1. Voltage U = 100·exp(j0°) V is feeding the circuit below.

Calculate active power

and reactive power consumed by the circuit.

Solution
U = 1000 V
I1, Q1
Z = j0,1 Ω

U R=2Ω
Z = −j5 Ω

I2, Q2 I3, Q3

Calculate first the impedance Z and current I of the whole circuit

2   ( − j  5 )
Z = j  0,1  + = 1,82 − 18,9  = (1,72 − j0,59)
2  − j 5 
U 1000 V
I1 = = = 54,918,9 A
Z 1,82 − 18,9 
Current is leading the voltage, so the circuit is capacitive
𝑆 = 𝑈𝐼 ∗= 100∠0°𝑉 ⋅ 54,9∠ − 18,9°𝐴 = 5490∠ − 18,9°VA ≈
= 5194𝑊 − j1778var = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄

The active power consumed by the circuit is is 5.2 kW and reactive power produced by the
circuit is 1.8 kVar.
 2. Calculate the values in the single phase diagram of the power system below
using per unit values (i.e. calculate the per unit values). Base voltage is
UB = 110 kV and base power SB = 50 MVA. The nominal values of the different
equipment are:
Generators G1 ja G2 (Xd,G): 20 MVA, 10,5 kV, xd =1,10
Synchronous motor M (Xd,M): 30 MVA, 10 kV, xd =1,20
Transformers Xm1, Xm2, Xm3 and Xm4 20 MVA, 110/10,5 kV, zk = 0,10
Transformers Xm5 and Xm6 15 MVA, 110/10,5 kV, zk = 0,10
Line Xj1 Xj1=40 Ohm (110 kV voltage level)
Line Xj2 and Xj3 Xj2= Xj3=20 Ohm (110 kV voltage
level)

Xm1 Xj1 Xm2

Xd,G Xd,G
G1
G GG2
Xm3 Xj2 Xj3 Xm4 U b = 110 kV
S b = 50 MVA
U b2
Xm5 Xm6 Zb = = 242 
Sb

Calculate generator
reactance in ohms Xd,M
Refer generator reactance
G
M to 110 kV voltage level

Solution
Generators and motor
𝑈2 110 2 𝑆 10,52 1102 50
𝑋d,G = 𝑋𝑑 𝑆 𝑁 ⋅ (10,5) ⋅ 𝑈𝑏2 = 1,10 ⋅ ⋅ 10,52 ⋅ 1102 = 2,75pu
⏟ 𝑁 𝑏 20

Divide it by base
Calculate transformer Xd in ohms in 110 kV base
impedance (i.e. multiply
reactance in ohms 2
U2  110  S b (10 kV) 2 (110 kV) 2 50 MVA
X d,M = X d N    2 = 1,20   2
 2
= 1,81pu with the inverse of the
SN  10,5  U b 30 MVA (10,5 kV) (110 kV) base impedance)

Transformers 1,2,3 and 4

U2 S (110 kV ) 2 50 MVA
X m = X k N  b2 = 0,1  = 0,250 pu
SN U b 20 MVA (110 kV ) 2 Divide it by base
Transformers 5 and 6 impedance (i.e. multiply
2
(110 kV ) 50 MVA with the inverse of the
X m = 0,1  = 0 ,333 pu base impedance)
15 MVA (110 kV ) 2
Lines
40  20 
X j1 = = 0,165 pu X j2 = X j3 = = 0,0826 pu
242  242 

Line reactance can be

directly divided with the
base impedance since
they have the same
voltage level
3. Two generators have been connected to the transformer as shown in the figure.
Generator 1 has nominal power 50 MVA and nominal voltage 13.8 kV. Generator
2 has nominal power 25 MVA and nominal voltage 13.8 kV. Both generators have
subtransient reactance 25 % in their own base power. The nominal power of the
transformer is 75 MVA and nominal voltages 13,8/69 kV and reactance 10 % (in
its own base power). Prior to the fault, the voltage on the high voltage side of the
transformer is 66 kV. Prior to the fault, there is no loading trough the transformer
and no current flows between the generators. Calculate the current (initial
current, i.e. subtransient) of both generators as per unit values (69 kV and 75
MVA base) when there is a 3-phase short circuit on the high voltage side of the
transformer.
G1

Δ Y
G2

Solution:
We are choosing 69 kV as the base voltage and 75 MVA as base power and calculating the
generator parameters as per unit values.

Generator 1

75 MVA
X d1 = 0,25 = 0,375 p.u.
50 MVA

66 kV
Ei1 = = 0,957 p.u.
69 kV

Generator 2

75 MVA
X d2 = 0,25 = 0,750 p.u.
25 MVA

66 kV
Ei 2 = = 0,957 p.u.
69 kV

Transformer: 𝑋𝑡 = 0,10 p.u.

The internal voltages of the generators are in parallel and since they are identical in terms of
magnitude and phase, there is no current flowing between the generators. The subtransient
reactance of the generators in parallel is:
 X d1 X d2 0,375 0,75
X d = = = 0,25 p.u.
X d1 + X d2 0,375 + 0,75

Subtransient short circuit current is

Ei 0,957
I  = = = − j2,735 p.u.
jX d + jX t j0,25 + j0,10

The voltage on the low voltage side of the transformer is

V t = I   jX t = (− j2,735)( j0,10) = 0,2735 p.u.

The subtransient fault currents of the generators are:

E i1 − V t 0,957 − 0,2735
I 1 = = = − j1,823 p.u.
jX d1 j0,375

E i 2 − V t 0,957 − 0,2735
I 2 = = = − j0,912 p.u.
jX d2 j0,75