Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Cigarette smoking is increased in people with trait anxiety and anxiety

disorders, however no longitudinal data exist illuminating whether smoking in

adolescence can influence the developmental trajectory of anxiety symptoms

from early vulnerability in infancy to adult anxiety expression(PLOS one peer

reviewed journal; Published online 2013 May 16). Many people see cigarette

smoking as a way to calm their nerves and deal with their anxiety. In reality

smoking cigarettes can actually cause anxiety or make it worse. It’s true that

nicotine is connected to your mood in how it affects your brain. While many

smokers believe smoking calms their nerves, what it’s actually doing is relieving

the nicotine withdrawal symptoms. This makes the relief only temporary, so

without addressing the root causes of their anxiety, the cycle of anxiety will

continue(Transformations care network). Social anxiety is related to nicotine

dependence (Sonntag, Wittchen, Höfler, Kessler, & Stein, 2000) and smokers

with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are more vulnerable to nicotine dependence,

heavy smoking, and unsuccessful quit attempts relative to those without SAD

after controlling for anxiety disorders, depression, and other substance use

disorders (Cougle, Zvolensky, Fitch, & Sachs-Ericsson, 2010). Further, among

smoking cessation patients, those with SAD report more severe nicotine
 2

dependence (Piper, Cook, Schlam, Jorenby, & Baker, 2011). Importantly, social

anxiety may be unique among the anxiety disorders as a risk factor for smoking

and/or nicotine dependence given that SAD tends to onset prior to smoking,

whereas smoking tends to onset prior to other anxiety disorders (Cougle et al.,

2010). Young people who smoke are in danger of: Exposure to nicotine can have

lasting effects on adolescent brain develop- ment. Cigarette smoking also causes

children and teens to be short of breath and to have less stamina, both of which

can affect athletic performance and other physically active pursuits. students

attending higher education institutions practice cigarette smoking for several

reasons, such as a way to cope with stress(2019). Indeed, there is some

evidence for a reduction in anxiety, compared with precessation levels, after the

first few weeks of abstinence.

Social anxiety, characterized by an intense fear of social interactions and a

persistent concern about negative evaluation, is a prevalent challenge in mental

health among young adults (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Coping

mechanisms for social anxiety often manifest in various forms, with substance

use being a notable avenue of exploration. In recent years the coexistence of

traditional cigarette smoking and the emerging trend of vaping has drawn

attention as potential mechanisms for alleviating social anxiety symptoms among

young adult senior high school students (Schneier et al., 2010; Roditis et al.,

2017). The use of pod based e-cigarettes has surged among youth and young

adults in recent years. Previous studies have identified links between vaping and
 3

symptoms of both anxiety and depression among young adults. There was a

slight decline in vaping iin 2020 among this age group. However, vaping in young

adults continues to remain at high levels. About a quarter of young adults (ages

18-22) vape 13 percent regularly, and 1 in 5 vape nicotine regularly. (Newport

Institute Website). This research aims to investigate the extent to which smoking

cigarettes and vaping are employed as means of social anxiety relief, shedding

light on the perceptions, experiences, and potential consequences associated

with these behaviors in this specific demographic. The findings of this study are

expected to contribute valuable insights to the fields of psychology, public health,

and education, with the ultimate goal of informing evidence-based strategies for

addressing social anxiety within the constext of high school settings.

In the complex landscape of adolescent mental health and well-being, the

study titled "Smoking cigarettes and vaping as social anxiety reliever: A study

among young adults Senior High School students" embarks on a journey into a

unique and largely uncharted territory. This investigation aims to shed light on a

rather peculiar yet increasingly relevant intersection of youth behavior, social

anxiety, and the consumption of nicotine.

Within the crucible of high school life, where academic pressures, peer

dynamics, and the quest for self-discovery converge, social anxiety can emerge

as a formidable adversary. It often plays a defining role in the choices made by

young adults as they seek ways to cope with its paralyzing effects.
 4

This study boldly delves into a controversial aspect of youth behavior,

examining the potential link between smoking cigarettes and vaping and their

perceived roles as self-reported mechanisms for alleviating social anxiety. While

society has grappled with the far-reaching consequences of tobacco use for

decades, vaping has presented a new frontier with its own set of concerns.

At its core, this study seeks to unravel the motivations behind these

behaviors among high school students and, critically, to assess their

effectiveness in mitigating the burdensome weight of social anxiety. The

understanding of this complex interplay remains far from comprehensive.

The imperative of this exploration extends beyond its potential implications

for public health. It grapples with the ethical considerations intrinsic to the study

of these behaviors within a population that is particularly vulnerable. As we

journey deeper into the study's findings, we confront questions that transcend the

immediate context. What are the consequences of employing these substances

as coping mechanisms for social anxiety? How do peer dynamics, a potent force

in the life of young adults, shape these choices? And what alternatives and

interventions might be considered for those who grapple with social anxiety?

In this introduction, we embark on a voyage through the intricate layers of

youth mental health, substance use, and the quest for relief from the

overwhelming grip of social anxiety. By dissecting these themes within the

unique setting of senior high school students, we aspire to illuminate an

unexplored facet of their lives. Our goal is to better understand the delicate

equilibrium between their choices, their overall well-being, and the pursuit of an
 5

existence free from the shackles of anxiety. This study endeavors to provide

valuable insights into the uncharted terrain of youth mental health, where the

complexities of social anxiety and substance use converge, and where, through

understanding, we may pave the path to more effective and ethical interventions

for the betterment of young lives.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to examine or to gain insight on how smoking

cigarettes and vaping prevent social anxiety, on how smoking and vaping

help to relieve social anxiety among SH students. The researh will adapt a

correlational research design to provide an in-depth understanding of the

following aspects.

1. What is the demographic profile of the Senior High School students, in

terms of:

a. Age;

b. Sex;

c. Grade level;

d. Preferred brand of cigarettes or vape;

e. Preferred types of cigarettes and vape;

2. What are the patterns and motivations for smoking cigarettes and

vaping among young adult senior high school students, particularly when

these behaviors are perceived and utilized as methods to alleviate

social anxiety?
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3. What advocacy campaign maybe done in line with the results and

discussion.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will be confined to phenomenologically and quantitatively,

primarily focus on examining the relationship between smoking/vaping and

social anxiety relief and to gain insight to their experience and perception.

The study wll involve young adults Senior High School studentstudent, typically

aged 18 and above, Others who do not possess such characteristics stipulated

in the criteria are going to be excluded from the study.

The main variable in the study entitled "Smoking cigarettes and vaping as

social anxiety reliever: A study among young adults Senior High School students"

is likely the usage of smoking cigarettes and vaping as a means of relieving

social anxiety among the young adult Senior High School students. This variable

represents the core aspect of the research and the relationship under

investigation.

Other variables to be studied in relationship with smoking cigarettes and

vaping under the socio-demographic profile of the respondents will be limited to

current age, age, sex, grade level, socioeconomic status, geographic location,

peer group, Including these demographic factors alongside the main variable

can help researchers better understand the context in which smoking and vaping
 7

are used as social anxiety relievers among young adult Senior High School

students and provide a more comprehensive analysis.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this quantitative research, titled "Smoking Cigarette

and Vaping as Social Anxiety Reliever: A Study Among Young Adult Senior High

School Students," lies in its potential to address a pressing concern affecting the

well-being and future prospects of young adults. This study delves into the

complex relationship between smoking and vaping behaviors and their role as

coping mechanisms for social anxiety within the specific demographic of senior

high school students. By investigating this phenomenon, the research aims to

contribute to public health efforts, inform educational policies, and enhance our

understanding of how substance use is intertwined with mental health among

young adults. This investigation holds the promise of guiding evidence-based

interventions and fostering a safer, healthier environment for the students,

thereby serving as a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and health

professionals. It is hoped that the results of this study will prove beneficial to

several groups of persons specifically the following:

Public Health: This research can significantly impact public health by

unveiling the intricate relationship between smoking/vaping and social anxiety

among young adult senior high school students. Armed with these insights,

public health officials can craft targeted interventions and campaigns to mitigate

tobacco and nicotine product use within this specific and vulnerable
 8

demographic. The potential reduction in addiction and associated health risks

among young adults is a critical goal.

Youth Well-being: The study, by examining the interplay between social

anxiety and smoking/vaping among high school students, has the potential to

illuminate the mental health and overall well-being of this age group. This

knowledge is essential for the development of effective supportsystems,

counseling services, and mental health resources tailored to the unique needs of

young adults.

Educational Policy: Findings from this research can serve as a crucial

source of information for educational institutions and policymakers. By

understanding the prevalence of smoking and vaping as coping mechanisms for

social anxiety, schools can adapt their policies and strategies to address

substance use issues more effectively. This, in turn, can lead to a safer and more

conducive learning environment, fostering a more productive educational

experience for students.

Preventative Measures: The quantitative data collected in this study can

be a cornerstone for the development of evidence-based prevention programs.

These programs can be designed to target the specific challenges faced by

young adult senior high school students, aiming to curb the initiation of smoking

and vaping. Such preventative measures are essential for reducing addiction risk

and promoting healthier lifestyle choices among this age group.

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Social Implications: In investigating the social and peer influences on

smoking and vaping behaviors, this research provides valuable insights into how

societal factors shape the choices made by young adults. This knowledge can

guide social interventions and community support efforts, reducing the allure of

smoking and vaping as coping mechanisms for social anxiety.

Future Research: As a foundational study in this area, it can inspire and

inform future research endeavors. This can lead to more nuanced studies that

explore the multifaceted dynamics of substance use and mental health among

different demographics. Thus, the impact of this research extends beyond its

immediate findings, contributing to a growing body of knowledge in the field.

In summary, this research's significance spans multiple domains, including public

health, youth well-being, education, social implications, preventative measures,

and the potential to inspire further studies. It is poised to facilitate informed

decision-making, foster healthier behaviors among young adults, and pave the

way for more targeted interventions and research in the future.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In the realm of adolescent behavior and coping mechanisms, the use of

cigarettes and vaping as potential remedies for social anxiety has become an

intriguing and concerning subject. This review delves into the compelling study

titled "Smoking Cigarettes and Vaping as Social Anxiety Relievers: A Study

 10

Among Young Adults Senior High School Students." With the rising prevalence of

smoking and vaping among this demographic, it is essential to explore the

complex interplay between these habits and their potential role in alleviating

social anxiety. This review aims to shed light on the existing literature, research

methodologies, findings, and implications, offering a comprehensive

understanding of a matter with far-reaching consequences on the well-being of

our youth.

Related Studies

Previous studies have suggested that people smoke cigarettes in order to

regulate emotion and relieve negative emotions (for review, Kassel et al., 2003).

For example, according to a survey study of adolescent smokers (Dozois et al.,

1995, Nichter et al., 1997), the most frequently mentioned reasons for cigarette

smoking were stress reduction and relaxation. Also, stress from life events is

thought to be one of the important factors of smoking motivation (Warburton et al,

1991), and one laboratory experiment reported that stress decreases the ability

to resist smoking (McKee et al., 2011). Moreover, smokers have higher

neuroticism and anxiety traits than non-smokers (McCrae et al., 1978). This

relationship between smoking behavior and personality traits (McCrae et al.,

1978) suggests the possibility that cigarette smoking might be able to reduce

anxiety, although there is also a possibility that smoking behavior might increase

neuroticism and anxiety.

 11

To address whether cigarette smoking actually has an effect of reducing

stress and negative emotions, previous studies have examined the effect of

smoking by using both psychological and physiological indices. In the results of

subjective ratings, participants reported that acute smoking decreased their

anxiety and stress (Nesbitt, 1973, Pomerleau and Pomerleau, 1987, Perkins et

al., 1992, Parrott, 1995), which is in line with the expectation of smokers that

cigarette smoking relieves stress. On the other hand, physiological results have

indicated that smoking increases the heart rate (Pomerleau and Pomerleau,

1987, Perkins et al., 1992, Woodson et al., 1986), which is a sign of increased

arousal. Arousal is an important component of the stress response (Winsky-

Sommerer et al., 2005) and an increased arousal level is a typical physiological

response elicited by a stressor (Chrousos, 1998). In addition, previous research

on therapy has related low arousal levels with low stress levels, or with the

relaxation effects of therapy (for example, music therapy, reviewed in Pelletier,

2004; mindfulness therapy, Mendelson et al., 2010). Therefore, there seems to

be a close relationship between arousal and stress, although this relationship is

not always supported (Bennett et al., 2003). Given this close relationship

between arousal and stress, surprisingly, cigarette smoking and stress share a

common physiological response (Kassel et al., 2003), indicating that the

physiological responses to cigarette smoking are opposite to smokers'

expectations that cigarette smoking reduces stress. This incongruity between the

psychological and physiological responses to smoking is a phenomenon known

as “Nesbitt's paradox”, in which cigarette smoking relieves smokers

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psychologically; however, it increases the arousal level physiologically (Nesbitt,

1973). Thus, it is difficult to conclude whether cigarette smoking can actually

reduce stress and negative emotions. To address this issue, it may be useful to

measure other physiological indices, since Kassel et al. (2003) have pointed out

that previous studies investigating the effect of cigarette smoking on stress

reduction have mainly focused on peripheral processes such as the heart rate,

as mentioned above (Pomerleau and Pomerleau, 1987, Perkins et al., 1992,

Woodson et al., 1986).

In this context, our study focused on the late positive potential (LPP)

component of the event-related potential (ERP), in order to test the effect of

cigarette smoking on stress reduction. The ERP is one of the electrophysiological

indices of brain activity and is derived from an electroencephalogram (EEG) time-

locked to a specific event (for example, the presentation of a picture or a sound).

The LPP is a component of the ERP and is a sustained positive polarity shown

approximately 200 ms after stimuli (picture or sound) onset (reviewed in Hajcak

et al., 2010, Hajcak et al., 2012, Olofsson et al., 2008). Many previous studies

have reported that the LPP amplitude is greater in response to pleasant and

unpleasant stimuli than to emotionally neutral stimuli (for example, Cuthbert et

al., 2000, Schupp et al., 2000, Weinberg et al., 2012). Moreover, there is a

positive relationship between the subjective arousal of stimuli and the LPP

amplitude (Cuthbert et al., 2000). Taken together, the LPP indexes the level of

arousal induced by emotional stimuli (reviewed in Hajcak et al., 2010, Hajcak et

al., 2012, Olofsson et al., 2008). As mentioned above, an increased arousal level
 13

is related to stress (Chrousos, 1998). Thus, the LPP amplitude might be a useful

index of the increase or decrease of stress, especially in cases where the arousal

level is increased by emotionally unpleasant stimuli.

Using this characteristic of the LPP, we conducted 2 experiments with

smokers. In order to collect baseline data, in Experiment 1 we assessed how

cigarette smoking in an emotionally neutral state changes the LPP amplitude. To

do so, we analyzed the ERP elicited when partic.

Synthesis of arts

The study "Smoking cigarettes and vaping as social anxiety reliever: A study

among young adults Senior High School students" delves into the intricate

intersection of youth behavior, social anxiety, and nicotine consumption. It

explores the profound influence of social anxiety on high school students during

a critical period marked by academic pressures and self-discovery. In this

context, the research delves into the controversial territory of youth behavior,

investigating the possible link between smoking and vaping and their roles as

self-reported strategies for managing social anxiety.

While society has long grappled with the health and societal consequences of

tobacco use, vaping has emerged as a relatively recent phenomenon with its

own distinct concerns. The study endeavors to uncover the motivations driving

these behaviors among high school students and, significantly, evaluate their

efficacy in mitigating the impact of social anxiety. It addresses a critical gap in

 14

current knowledge, as the intricate relationship between these behaviors and

social anxiety remains not fully understood.

Beyond its implications for public health, the study navigates challenging ethical

considerations regarding the study of these behaviors within a vulnerable

population. As the research findings unfold, broader questions emerge,

extending beyond the immediate context. What are the ramifications of

employing these substances as coping mechanisms for social anxiety? How do

peer dynamics shape these choices? And what alternative interventions could be

considered for young adults grappling with this form of anxiety?

This study embarks on an exploration of the multifaceted layers of youth mental

health, substance use, and the quest for relief from the grip of social anxiety. By

shedding light on these themes within the unique context of senior high school

students, it aspires to enhance our understanding of the delicate balance

between their choices, well-being, and the pursuit of an anxiety-free existence. In

synthesizing these aspects, the study's findings hold the promise of contributing

to the advancement of youth mental health interventions, grounded in a profound

comprehension of their distinct challenges and behaviors.

Gap to-be the bridge

 15

Based on the search results, there are several gaps that need to be

addressed to bridge the relationship between smoking cigarettes and vaping as

social anxiety relievers among young adults and senior high school students.

These gaps include:

1. Lack of research on the specific relationship between social anxiety and

vaping: While there is some research on the relationship between social anxiety

and smoking, there is a lack of research on the specific relationship between

social anxiety and vaping. This gap needs to be addressed to fully understand

the relationship between social anxiety and substance use.

2. Limited understanding of the long-term effects of smoking and vaping on

mental health: While the Self-Medication Hypothesis suggests that individuals

may use substances to cope with psychological distress, including social anxiety,

there is limited understanding of the long-term effects of smoking and vaping on

mental health. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential

negative effects of smoking and vaping on mental health.

3. Lack of awareness among young adults about the negative effects of vaping

on mental health: The search results suggest that many young people use e-

cigarettes as a coping mechanism for stress, anxiety, or depression. However,

they may not be aware of the negative effects of vaping on mental health,

including the potential worsening of symptoms of depression and anxiety. More

 16

education and awareness campaigns are needed to inform young adults about

the potential risks of vaping.

4. Need for interventions and prevention strategies: The search results suggest

that smoking and vaping can have negative effects on mental health and may not

be an effective long-term solution for managing anxiety. Therefore, there is a

need for interventions and prevention strategies to address the use of smoking

and vaping as a coping mechanism for social anxiety among young adults and

senior high school students. These interventions could include counseling,

support groups, and education programs.

By addressing these gaps, researchers can gain a better understanding of the

relationship between smoking cigarettes and vaping as social anxiety relievers

among young adults and senior high school students. This understanding can

inform the development of effective interventions and prevention strategies to

address the use of smoking and vaping as a coping mechanism for social

anxiety.

Theoretical Framework

Studying the use of smoking cigarettes and vaping as social anxiety

relievers among young adults in senior high school involves examining several

key theoretical frameworks. One approach could be to explore theories related to

coping mechanisms and stress management, such as Lazarus and Folkman's

 17

transactional model of stress and coping. Additionally, considering social

cognitive theory might shed light on how social influences, self-efficacy, and

outcome expectations play a role in the decision to smoke or vape for anxiety

relief. Furthermore, examining addiction theories, such as the biopsychosocial

model, could provide insight into the addictive nature of nicotine and its role in

self-medication for anxiety.

Figure 1.0 Theoretical Framework

 18

The Self-Medication Hypothesis is a well-supported theory that can explain the

high levels of smoking-anxiety disorder co-morbidity This theory suggests that

individuals may use substances, such as nicotine in cigarettes and e-cigarettes,

to self-medicate and alleviate psychological distress, including social anxiety.

The following are the ways in which the Self-Medication Hypothesis applies to

the study. Psychological Distress and Social Anxiety: The Self-Medication

Hypothesis posits that individuals may use substances to cope with

psychological distress, which includes anxiety and social anxiety. Young adults in

high school experiencing social anxiety may turn to smoking and vaping as a way

to self-medicate, seeking relief from these distressing symptoms.

2. Immediate Relief: The theory suggests that individuals expect to experience

immediate relief or reduction in distress when using substances. In the context of

the study, it implies that young adults with social anxiety may use smoking and

vaping as they believe it provides rapid relief from their anxiety in social

situations.

3. Long-Term Coping: The Self-Medication Hypothesis also considers the

potential long-term use of substances for coping. For young adults, this could

mean the development of a pattern of smoking and vaping as a regular coping

mechanism for social anxiety.

 19

4. Self-Medication Patterns: The theory recognizes that self-medication with

substances can lead to a cyclical pattern where individuals continue using

substances to alleviate distress, which can ultimately lead to dependency.

The Self-Medication Hypothesis can help shape research questions and guide

analysis of the relationship between social anxiety and substance use. By

applying this theory to the study, researchers can investigate whether young

adults in senior high school use smoking and vaping as a way to self-medicate

social anxiety and explore the potential implications of this behavior. The Self-

Medication Hypothesis can also inform interventions and prevention strategies

for young adults who may be at risk of developing a pattern of substance use as

a coping mechanism for social anxiety. The search results provide evidence that

supports the Self-Medication Hypothesis and its application to the study.

Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored on the systems theory of management. It asserts

that any organization is a single, unified system of interrelated parts or

subsystems. It seeks to explain and develop hypotheses around characteristics

that arise within complex systems that seemingly could not arise in any single

system within the whole. The conceptual framework are interrelated concepts

presented through an input, process and output framework to better understand

 20

how the process of the study was done as conceptualized by the researcher. The

concepts are presented through boxes and arrows to better explain how the

identified variables are connected and related with each other.

Input Process Output

● Social anxiety ● Conduct a ● A report

among young survey among detailing the
adults Senior young adults findings of the
High School Senior High study, including
students School students the prevalence
● Nicotine to gather data of smoking and
addiction from on their vaping among
smoking smoking and young adults
cigarettes and vaping Senior High
vaping behavior, social School
● Mental health anxiety, students, the
issues such as nicotine factors that
depression and addiction, influence their
anxietyt marketing and smoking and
peer influence, vaping
and mental behavior, and
health. the relationship
● Analyze the between
data to identify smoking and
patterns and vaping and
relationships social anxiety,
between the nicotine
variables. addiction,
● Use statistical marketing and
methods to test peer influence,
hypotheses and and mental
determine the health.
strength of the ● Recommendati
relationships ons for
between the interventions to
variables. reduce smoking
and vaping
among young
adults Senior
 21

High School
students, such
as education
campaigns,
policies, and
individual-level
interventions.
● A contribution
to the existing
literature on
smoking and
vaping behavior
among young
adults Senior
High School
students and its
relationship
with social
anxiety,
nicotine
addiction,
marketing and
peer influence,
and mental
health.

Figure 2.0 Conceptual Framework

This study will help them have a better understanding onSmoking

cigarettes and vaping as social anxiety reliever: A study among young adults

Senior High School students will be able to improve their knowledge.

Definition of Terms

"Smoking cigarettes and vaping as social anxiety reliever: A study among

young adults Senior High School students" refers to a research study that

investigates the use of both traditional cigarette smoking and electronic vaping
 22

devices by adolescents in senior high school settings as a potential method for

alleviating or managing symptoms of social anxiety. This study aims to explore

the relationship between these behaviors and their possible role in providing

relief from social anxiety among young adults attending high school, shedding

light on the intersection of tobacco and vaping products with mental health

concerns in this specific demographic.

Young adults. In this study, young adult students are the subjects being

studied upon. They are 18 and above years old residents of Polangui, Albay,

with at least has an experience smoking cigarettes/e- cigarettes.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Method

This chapter discusses the research design utilized in the conduct of the study.

It includes other key parts of methodology like the sources of data, the population

of the study and the ethical considerations. Also presented in this chapter are the

sampling method, research instrument and validation, the data gathering

procedures and the statistical treatment of data to be used in this study.

 23

The study, titled "Smoking Cigarettes and Vaping as Social Anxiety

Reliever: A Study Among Young Adults Senior High School Students," employs a

mixed methods design, blending descriptive research with a phenomenological

approach. Utilizing a modified validated survey questionnaire, the research aims

to delineate the profile of young adult senior high school students who smoke

cigarettes and vape, alongside their social anxiety levels and associated factors.

The quantitative component utilizes Likert scales to gauge smoking and vaping

behavior, while qualitative insights are gleaned through open-ended questions,

allowing for a deeper exploration of participants' experiences, challenges, and

adjustments. Targeting young adult senior high school students, data collection

will occur over a one-time survey period from July 24 to August 4, 2023.

Statistical methods will analyze quantitative data to formulate evidence-based

inferences, while thematic analysis will elucidate qualitative responses.

Ultimately, the study aims to devise nursing measures to support these students,

addressing smoking and vaping behavior, social anxiety, and related challenges,

with recommendations for interventions and further research stemming from the

study's outcomes.

Sources of Data

The study had two sources of data: the primary and secondary sources.

The primary sources of data will be taken from the responses elicited from the

young adults qualified to the criteria. All other data which were the secondary

data will be obtained from websites, books, journals articles, thesis and
 24

dissertations and other pertinent documents which will contribute into finding

answers to the problem. The secondary data shall then be used to support the

primary data.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study shall be the young adults SH students,

aging 18 and above years old are bonafide residents of Polangui, Albay., they

were not considered as respondents and key-informants in this study. Those

outside the area of the municipality were excluded in the study.

Sampling Method

Purposive sampling method shall be utilized in looking for the respondents

and key-informants of this study. Specifically, respondents have to satisfy the set

of criteria established in this study based on its targets and as stipulated under

the respondents of the study.

Research Instrument

The study shall make use of a modified validated survey questionnaire

tool based from the list made by the USA’s Center for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC), the child-rearing practices as presented in Professor Sanders

 25

Triple P- Positive Parenting Program, and the culture-centered practices included

by the researcher herself. The instrument to be used to gather necessary data for

the study to secure the responses of the respondents to the questions were

intended to obtain the information regarding the teenage mothers’ child rearing-

practices on which the respondents were presumed to have knowledge of.

The draft was initially presented to the adviser for comments and

suggestions. It was then shown to a panel midwives and public health nurses as

experts for final revision and validation. The approved survey questionnaire will

be validated and then reliably translated to Filipino language by the researcher

with the assistance of language expert. This will be consciously done as

consideration for the target respondents of the study which are the teen mothers

who will answer the questionnaire.

The questionnaire will be composed of six parts. Part I shall determine the

socio-demographic profile of the respondents to be accomplished by providing

what is asked for. Part II shall deal with the teen mothers’ child rearing practices.

The formulated questions used the Likert-type four point-scales according to the

extent of their practice at this time.

Table 2.0 Likert Scale for Smoking cigarettes and vaping as social anxiety
reliever: A study among young adults Senior High School students

Point of Descriptive
Scale Interpretation
Value Equivalent
4 3.25- 4.00 SA High Practiced
3 2.50- 3.24 A Moderately Practiced
2 1.75- 2.49 D Slightly Practiced
1 1.0- 1.74 SD Not at all Practiced
 26

Data Gathering Procedure

A formal request letter, endorsed by the researchers' adviser and

accompanied by the research tool, will be submitted to the Local Chief Executive

and Municipal Health Officer to inform them about the study in the specified

municipality and formally request permission for the researchers to conduct the

study.

The researchers have collaborated with their adviser in formulating the

research instrument. The proposed instrument has undergone review by experts

for validation and has been approved by the research panel for data gathering.

Once the request has received approval from the Local Chief Executive

and Municipal Health Officer, they will provide the researchers with accurate

statistics regarding young adults (Senior High School students) in the age group

of interest who may have engaged in smoking and vaping as a social anxiety

reliever from October 2023 to December 2024 in the municipality. This data will

be used to identify fifty (50) potential respondents.

With the necessary approvals and endorsements in place, the researchers

will proceed with data collection. Prior to the study, a letter of consent will be

presented to the identified respondents. Upon approval, the researchers will

explain the purpose of the study and distribute the questionnaire with the
 27

assistance of health personnel from the Rural Health Unit and Barangay Health

Workers.

For utmost confidentiality, a cover letter will be included to assure

respondents that all information and data obtained will be treated with the highest

level of confidentiality. Additionally, a letter envelope will be provided to the

young adult Senior High School students, allowing them to secure their

responses. These questionnaires will be completed and collected within one (1)

week.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To answer the problems of this study, the following statistical tools were

used for data analysis and interpretation.

For the study on "Smoking cigarettes and vaping as social anxiety

relievers among young adults senior high school students," the following

statistical treatments can be used:

Frequency and Percentage Count: The profile of the young adults, including

their smoking and vaping habits, can be descriptively presented using frequency

and percentage count. This can provide an overview of the prevalence of

smoking and vaping among young adults with social anxiety.

 28

Ranking: The responses to the checklist of measures and the coded responses

in the qualitative part of the questionnaire can be presented using ranking. This

can help identify the most common measures used by young adults to cope with

social anxiety.

Weighted Mean and Likert Scale: The responses of the young adults on their

smoking and vaping habits, as well as their coping mechanisms for social

anxiety, can be interpreted through Likert Scales and with the use of weighted

mean. The extent of smoking and vaping habits can be translated as Highly

Practiced, Moderately Practiced, Slightly Practiced, or Not-at-all Practiced based

on the weighted mean. The coping mechanisms can be interpreted as Highly,

Moderately, Slightly, or Not-at-all Effective based on the weighted mean and the

Likert Scale.

By using these statistical treatments, researchers can gain a better

understanding of the prevalence of smoking and vaping among young adults with

social anxiety. They can also identify the most common coping mechanisms

used by young adults to manage social anxiety. This information can inform the

development of effective interventions and prevention strategies to address the

use of smoking and vaping as a coping mechanism for social anxiety among

young adults and senior high school students.

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