Microbiology [L11-12]

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Refers to the mixture of microorganisms that are regularly found
Normal flora
in any part of the human body.
Resident flora Microbes that are always present.
Microbes that live in or on the body for a period then move on or
Transient flora
die off.
An average adult human have _______ trillion human cells and
100; 1,500
_______ trillion microbes.
- They constitute a protective host defense mechanism.

- They produce vitamin B and K in the intestine.

- Contribute to immunity.
Role/Importance of the Normal Flora
- Produce inhibitory fatty acids, peroxides, bacteriocins, etc.

- May antagonize other bacteria through the production of sub-

stances which inhibit or kill non-indigenous species.
They can cause diseases when:

- An individual is immunocompromised. Disadvantages of Flora

- They changed their usual anatomic location.

This type of flora have axilla, perineum, and toe webs harbor more
microorganisms. It is due to the amount of moisture, temperature,
skin surface lipids. It is more frequently colonized by Gram-nega-
Normal Skin Flora
tive bacilli. It is generally non-pathogenic but may become trapped
in hair follicle which may cause inflammation and acne [Propioni-
bacterium].
- Staphylococci epidermidis
Examples of Normal Skin Flora
- Corynebacteria
The eyes have few bacterial flora due to blinking, and lachrymal
Normal flora of the Conjunctiva
secretions which contains lysozyme [a bactericide].
- Staphylococci epidermidis

- Propionibacterium acnes

- Chlamydophilia pneumoniae Examples of the Normal Flora of the Conjunctiva

- Chlamydia trachomatis

- Streptococcus viridians
Normal Oral Cavity Flora
- Produce certain vitamins
It contains a mixture of organisms which includes bacteria, fungi
[Candida albicans], protozoa [Entamoeba gingivalis], and occa-
sionally viruses. Some indigenous of it are: Streptococci and Lac-
tobacilli. Some transient flora of it are: Streptococcus pneumoniae
and Niesseria meningitidis.

- Prevention of colonization Benefits of Oral Flora

- Helps in maturation of immune system.

Pharynx and Trachea contain similar flora of the roal cavity.
Staphylococci, Neisseriae, Diptheroids are also present. Some
Respiratory Tract Flora
pathogenic organisms like Haemophilus, mycoplasmas, and
Pneumococci may also be found.
Lower respiratory tract, bronchi and alveoli is usually
sterile
___________.

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Gastrointestinal Tract Flora
Swallowed bacteria face the hostile environment of the stomach.
Some Helicobacter species can colonize the stomach and are
associated with Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
[Gastrointestinal Tract Flora]

Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Bacteroides found in duodenum and

transients; quantity; population; bifidobacteria
jejunum are thought to be _________, higher _______ usually
indicate an abnormality. Increased ________ of the said bacteria
in ileum with ___________.
[Gastrointestinal Tract Flora]

coliforms; methanogens; bile; ammonia Large intestine contains ___________, Enterococci, Clostridia,
Lactobacilli, and some ___________. They play role in _____ acid
conversion, Vitamin K and _____________ production.
- Helicobacter
- Lactobacillus
- Bacteriodes Examples of Gastrointestinal Tract Flora
- Bifidobacteria
- Clostridia
Age, pH, and hormonal levels. In Urogenital Flora, bacterial flora of the vagina depends on the:
[Urogenital Flora]

Lactobacillus sp predominate in female ___________. [pH ____].

infants; 5; 7; Streptococci; drops; prepubescent
Torulopsis; vaginitis
- Escherichia coli
- Candida [Fungi]
- Torulopsis [Fungi]
At puberty [pH ____], Ditheroids, S. epidermidis, ____________,
and E. coli predominates. Adult women [pH _______] Bacteriodes
predominates. After menopause, pH rises and the flora returns to
_______________ females.
[Urogenital Flora]
Yeast [___________ and Candida] are occasionally found in the
vagina, sometimes increase and cause __________.
Examples of Urogenital Flora
[Urogenital Flora]

Normal flora of anterior urethra includes Staphylococcus epider-

Enterococcus; alpha-hemolytic; Diptheroids; Proteus midis, _____________ fecalis and some _________ streptococci.
In the interior urethra of humans, S. epidermidis, Enterococci
and ____________ are found frequently. E. coli, _______, and
Neisseria [nonpathogenic species] are reported occasionally.
- Physical method
- Chemical method
- Desiccation
Methods of Microbial Growth Control
- Chemical food preservatives
- Sonication
- Heavy metals
Eliminating microbes by sterilization using heat, radiation, and
Physical method
filtration.
Eliminate microbes by disinfection using chemicals like alcohols,
Chemical method
chlorine, iodine, phenolics, surfactants, etc.
Desiccation Dehydration, freeze, drying [lyophilization], salting
Sorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid, potassium sorbate, sodi-
Chemical food presevatives
um benzoate, calcium propionate
High frequency ultrasound waves. Used in cleaning musical and
Sonication
surgical instruments, lenses, coins, and other tools.

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Binds proteins inhibits enzymatic action. Mercury, merthiolate,
Heavy metals
silver, copper, nickel, zinc [zinc oxide, zinc chloride].
- For living tissues
Types of chemical methods
- For fomites or inanimate materials
Antisepsis [Boric acid, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine] and
Chemical methods [For living tissues]
Degermining [Soap, Alcohol swabs].
Disinfection [chlorine bleach, phenols like lysol, glutaradehyde],
Chemical methods [For fomites or inanimate materials] Sanitation [detergents containing phosphates], and Sterilization
[chemicals, radiation].
- Sterilization using heat
Examples of physical method
- Filtration isolating microbes
- Autoclave: 121°C for 15 min at 103kPa pressure.

- Tydallization or intermittent heating: 90-100°C for 30 min in 3

successive days.
Examples of sterilization using heat
- Pasteurization: 63°C for 30 mins or 72°C for 15 sec. [HTST]

- Irradiation: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation [UV light]

Use filters, HEPA filter or High Efficiency Particulate Air filter used
Examples of filtration isolating microbes
in lab laminar-flow hoods, creates clean atmosphere.

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