INDUS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE HUMANITIES & LIBERAL STUDIES

SEMESTER: I

SUBJECT: CALCULUS

FACULTY NAME: RONAK PATEL

UNIT-2- APPLICATION OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 1 / 23

Overview I

1 Jacobians

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 2 / 23

Jacobians

Jacobians for two variables

If u and v are functions of the two independent variables x and y, then the
jacobian of u and v w.r.t x and y is written as,

  ∂u ∂u
∂(u, v ) u, v ∂x ∂y
=J = ∂v ∂v
∂(x, y) x, y
∂x ∂y
and
  ∂x ∂x
∂(x, y ) x, y
= J∗ = ∂u
∂y
∂v
∂y
∂(u, v ) u, v
∂u ∂v

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 3 / 23

Jacobians for three variables
If u,v and w are functions of the three independent variables x, y and z then
the jacobian of u,v and w w.r.t x,y and z is written as,
∂u ∂u ∂u
  ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂(u, v , w) u, v , w ∂v ∂v ∂v
=J =
∂(x, y , z) x, y , z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂w ∂w ∂w
∂x ∂y ∂z
and
∂x ∂x ∂x
  ∂u ∂v ∂w
∂(x, y, z) x, y , z ∂y ∂y ∂y
= J∗ =
∂(u, v , w) u, v , w ∂u ∂v ∂w
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 4 / 23

Solved Examples:

Example: 1
 
u, v
Find J , if u = ex sin y and v = x + log sin y
x, y

Solution:
u = ex sin y v = x + log sin y

ux = ex sin y vx = 1

uy = ex cos y vy = cot y

ex sin y ex cos y
 
u, v ux uy
J = = = ex cos y − ex cos y = 0
x, y vx vy 1 cot y

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 5 / 23

Example: 2
∂(x, y)
Find , if x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ
∂(r , θ)

Solution:
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ

xr = cos θ yr = sin θ

xθ = −r sin θ yθ = r cos θ

∂(x, y) x xθ cos θ −r sin θ

= r = = r (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = r
∂(r , θ) yr yθ sin θ r cos θ

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 6 / 23

Example: 3
x +y
Find the Jacobian J if u = and v = tan−1 x + tan−1 y .
1 − xy

Solution:
(1 − xy ) − (x + y)(−y) 1
ux = vx = +0
(1 − xy )2 1 + x2
1 + y2 1
= vx =
(1 − xy )2 1 + x2

(1 − xy ) − (x + y)(−x) 1
uy = vy = 0+
(1 − xy )2 1 + y2

1 + x2 1
= vy =
(1 − xy )2 1 + y2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 7 / 23

 ux uy
J =
vx vy

1 + y2 1 + x2
= (1 − xy )2 (1 − xy )2
1 1
1 + x2 1 + y2

1 1
= −
(1 − xy )2 (1 − xy )2

= 0

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 8 / 23

Example: 4
∂(x, y, z)
If x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ then show that = r 2 sin θ
∂(r , θ, φ)

Solution:

x = r sin θ cos φ y = r sin θ sin φ z = r cos θ

xr = sin θ cos φ yr = sin θ sin φ zr = cos θ
xθ = r cos θ cos φ yθ = r cos θ sin φ zθ = −r sin θ
xφ = −r sin θ sin φ yφ = r sin θ cos φ zφ = 0

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 9 / 23

 xr xθ xφ
∂(x, y , z)
= yr yθ yφ
∂(r , θ, φ)
zr zθ zφ

sin θ cos φ r cos θ cos φ −r sin θ sin φ

= sin θ sin φ r cos θ sin φ r sin θ cos φ
cos θ −r sin θ 0

sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ

= r 2 sin θ sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ
cos θ − sin θ 0

= r 2 sin θ[cos θ(cos θ cos2 φ + cos θ sin2 φ)+

sin θ(sin θ cos2 φ + sin θ sin2 φ)]

= r 2 sin θ[cos2 θ + sin2 θ]

= r 2 sin θ

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 10 / 23

Example : 5
∂(x, y, z)
If u = x + y + z, uv = y + z, uvw = z, find
∂(u, v , w)

Solution:
we have ,u = x + y + z, uv = y + z, uvw = z
z = uvw
uv = y + z ⇒ uv = y + uvw ⇒ y = uv (1 − w)
u = x + y + z ⇒ u = x + uv − uvw + uvw ⇒ x = u(1 − v )

xu = (1 − v ) yu = v (1 − w) zu = vw
xv = −u yv = u(1 − w) zv = uw
xw = 0 yw = −uv zw = uv

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 11 / 23

 xu xv xw
∂(x, y, z)
= yu yv yw
∂(u, v , w)
zu zv zw

(1 − v ) −u 0
= v (1 − w) u(1 − w) −uv
vw uw uv

(1 − v ) −1 0
= u 2 v v (1 − w) (1 − w) −1
vw w 1

= u 2 v [(1 − v )(1 − w + w) + 1(v − vw + vw)]

= u 2 v [1 − v + v ]

= u2v

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 12 / 23

Example: 6
∂(x, y ) ∂(u, v )
If x = u(1 − v ), y = uv ; evaluate and
∂(u, v ) ∂(x, y)

Solution:
x = u(1 − v ) ⇒ xu = 1 − v and xv = −u
y = uv ⇒ yu = v and yv = u
∂(x, y) x xv 1−v −u
J= = u = = u − uv + uv = u
∂(u, v ) yu yv v u
Now,
x = u − uv ⇒ x = u − y ⇒ u = x + y
y y
y = uv ⇒ v = ⇒ v =
u x +y
∂(u, v ) u uy 1 1 x +y 1
J∗ = = x = −y x = =
∂(x, y) vx vy (x + y )2 (x + y)
(x + y )2 (x + y)2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 13 / 23

Property : 1
If u and v are the functions of x and y then,

∂(u, v ) ∂(x, y)
× =1
∂(x, y ) ∂(u, v )
or
J.J ∗ = 1

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 14 / 23

Example: 7
∂(u, v )
Calculate for x = eu cos v and y = eu sin v
∂(x, y )

Solution:
x = eu cos v ⇒ xu = eu cos v and xv = −eu sin v
y = eu sin v ⇒ yu = eu sin v and yv = eu cos v
∂(x, y ) x xv eu cos v −eu sin v
= u = u = e2u (cos2 v + sin2 v ) = e2u
∂(u, v ) yu yv e sin v eu cos v
From property,
∂(u, v ) ∂(x, y)
× =1
∂(x, y ) ∂(u, v )
∂(u, v ) 1 1
= = 2u = e−2u
∂(x, y ) ∂(x, y ) e
∂(u, v )

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 15 / 23

Example: 8
u+v ∂(u, v )
If x = uv and y = , find
u−v ∂(x, y )

Solution:
∂(x, y ) v u 2uv + 2uv 4uv
x xv
= u = −2v 2u = =
∂(u, v ) yu yv (u − v )2 (u − v )2
(u − v )2 (u − v )2
From property,
∂(u, v ) ∂(x, y)
× =1
∂(x, y ) ∂(u, v )
∂(u, v ) 1 1 (u − v )2
= = =
∂(x, y ) ∂(x, y ) 4uv 4uv
∂(u, v ) (u − v )2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 16 / 23

Property: 2
If u and v are functions of r and s, and r and s are functions of x,y then

∂(u, v ) ∂(r , s) ∂(u, v )

× =
∂(r , s) ∂(x, y ) ∂(x, y)

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 17 / 23

Example: 9
∂(x, y)
If x = a(u + v ), y = b(u − v ) and u = r 2 cos 2θ, v = r 2 sin 2θ, find
∂(r , θ)

Solution:
∂(x, y) x xv a a
= u = = −ab − ab = −2ab
∂(u, v ) yu yv b −b
Now,
∂(u, v ) u uθ 2r cos 2θ −2r 2 sin 2θ
= r = = 4r 3 (cos2 2θ + sin2 2θ) = 4r 3
∂(r , θ) vr vθ 2r sin 2θ 2r 2 cos 2θ
∂(x, y) ∂(x, y) ∂(u, v )
= × = (−2ab)(4r 3 ) = −8abr 3
∂(r , θ) ∂(u, v ) ∂(r , θ)

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 18 / 23

Example: 10
√ √ √
If x = vw, y = wu, z = uv and
∂(x, y , z)
u = r sin θ cos φ, v = r sin θ sin φ, w = r cos θ. calculate
∂(r , θ, φ)

Solution:
∂(x, y, z) ∂(x, y, z) ∂(u, v , w)
= ×
∂(r , θ, φ) ∂(u, v , w) ∂(r , θ, φ)
xu xv xw
∂(x, y, z)
= yu yv yw
∂(u, v , w) zu zv zw
√ √
w v
0 √ √
√ 2 v 2√ w
w u
= √ 0 √
2√ u √ 2 w
v u
√ √ 0
2 u 2 v

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 19 / 23

 √ √
w v
0 √ √
√ v √w
∂(x, y, z) 1 w u
= √ 0 √
∂(u, v , w) 8 √u √ w
v u
√ √ 0
u v
r  r  r r 
1 w uv v wu
= − − +
8 v uw w uv

1
= [1 + 1]
8
1
=
4

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 20 / 23

 ur uθ uφ
∂(u, v , w)
= vr vθ vφ
∂(r , θ, φ)
wr wθ wφ

sin θ cos φ r cos θ cos φ −r sin θ sin φ

= sin θ sin φ r cos θ sin φ r sin θ cos φ
cos θ −r sin θ 0

sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ

= r 2 sin θ sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ
cos θ − sin θ 0

= r 2 sin θ[cos θ(cos θ cos2 φ + cos θ sin2 φ)+

sin θ(sin θ cos2 φ + sin θ sin2 φ)]

= r 2 sin θ[cos2 θ + sin2 θ]

= r 2 sin θ

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 2.1 21 / 23

 ∂(x, y, z) ∂(x, y, z) ∂(u, v , w)
= ×
∂(r , θ, φ) ∂(u, v , w) ∂(r , θ, φ)
∂(x, y, z) 1
= r 2 sin θ
∂(r , θ, φ) 4

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