01225020/K/MS/MAY/JUNE 2018

C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L

CARIBBEAN SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE®

EXAMINATION

GEOGRAPHY — PAPER 02

GENERAL PROFICIENCY

KEY AND MARK SCHEME

MAY/JUNE 2018
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PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Question 4.
Specific Objectives: I–4(a) (i); II–24, 25, 26; III—22

P1 P2 P3
(a) (i) Major Lines of Latitude
A — Arctic Circle (1)
B — Equator (1) 3
C — Antarctic Circle (1)
P1 = (3 marks)
(ii) Latitudes:

M = 23.5 degrees North (1) N = 90 degrees South (1)

2
One mark for each correct response
P1 = (2 marks)

(b)(i) Main features of an atoll:

 Circular, ring—like or horse shoe in shape (1)

 Isolated or away from the mainland (1)
 Several islands or islets, enclosing a lagoon
partially or completely (1)
2
 Channels between the islets connect the lagoon to
the open ocean or sea (1)
 Built around a sunken volcanic cone or guyot (1)
 Has an outer or seaward reef
 Rises out of the deep (1)

Any two features — 2 x 1 mark

P2 = (2 marks)

Main features of fringing reef:

(ii)
 Narrow coral platform
 Lies close to / parallel to the shore
 Separated from coast by shallow / narrow lagoon
 The outer edge descends sharply into the sea 2
 Surface is flat or slightly concave
 Connected to and built out from the coast
 Located in shallow water (1)

Any two features — 2 x 1 mark

P2 = (2 marks)
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KEY AND MARK SCHEME
P1 P2 P3
(iii) Reason corals grow best in clear water:

 Clear waters ensure that sunlight can enter the

water (1) to keep the water warm (1), most corals
need warm waters between 20—27o C to survive (1).
 Clear water contains oxygen and other nutrient
which coral polyps need to grow.
 Silt on the coral can choke the coral polyps (1). 4
This results in oxygen starvation (blocks feeding
and respiration) and the eventual death of the
coral (1).
 Corals depend on the zooxanthellae (algae) that
grow inside of them for oxygen and food, these
algae need sunlight for photosynthesis so that
water must be clear (1). Sediments in the water
affects the growth of the algae by slowing down
photosynthesis indirectly impacting coral growth
and survival (1)

Importance – 1 mark
Expansion on how it affects formation — 1 mark

Any two reasons — 2 x 2 marks

P2 = (4 marks)

(c) Benefit of coral reefs:

 Coastal protection (1)

- Shield the coastline from the effects of wave
erosion (1) as it acts as a buffer to strong
waves.
- Create a natural breakwater for strong waves
(1) as the waves expend their energy into the
reefs as they break (1)
- Protect coastal villages, lowlands and hotels
from marine destruction (1).

 Raw material for beaches (1)

- Sandy beaches are built up from corals and the 6
shell creatures that live in them (1)
- When the coral die they decompose and the
materials are washed onshore contributing to
the build—up of sand (1)
- Some fishes (e.g. parrot fish) digest the
coral and excrete coral sand(1)
-
 Ecological (1)
- Habitat for several marine animals (1)
- Provides biodiversity (1)
- Provides spawning and nursery grounds (1)
- Offers protection for vulnerable species (1)
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KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Question 4. (continued)

P1 P2 P3
 Economic (1)
- Essential for fishing industry which is a
source of food and income for fisher
folks(1)
- Major tourist attraction — scuba diving,
snorkeling and sightseeing (1)
- Foreign exchange earner (1)
- Provide diverse employment opportunities (1)
- Medicinal value or purposes (1)

Benefit = 1 mark
Full expansion on benefit = 2 marks
(partial expansion – 1 mark only)
3 x 2 marks = 6 marks
Any two benefits — 2 x 3 marks

P3 = (6 marks)

(d) Measures for reducing the over—exploitation of fish

stock:

Education
 Public awareness campaigns, community/Town
meetings, documentaries, television
infomercials (1)

 Measures geared towards educating the general

public on the impact of over fishing on future
fish stocks, sustainability of fishing industry,
personal livelihoods in the medium to long term,
environmental and economic development of the
country (1).

 People are given the knowledge they need to take

responsibility and make personal decisions about
changing their fishing practices (1).

Legislation (including implementation, monitoring

and enforcement)

 Includes fishing quotas, prohibitions on fishing

(Hunting) season, restriction on fishing in
specific areas (marine reserves), designating
marine protected areas, enforcement of
legislation through fines and imprisonment (1).

 Regulatory or control measures handed down by

central government and other delegated
authorities to protect and control fishing (1).
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KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Question 4. (continued)

P1 P2 P3
 Supported by monitoring and enforcement
mechanisms to make sure that fishermen abide by
the laws and regulations and there is a halt in
activities detrimental to the fisheries (1).

 Banning some fishing practices such as the use

of dynamite and gill nets which kill a large
number of fish (1).

Fisheries Management

 Development of a management plan for fisheries

that includes, for example, safe catch limits,
controls on by catch and measures for improving
fishing practices (1).

 Development of fisheries infrastructure such as

storage facilities to reduce wastage through
spoilage and measures to encourage the use of
sustainable fishing methods (1).

 Allows for a proactive rather than reactive

approach to controlling the over—exploitation of
fisheries. Measures are taken before a problem 6
develops and if a problem arises there is clear
direction as to the measures to be implemented
(1).
Credit should be given when points overlap
between Legislation and Fish Management

Measure = 1 mark
Full expansion on measure = 2 marks
(partial expansion — 1 mark only)
3 x 2 marks = 6 marks
Any two measures — 2 x 3 marks

P3 = (6 marks)

Total 25 marks 5 8 12