Before the advent of Islam, the world was characterized by diverse moral, social, and religious

conditions in various regions, including the Roman Empire, Persian Empire, ancient India, and the
Arabian Peninsula. Here's an overview of the conditions in each of these regions:

1. Roman Empire:

 Moral Condition: The Roman Empire was known for its moral decadence and corruption.
Immorality, including promiscuity, adultery, and widespread sexual indulgence, was
prevalent among various sections of society. Slavery was a common practice, and the
treatment of slaves varied widely.

 Social Condition: Social inequality was significant, with a clear distinction between the
wealthy elite and the impoverished masses. The Roman society was highly stratified,
and opportunities for social mobility were limited.

 Religious Condition: The Roman Empire had a polytheistic religion with a pantheon of
gods and goddesses. Emperor worship was also prevalent, where the Roman emperors
were deified and considered divine figures. The empire was tolerant of various religious
practices as long as they didn't challenge the authority of the state.

2. Persian Empire:

 Moral Condition: The Persian Empire had a more conservative moral outlook compared
to the Roman Empire. Adultery and promiscuity were generally frowned upon, and
family values held significant importance.

 Social Condition: The Persian society was also hierarchical, with a ruling class that held
immense power and privilege. Social mobility was limited, and the gap between the rich
and the poor was substantial.

 Religious Condition: The Persian Empire followed Zoroastrianism as its primary religion.
Zoroastrianism emphasized the dualistic concept of good and evil, and the worship of
Ahura Mazda as the supreme deity. Fire temples played a significant role in their
religious practices.

3. Ancient India:

 Moral Condition: Ancient India had a diverse moral landscape, influenced by various
philosophical and religious traditions. Moral values like truthfulness, non-violence, and
respect for elders were considered important.

 Social Condition: Indian society was divided into varnas (castes) with distinct social roles
and responsibilities. The caste system governed social interactions and determined
occupational opportunities.

 Religious Condition: Hinduism was the predominant religion in ancient India, with a rich
pantheon of gods and goddesses. Rituals, sacrifices, and the pursuit of spiritual
liberation (moksha) were central to religious practices. Buddhism and Jainism also
emerged as influential religions, challenging certain aspects of the prevailing social
order.
 4. Arabian Peninsula:

 Moral Condition: The Arabian Peninsula before Islam had a mixed moral landscape.
Certain tribes upheld noble virtues such as bravery, loyalty, and generosity. However,
immoral practices like idolatry, female infanticide, and unjust treatment of vulnerable
sections of society were prevalent.

 Social Condition: Arabian society was organized along tribal lines, with loyalty to one's
tribe holding significant importance. Social inequalities existed, and the position of
women varied among different tribes.

 Religious Condition: The Arabian Peninsula had a polytheistic belief system, with each
tribe having its own set of gods and goddesses. The Kaaba in Makkah served as a center
of pilgrimage and housed numerous idols representing various deities.

It was in this diverse and complex historical context that Islam emerged, bringing with it a message of
monotheism, social justice, and moral rectitude, which aimed to reform and elevate the moral, social,
and religious conditions prevailing in these regions.