Graphene represents 1 layer in the graphite structure as evidently stated in the information

given as " not applicable " for the distance between layers.
Bonding within a layer of graphene is the same/identical to a layer of graphite as the carbon
hybridization and average C-C bond length is the same.

Using the tensile strength values,

1.3 x 1011 / 76 x 106 = 1710 greater than 1600

the electron mobility of graphene is very high, 15000 - 200000 cm2 V-1 s-1

the carbon in diamond is sp3 hybridized and so there are no pi electrons in the unhybridized
p-orbitals which can be delocalized ,

therefore the electron mobility in diamond is expected to be very low compared to graphene.
 These delocalized electrons are shared by all the atoms in any one layer of graphene and
make the bonds between the atoms stronger and the structure more stable in comparison to
the bonds in diamond in the same way that delocalized electrons contribute to the greater
stability of the benzene ring.

the carbon-carbon bonds in ethene is a double bond (pi and sigma) while in ethane is a single
bond (sigma only);

The ethene molecular model is planar (all carbons and hydrogens lie in the same plane) while
ethane molecular model is not planar;
 Cl

C
C N
C C

C C

N Br

Computer generated model could be rotated in 360o which will enable us to see the
molecule in different perspective.

An aromatic compound is described as a conjugated system with (4n +2) delocalised pi

electron.
LD50, the lethal dose, it is the dose that is lethal to 50% of the population used in animal
trials.

TD50, the toxic dose, it is the dose that is toxic to 50% of the population used in human
studies.

beta-lactam ring due to bond angles close to 90 / ring opens easily and bind to bacterial enzyme
transpeptidase responsible for cross-linking cell wall;
build-up of osmotic pressure and cell burst;

The synthesis of penicillins with different side chains will increase its ability to withstand the
action of penicillinase.

Condensation reaction. (addition- elimination)

It may undergoes hydrolysis and the ester bonds will be broken under these condiditions.
morphine has «two» hydroxyl «groups» AND diamorphine/heroin has «two»
ester/ethanoate/acetate «groups»
morphine is more polar than diamorphine/heroin
diamorphine/heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier «easily»
morphine is <more> soluble in blood «plasma»
OR
diamorphine/heroin is «more» soluble in lipids
Accept converse argument throughout. Accept “alcohol/hydroxy” for “hydroxyl” but not “hydroxide”.
Do not accept “diamorphine/heroin is non-polar” for M2.

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

[0.750 / (40.08 + 12.01 + 16.00x3)] x 2 =

Omeprazole:
inhibits enzyme/gastric proton pump which secretes H+ ions «into gastric juice»
Accept “H2 receptor antagonist” for M1.
Zanamivir (Relenza): Hydroxyl (do not accept alcohol) AND Ether

Chlorinated Organic Solvent (dichloromethane, CCl4),

benzene, diethylether, methanal

Water; alcohol(ethanol, 2-propanol) ;propanone; some

esters (ethyl ethanoate)

obtained from needles of Pacific yew tree /

obtained from fungus / fermentation process
avoids production of waste / hazardous byproducts/ (fermentation) avoids use of solvents /
reagents / resources used renewable
N/No = (0.5) 57.2/14.3
Mass of 32P remaining = (0.5) 57.2/14.3 x (2.63 x 10-8) x 31.97 =

«radioactive isotope/radionuclide/alpha-emitter» administered using carrier drug/protein/antibodies

more damaging than other radiation types
very damaging to «cancer» cells
high ionizing density «of alpha particles»
absorbed within a very short range of emission
causes little damage to surrounding tissues
Accept “high ionizing power «of alpha particles»
Accept “low penetrating power «of alpha particles»
Anode (negative electrode): C2H5OH + H2O → CH3COOH + 4H+ + 4e -
Cathode (positive electrode): O2 + 4H+ + 4e - → 2H2O