.j7 lfc]bc tc ,bc itvltu7 frh’fkekbf at[pt lfh-
xtyf lf yt,bcvbthb uflfkfgfhfrt,f8
vtsjlb htuekfhekfl ufvjb.tyt,j-
lf8 gfnbvht,bc yfobkb fqybiyfdc7 cfe,fhbw ptlvtnbf obuybc ofrbs[-
dfpt fy c[df hfbvt7 seylfw e[vfehj
hjv cfresfhb cehdbkbs fw[flt,c
efhc ctbhyj,fpt lf @$ cffsc fnf- fmnbdj,fpt8
ht,c cfrfyib7 dbyfblfy gfnbvht,c
fb’ekt,ty7 cbh,bkbs uflfflubk-
flfvbfyt,bc ofvt,bc fm xfvjsdkbkb en.efhb afmnt,bc ufvj
cbc[kbfyb ht;bvbc xfvjikbc itvltu bidbfs itvs[dtdt,ib
gfce[bcvut,kj,f lftrbchfs v[jkjl gfnbvht,bc ofvt,fib
eiefkjl vjyfobkt sfyfvihjvkt,c7 [jkj 

 fk,fs7 fv ufhtvjt,bc itltubf7 hjv vcjakbjc
rtsbkb yt,bc cfpjufljt,f enbahfl itu.fdc wljvbkt,fib7
hjltcfw cfresfh sfdc ofvt,bc vc[dthgkfl vjb[ctybt,7 vfuhfv fct
lbl[fyc dth ufuh’tklt,f lf ,eyt,fib fhct,ekb rfyjypjvbtht,bc
sfyf[vfl7 fewbkt,kfl vjubotdc pqj .dtkf bv ,jhjnt,bc ufvj7
hfw ityvf itmvybkvf ht;bvvf flfvbfyt,c vjenfyf=
vjfvpflf 

 
23
 


ltu7 hfw fckfyc xdtysfy ghj,kt- nfkf[c ]jh] cjhjcc5
vt,b ittmvyf7 ,eyt,hbdbf7  3lff[kjt,bs fv lhjblfy vfy lf-


 ittmvyf ghj,ktvt,b mfh- bo.j kfgfhfrb7 hjv cfmfhsdtkj-
sek cf[tkvobajcsfy lf7 xtvlf uf- ib bc 'fkf fh vjdblf7 hfw vfc ceh-


cfrdbhfl7 vbcb v[fhlfvzthb fqvjx- lf7 hjv htfkehfl cfmfhsdtkjib
ylf cojhtl  +bmdt7 ud8 #@*‘8 fhbc rjheawbf8 vt rbltd cjhjcbc
vtvefhbcnb bmdt b[ctyt,c rbltd ths itv- mvtlt,t,ib lfdbyf[t vbcb gbhflb


s[dtdfc7 hjltcfw cjhjcb rdkfd xfthbf cf- bynthtcb lf xtvsdbc ofhvjelut-
LFCFO.BCB B[8 3F-L47 mfhsdtkjc vsfdhj,bc cfmvtib5 ytkb b.j7 hjv flfvbfyb7 hjvtkbw


@_@@ OKBC 1)-%@7 3vtjhtl7 lff[kjt,bs jhb sdbc vtujyf bltfkbcnb7 hjvtkcfw v[j-
@_@# OKBC 1!-@7#-^ itvltu lfdjcbc it[dtlhblfy7 vt db- kjl vfqfkb bltfkt,b fbyntht-


.fdb wbehb[ib7 hjwf  lf- ct,lf lf itcf,fvbcfl vjmvtlt,lf7
vbhtrf lf vbs[hf 2 ufdbut7 hjv fm vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv dbwjlb vbc
[fh lf vbylf itysfy xfvjahtyfj8 fct- abyfyceh vfmbyfwbt,pt7 bvbc itcf-
dt vbs[hf7 hjv hfvltybvt lqbc oby [t,7 se hjujh vjf[th[f7 hjujhw
it[dtlhbf  3jvtufc4 fv,j,lyty7 ,hbnfytsbc ,fyrbc uf-
 
3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb4 fuh’tkt,c lfvae’yt,tkc7 hjvtkbw 'fkbfy nfyf7 ,hbnfytsbc aeynbc vrdts-
vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc mfhsek vjcojyc lf vbcb vjs[jdyf b.j7 hjv hb lfcecnt,f ths lqtib lf fvfpt
tyfpt lfcnfv,ekb vtvefht,bc jmefidbkbcsdbc .dtkfyfbhfl itu- ,tdhb aekbc ufrtst,f7 fuhtsdt vf-
vbvj[bkdfc8 tc obuyb yfwsf dto.j [tkb lf sfdb lfudtyt,t,byf8 kfbpbehb dfkenbc lfcecnt,f7
vfyfvlt jmefidbkbc vsfdfhb gfhn- .jdtkbdt fvbc vbe[tlfdfl7 vbvfx-
abehthvf ]th rbltd erhfbyfib ybjhb b.j xdtysfy lfgbhbcgbht,e- ylf7 hjv b.j cjhjcbc vtjht v[f-
w[jdht,bcfc ufvjcwf lf bvltyfl
kewbfw rb  lfeabyfycf lf fvb- kb 4 +ud8 #@*`8 htw7 bltfkbcnehb7 hjvtkcfw
fhbc cfbynthtcj7 hfvltyflfw njvfw b.j ufcecekb= fvbc itvltu cffrfidbkb .dt,f7 hjujhb fhfcjltc itthtjlf abyfycehb by-
cojhtl fv yfihjvbs utuvfdlf fvbc itvltu  b[ctyt,c7 hjv uvbhbf7 hflufy sdbs   nthtct,b8 vfuhfv vfc itvltu7 hfw
cfmfhsdtkjib cfhtdjkewbjl bmdt7 lfdjcbc .jdtkokbeh vcjakbj trj- fh lftvjhxbkf5 bc lfudt[vfhf xdtyb cffhxtdyj rfv-
3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,fc47 hjujhw yjvbreh ajhevpt7 cjhjcvf lfeafhfdfl 3fvudfhfl7 ybkctybc itvs[dtdfib7 gfybbc lhjc7 hjujhw xfyc7 vbbx-
fljka /bnkthb sfdbcb 3vfby lfbo.j cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc cfm- xdty dth itdtuet,jlbs7 hjv ,fse- ybf7 hjv xdtyw eylf ufudtsdfkbc-
vtt,ib xfhtdf5 vbc gjhnib ufuh’tkt,ekb.j tc ifdb obyt,byf vbcb abyfycehb byntht-
rfvgabs47 fye 3xtvb ,h’jkbs4= 3fv it[dtlhblfy jh lqtib rb- jgthfwbt,b8 fvudfhfl7 cjhjcc tuht- ct,b7 rth’jl7 fv jh mfhsek trj-
dt vjdezthb efhb7 jmefidbkbc itv- yjvbreh ce,btmnsfy lfrfdibht,bs
vfc itvltu7 hfw  fqbfhf7
ltd vjbs[jdf7 itud[dtlhjlf lf
s[dtdfib hfvltybvt sdt lfczbhlf lf hjltcfw xdtyufy lf gbhflfl
hjujh fabyfyct,lf cjhjcb 3dfhlt,bc
udbs[hf7 lfe.jdyt,kbd lfudtyt,t-
vfcsfy ehsbthsj,t,bc lfkfut,fc xtvufy fvfpt wbdb i[fgb vbbqj7 bv
htdjkewbfc4 cfpqdfhpt uflvjnfybkb
,byf sfdb  
lf itvltu vfcsfy ufyfuh’j veifj,f8 vjvtynblfy xdtyb ehsbthsj,t,b
rjynhf,fylekb 3ifdb aekbs47 bvfcfw
,jylt ybkctyb b.j lfybtkb7 hj-
vfuhfv cjhjcbcsdbc xtvb efhb ofh- vrdtshfl ufwbdlf4 +bmdt7 ud8 #@*`8
b[ctyt,c7 hjujh it]lf yfwhtdjkewbe-
vtkbw  thsfl
vjelutytkb b.j lf vfiby erdt xdty- lf,jkjc7 cffrfidbkb fct f]fvt,c cj-
hb [tkbceakt,f cjhjcbc lfabyfyct-
rjynhf,fylek yfdsj,c tpblt,j-
pt 'fkbfy uf,hfplf4 +bmdt7 ud8 #@*`8 hjcbc stvfc5
,ek [tkafct,pt5
lf ,fsevbc gjhnblfy8 tc b.j
vskbfyfl ifdb jgthfwbf lf vfc itv- /jlf7 vtvefhbcnb lfeyfyt,kfl fc[fvc 3.jdtkbdt ptvjsmvekbc vbe[t-
3hjltcfw 3dfhlt,bc htdjkewb- lfdfl7 cjhjcb7 hf smvf eylf7 fhbc


fv4 ufbvfh]df7 cjhjcc itd[dlbs lf- 'fkbfy cfbynthtcj abuehf8 vfc fhw
djcib8 hf smvf eylf7 'fkbfy s,b- itdflfht, hec jkbufhmt,c7 vfuhfv


kfl vjudbrbs[f7 vjudbkjwf ufvfh- okt,bc uflvjcf[tlblfy itvb’kbf7
]dt,f8 dsmdf7 hjv bc fh fhbc ,jkjvlt lf-


cjhjcvf itudf[dtlhf ufthjc ufy-
lt,bsb abuehf7 hflufy tc fhbc flf-
dbsfht,bc ajylbc sfdv]ljvfht
vbfyb7 hjvtkbw7 .dtkf sfdbc ab-
  lf itcsfdfpf


vfc7 ufvjt.js aekb cfmfhsdtkjc kfyshjgbek fmnt,sfy thsfl7 fh
vsfdhj,bc sfyfvihjvkt,bcsdbc bdbo.t,c sfdbc rjvthwbek bynt-
[tkafct,bc ufcfwtvfl8 cjhjcvf es- htct,c lf cftzdj ufhbut,t,ib vj-


[hf7 hjv bc xflt,lf sdbsjy gbh- yfobktj,c8 vfc vnfwt,kbc byc-
dtk jh vbkbjyc lf vjeojlf7 nbymnb thsb oesbsfw fh exkey-
3bdtynb,bc47 xftlj lfyfhxtyb7 !_- ult,f7 hflufy cfmvt t[t,f ifycc7 hjv


]th vtnb8  tc it- lblb vjut,f yf[jc8
fchekf lf xdty vbdbqts gbhdtkb fvfib lfdhoveylb cfmfhsdtkjc


@@ vbkbjyb ljkfhb xdtyb xbyjd- vfufkbspt7 lfdhoveylb @_!$
ybrt,bc [tkafct,bcsdbc4 +v8 cffrfi- okbc itvltu7 hjltcfw bc wlbkj,-
dbkb7 3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,f47 ud8 #@^‘8 lf7 bfwtyberbc vsfdhj,fcsfy th-
fvbc itvltu vtvefhbcnb cjhjcbcflvb



sfl aekb trtst,byf erhfbyfib4
firfhfl ervf.jabkj njybs bo.t,c sf- +bmdt7 ud8 ##_‘8
dbc vfhskt,fc7 fmfjlf7 vskfl 
rb fh udb[lblf [tkafct,cj5 
3hf smvf eylf7 tc  byb- ufuh’tkt,f bmyt,f
wbfnbdf b.j7 vfuhfv vbcb aekb fm
b.j v[jkjl !_~7 sevwf7 vfy vstk
vcjakbjc vjclj7 hjv cojhtl bc
fabyfyct,lf lf bc e[lblf [tkaf-
ct,c cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdhj,bc otd-
ht,c lf itvltu bubdt ufbvtjhf 
49

 vhfdfkupbc7 sfdbc ufvjcd-
kt,ib8  fh efh.jalf fvfc


lf vujyb cbfvjdyt,lf rbltw7 hjv
genbyb vfcpt fvltyc kfgfhfrj,lf4
+bmdt7 ud8 #@^‘8


cjhjcvf hfnjvfw vjclj vcjakbjc7
cffrfidbkbc vsfdhj,fc [tkafct,c vt de[-
lbj7 tc ufcfut,bf 2 fvbs bc sfdbc 'ktdf-


vjcbkt,fc fvnrbwt,lf 2 fb7 vstkb cf-
mfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f ]b,tib vbpbcj=


vfuhfv sfdfl cffrfidbkb hfnjv b]lf xe-
vfl sfdkfalfc[vekb lf hfnjv fh ufy-
vfhnfdlf vstkb vcjakbjc ufcfujyfl7


cjhjcb rb fhf7 ufthjc ufydbsfht,bc ajy-
lb udb[lbc [tkafct,cj=
sevwf7 hf eylf tsmdf7 hjltcfw htdj-



ufb[ctyts7 cfiefkjl #_ ctm-







3ukj,fkehb cfdfzhj
]ueabc4 [tkv’qdfytkb




trjyjvbrbc ljmnjhb7

bcnjhbbc ljmnjhb
ghjatcjhb
rjvgfybf 3fhcbc4 ths-thsb
lfvae’yt,tkb

hfvlty kba- #_ ghjwty- ntv,thc

ctgfhfnbc-
nib [fhs yfv- nbs uf’dbh-
.jab7 qbkf-
rt,b hjv cb-
lt,f e’hfdb nt,b 3uf-
ufhtnbsff mjyt,f lf7 vfh]dt,bc
fvjvodfhb lf vfs ijhbc7 lqtc4 fq-
w[flbf7 ,byt-
ybiyfdty8
cfqtzb htpb-
yt,bf vbrhe- ,b8 vbof .j-
kb8 vfufc dby lfqegekb
dtksdbc uf-
frtst,c7 vthb- fa[fpb ct-
cfodfdbc uf’dbht,f ufvj- bc sfyfvihjvkt,b0 bctd bcbyb frtst,ty7 dbyw vjbhxtdf afct,bc vpfhlb ntyltywbbs8 cf-
hbw[ekbf8 cfodfdbc ufbfat- gfhfnbcnt,bc vtvjhbfksfy vb/.fds
kbanbs cfhut,kj,ty lf vt ufdehtvjynj0= cjakj se fhfcfcjakj lfybiyekt,bc
,f lf kfhbc ufv.fht,f ,jkj dbqfwf hjv sfdbc kbanc faezt,c7 ibuybs vbot,b7 .jdtkokbehfl7 cfiefkjl7 !_- mfhsdtkb vjofatt,b8 mfhsdtkb ,fdi-
sdtt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib item-
wtdflfl vbvlbyfhtj,c lf ef[-
ifhlfdc lf ,kjrt,c tpblt,f7 bc kbanb hjv !% ghjwtynbs bphlt,f8 fv]thfl tc phlf dt,b gfnbdc vbfut,ty vfs7 dbyw vfs
kjtc vjvfdfkibw ufuh’tklt-
ufaezlt,f7 vt ufdehtvjynj0
bmyt,f #_ ghjwtynb8 ,t,bf-,f,et,c7 vij,kt,c fobjrt,l-
,f8 3HTPJYFYCB4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3FKBF4
yty8
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4

24  

vfvfrfwsf rkbvfmcb
ehsektcb lffdflt,ff7
hjvkbc [fhbc[cfw
jhufybpvib 'bhbsflfl
cfcmtcj /jhvjybc 2
ntcnjcnthjybc ljyt
ufycfpqdhfdc8 mfhsdtkb
vtwybthb7 /jvtjgfsb lf
tmbvb 

vbbxytdc7 hjv rkbvfmcbc
sfdblfy fwbkt,f
ite’kt,tkbf7 vfuhfv
w[jdht,bc cojhb otcbs
vbcb uflfdflt,f lf
vfhsdf lfcfidt,bf5
2 vfvfrfwt,bc lbl yfobkc7
hjvtkcfw ]fyvhstkj,bc
v[hbd .dtkfathb hbupt /mjy-
lf7 jhvjwlffs otksfy vbf[-
kjt,bc rdfklfrdfk itcf’kjf7
lfto.jc5 uekbcwtvbc fxmfht-
,f7 fye nfmbrfhlbf7 fhnthbe-
kb oytdbc wdfkt,flj,f7 /ft-
hbc ervfhbcj,f7 sfd,he[dtdf7
ofvj[eht,f7 jakbfyj,f lf
vjdkbsb nrbdbkt,b uekvrth-
lbc vfhw[tyf yfobkib7 ufycf-
resht,bs vfiby7 hjwf flub-
kb fmdc 'kbth cnhtcc8 

  
 fldbkfl
lfqkfc7 vt[cbtht,bc lfmdtbst-
,fc7 lqbcbs 'bkbfyj,fc7 vj-
ecdtyhj,fc7 ufqbpbfyt,flj-
,fc lf fphjdyt,bc rjywtyn-
hfwbbc itvwbht,fc8 fv fcfrib
vfvfrfwt,c itcf’kjf7 [fcbfsbw
rb ittwdfkjs lf uf[lyty ea-
hj ltghtcbekt,b fy gbhbmbs
2 fqupyt,ekb lf ufqbpbfyt-
,ekt,b8 fcts lhjc7 fhwse
bidbfsfl7 obyf gkfypt ofvjb-
otdc [jkvt ifhlcfcmtcj cbc-
ntvfcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb
ghj,ktvt,b7 vfufkbsfl7 [ib-
hb ifhldf7 fctdt thtmwbbcf lf
mfkbcflvb cmtcj,hbdb knjk-
dbc7 fye kb,bljc lfmdtbst,f8
fv ghj,ktvt,bs itoe[t,ekb
vfvfrfwt,b7 hjvkt,cfw dth uf-
ehrdtdbfs7 hf lftvfhsfs7
fsfcyfbh ufvjrdktdfc bnfht-
,ty7 'dbhflqbht,ek ofvkt,c
cdfvty lf yfbhudfh lbtnfc bwf-
dty7 vfuhfv chekbfl eitlt-
ujl8   

   
f[kf[fy


vjvqthfkb
,frehbfyib
itvb.dfytc
re,lfhbc
cfzvtkfl8
dbqfwfv sm-
df7 thsb uf-
bwbyjcj lf
hjv ufdbwb-
yt7 #__ kfhb ufvjvbupfdyf= #__ kfhb
ths cbwbkib= fct hjv7 othjy7 hfvltybw
eylfs7 vtatc dth xfvjfult,ty nf[nblfy=
zbfyzdtkt,b eylf fhct,j,lyty=
 








 

  
 

 
2 vfbyw hf bodtdc vfvfrfw-
sf rkbvfmcc0
2 vjut[ctyt,fs7 vfvfrfwbc
jhufybpvb ufvjbveifdt,c vf-
vfrfwsf cfcmtcj /jhvjy ntc-
njcnthjyc8 fv /jhvjybc hj-
kb rfwbc w[jdht,fib lblpt
lblbf lf cmtcj,hbd fhtfkc






.jabkb gfhkfvtynfhb
jybf8 xtvb vteqkbcufy vbdbqt .dtkf bc ,tlyb-
tht,f7 hbcb vbqt,fw itb’kt,jlf7 gbhdtk hbu-
ib7 cb.dfhekb lf gfnbdbcwtvf8 hjwf fctsb
vfqfkb uh’yj,f ufywlbkb ufmdc7 itvltu 'yt-
kbf7 fyfkjubehb bgjdj7 fvbnjv fhw vb’t,-
3CFHRT4 ybf8
wlt,f8 ntcnjcnthjyb ufyf-
gbhj,t,c 'dkbc cbvfuhtcf lf
cbvrdhbdtc7 'kbthb reyst,bc
ufydbsfht,fc7 w[bvt,bc sfyf-
,fh ufyfobkt,fc7 uek-cbc[k-
’fhqdsf cbcntvbc ufvfhsek
veifj,fc7 ufdktyfc f[ltyc sf-
dbc ndbybc acbmjtvjwbeh
 



3bc7 hfw tdjkewbfv
lffrfyjyf7 flfvbfyb dth
itwdkbc7 vfuhfv fhct,j,c ifycb7
hjv rkbvfmcbc lflujvf
uflfdfdfljs=4
aeymwbt,pt7 rfwbc [fcbfscf lf
vhfdfk c[df ybefycpt8 cojhtl
ntcnjcnthjyb ufycfpqdhfdc
vfvfrfwbc mfkbcflvb knjkdfc
lf thtmwbfc7 hjvkbc ufhtitw
cmtcj,hbdb ehsbthsj,f .jd-
kfl ofhvjelutytkbf8
#% okbc itvltu ntcnjcnt-
hjybc ufvjveifdt,f otkbofl-
ib cfiefkjl @ ghjwtynbs
vwbhlt,f7 [jkj cnhtcbc
lhjc 2 fs]th8 cfmvt bc uf[-
ufdhwtkt-

,ekb fphbf
2 se udth-
lbs vfvfrfwb
fh u.fdc7 ch-
ekafcjdfy
mfkfl dth
buh’yj, sfd-
cj8 vt fctsb
ufywlf fh vm-
3CFHRT4
kfds7 hjv cnhtcb bodtdc /jh-
vjy  ufvjveif-
dt,fc8 
 

  
  
  
cojhtl fvbnjv fhbc7 hjv 'kb-
thb cnhtcbc itvltu vfvfrfwc
mfksfy yjhvfkehb cmtcj,hb-
db sfyfw[jdht,f ezbhc8
cojhtl ntcnjcnthjybc
itvwbht,bs fhbc ufvjodtekb
.dtkf bc vjdktyf7 hjvtkbw 
 ufye.ht-
kb sfyfvupfdhbf lf hjvtkbw
ptvjs fct lfodhbkt,bs fqd-
othts= ntcnjcnthjybc itv-
wbht,bc itltufl flfvbfyb oj-



vcf[bj,b
.dtkfathb vbsfvf-
ibf7 cflfw hfvbc vj-
ut,f itb’kt,f8
3S,BKBCTKT,B4

yfib vfnekj,c7 udthlt,ib
w[bvb euhjdlt,f7 [jkj fv
w[bvib fhct,ekb athvtynb
 ntcnjcnthjyc
mfksf cfcmtcj /jhvjyfl 2 
 ufhlfmvybc= vfvfrf-
wt,b7 hjvkt,cfw mfksf cfc-
mtcj /jhvjyt,b 2 
 zfh,fl fmds7 mfkbcsdbc
lfvf[fcbfst,tk ybiyt,c b’tyty
2 
  
   
 
fvbnjv .dtkf vfvfrfwc dehxtd7
jhvjwb okbc itvltu fewb-
kt,kfl itbvjovjc ntcnjc-
nthjybc ljyt8 hjujhw otcb7
ntcnjcnthjyb #7_-lfy ##7_-
vlt yfyjvbkb/kbnhpt eylf
b.jc8 udfmdc se fhf ntcnjc-
nthjyb rhbnbrekfl lf,fkb7
itudb’kbf7 itvltub ntcnbs
ufydcfpqdhjs5  


   
   
 se uf-
vjwlf ofhvfnt,bs xfdf,fhts7

vcf[bj,b
itvt’kj7 gfhbpib vlb-
lfh rfwpt ufds[jdbkb.f-
db7 vfuhfv xtvc mdt.fyfc
rfhu cfzvtkcf lf kfvfp rf-
,t,pt fh ufdwdkblb8
3S,BKBCTKT,B4
tc bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv xdtyb rey-
st,b lf cbc[k’fhqdjdfyb cbc-
ntvf7 hjvkbc vluhflj,fcfw
vybidytkjdfyobkfl cojhtl
ntcnjcnthjybc vfqfkb lj-
yt ufyfgbhj,t,c7 vo.j,hibf7
[jkj7 se ufvjwlf dth xfdf,f-
hts7 fewbkt,kfl eylf dbp-
heyjs ntcnjcnthjybc vjvf-
nt,fpt8
2 ntcnjcnthjybc ljybc
fcfotdfl hf eylf ufrtsltc0
2 ntcnjcnthjybc gbhdt-
kb vnthb zfh,b ojyff8 fvbnjv7
gbhdtk hbuib7 ojyf eylf lf-
dfhtuekbhjs= ntcnjcnthj-
ybc ljytc fvfqkt,c abpbre-
hb fmnbdj,f lf fkrj/jkcf lf
cbufhtnpt efhbc smvf8 
  


  
  
   

  

  
hjwf tmcgthbvtynib vjyfob-
kt vfvfrfwt,c vstkb jhb rdb-
hbc ufyvfdkj,fib ,hjotekbc
odtyc f’ktdlyty7 ntcnjcnt-
hjybc hfjltyj,fv @$ ghjwty-
nbs vjbvfnf8 cfrdt,sfy thsfl
cfvb sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib 
 vbqt-
,fv rb bc itltub ufvjbqj7 hjv
ntcnjcnthjybc hfjltyj,f
!( ghjwtynbs ufbpfhlf8
c[dfsfijhbc7 xtvb cfvtlbwbyj
ghfmnbrblfy ufvjvlbyfht7 ths
en.efh lfcrdyfvlt vbdtlb 2
 
 
  


 hjujhw rb gf-
wbtynt,vf vrehyfkj,bc itlt-
ufl ntcnjcnthjybc ljyt vfq-
kf fcobtc7 ghjcnfnbc fltyj-
vfv lf ghjcnfnbc fyst,fv erfy
lfb[bf= tc ufcfrdbhb fh fhbc7
hflufy7 hjwf ,bzb b,flt,f7 vf-
ibydt ufvjeveifdlt,f ntc-
njcnthjyb7 hjvtkbw cfcmtcj
jhufyjt,bcf lf ghjcnfnbc
]bhrdkbc ufydbsfht,fcf lf xf-
vj.fkb,t,fc epheydtk.jac8
2 itcf’kt,tkbf se fhf7
vfvfrfwvf rkbvfmcb sfdblfy
fbwbkjc7 fylf erblehtc
itvs[dtdfib vbcb vjf[kjt,f
uflfobjc0
2  

   
  vfvfrfwbc
aeymwbff7 ,fdidb xfcf[jc7 uf-
pfhljc lf lfbwdfc8 
 
   
  

 

  
    
 itcf,fvbcfl7 tdj-
kewbbc [fyuh’kbdvf lf vbkb-
jyj,bs otkpt ufsdkbkvf
ghjwtcvf .dtkfathb bct vj-
fo.j7 hjv $%-%_ okbc fcfrb-
lfy rfwbc jhufybpvb gfcbeh7
fye lfcdtyt,bc ht;bvib uflf-
lbc8 fct hjv7   
  



2 hf fhbc fvbcsdbc cfzb-
hj0
2 gbhdtk hbuib7 fvbcsdbc
cfzbhjf7 flfvbfybc cmtcj,hb-
db w[jdht,f b.jc vluhflb7 oj-
yf b.jc yjhvfib7 [jkj cfrdt-
,b 2 ]fycfqb8 fh eylf vjdob-
js7 fh eylf ufdtrfhjs fhf.c7
ifmhbfy qdbyjc7 yfnehfkehb
qdbyj ljpbht,ekfl vbdbhs-
dfs7 dbrdt,js ]fycfqb cfrdt,bs7
[ibhfl db,fyfjs lf .jdtklqb-
ehfl7 cek vwbht7 @ rbkjvtn-
hb vfbyw at[bs dbfhjs=
tcfe,hf

25
 
,jkj lqtt,bc
vjdktyt,b7 gbhdtkfl
vhfdfkb okbc
ufyvfdkj,fib7 vf’ktdc
cfae’dtkc7 hjv xtvc
sfyfvtvfvektt,c
cfcb[fhekj fv,fdb
dfeo.j 2


  

 

 



cffrfidbkbc
ytjyfwbcnehb ht;bvbc
vbth cfmfhsdtkjc #_-
okbfyb jregfwbbc
itvltu vnthb
lfvfhw[lf 2 3thsbfyb
yfwbjyfkehb
vj’hfj,f4 lf vbcb
lfyfvfnt,b
hflbrfkehb
jgjpbwbblfy chekbfl
ufvjfirfhfdlyty lf
fvbthblfy v[jkjl
ew[jtsib tvbuhfwbfpt
eylf babmhjy8 [jkj
 lf 
ufcek rdbhfib [fk[c
es[htc bctsb
cbvfhskt7 hjvtkpt
kfgfhfrbw fmfvlt
dthfdby uf,tlf lf tc
cbvfhskt 'fkbfy
,tdhc vofhtl t[t,f7
vfs ijhbc7 hectsbc
[tkv’qdfytkj,fc=
.dtkfathb bvbs lfbo.j7
hjv @% bfydfhc  gbh-
dtkfl eojlf uthvfybfib
cf,zjsf ]fht,c 
 3vjut[ctyt,fs7 uthvfybf
lf.jabkb b.j js[ ctmnj-
hfl -2 fvthbrek7 ,hbnf-
yek7 ahfyuek lf cf,zjsf
ctmnjhfl8 /jlf7 cf,zjsf rfd-
ibhvf uffajhvf fv cfjregf-
wbj cnfnecbc ito.dtnf7 vfu-
hfv fii-vf 2 fhf8 fvbnjv fvt-
hbrekb ]fht,b uthvfybfib
behblbekfl lf afmnj,hb-
dfl hxt,bfy cfjregfwbj ]f-
ht,fl47 2 ufyfw[flf 
 cneltynt,sfy cfe,hbcfc8
lfdfvfnt,7 hjv cf,zjsf
+itvlujvib hecekb‘ cfj-
regfwbj ]fht,b uthvfybfib
itb.dfyf 
 lf bmblfy ufvjb.dfyf fctdt
 
hfw itwljvf b.j7 hflufy fvt-
hbrekb cfjregfwbj ]fht,b
uthvfybfib lfhxyty lf lqtc
tdhjgfib .dtkfpt lblb fvt-
hbrekb ]fhb 2 idblb ufh-
ybpjyblfy [esb 2 uthvfyb-
fibf8 fvbc ufvj7 hjujhw 
 cneltynt,c bvfdt it[-
dtlhbcfc itf[ctyf7 uthvfytkb
gfnhbjnt,b 2 sdfkcfxbyj
gjkbnbrjct,b 2 fw[flt,ty7
hjv vfsb cfvij,kj 2 uth-
vfybf 2 lqtvlt jregbht,e-
kbf8 hjujhw 
 lfdfvfnt,7
hjv jgthfwbf 3,fh,fhjcfc4
lfo.t,blfy (@ okbc itvltu
uthvfyekb cdfcnbrbfyb 3kt-
jgfhlt,b4 rdkfd erhfbyfib
itqotdfc kfvj,ty8 ufhlf bvb-
cf7 hjv  wfkv[-
hbdfl ufb.dfyf hecekb ]f-
hb uthvfybblfy +fvthbrtkt,bc
hect,sfy thsfl uthvfybbc
lfnjdt,bc vjs[jdybc ufhtit`7
vfy lfb]thf sfdbcb lfcfdkt-
kb vtuj,ht,bc 2 
 
  cbn.dbthb lf-
gbht,t,b lf fh vjcs[jdf [tk-
othbkb7 hjv uthvfybbc uf-
thsbfyt,bc cfyfwdkjl bcb-
yb bqt,ty dfklt,ekt,fc7 fh
uffafhsjjy yfnj fqvjcfd-
26 




kfndbf7 kbndf7 hevbytsb7   t8o8 cfv[hts jctsc7 hjujhw
ckjdfrtsb7 ckjdtybf7 tcnj-   eoby hecekvf ]fht,vf lfnj-
ytsb7  2 fk,fyt-    dtc fdcnhbf lf uthvfybf7 yfnjc
sb lf [jhdfnbf7   cfjregfwbj ]fht,b cfmfhsdt-
2 xthyjujhbf7  2    kjib fh itvjdkty7 hjujhw
xhlbkjts vfrtljybf8  !)!( otkc itvjdblyty uthvf-
hfw itt[t,f cfmfhsdtkjc5      yekb cfjregfwbj ]fht,b mfh-
sdtkb vtyitdbrt,bc 2 
se genbyb $) okbc ufyvfd- 
kj,fib +!)$% okblfy !))$  obyfght,bc
  
okfvlt‘ uthvfybfib v.ja  s[jdybs7 hjvkt,bw vjudbfyt-
hecek ]fhc fvthbrekbdbs  ,bs cfahfyutsib ufbmwyty cf-
jregfwbehfl vbbxytdc7 fh-  mfhsdtkjc jmhjc vfhfub-
bc se fhf fa[fptscf lf t8o8   sehs0=
 cfl fhbc lf hfrbqf fctsb ufhfynbf
cfv[hts jctsib v.jab he-
ufhfynbf7 hjv7 hjwf hecekb fh fhct,j,c lf ite’kt,tkbf
cekb ]fht,bw cfjregfwbj0
lbf[7 hf smvf eylf= vfuhfv ]fht,b lfnjdt,ty fa[fptsc lf lfcfdktsbc cbn.dfpt ylj,f7
hjujhw  tylj,j-
 
lf7 cfmfhsdtkjc ghtvbth-vb-

ybcnhb  udsf-
dfpj,c cfthsfijhbcj ehsb-
thsj,t,bc f[fk ghbywbgc 2
3fh tylj7 vfuhfv bsfyfvihjv-

kt47 yfwdkfl 'dtkb ajhve-
kbcf 2 3tylt7 vfuhfv uflff-
vjovt48 rfhub7 vtnfl ye itdf-
oe[t,s fo ufycdtyt,ek 

 vbsevtntc7 hjv bv
itwljvt,pt gfce[bcvut,kj-
,fc chekfl bpbfht,ty fo ufy-
cdtyt,ekb  lf

 vfuhfv








 

 

 










  



 

ktsbs8 
lqtc7 uthvfybbc ufthsbfyt- 
,blfy @) okbc itvltu7 fqvjx-

ylf7 hjv  hjvtkbw
fh tylj,jlf lfcfdktk vjrfd- 
ibhtt,c7 vfhsfkb b.j7  
 rb wlt,jlf8 bv itwlj- 

vbc itltufl tdhjgfcf lf er-

hfbyfib yfwbpvb fqjh’bylf7
[jkj yfnj ufafhsjdlf fq-
vjcfdktsbs [es nfkqfl5 hjwf cfmfhsdtkjc ]th
 xhlbkjfnkfynb- 3]fdtkbyt,b4 vb/.bltc lf f[kf
reh fkbfycib eyuhtsb7 gj- 
vjbs[jdty7 hjv bcbyb erhfb-
kjytsb lf xt[tsb vbbqtc7 
yfc fxemjc lf sfdfl uf[cyfc
  2 ,ekufhtsb7
3vtjht ahjynb4 hectsbc ob-
yffqvltu fa[fptscf lf t8o8 cfv-
[hts jctsib hecek ,fpt,pt
 itdfhlyf’tv lfb]thf sfdbcb sfdlfc[vbs0=
 lfcfdktkb vtuj,ht,bc 2

mfhsdtk [fk[c ]th fh vj-
ecvtybf dfibyunjybcufy ,j-
rjkt,bc7 utyitht,bc7 lbib vfsb vfhbjytnb cffrfi-
dbkbc ufvj7 hjvkbc o.fkj-
ihtltht,bcf lf ,eit,bc ,bsfw cfmfhsdtkjv fa[fpt-
cbn.dbthb lfgbht,t,b lf fh sb lf t8o8 cfv[hts jctsb sey-
lfw lhjt,bs lfrfhuf= hj-
vjcs[jdf [tkothbkb7 hjv ujh eylf tylj lfcfdktsc vfc
uthvfybbc ufthsbfyt,bc itvltu7 hfw yfmt,vf idtbwf-
hbekvf ,fyrvf vbbsdbcf ,b-
cfyfwdkjl bcbyb ’byf bdfybidbkbc resdybkb
^__ vbkbjyb ljkfhb7 hfl-
bqt,ty dfklt,ekt,fc7 ufy bc7 sehvt7 3hecb jkb-
fh uffafhsjjy yfnj ufhmbf47 [jkj cfmfhsdtkjc
fh cehc hectsbc obyffqvltu
fqvjcfdktsbs= 3vtjht ahjynbc4 uf[cyf0=


  

3yfwbjyfkehb
vj’hfj,f cfmfhsdtkjc
dthfathc lffrkt,c7
vthf,bidbkvf lf
rtpthfidbkvf
lffcecntc cffrfidbkb7
hfw cf,jkjjl
yfwbjyfkehb
vj’hfj,bc
ufyflueht,bs
lfcheklt,f47 2
fv,j,c wyj,bkb
[tkjdyt,fsvwjlyt

 lf
cfmfhsdtkjib
vbvlbyfht ghjwtct,c
fafct,c5

2 cffrfidbkbc vjhbu cf-

cfvfhskj ghjwtcpt ufvjx-
ylf7 hjv tc cfwjlfdb dth
[dlt,f7 hf lfyfifekt,b xf-
blbyf lf fhw byfybt,c8
sehvt7 vfhnj bvfc lfh-
lj,c7 vthf,bidbkb cfvcf[e-
 hblfy hjv fh uffsfdbcea-


 kf8 fhflf7 
 





 
 cffrfidbkb wlbkj,c7
cfresfhb elfyfifekj,f

    

lfudf]thjc7 vfuhfv dth lfu-
df]tht,c8

   

2 cfcfvfhskj ghjwtc-
pt cffrfidbkbc xfhsdfc

   

rkbybrblfy hjujh faf-
ct,s0
2 fv cfwjlfdc fqfhfahbc

 

hw[dtybf7 bub ibidtkbf fhf-
vfhnj vjhfkehfl7 fhfvtl

 erdt abpbrehflfw= sehvt7


wb[tc dth bnfyc 2 

  


 lbf[7 cfmfhsdt-
kj rdkfdfw ittwlt,f7 vfmcbvf-
kehfl bsfyfvihjvkjc .dt-
kfcsfy7 sfdbcb lqtdfyltkb
cnfnec-rdjc egbhfntcj,t-
,bs7 fye tdhjrfdibhsfy edb-
pj ht;bvbcf lf sfdbceafkb
dfzhj,bc itsfy[vt,bc7 lf vtj-
ht v[hbd 2 dfzhj,bcf lf he-
ctsbc vjmfkfmtt,bcsdbc edb-
pj ht;bvbc ufvj.tyt,bs +bd-
ybcib dbpt,b ufeemvlt,fs
cfmfhsdtkjc vjmfkfmtt,cfw7
ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib rb 2
hectssfy gbhlfgbhb fdbfvb-
vjcdkf fqlut,f`8
cfmfhsdtkjc cehc7 lfhxtc
vbvpbldtk ,bpytc-gkfnajh-
vfl .dtkfcsdbc7 vfs ijhbc7
hectsbc vjmfkfmtt,bcsdbc lf
vbfojljc sfdbcb ghjlemwbf
hectsbc ,fpfhpt8 cfmfhsdt-
kjc cekfw fh cehc7 efhb
smdfc hectsblfy aekfl
upfdybkt,pt7 vbkbjybfy
mfhsek lbfcgjhfpt lf fct-
dt efhb smdfc hectspt7 hj-
ujhw vfhwdktekbcf lf
tythujvfnfht,kt,bc vjvoj-
lt,tkpt7 hf fhbc fm ufcfrdb-
hb0=
fhf7 vjcrjdib firfhfl vbl-
ujvt,b itbwdfkf lf genbybc
rdfklfrdfk kfdhjdvfw ufudf-
jwf= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv cf-
[t,7 hjvtkcfw cfae’dkfl
!))! okbc fkvf-fnbc ltrkf-
hfwbf eltdc7 fye hjvtkbw
fqbfht,c htcge,kbrt,bc cf,-
zjsf lhjbyltk cfpqdht,c=
fhflf7  bv
cfpqdht,bc vb[tldbs7 fpth,f-
b]fybc7 [jkj fa[fptsb lf t8o8
cfv[hts jctsb 
 itvflutykj,fib itlb-
jlf7 hfw kfdhjdvf vidtybdhfl
bwbc=
eahj vtnbw7  b[-
ctyt,c7 hjujh vjfn.ef 
 rhtvkb7 hjltcfw
,fsevblfy lf f[fkmfkfmblfy
hecekb ,fpt,bc uf.dfybc cf-
yfwdkjl lf/gbhlf7 hjv uf[c-
yblf thsj,kbd hecek-mfh-
sek fynbnthjhbcnek wt-
ynhc cfmfhsdtkjib7 vfuhfv
itvltu uflfbabmhf7 hbc ufvjw
 uflfvult,b eojlf lf
sfdbc mdti vlujvt,c vfcsfy cfm-
vbc lfzthf ferh’fkf= sehvt7
cffrfidbkc sfdbcb lfgbht,f
hjv ittchekt,byf7 ,fsevib
v[jkjl !__ hecb jabwthb
2 fynbnthjhbc cgtwbfkbc-
nb lfhxt,jlf lf fhf f[fkb
hecekb cfv[tlhj ,fpf7 hj-
ujhw fvfc yfwt,b bhoveyt-
,bfy8
vfuhfv cf,zjsf eibihj-
t,bc sfyfvihjvkt,bcf lf futy-
nt,bc j]f[ib fqphlbk rf-
f,fib’bc cfntktajyj cfe,-
fhbw7 hjvtkibw bcbyb rvf-
.jabkt,bs fqybiyfdty cf-
mfhsdtkjcf lf hectsbc cfn-
hfycgjhnj eo.t,fsf sfyfv-
ihjvkj,fc7 hfvfw yfwt,b lf
fii-bc tkxb  
ijrib xffulj8 vfuhfv cfblfy
3ukfdrfyfkc4 tc xfyfothb0=
w[flbf7 fy 2 fii-bc cftkxj-
lfy7 hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjc
fv;fvbyltk [tkbceakt,fc
hectsevtl vbbxytdc7 fy dfyj
vthf,bidbkbc rjktmwbblfy8 fv
itvs[dtdfib ufvjlbc7 hjv cf-
mfhsdtkjib njnfkehb sd-
fksdfkbc cfiefkt,t,b rdkfd
yfwt,bc [tkibf 2 jhb udfvbc
vjcehyt yfvbybcnhfkvf fvt-
hbrek cgtwfgfhfnehfcsfy
odljvf itbyfhxeyf=
ufptsb erdt lfcf,tzlfl
b.j vpfl7 hjltcfw fii-bc
cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynb
cfymwbt,bs lftvemhf bv
,bpytc-jhufybpfwbt,c7
hjvkt,bw cfmfhsdtkjc
fthjgjhnt,ib hecek
rjvgfybt,c
vjtvcf[eht,bfy8
   
  

    
   
 ubekb fkfcfybfc vcufd-
cfl bvfs ltlt,c cfmfhsdt-
kjcsdbc mjyt,f fh vjegf-
hfds lf sfdbfysb idbkt-
,bcsdbc gbfhrjvgfybt,b fh
lfembhfdt,bfs8 cfmfhsdt-
kjc wb[tib fh vtuekt,f
seylfw thsb gfnbvfhb7
dbcfw cffrfidbkpt eahj
cfcnbrb lfyfifekt,b fmdc
xfltybkb8 tc eylf bwjltc
dfhlbcath 3gjvgjyxbrbf-
yb4 melbs ufvjo.j,bkvf
ltlfvbcvf7 hjvtkcfw deh-
xtd7 melt,bc ithxtdbc yfwd-
kfl7 idbkc cehytkjdfyb
cfzvtkb ufertsjc7 bmyt, [f-
cbfspt vjdbltc lf zfvjc7
hjv vbcb rdt,f vstkb cfmfh-
sdtkjc cfkfgfhfrj fh
b.jc=
2 ufcek rdbhfc cffrfi-
dbkbc vtybe vfhskfw .e-
hflqt,bc wtynhib b.j888
2 ltlfc thsb vj[fhie-
kb rdthw[b vbfmdc lf ye udf-
,jkt,ty7 cffrfidbkb rdlt-
,fj8 sfdbc vjvrdktkb hjv
.jabkb.j7 fmfvlt vjbrkfd-
lf8 cfzvtkc rb fhf7 bvfs vb-
fmwbjy .ehflqt,f7 dbyw cf-
frfidbkbc udthlbs nhbf-
kt,c 2   
 hjvkt,bw 'f-
kbfy wel hjkc sfvfij,ty
vstk fv ghjwtcib8 yfwdkfl
bvbcf7 hjv cffrfidbkc ehxb-
jy7 smdfc 2 dby xfvjb.dfyf cf-
mfhsdtkjib7 fmts 3mfhsek
jwyt,fc4 entdty8 cffrfidbkbc
uflfhxtybc thsflthsb upf
vbc vbth cbvfhskbc smvff lf
se cbvfhskt fh smdf7 b.jc
bm7 cflfw fhbc=
2 fye rkbybrf 3dbdfvtl-
ib40
2 hjv drdlt,jlt7 3dbdfvtl-
ib4 dth lfdodt,b7 cfiefkt,f
fh vfmdc7 cffrfidbkbc vrehyf-
kj,bc aekc rb vjcf[ktj,fc
udf[ltdbyt,ty8 ubekb fkfcf-
ybfv fob sdbsjy uflfb[fljc
sfdbcb idbkbc vrehyfkj,bc
sfy[f8 bct rb7 ult,ekb.j er-
hfbyfib7 hfc vjtshtjlf7 vfu-
hfv bwjlf7 hjv bm jvb bo.t-
,jlf lf babmhf7 xfdfk cfmfh-
sdtkjib7 ufdghtpbltynlt-
,bj8
2 yfyj,c7 hjv xfvjdblf7
fv,j,c7 hjv c[df hfvtc tkj-
lf888
2 tujyf7 jmhjc nf[nc lf-
f[dtlht,lyty7 vfuhfv lf[dlf
[tk,jhrbkt,b8 cfmfhsdtkj-
ib xfvjcdkfc rb bvbnjv yf-
yj,c7 hjv tc mdt.fyf cffrf-
idbkc fhfcjltc e.dfhlf8 f[-
kf sfdc 'kbthfl dth uh-
’yj,c7 hflufy dtqfhfdbc xfu-
  

  
fhw fvthbrtk 
ufcwtc gfce[b7 hjvtkcfw /uj-
ybf7 hjv hectsc cfmfhsdtkj-
ib tkxb /.fdc lf bc rb fh
bwbc7 hjv !% otkbf7 cfmfhs-
dtkjib tc tkxb fh fhct,j,c8
hfw itt[t,f cffrfidbkbc uf-
sfdbceakt,fc7 fhct,j,c %__
mfkbc cbf7 hjvkt,vfw [tkb
vjfothtc cffrfidbkbc ufsfdb-
ceakt,fc8 thsflthsb7 hf-
cfw fv mfkt,c decehdt,7 th-
sb sdbc vfy’bkpt .jdtk qf-
vt lftcbpvhjs bc cfibytkt-
,f7 hfw  lfvfh-
stc7 vtht dyf[js7 fv fv,t,bc
htfkehb itvjmvtlbc ufsfdb-
ceakt,fpt [tkc se vjfot-
hty8
2 ubekb fkfcfybfc gbhf-
lfl bwyj,s0
2 fh dbwyj, lf fhw vbylf
dbwyj,lt flfvbfyc7 hjvtkcfw
c[dbcb nrbdbkbc vbvfhs fmdc
f,cjkenehb uekuhbkj,f8
vfc cfresfhb idbkbc ufhlf
fhfdby fh fbynthtct,c lf fvb-
njvfw eylf bwjltc 2 [fk[c
vfubcb idbkbc cf[tkbcf lf
udfhbc ufujyt,fw rb fh cehc8
bc rb fhf7 fqfhw vjv[htt,c
czbhlt,fs lf gfhnbfw sfd-
pt tyuhtdfs8

mfhsdtkjib vfc s,bkbctk
cjv[fl7 udfhfl 3rfkfynfhj-

ut,tc tahtbnjh cffrfidbkc7 hfdc7 mjyt,fc dth fhsvtdc lf
hjujhw xfyc7 cfmfhsdtkjc wjw[fk ktifl bmwf7 hfibw
2 fhflf7 sfdb vj/mjylfs7
lblb odkbkb vbc j]f[c vb-
vfqfkb byntktmnefkehb

db47 vjb[ctybt,ty7 vfy ufyfw[f-
lf7 hjv 3vhfdfkb okbc ufy-

nthbnjhbfpt !__ hecb jab-
wthb twjnfdf lf hecekb e'qdbc8
gjntywbfkb udfmdcj888
cfjregfwbj ]fht,b vjbodbf5 2 dbc fmdc tc gjntywbf-
kb7 ktdfy [f,tbidbkc0 fctsb
2 uujybfs7 cffrfidbkc uf-

vfdkj,fib cjv[tsb f[ltylf
fpth,fb]fybc idblb htubjybc

vt-* hecekb cfv[tlhj ,fpf
ufeyfskt,tkb flfvbfyt,b ]th
eidtyty lf erhfbyfib lff,-
uelfesfib $___ ]fhbcrfwbs
fh vbyf[fdc8 fy seylfw rtpt-
heyt,ty0 ptktycrbv vcja-
lf vt-$ hecekb cfv[tlhj ,f-

jregfwbfc lf fpth,fb]fyvf
lfb,heyf vbcb resdybkb vb-
ot,b48 cjvt[bw vfctsb eylf 2

hfidbkb fdbqjs8 [fk[b vfufc
kbjc fxdtyf cffrfidbkbc
pf ]fdfib7 fctdt $___ ]fhbcrf-
hjujh uf/.dt,f8 thsb sts-
ajnjt,b rkbybrf 3dbdfvt-
wbs= bctdt7 hjujhw mfhsdtkvf

 cjv[tsc 2 jregfy-
nfl7 [jkj cjv[eh ]fhc jre-
gfwbehfl vjb[ctybt,c7 vbe[t-

lblfy4888
vtyitdbrt,vf !_@ okbc obyfs 2 ptktycrbv erhfbyfc vb- hb fh lfe[fh]fdc cfmfhsdt-
sfdbcb eueyehb vjmvtlt,t- [tljc7 rbtdib fvthbrtkb felb- kjcsdbc7 gbhbmbs7 fmtlfy
,bs cfmfhsdtkjib vt-!! ob- ufpblf .dtkfathb lf rbltd


nt,b bv.jat,bfy7 brdktdty7
lfdfl bvbcf7 hjv cjv[tsb he- stkb fhvbf itvjfuhbfktc8 vbpyj,hbdfl lf[fh]tc se fhf eylf fm aekbc rtst,f8 fvb-
ctsbc jabwbfkehb vjrfdib- fctf se bct7 vbcfcfkvt,tkbf fii-lfy vbqt,ekb lf[vfht,f8 njv tctyb evfk thsvfytsc


htf7 fpth,fb]fyb rb 2 fhf888 ea- bc afmnb7 hjv hectsbc [tkv- ptktycrbw zbhdtekb ,fdidb- lfzfvty7 dblht htdjkewbfc
hj vtnbw7 kfdhjdvf itf[ct- ’qdfytkj,fv cbvfhskbc smvf dbs bmwtdf7 fvjdblf .tkib vf- vjfo.j,ty= ofcekbf vfufsb

yf thtdfyc7 hjv cjv[tsvf lf
fpth,fb]fyvf [tkb vjfothtc
ljrevtync cfvidblj,j [tk-
itrhekt,bc lflt,bc itcf-

lfbo.j8 vhfdkbcvsmvtkbf uf- ufsb sfd[tlj,f8  vfnfht,tkb=
cek [esif,fsc cffrfidbkbc     tcfe,hf
gfhnbekb ntktdbpbbc vbth    
ufdhwtkt,ekb rfhfcbybcf lf  

 
27
 
hfc bodtdc e’bkj,f7
hfcsfy fhbc
lfrfdibht,ekb 'bkbc
lfhqdtdf lf fhbc se
fhf *-(-cffsbfyb 'bkb
flfvbfybcsdbc
fewbkt,tkb0
flfvbfyb cbwjw[kbc !/#-c
'bkib fnfht,c8 'bk-qdb’bkb
thsvfytsbcufy ufyc[dfdt,ekb7
vfuhfv ehsbthslfvjrblt,e-
kb abpbjkjubehb vlujvfht-
j,ff8 'bkb itlut,f cnflbt,b-
cf lf wbrkt,bcufy8 fhct,j,c
'bkbc jhb cnflbf5 cohfab lf
ytkb8 ytk 'bkc fmdc $ cnflbf8
gbhdtkb jhb pthtkt cnflbff7
lfyfhxtyb jhb rb 2 qhvf8
ytkb lf cohfab 'bkbc th-
sj,kbj,f itflutyc wbrkc8 vf-
sb hfjltyj,f7 cnflbt,bc
ufsdfkbcobyt,bs7 qfvtib ey-
lf b.jc %-^ cffsb8 phlfchekb
flfvbfybc ytkb 'bkbc obkb it-
flutyc *%%-c7 [jkj cohfab 'b-
kbcf 2 @%%-c8 f[fkij,bkt,c
!^ cffsb c’byfds8 ! okbc ,fd-
idc c’byfdc !_-!$ cffsb7 !_
okbc ,fdidc rb 2 ) cffsb8 okt-
,bc vfnt,fcsfy thsfl 'bkbc
cnhemnehf bwdkt,f 2 mdtbs-
lt,f 'bkbc cffst,bc cfthsj
hfjltyj,f7 bphlt,f pthtkt
cnflbt,bc ghjwtynekb it-
afhlt,f8 tc bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv
hjltcfw ghjwtynekb itafh-
lt,f7 hjvtkbw ptvjs fqdybi-
yts7 lfbhqdtdf7 bhqdtdf 'bkbw8
'bkbc lhjc rb flfvbfyb eylf



e’bkj,f7 ythdekb fqupyt,f
lf cnhtcb sfdbceakfl
b[cyt,f zfh[kbc odtybcf lf
sfakbc yfhtdbc vbqt,bs8
bub vpfllt,f itvltuyfbhfl5
!8 zfh[kbc odtyb 2 @ ob-
kb9
@8 sfakb 2 ! obkb9
zfh[kbc odtycf lf sfakc
vbybiyt,ekb hfjltyj,bs
rfhufl dehtds thsvfytsib8
fvbc itvltu fewbkt,tkbf7 fq-
ybiyekb yfhtdb ityf[ekb bm-



dbqt,s ! ceahbc rjdp lfmewvfwt,ek udbhbkbc .df-
dbkc lf dfc[fvs ! xfbc zbmf vleqfht o.fkc7 df.jdyt,s
jsf[bc ntvgthfnehfpt ! cffsb7 hbc itvltufw doehfds uf-
vjoyt[dbs vfhkbc cfiefkt,bs8
@ c/r lqtib #-$-]th zfvfvlt @_ oesbs flht8

e[ti cf[t[pt d[t[fds ev7 vje[fhifd zfh[kbc ,jkmdc8 vbqt,ekb vfcbs
sfdfvlt dfdct,s mbkfc fy afhsjsfdbfy ,jskc7 vfcib dfc[fvs fhf.c7
df.jdyt,s !@ lqt7 hbc itvltufw doehfds8
 @ c/r lqtib #-]th zfvbc oby8
28 



uflbjltc .dtkf cnflbfc lf
wbrkc8
vtlbrjct,b ufvj.jaty 'b-
kbc lfhqdtdbc ($ cf[tj,fc7
hjvkt,bw7 sfdbc v[hbd7 ufth-
sbfyt,ekbf hfvltybvt ]uea-
ib5 lbcjvybf7 gfhfcjvybf7 cey-
smdbsb lfhqdtdt,b7 wbhrfle-
kb hbnvbc +ufyc[dfdt,f lhj-
fqybiyekb yf.tyb
ufvjb.tyt,f fctdt rjkbnbc7
rezbcf lf yfokfdbc cgfpvt,bc
lf vtntjhbpvbc lhjcfw8
ib` itwdkbs ufygbhj,t,ekb
lfhqdtdt,b7 vjecdtyfhb at[t-
,bc cbylhjvb8 'bkbc lfhqdt-
df bctsb lffdflt,t,bc itvfl-
utytkb yfobkbf7 hjujhbwff
tgbktacbf7 ibpjahtybf7 gfh-
rbycjyb7 zrefcecnj,f8 'bkbc
lfhqdtdbc vbptpb fctdt it-
b’kt,f b.jc 'kbthb cnhtcb
lf uflfqkbkj,f8 fhct,j,c
cfvb cf[bc 'bkbc lfhqdtdf5 ufh-
lfvfdfkb7 [fyvjrkt lf mhjyb-
rekb8 ufhlfvfdfkb uh’tklt-
,f !-^ qfvbc ufyvfdkj,fib7 [fy-
vjrkt !-# rdbhfc7 mhjybrekb
rb rdbhfib # fy vtnb qfvbc
e’bkj,ff7 hjvtkbw7 cek wj-
nf7 thsb sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib
uh’tklt,f8 ufhlf fvbcf7 fhct-
,j,c 'bkbc ctpjyehb lfhq-
dtdt,b8 ufvjb.jaf pfa[ekbcf
lf pfvshbc bycjvybf8 pfa[e-
kbc fatmneh fikbkj,fc f[f-
cbfst,c evflj,f7 cebwblehb
yfc vfwbdfhib cek wjnf $-
% cffsb8
 !/# xfbc zbmf lq-
tib ths[tk 'bkbc oby $_
oesbs flht8
bubdt htwtgnb [vfht-
,bc bubdt otcbs rezyfo-
kfdbc veifj,bc vjotc-
hbut,bcsdbcfw ufvjb.t-
yt,f8















fqybiyekb htwtgnb7
hjvtkcfw fm ofhvjdflutys7
ertstcbf7 ufrtst,ekb
bmyfc ufpfa[ekpt8 bub
fvfuht,c ythdek lf
uekcbc[k’fhqdjdfy
cbcntvfc7 [cybc sfdbc
nrbdbkc8
fm ofhvjlutybkb htwtgnbc
lfcfvpflt,kfl dbqt,s _7% k
fhfhfabybht,ek vptcevpb-
hbc ptsc lf %__ u [jhwcf-
rtgib ufnfht,ek ybjhc7 de-
htds thsvfytsib rfhufl lf
# lqt-qfvbc ufyvfdkj,fib
dlufvs uhbk lf ,ytk flub-
kfc8 ibyffhcbs yfhtdb afm-
nbehfl ofhvjflutyc 3ybd-
hbc ptsc48
wfkrt dbqt,s #__ u mthc
+itb’kt,f mthbc vfhwdfkb itw-
dkbkb bmyfc mthbc ,ehqe-
kbs`7 chekfl damdfds tktm-
nhjobcmdbkib lf tythubekb
vjhtdbs thsudfhjdfyb vfcbc
vbqt,fvlt dehtds 3ybdhbc
ptsc48 yfhtdc dbyf[fds vfwb-
dfhib8
 sbsj x/r zfvfvlt
_7% cffsbs flht8
vrehyfkj,bc rehcb5 #_ lqt8
rehcbc ufvtjht,f cfzbhjf %
otkboflib ths[tk8 [fk[ehb
vtlbwbyf fvfdt htwtgnbs vreh-
yfkj,c uekcbc[k’fhqdjdfy
cbntvfcf lf sfdbc nrbdbkt,c8
fpht,b lf afynfpbt,b7 fv gt-
hbjlib bphlt,f sdbsvrdkt-
kj,bc hbw[db8 pfvshbc fikb-
kj,fc7 bubdt 3pfvshbc ,ke-
pc47 sfy f[kfdc 'bkbfyj,bcf
lf e’bkj,bc vjyfwdktj,f7
ojybc vfnt,f8
 
 
  


ythdekb cgfpvt,bc vrehyfkj,bcfsdbc 'fkbfy rfhu
itltuc b’ktdf gbnyf7 ,fhfv,j lf uhfrkf8 cgfpvt,bc lhjc7
vbsevtntc7 hjltcfw vfc sfy f[kfdc sfdbc nrbdbkb7
itb’kt,f ufvj.tyt,ekb bmyfc fqybiyekb vwtyfhtt,bc
!8 gbnyf 2 ! x/r9 @8 uhfr-
kf fy ,fhfv,j 2 ! vobrdb9
fqybiyek yfhtdc d.hbs xf-
blfyib xfbcsfy thsfl lf
dcdfvs bct7 hjujhw xdtekt,-
hbd xfbc8 rfhu itltuc b’ktdf7 xfbc vbqt,bc vjvtynib cfceh-
se ifmfhsfy thsfl ufvj.t-
yt,ekb bmyt,f ifmhbc itvwd-
ktkb 2 cjh,bnb fy mcbkb-
nb9 fvbc itvltu flfvbfyb fi-
rfhfl uh’yj,c yfqdkbc odt-
ybc byntycbehb ltybc ta-
tmnc7 hfptlfw cojhtl lfvj-
rblt,ekbf sfdbc nrbdbkbc
vj[cyf8
ythdekb cgfpvt,bs ufvjo-
dtekb sfdbc nrbdbkt,b it-
b’kt,f vj[cybkb bmyfc itv-
ltub yfhtdbcfufy lfvpf-
lbkb xfbc yf.tybs5
!8 udbhb-
kf9 @8
rhfpfyf9
#8 ,fqbc
gbnyf
sfyf,fhb hfjlt-
yj,bs fqt,ekb fct-
sb vwtyfhtt,bc yfht-
dblfy dfvpflt,s xdte-
kt,hbdfl xfbc lfvpflt-
,bc fyfkjubeh yf.tyc8 xf-


  
  


.dtkf flfvbfyc fmdc sfdbcb
,bjkjubehb wbrkb8 fhbfy flf-
vbfyt,b7 hjvkt,cfw #-$ cffsbc
'bkb /.jaybs7 pjuc rb ) cff-
sbw fh /.jaybc8 vfufkbsfl7
wyj,bkbf7 hjv 
lqt-qfvtib #-$ cffsb t’byf8 tc
fh fhbc lfhqdtdf bv itvs[dtdf-
ib7 se flfvbfyb vtjht lqtc [f-
kbcbfyb lf ihjvbceyfhbfybf8
 !! cffsbc ufyvfd-
kj,fib t’byf lf vbcsdbc cfzb-
hj hfjltyj,f tc b.j8 ufdhwt-
kt,ekb fphb7 hjv flfvbfybc-
sdbc fewbkt,tkbf *-( cffsb
'bkb7 fhfcojhbf8
fhct,j,ty flfvbfyt,b7 hjv-
kt,cfw cehs7 flht lfb’byjy
lf flht fluyty7 fhbfy gbhbmb-
sfw8 hjujhb 'bkbc itvltufw
uh’yj,c flfvbfyb sfdc rfhufl
vtjht lqtc7 bc fhbc vbcsdbc
vbcfqt,b lhj8 tc ,bjkjube-
hb wbrkbf7 sevwf7 hfcfrdbh-
dtkbf7 itcf’kt,tkbf ht;bvbc
ufvjveifdt,f7 hjltcfw7 dsmdfs7
cfvcf[ehc czbhlt,f7 sevwf7
fvbcsdbc lblb 'fkbc[vtdff cf-
zbhj8
bycjvybf7 fye e’bkj,f fhbc
cbvgnjvb7 hjvtkbw fqvjwty-
lt,f ufhtvj gbhj,t,bc7 jhuf-
yekb lf acbmjkjubehb lfh-
qdtdt,bc lhjc8 bvbcfsdbc7 hjv
rfhufl ut’byjs7 ufbsdfkbcob-
yts hfvltybvt afmnjhb5
1. vjthblts fkrj/jkbc
vbqt,fc lf’byt,fvlt # cffsbc
ufyvfdkj,fib9
2. itbyfhxeyts 'bkbc uhf-
abrb8 qfvbc welb 'bkbc itv-
ltu lbkbs ye lfb'byt,s8 flt-
mbs thscf lf bvfdt lhjc9
3. df[ivbc itvltu vjthblts
rjatbybc vbqt,fc 2 .fdfc7 xf-
bc7 ijrjkflc9
4. vjthblts lbkbc sdkt-
vfc9
5. vjfo.dts cf’byt,tkb
v.elhjl lf rjvajhnekfl9
6. ye vjotds cbufhtnc9
7. ye vbbqt,s ,tdh cfrdt,c
lf’byt,fvlt @ cffsbc ufyvfdkj-
,fib9
8. vjthblts dfh]bic lf-
’byt,fvlt @ cffsbc ufyvfdkj-
,fib9
9. vjleylbs lfojkfvlt
2 vjthblts veifj,fc7 cofd-
kfc7 ntktajypt cfe,fhc7 rf-
vfsc8
yfhtdbc itvltub dfhbfynb5
bc lfktdbc lhjc ! xfbc zbmf-
pt dfvfnt,s fctsb yf.tybc !-
@ xfbc rjdpc8 cfcehdtkbf7 se
fctsb nbgbc xfb utvjdyt,bs
lfvnr,fhb bmyt,f sfakbs8
dtkbf7 sfdb it[dtekb bmyfc
hfbvt yfzhbs8
cgfpvt,bc lhjc cfvrehyf-
kjl ufvjb.tyt,f gbnybc
tsthptsbw8 fvbcfsdbc fqybi-
yekb ptsbc @-# odtsc dfc-
[fvs vwbht hfjltyj,bc dbcr-
ib8 fhbc vjcfpht,f7 hjv gbn-
ybc tsthptsc itcotdc eyfhb7
flfvbfypt bvjmvtljc7 hj-
ujhw cgfpvj-
kbnbrvf7 hb-
sbw bc rfh-
ufl f[th-
[ t , c
wtyn-
h f -
keh
ythdek
cbcntvfib
itcekb nrb-
dbkbc ituh-
’yt,bc ,kj-
rbht,fc8
 
 !8 ltlfvbobc yf-
[tdfhcathjt,fl ufv.jab [fpb9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
!_8 fvthbrtkb ht;bcjhb9 !!8 pqdf- 
ib vwehfdb .byekbc vsf9 !@8 uf- 10 f8 vjgfcfyb9 ,8 ,edbt9 u8 vjhef9 l8 vfht8
vj.jaf9 !#8 it,hfoekb rfhnj- 
abkb9 !^8 vfstvfnbrehb velvb- f8 uthvfytkb9 ,8 fdcnhbtkb9 u8 xt[b9 l8 gj-
11 kjytkb8
df9 !*8 vfdyt itvo.yfht,tkb9 @!8
.ehbc ibuybsf yfobkb9 @@8 cf[f-     
kbaj9 @#8 mctyjajyntc s[pe- 12    
kt,f9 @(8 vfhbnfc ,t,bf9 #@8 che- f8 gfvtkf fylthcjyvf9 ,8 fkbcbf vfxfljv9
nt tcgfytscf lf vfhjrjc ijhbc9 u8 ]tyb vfrjhnvf9 l8 fktmcfylhf /tlbcjyvf8
13 14 15 16 
##8 ltkbrfntcb9 #$8 gjtnb 888 rdb-
  
nfbidbkb9 #%8 cbuh’bc cfpjvb 'd8 f8 !()_ otkc9 ,8 !)__9 u8 !)!) otkc9 l8
thstekb9 #^8 sesb.eibc cf[tj- 17 18 19 20
!)@^ otkc8
,f9 #*8 [tkpt vjcfvcf[eht mfkb    
+’d8`9 #(8 /jkbdelbc vcf[bj,b mf- 21 
kb9 #)8 lfcnehbc cbn.df9 $_8 hbc- f8 ct’b9 ,8 [fxbvfrb9 u8 j,b9 l8 bfivfub8
sdbc0 $!8 nfbkfylbc tyf9 $@8 by- 
22 f8 ueuf yf[ewhbidbkb9 ,8 dbybjy lfhfct-
ajhvfwbbc hfjltyj,bc thste-
kb9 $#8 qjyt7 fhfmfsb8 kb9 u8 cfylhj ifyibfidbkb9 l8 rbnf ,efxb-
 @8 rfsjkbrehb ]df- 23 24 25 26 27 ’t8
hb9 #8 a8 ufhcbf kjhrf 2 3,th- 
yfhlf 888 cf[kb49 $8 'dbhafcb kb- f8 ptcnfajybc hfbjyib9 ,8 [fhfufekbc9 u8
28 29 30 31 cfvnhtlbbc9 l8 cfx[thbc hfbjyib8
sjyb9 %8 pfv,f[b9 ^8 hfbvt vj’qd-
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22
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23 24  

25 
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 
29
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hekt,ty7 vfuhfv vfs ehsbthsj,t,ib ye xfthtdbs lf    qfkb bmyt,f cfcb.dfhekj ehsbthsj,bc lfo.t,bc fk,f-
  
ghjdjrfwbt,cfw ye f/.dt,bs7 hfsf ythdbekj,f ]fyvh-    sj,f8
  
 +!)8_@-@_8_#`
stkj,fpt efh.jabsfl fh fbcf[jc8 smdtyc ehsbthsj-    
,fc hxteksfy ufhrdtekb ufhtvjt,fyb ufvjwlfc vj-   lfmdtbst,ekb tythubf chekafcjdfyb vjmvtlt,bcf
eo.j,c8 rfhub gthbjlbf uflfflubkt,t,bcsdbc lf f[kj     lf cfcehdtkb itltubc vbqotdbc cfiefkt,fc fh vjuwtvs7
vfy’bkpt vjupfehj,bcsdbc8  fv
lhjc ufycfresht,ekb .e-
sevwf7 f[kj,kt,bcsdbc ufotekb lf[vfht,f fdnjhbntnc
 +@!8_$-@_8_%`

hflqt,f vjts[jdt,f sbsjt-
fubvfqkt,s8 rfhub gthbjlbf bylbdblefkehb itvjmvt-
   
ek xdtyufyc cfnhfycgjhnj
lt,bcsdbc8 ufhbcrdf lf ijhtekb vjupfehj,f fv gthb-
lblb abyfycehb ufhbut,bcf lf jgthfwbt,bcsdbc fhf-   
cfiefkt,t,bc vfhsdbcfc7 ntm-
jlib ufvfhskt,ekb fh bmyt,f7 hflufy lfyf[fh]bc fyfpqf-
[tkcf.htkb lhjf8 vfnthbfkehb vlujvfhtj,bc ufvj ,td- 
ybrehb vjo.j,bkj,t,bcf se
eht,fc lblb lhj lfczbhlt,f8 w[jdht,fib fhct,ekb uf-
hb xfyfabmhbc itchekt,fc ]th dth it’kt,s8 f[kj,kt- 
[tkcfo.jt,bc ufvj.tyt,bcfc
eut,hj,fyb rb itcf’kjf7 cbpvht,ib fbcf[jc8
,b vjcfkjlytk abyfyceh lf[vfht,fc dth ufubotdty8 ab-    
yfycehb fhfcnf,bkehj,f smdtyc ehsbthsj,fc hjujhw    lf cfgfce[bcvut,kj cfveif-
j]f[ib7 bct it.dfht,eksfy lf’f,fdc8 cfcehdtkbf7 sfdb- jt,bc itchekt,bcfc8 fvfdl-
2     lfnjdtc lf 

hjekfl7 sdbc tc gthbjlb
 ybifyib uflfbyfwd-
ceafkb lhj ]fyvhstkj,fcf lf cgjhnc lfesvjs7 vju-
+_@8#%‘ uflfbyfwdkt,c hf 
  
[tkc iteo.j,c ltcnhemwb-
kt,c8 lfbo.t,f vtnfl ghj-
pfehj,f rb uflfljs8   
ekb7 lfvfv’bvt,tkb7 njmcbre- 
 +@!8_%-@@8_^`  ybifyib7 ef[kjtcb lemnbekb gthbjlb7 hjvkbc

hb rfdibht,bcf lf ehsbth-
thsb sdbc vfy’bkpt uffvf[db- lhjcfw7 cfcehdtkb bmyt,f7

etvjwbjl ehsbthsj,f ufhitvj v.jat,sfy ufub- sj,t,bc lfchekt,fc lf vj-
flfvbfysf tythubf vbvfhse-
  
zbhlt,fs8 sevwf7 vfsb vtidtj,bs itcf’kt,tkb bmyt,f vfdfkb tythutnbrekb fqvfd- kt,c lf ufyfdbsfht,c flfvbf-
kb bmytc obyf gthbjlib rf-
  
cfvjvfdkj utuvt,bc lfcf[df8 tmcnhtvfkehb cbnefwbt- kj,bcfsdbc vpflt,fc8 vbs- yt,ib vuh’yj,tkj,fc7 tvjwb-
hbthfcf se ehsbthsj,t,ib
  
,b ufvzhbf[j,fc ituvfnt,s lf smdtyc ghjatcbjyfkbpvc  eahj7 hjv  cb- ehj,fc7 bevjhc7 ctynbvtynf-
ufphlbc8 rfhub lhjf gbhflb ,bpytcbc 'bhtekb vfhs-   nefwbf lfcnf,bkeht,fc lf- kehj,fc7 hjvfynbrekj,fc7 lfidt,ekb itwljvt,bc uf-
dbcsdbc7 vfuhfv ufycfresht,ekb .ehflqt,f vbfmwbts  bo.t,c7 hflufy  bynebwbfc7 sfyfuh’yj,bc vjcojht,bcrty lf [tkblfy
cf,est,c8 gbhfl ehsbthsj,fib ufeut,hj,fyb itcf’kjf7  fvudfhfl7 st,thdkbc  eyfhc7 rjcvjcehb cfblevkj- ufidt,ekb itcf’kt,kj,t,bc
ufyo.j,fpt fbcf[jc8 lfcfo.bcib itcf’kjf7 utuvt-  t,t,bs lfbynthtct,fc lf fct- fqlutybcrty8 sevwf7 st,thd-
,b fbhbjc lf hjujhw gbhf-    dt bkepbt,c7 abmhc ofhcek- kbc tc vjyfrdtsbw obylf[t-
 +@#8_^-@@8_*` lb7 bct cfmvbfyb ehsbthsj-  pt7 welb fpht,bc vjpqdfdt,fc7 lekj,fcf lf vtn fmnbehj-
.dtkfathb ptlvbotdybs eylf uffvpfljs f[fkb ,t,bw lfb’f,jc8 fv gthbjlib 2 hf lf hf sdbct,t,c uff- pqdfhuflfcek sfyfuh’yj,fc7 ,fc vjbs[jdc8 cf,jkjj ]fv-
bltt,bc ufycf[jhwbtkt,kfl8 ufhrdtekb 'fkbc[vtdbc pjubthsbcsdbc cfdct,bs it- vf[dbkt,c flfvbfyt,ib vpbc n.ebkt,bcrty vblhtrbkt,f- ib7 itb’kt,f bsmdfc7 hjv
vbe[tlfdfl7 abyfyceh cathjib lbl wdkbkt,t,c ye cf’kt,tkbf7 rfhbthf fhfcfcb- uflfyfwdkt,f vtho.ekbc cfw8 ybifylj,kbdbf bcbw7 hjv vskbfyj,fib7 
tkbs7 sevwf7 itcf’kjf7 f[fk gthcgtmnbek ghjtmnc rtsjl lfchekltc8  pjlbfmjc ybiyblfy stdpt-    
cfae’dtkb xft.fhjc8 cfcb[fhekj fv,t,b smdtyw lf  ,bc pjlbfmjib0    
smdtyc f[kj,kt,cfw lbl cbfvjdyt,fc vjuudhbs8 gbhfl   
cfrbs[ib fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb ufehrdtdkj,f lf cfrf-    
vfsj cbnefwbt,b8 ijhtekb vjupfehj,f ]j,c7 uflfljs8 
 +@#8_*-@#8_(` 
ihjvbceyfhbfyj,f vjutvfnt,fs lf itltubw rfhub   
bmyt,f8 itcf’kjf7 cfw[jdht,tkb flubkbc itwdkfpt fy 
ufkfvfpt,fpt lfabmhlts7 vfuhfv aekbc e.fbhfsjl
[fh]dfc vjthblts8 yfstcfdt,bc vbth ufwyj,bkb flfvbf- he,hbrfc e’qdt,f
yt,b lfvfnt,bsb itvjcfdkbc vbqt,fib lfut[vfht,bfy8 vt- 
eqktcsfy fy it.dfht,eksfy cfmvbfyb sfyfvihjvkj,f 

 
smdtyc ehsbthsj,fc yfrkt,fl hjvfynbrekc7 sevwf7
v.fhc uf[lbc8 vjupfehj,bcfc ,tdh cfbynthtcj byajh-

 
vfwbfc itbn.j,s8
 +@$8_(-@#8_)`


[fk[vhfdfk flubkt,c vjthblts lf aekb [tk-
vjvzbhytl [fh]ts8 cf[kib ewyj,t,c ye vbbgfnb;t,s lf


twflts7 fv rdbhfib htvjynb fh lfbo.js8 v[jkjl fvu-
dfhfl itbyfhxeyt,s hjujhw ibyfufy7 bct cjwbfkeh-


trjyjvbreh cnf,bkehj,fc8 gbhfl w[jdht,fib ufeut,-


hj,f fldbkfl vjudfhlt,f7 se ptlvtnfl tvjwbehb fh
bmyt,bs8 vjupfehj,bcfc ]fyvhstkj,bc vbvfhs cbahs[b-


kt uvfhst,s8

30  


vpt bv.jat,f vtho.ekbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-
lbc _(8_( cffspt7 xflbc !(8@@ cffspt8 vsdf-
ht kjvbc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc !(8%^ cffspt7
xflbc * st,thdfkc _(8%_ cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-
!* lqt bo.t,f !(8$* cffspt8 vt-# afpf‘8 vb-
vfhsekt,flfrfhuekb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf
!(8!% cffsblfy @#8%) cffsfvlt8 ntyltywbt-
,b5 lqtc cekbthb cbvidblt itbyfhxeyts lf
ewthtvjybj mvtlt,fc thblts8 rfhub lqtf rj-
ktmnbehb 'fkbc[vtdbcsdbc7 'dbhafcb ybdsbc7
cfxemht,bc7 kfnfhbbc ,bktsbc itcf’tyfl7 sdf-
kt,bcf lf ythdekb cbcntvbc vrehyfkj,bc-
vpt bv.jat,f vtho.ekbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-
lbc _(8_* cffspt7 xflbc !(8@$ cffspt8 vsdf-
ht uflfbyfwdkt,c +_!8!#‘ mfkoekbc pjlb-
fmjib8 fvjlbc !)8%( cffspt7 xflbc ( st,th-
dfkc _)8!% cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-!( lqt bo.t-
,f @_8_$ cffspt7 vt-# afpf‘8 vbvfhsekt,f-
lfrfhuekb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf __8__ cffsb-
lfy _!8!$ cffsfvlt8 utjvfuybnehbf lqbc 66
yf[tdfhb8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc .jdtklqbehb
cfmvbs itvjbafhukts= rfhub lqtf lfkfut-
,f-lfceasfdt,bcsdbc7 cf,fyrj jgthfwbt,bc-
sdbc7 cofdkbcsdbc7 dfzhj,bcsdbc7 fdt]bcf lf
nfycfwvkbc ufyf[kt,f-vjotchbut,bcsdbc7 vt-

vpt bv.jat,f vtho.ekbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-
lbc _(8_^ cffspt7 xflbc !(8@% cffspt8 vsdf-
ht mfkoekbc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc @!8_! cf-
fspt7 xflbc ) st,thdfkc _)8#^ cffspt +vsdf-
hbc vt-!) lqt bo.t,f @!8@! cffspt8 vt-# af-
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,bcsdbc7 lfkfut,f-lfceasfdt,bcsdbc7 otchb-
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
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

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     
     
 

   


     
   
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
     
    


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 mediakorporacia "asaval-dasavali". sagamomcemlo saxli "asaval-dasavali"

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       
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