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HERITAGE-

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SOCIAL STUDIES
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LEARNER’S BOOK

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GRADE

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Spring Up

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LEARNER’S BOOK
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Edson Fana
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© All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the

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prior written permission of the publisher. Any breach will entail legal action
and prosecution without further notice.

ISBN: 978-1-77920-430-1
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First Edition 2021
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Editor: Cydee B. Dlamini
Published by
MBD Printographics (P) Ltd.
in collaboration with
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Spring Hub Publishing (Pvt.) Ltd.

100 Buick Close, Msasa, Harare

Printed at
MBD PRINTOGRAPHICS (P) LTD.
Industrial Area Ram Nagar, Gagret, Tehsil Amb, Distt. Una (H.P.)

H6013A7908
 Contents
TOPIC 1: IDENTITY: FAMILY HISTORY AND LOCAL HERITAGE
Unit 1: Marital Relationships ă
Unit 2: Conflict Management ă
Unit 3: Different Languages and Cultures of Zimbabwe ă
8QLWCustodians of Culture ă
Unit 5: Preservation of Heritage Sites ă
TOPIC 2: CULTURAL HERITAGE

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Unit 6: Healthy Boy-Girl Relationships ă
Unit : Effects of Age on Marriage and Population Growth ă

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Unit 8: Child-Bearing ă
TOPIC 3: NATIONAL HISTORY, SOVEREIGNITY AND GOVERNANCE
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Unit 10: The Land Reform Programme ă
Unit 11: The National School Pledge ă
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Unit 12: Zimbabwe as a Member of Other Regional and
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END OF TERM ONE TEST 81ă86

TOPIC 4: ENTITLEMENTS/RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

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Unit 13: Elections ă

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Unit 16: ,QVWLWXWLRQVDQG'RPHVWLF/HJLVODWLRQRQ
Gender Equity ă
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TOPIC 5: SHELTER
Unit 18: Problems and Solutions to Shortages of Shelter ă
8QLW)DFWRUV7KDW,QIOXHQFH6LWLQJDQG'HVLJQRI6KHOWHU ă
Unit 20: Ways of Acquiring Accommodation ă
 TOPIC 6: SOCIAL SERVICES AND VOLUNTEERISM
Unit 21: 3URPLQHQW3HRSOH,QYROYHGLQ9ROXQWDU\:RUN
in the Past and Present ă
Unit 22: 9ROXQWDU\DQG+XPDQLWDULDQ2UJDQLVDWLRQV
in the Country ă
Unit 233DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ9ROXQWDU\:RUN ă
TOPIC 7: NATURAL HERITAGE: PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTION
OF GOODS AND SERVICES

Unit : National Strategic Reserves ă

Unit 25: 6WRUDJHDQG0DUNHWLQJRI*RRGV
,PSRUWVDQG([SRUWV ă

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Unit 26: ,QGLJHQRXVDQG&RQWHPSRUDU\
Ways of Preserving Food ă
END OF TERM TWO TEST 165ă 170

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TOPIC 8: TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
Unit : Factors tKDW,QIOXHQFH&KRLFHof Mode of Transport
and Communication ă
Unit 28: ,PSRUWDQFHRI8Sto-Date Maps and
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Charts for Travelling Purposes ă
Unit : Hazards and Disasters in the Transport and
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Unit 30: 0DQDJHPHQWRI'LVDVWHUVLQWKH7UDQVSRUW,QGXVWU\ ă
TOPIC 9: WORK AND LEISURE
Unit 31: Human Capital Development in Zimbabwe ă
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Unit 32: (QWHUSULVH6NLOOV6HOI5HOLDQFHDQG

Employment Creation ă
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8QLW5HVSRQVLELOLW\DW:RUNDQG'XULQJ/HLVXUH7LPH ă
Unit 35: Tourism in SADC and Other Countries ă
TOPIC 10: *OREDO,VVXHV
Unit 36: (QYLURQPHQWDO,VVXHV'HVHUWLILFDWLRQ&DXVHV
Effects and Solutions ă
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END OF TERM THREE TEST 237ă 241
TOPIC 1: IDENTITY: FAMILY HISTORY AND LOCAL HERITAGE

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Unit

MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS
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Objectives
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
O identify characteristics of ideal marital relationships.
O suggest possible causes of marital disputes.

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INTRODUCTION
Marital relationships refer to the way two people in a marriage relate, live,
value and associate with each other. Key values of marital relationships
include love, fidelity, honesty and respect. A dispute refers to an argument
or a disagreement. Disputes are common in marriage. Some of the causes
of marital disputes are infidelity, difference in background and lack of
communication.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS

Love

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A healthy marriage is built upon love. It is love for one another that makes
a man and a woman decide to live together for the rest of their lives. Love

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builds oneness, closeness and creates a strong bond between couples. They
laugh together, share things, discuss life issues and always live in peace.
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A happy couple on their wedding

Fidelity
Fidelity is faithfulness and loyalty to someone. A man and a woman who
are married should be faithful to each other all the time. They should
never cheat on their marriage partners.

2 SPRING UP IN HERITAGE-SOCIAL STUDIES (LB)–7

Honesty
Honesty is the same as truthfulness. In marriage, honesty is important.
Being truthful builds trust and reliability. A husband and wife who do not
tell each other the truth always suspect or doubt each other.

Respect
Respect is accepting somebody for who they are. In marriage too, both
the husband and wife should respect each other. Their respect for each
other will make other people to respect them. If a couple respects each
other, they consider each other’s feelings, opinions, likes and dislikes.
The wife and husband can also show respect by calling each other by

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the name of their first born child. This is a way of honouring each other
that they are parents. For example, in Xangani they say “papa Tsakani” or

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“mha Tsakani,” in IsiNdebele it is “nakaThabani” or “sekaThabani” and in
ChiShona it is “baba Farai” or “amai Farai.”

Appreciation
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Appreciation is recognising the full worth or importance of someone.
Being appreciated makes someone feel good about what they would have
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done. In our African culture, appreciation can be through praising. An
example is when a husband eats food cooked by his wife and is satisfied by
it; he claps hands and praises her by her totem. Likewise, the wife shows
appreciation when the husband comes from hunting by praising him by
his totem.
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Activity
In pairs, role-play the value of respect in a marriage through totem praises, one should be
the husband and the other the wife.

MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS 3
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions.
1. Define the following terms:
(a) Marital relationship
(b) Fidelity
2. State any two characteristics of ideal marital relationships.
3. Name three things love builds in a couple’s relationship.
4. What is the importance of honesty in marriage?
5. How do husbands and wives show respect for each other in our culture?

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Causes of Marital Disputes
Couples sometimes have misunderstandings and disputes. These disputes,

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small or big, if not carefully managed may lead to marriage failure. Several
factors can cause marital disputes; some of them are discussed below.

Different backgrounds
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Couples fight at times because they fail to accommodate each other when
they have different opinions. This is because the two come from different
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backgrounds. The different backgrounds can be cultural, religious,
economic or political. It is very important that young men and women who
are searching for marriage partners, take their time to carefully choose
someone who shares the same or similar cultural, religious, economic and
political values. A Shona proverb says, “rooranai vamatongo” meaning
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one should marry someone he or she knows and understands their

background.

Infidelity
As discussed earlier under characteristics of ideal marital relationships,
fidelity is a key value that promotes a healthy marriage. The opposite of
fidelity is infidelity. Infidelity is to be unfaithful or disloyal. It is when a
partner in a marriage gets involved in a sexual relationship with another
person. The moment the other partner discovers the relationship, a
conflict arises between the couple.

4 SPRING UP IN HERITAGE-SOCIAL STUDIES (LB)–7

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Wife trying to get husband’s phone by force

Interference by relatives
A newly married couple is expected to have its own private and happy
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life but, in some cases, relatives interfere with the couple thereby causing
conflict. Gossip among relatives may cause disputes between couples. An
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example is when a husband listens to gossip from his siblings about his
wife and chooses to confront her. The two end up arguing or even fighting
because of gossip.

Mismanagement of resources
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Married people work together in providing resources for the survival of

the family. If the resources are not well managed by either the wife or the
husband, a dispute may arise. For example, when the husband spends his
income on beer or when the wife uses her money on luxurious items, both
might fail to acquire the family’s basic needs like food, school fees and
rent. This therefore, creates conflict between them.

Lack of communication
Communication is a process of sending and receiving information. In
marriage, communication is the ability to discuss important matters and

MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS 5
openly share thoughts and feelings as husband and wife. When there is
no communication, the couple has nothing good to share or talk about.
Instead, the relationship consists of disagreements and arguments which
may lead to a conflict if not well managed. Lack of communication in
marriage may lead to divorce.
Possible solutions to some causes of marital disputes
Cause of marital dispute Solution
Dishonesty Being truthful all the time.

Infidelity Being faithful to each other.

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Lack of communication Openly sharing thoughts and feelings.

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Mismanagement of resources Drawing a budget.

Different backgrounds Understanding each other’s backgrounds.

Disrespect Respecting each other.

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Activity
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As a class, divide into two groups and debate on the topic:

Men’s mismanagement of family resources is worse than that of women.
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Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks.
1. _____________, _____________ and _____________ cause marital disputes.
2. Communication in marriage is the ability to _____________.
3. The opposite of fidelity is _____________.
4. Young men and women are encouraged to choose marriage partners who
share the same cultural, _____________ and _____________ values.
5. The solution to mismanagement of resources is _____________.

6 SPRING UP IN HERITAGE-SOCIAL STUDIES (LB)–7

 Key points
1. Marital relationships refer to the way two people in a marriage relate to each other.
2. Characteristics of ideal marital relationships include honesty, respect, love and fidelity.
3. Infidelity can cause disputes in marriages.
4. Marital disputes can be resolved by being faithful, truthful, respectful and good
communication.

Glossary

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Dispute: a disagreement or an argument.
Fidelity: faithfulness.

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Honesty: being truthful.
Marital relationship: the relationship between wife and husband.
Management: to look after and make decisions about something.
Communication: the process of transferring information from one person to another.
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MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS 7
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Unit

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
2
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Objectives
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
O identify conflicts at home, school and community.
O examine causes of conflicts at home, school and in the community.

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INTRODUCTION
A conflict is a serious disagreement or argument. When people have different
opinions or ideas, they disagree. Disagreeing can develop into a conflict
which may lead to disunity, separation or divorce. Conflicts can happen at
home, school and in the community. Conflicts can be managed or resolved.
Conflict management is the skill of resolving conflicts.

CONFLICTS AT HOME, SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY

1. Conflicts at home
At home, a conflict can arise between a husband and a wife, parents and

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children or amongst children.

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Conflicts that may happen at home are:
(a) A husband and a wife arguing on:
t how they are supposed to bring up their children.
t how to use their money.
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t minor issues such as who should get which piece of meat.
t extra marital affairs.
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(b) Between parents and children:
t children refusing to obey their parents.
t parents denying children their rights.
t parents insisting on cultural life when children want modernity.
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(c) Children quarrelling over:

t resources, for example toys, food and clothes.
t different interests for example, TV programs.
t duties at home.
Causes of Conflicts at Home are:
(a) Infidelity
(b) Lack of communication
(c) Disrespecting each other in the home
(d) Disobedience by children
(e) Limited resources

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 9
(f) Generation gap between parents and children
(g) Different backgrounds
(h) Failure to honour children’s rights by parents

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Conflict due to infidelity
Possible ways of resolving conflicts at home
(a) Get a mediator to assist in resolving the conflict. For example, an aunt or
uncle can be called to mediate conflict at home.
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(b) Seek professional counselling before the matter gets complicated.
(c) Ask for forgiveness and stop the bad behaviour.
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(d) As a family discuss and come up with a solution.
(e) Parents or guardians must discipline the children.
(f) Families should set budgets and live within their means.
(g) Children should learn to share.
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(h) Family members should learn to compromise.

(i) Focus on the problem not personalities.
2. Conflicts at School
The school community is made up of learners, teachers and school
development committee members. Since this group has many stakeholders,
conflicts are likely to occur.
Conflicts at school can be:
(a) Between learners:
t fighting over resources such as pens, books and furniture.

10 SPRING UP IN HERITAGE-SOCIAL STUDIES (LB)–7

 t exchanging words.
t having different opinions.
t abusing each other.
(b) Between learners and teachers:
t learners protesting against teachers who abuse them.
t protesting against lazy teachers.
t teachers struggling to control naughty learners in classes and in the
school.
(c) Between teachers:
t fighting over limited resources such as textbooks, syllabuses, furniture

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and accommodation.
t differing in opinions on how to run the school.

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t fighting over brilliant learners.
t exchanging words over poor results.
(d) Between teachers and school development committee:
t teachers complaining about limited resources.
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t teachers seeking special treatment for example, on payment of their
own children’s fees.
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t school development committee members demanding good results
from teachers.
(e) Between parents and teachers:
t parents complaining about abuse of their children.
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t parents demanding good results from teachers.

Causes of Conflicts at School
(a) Limited resources
(b) Unacceptable behaviour by learners
(c) Negligence of duties by the teachers
(d) Unachievable demands by learners, teachers and parents
(e) Abuse of learners
Possible ways of resolving conflicts at school
(a) Teachers and learners should be made to share the available resources.

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 11
(b) Teachers should discipline the learners.
(c) Get mediation from prefects, teachers or administration.
(d) Conflicting members should compromise.
(e) Transfer, suspend or dismiss the guilty party.
(f) Focus on the problem, not on personal characters.
3. Conflicts in the Community
A community consists of more than one family living in an area. The
different families living in the same area can have conflicts due to various
factors.

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Conflicts in the community can be:
(a) Between families:

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(b) Between individuals:
t fighting over adulterous behaviour.
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t fighting for resources.
Causes of Conflicts in the Community
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(a) Land boundaries
(b) Taking sides in children’s conflicts
(c) Adulterous behaviour
(d) Fight in queues for resources like water
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People fighting in a queue

12 SPRING UP IN HERITAGE-SOCIAL STUDIES (LB)–7

Possible ways of resolving conflicts in the community
(a) Get a mediator, for example consult traditional leaders if it is a rural
setting or if it is an urban setting consult the responsible authorities.
(b) Families should discuss the issue without taking sides if there is
disagreement between children.
(c) One should apologise for wrong doing.
(d) If there is need, compensation should be paid.

Activity

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1. In groups, discuss what is meant by:
(a) Conflict (b) Conflict management
2. In pairs, discuss how you would resolve a conflict between learners over limited

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resources.
3. As a class, debate on the topic:
Children’s rights are the root cause of all the conflicts at home.
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Exercise 1
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Answer True or False.
1. A conflict is a serious disagreement or argument.
2. People in the community can conflict over land boundaries.
3. A conflict at home can be between a husband and wife agreeing on how to use
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money.
4. Negligence of duties by the teachers is one cause of conflict at school.
5. A conflict at school can be between learners and doctors.
6. There are no conflicts in a community.

Key points
1. People conflict when they have different views.
2. Conflicts can happen at places such as homes, schools and community.
3. If conflicts happen, they need to be managed carefully so that they do not cause divisions.
4. In the community, indigenous leadership is responsible for resolving conflicts.

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 13
 Glossary
Conflict management: the ability or skill of resolving conflicts.
Negligence: failing to do what you are supposed to do intentionally.
Opinion: how one views or thinks about something.
Tolerance: accepting and appreciating the differences among people.
Generation gap: is when younger people and older people have a different way of seeing
things.
Team work: doing things together.

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14 SPRING UP IN HERITAGE-SOCIAL STUDIES (LB)–7

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The Spring Up in Heritage-Social Studies Grade 7 Learner’s Book was
developed in line with the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education’s
2015–2022 New Competence-based Curriculum.
The book’s aim is to instill a spirit of national consciousness, identity and

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•
patriotism in the learner.
• It also aims in developing a learner that upholds and sustains

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unhu/ubuntu/vumunhu as he/she interacts with family, community and the
society at large.
• It appreciates the need for every learner to understand the concept of fair
treatment for all and being sensitive to the needs of the disadvantaged and
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vulnerable groups.
• Learners are equipped with problem solving, critical thinking,
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communication skills and leadership qualities.
• The book also encourages learners to appreciate enterprise and technological
skills that will help them participate in the development of the nation.
• It also caters for all learners from varying backgrounds, enabling learners to
appreciate and respect diversity.
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ISBN 9781779204301

100 Buick Close, Msasa, Harare

+263 242 446 892-3; 0712 465 914-20

2112H6013A7908 www.springhubpublishing.co.zw 9 781779 204301