Chemistry SUPER 60 Marks

SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES
SUNIL V
SUPER 60
PREPARED BY
LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY

S.No. Chapter P.No.s
1. Solid State 1-4

2. Solutions 5-11
3. a) Electro Chemistry 12-18
b) Chemical Kinetics 19-26
4. Surface Chemistry 27-31
5. Metallurgy 32-36
6. p-block elements 37-54
7. d & f block elements 55-62
8. Polymers 63-66
9. Bio Molecules 67-72
10. Chemistry in Everydaylife 73-75
Organic chemisry - Named Reactions 76-83
11. Halo Alkanes and Halo Arenes 84-87
12. Organic Compounds Containing C, H & O 88-93
13. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 94-97
Previous Papers (VSAQ) (A.P. & T.S.) 98-102
Important SAQ List
Important LAQ List
Model Papers 103-104
Revision Programme 105-106
SolidState
1. Solid State
Very Short Answer Questions
LEVEL-I
1. What is Schottky and Frenkel Defects?

A. a) Schottky Defect : The defect arises due to missing of atom (or) ion from the normal crystal lattice is
called Schottky Defect. Eg : NaCl, KCl, KBr, CsCl.
p In this defect equal no. of cation & anions are missing from the lattice.
b) Frenkel Defect : The defect arises due to shifting of atom (or) ion from the normal crystal lattice
and occupy an interstitial site is called Frenkel defect. Eg : AgBr, AgCl, ZnS
2. What are F-centers?
A. F-centers : The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons are called f-centres. These are formed by
heating of Alkali halides with excess of Alkali Metal. Eg : LiCl.
p F-centers impart colours to the crystals.
3. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of FCC, FCT and BCC lattice?
A. FCC and FCT : BCC :
Corner atoms = 8 Corner atoms = 8
Face centered atoms = 6 Body centered atoms = 1
Total = 14 Total = 9
Then total number of lattice points are 14. Then total number of lattice points are 9.
4. Define octahedral and tetra hedral void/holes ?
A. Octa hedral : The three spheres in a layer when contact with another three spheres in another layer to
form octahedral hole.
Tetra hedral : The three spheres in layer when contact with another single sphere in another layer to
form tetrahedral hole.
5. How do you distinguish between crystal lattice and unit cell?
A. Crystal lattice :
i) The regular arrangement of lattice points in three dimensional is called a crystal lattice.
ii) It does not indicate the crystal structure.
Unit cell :
i) The smallest part repeated in three dimensional to generate a crystal. That small part is called Unit
cell.
ii) It represents crystal structure.
LEVEL-II
1. What is meant by the term co-ordination number?

A. Co-ordination number : The number of nearest neighbours around central metal ion in its close packing
is called coordination number.
Eg : i) The co-ordination number of atoms in a cubic close-pack structure is 12.
ii) The co-ordination number of atoms in a body-centered cubic structure is 8.
1 Sr.Chemistry
SolidState
2. Explain paramagnetism with suitable example.
A. i) It arises due to the presence of one or more unpaired electrons.
ii) In presence of external magnetic field unpaired electrons exhibit magnetic property.
Eg : O2, Cu+2, Fe+2, Na, Cr+2 ... etc.
3. Explain ferromagnetism with suitable example.
A. i) Ferromagnetism arises due to spontaneous alignment of magnetic moments due to unpaired electrons
in the same direction when an external field is applied.
ii) They retain their magnetism after removal of external magnetic field.
Eg : Fe, Co, Ni  .
4. Explain ferrimagnetism with suitable example.

A. It arises due to alignment of magnetic moments in parallel and antiparallel directions unequal numbers
resulting in some net magnetic moments.
Eg : Fe3O4, CuFe2O4      
5. Explain antiferromagnetism with suitable example.
A. It arises due to alignment of magnetic moments in parallel and antiparallel directions in equal numbers
resulting zero magnetic moments.
Eg : MnO, MnO2      
Short Answer Questions

LEVEL-I
1. Derive Bragg’s equation.

A. i) When X-rays are incident on crystal plane they undergo diffraction..
ii) Let 1st ray and 2nd ray are two parallel’ Rays incident on surface. They travel equal distance till
wave front AD.
iii) The 2nd ray travel an extra distance than 1st ray.
This extra distance = DB + BC is called path difference.
iv) The path difference between incident radiation is equal to integral multiple of wavelength.
DB + BC = n – (1)
ADB ABC incident reflected
1st ray
DB BC
sin = sin = 2nd ray
AB AB
A
θ θ
1st
DB BC plane ↓
sin = sin = θ θ d
d d D C
↑
2nd
plane
DB = dsin – (a) BC = dsin– (b) B
Substitute (a) and (b) in equation (1), 3rd

plane
dsin + dsin= n
2d sin = n
This is Bragg’s equation.
Sr.Chemistry 2
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SolidState
2. How many types of semiconductors are known ? Explain the influence of dopping on the
conductivity of crystalline solids.
A. Semiconductor : The solids having conductivity range in between 10–6 to 104 ohm–1 m–1 are called
semiconductors.
Semiconductors are two types : i) Intrinsic semiconductor
ii) Extrinsic semiconductor.
a) Intrinsic semiconductors :
i) Pure semiconductors are called Intrinsic semiconductors. In this type gap between conduction
band and valence band is small.
ii) Hence the electrons jump easily from valence band to conduction band. Conduction band
Conductivity of semi conductor increases with increasing temperature.
Small Gap
Eg : Si, Ge
b) Extrinsic semiconductor : Valence band
i) Impure semiconductors are called Extrinsic semiconductors.
ii) Its conductivity is due to presence of impurities. They are formed by doping.
Dopping : The process of increaseing conductivity of semiconductor by adding suitable impurity is
called Dopping.
Extrinsic semi conductors are two types. i) n-type ii) p-type
i) n-type-Semiconductors :
1. VA group Elements are dopped with IVA Group elements to form n-type semi conductors.
2. Four out of five electrons of VA group element “AS” , involved in bonding with four electrons
of IVA group element “Ge”
3. The fifth electron serve electricity in the semiconductor.
ii) p-type-Semiconductors :
1. IIIA group Elements are dopped with IVA Group elements to form p-type semi conductors.
2. Three electrons of IIIA group element “Ga” involved in bonding with three out of fourelectrons
of IVA group element “Ge” leaving vaccancy .
3. The vacancy is called p-hole.
4. It serve small amount of electricity in the semiconductor.
LEVEL-II
1. Classify each of the following as either a p-type or a n-type semiconductor.

i) Ge doped with In ii) Si doped with B.
A. i) Ge doped with In : p-type semiconductor . Pure Ge is dopped with trace of Doping of III group
impurity .
ii) Si doped with B : p-type semiconductor.Pure Si is dopped with trace of Doping of III group
impurity .
2. Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of a metal of simple cubic crystal.

A. Let
The length of the unit cell = a
and Radius of sphere (atom) = r
Volume of the unit cell = a3 = (2r)3 = 8r3
1
No. of atoms per unit cell = 8  1
8
3 Sr.Chemistry
SolidState
4 3
Volume of the atom = r (This is the occupied volume)
3
Occupied volume  4 / 3 r3

Packing fraction = Total volume = = 0.5233
8r 3
Thus, the percentage of occupied volume or packing efficiency = 0.5233 ×100 = 52.33%
and void space = 47.67%
3. Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of a metal of body-centered cubic crystal.
A. Let
and Radius of the sphere (atom) = r
4
In the unit cell, a = r
3
3
3  4  64 3
Total volume of the unit cell = a =  r  r
 3  3 3
No. of atoms per unit cell = 2
4
Volume of the two atoms = 2  r 3 (This is the occupied volume)
3
4
Occupied volume 2  r 3
Packing fraction = = 3  0.68
Total volume 64 3
r
3 3
Thus, the percentage of occupied volume or packing efficiency = 68%.

4. Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of face-centered cubic crystal.
A. Let
and Radius of the sphere (atom) = r
In this unit cell, a = 2 2r
a3 =  2 2r   16 2r 3
3
Total volume of the unit cell =
No. of atoms per unit cell = 4
4
Volume of the two atoms = 4  r 3 (This is the occupied volume)
3
Occupied volume
Packing fraction = Total volume
4
4  r 3
= 3  0.7401
16 2r 3
Thus, the percentage of occupied volume or packing efficiency = 74.01% and void space = 26%.
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SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES Solutions
2. Solutions
LEVEL-I
1. State Raoult’s Law.
A. Raoults Law : The relative lowering of vapour pressure of dilute solution containing non-volatile
solute is equal to mole fraction of solute in the solution.
p 0  ps
 Xsolute
p0
2. State Henry’s Law.
A. Henry’s Law : The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction of
the gas in the solution.
P = KHx P = Partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase.
KH = Henry’s constant x = mole fraction of the gas.
3. Define Osmotic Pressure.
A. Osmotic Pressure : The minimum pressure applied on solution just to prevent the flow of solvent
molecules into solution through semi-permeable membrane is called Osmotic pressure.
It is denoted by “”.
 = CRT
4. What are Isotonic Solutions.
A. Isotonic Solutions : Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called
Isotonic solutions. Ex : Blood is isotonic with saline solution.
5. Define Mole fraction.
A. Mole fraction : The ratio between no. of moles of one component to the total no. of moles of all
components in the solution is called mole fraction. It is denoted by “X”.
No. of moles of solute ns
Mole fraction of solute = =
Total no. of moles of solution ns  n 0
PROBLEM :
i) Calculate the mole fraction of H2SO4 in a solution containing 98% H2SO4 by mass.
Sol. H2SO4 H2O
Wt. = 98 gms Wt. = 2 gms

M.Wt = 98 M.Wt. = 18
Wt 98 Wt 2
n1 = Gm Wt = =1 n2 = Gm Wt = = 0.1
98 18
Total no. of moles n1  n 2  1.1
 
n1 1
Molefraction of H2SO4 X H2SO4 = n  n  1.1 = 0.9
1 2
6. Define Molarity.
A. Molarity : The number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution is called molarity.
It is denoted by M.
Number of moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
Volume of litres of the solution  ltr 
5 Sr.Chemistry
Solutions
PROBLEM :
i) Calculate the amount of Benzonic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250 ml of 0.15 M
solution in methanol.
Sol. Molarity of Benzoic acid = 0.15M
Volume of solution = 250 ml
Molecular weight of Benzoic acid = 122
wt 1000
Molarity = 
Gm wt V  ml 
Molarity  Gm wt  V 0.15  122  250

Weight = = = 4.575 gms.
1000 1000
ii) Calculate the molarity of solution containing 5 gm of NaOH in 450 ml solution.
Sol. Weight of NaOH = 5 gms
Volume of solution = 450 ml
GMW of NaOH = 40
Wt 1000 5 1000
Molarity (M) =  
MWt V  ml  = 40 450 = 0.278 M.
iii) A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w. What would be the molarity of the
solution?
Sol. Weight of Glucose = 10 gms
Weight of water = 90 gms  density of H 2 O  1
Mass 90
Volume of water =  = 90 ml
density 1
Molecular weight of glucose = 180.

wt 1000 10 1000
Molarity =   
Gm wt V  ml  180 90 = 0.617 M
7. Define Molality.
A. Molality : The number of moles of solute present in one kilogram of solvent is called molality.
It is denoted by m.
Number of moles of solute
Molality (m) =
Weight of the solvent (kg)
PROBLEM :
i) An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6g ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and 200g of water
(solvent). Calculate the molality of the solution.
Sol. Wt. of Ethylene Glycol = 222.6 gms
M.Wt.of Ethylene Glycol = 62
Wt of solvent (H2O) = 200 gms.
Wt 1000 222.6 1000
Molality m =  
Gm wt Wt. of solvent (gms) = 62 200
= 17.95 m
Sr.Chemistry 6
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ii) An Calculate molality of 2.5 of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75g of benzene.
Sol. Wt. of Ethanoic acid = 2.5 gms
M.Wt.of Ethanoic acid = 60
Wt of solvent (benzene) = 75 gms.
Wt 1000 2.5 1000

Molality m =  
Gm wt Wt. of solvent (gms) = 60 75
= 0.555 m
LEVEL-II
1. Define mass percentage solution.

A. Mass percentage : The mass of solute in gms present in 100 gms of the solution is called mass percentage.
Mass of one component
Mass % = 100
Total mass of solution
PROBLEM :
i) Calculate the mass percentage of Aspirin (C9H8O4) in Acetonitrile CH3CN. When 6.5 gm of
aspirin dissolved in 450 gm of CH3CN.
Sol. Weight of aspirin = 6.5 gms
Weight of CH3CN = 450 gms
Total weight = 456.5 gms
Weight of Aspirin
Mass % of Aspirin =  100 = 6.5  100 = 1.424%
Total weight 456.5
2. What is ppm of a solution ?

A. ppm : Number of parts of one component present in one million parts of the solution is called parts per
millions(p.p.m)
Number of parts of one component
ppm =  106
Total number of parts of the all components in the solution
3. What is Ebullioscopic Constant ?

A. Ebullioscopic Constant : “The elevation in boiling point produced when 1 mole of solute dissolved in
1 kg of the solvent” is called Ebullioscopic Constant (or) Molal elevation constant.
Units : Kelvin . kg/mole
4. What is Cryoscopic Constant ?

A. Cryoscopic Constant : “The depression in the freezing point produced when one mole of solute is
dissolved in 1 kg of solvent” is called Cryoscopic constant (or) Molal depression constant.
Units : Kelvin . kg/mole
5. What is Van’t Hoff’s factor ‘i’ and how it is related to α in the case of a binary electrolyte (1:1).
A. The ratio of experimental colligative property to the calculated colligative property is known as Van’t
Hoff’s factor.
Experimental value of colligative property i 1

i=  
Calculated value of colligative property n 1
7 Sr.Chemistry
Solutions

LEVEL-I
1. Define RLVP. How it is useful to determine the molar mass of solute ?

A. RLVP : The ratio between lowering of vapour pressure of the solution to the vapour pressure of pure
solvent is called RLVP.
p p0  ps
RLVP = 
p0 p0
Relation between RLVP and Molar mass of solute (M) :
Let ‘a’ is the weight of solute and its molecular weight ‘M’.
a
No. of moles of solute = ns =
M
Let ‘b’ is the weight of solvent and its molecular weight ‘W’.
b
No. of moles of solvent = n0 =
W
p  ps ns
According to Raoult’s law 
p ns  n 0
For dilute solutions ns < < < n0 hence neglect the value of ns in the denominator.
p o  ps n b
 s  (ns =
a
; n0 = )
po no M W
 p aW
po  p s  
 M   p  ps
a W
   b
p M b  
Problems
RAOULT’S LAW
i) Vapour pressure of water at 293K is 17.535 ii) Vapour pressure of water at 293K is 17.535
mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of the mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of the
solution at 293K when 25g of gulcose is solution at 293K when 9g of gulcose is
dissolved in 450g of water. dissolved in 162g of water.
Sol. Weight of Glucose a = 25 gms Sol. Weight of Glucose a = 9 gms
M. Wt. of Glucose M = 180 M. Wt. of Glucose M = 180
Wt. of water b = 450 gms Wt. of water b = 162 gms
M.Wt. of water W = 18. M.Wt. of water W = 18.
p° = 17.535 mm Hg p° = 17.535 mm Hg
s
p = ? ps = ?
p  p s a W 17.535  ps 25 18 p  p s a W 17.535  ps 9 18
         
p M b 17.535 180 450 p M b 17.535 180 162
17.535 – ps = 0.09 17.535 – ps = 0.09
ps  17.44 mm Hg ps  17.44 mm Hg
Sr.Chemistry 8
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iii) Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute iv) A non volatile, non-electrolyte solid weighing
(molar wt. 40g mol –1 ) which should be 0.5g when added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar
dissolved in 114gm octane to reduce its mass 78g mole–1) V.P of the solution, is 0.845
vapour pressure to 80% . bar, then what is the molar mass of the solid
Sol. V.P. of octane p° = 100 mm Hg. substance ?
s Sol. V.P. of pure benzene p° = 0.850 bar
V.P. of solution p = 80 mm Hg.
s
V.P. of solution (P ) = 0.845 bar
Wt. of solute (a) = ?
Wt. of solute (a) = 0.5
M.wt of solute (M) = 40
M.wt of solute (M) = ?
Wt. of solvent octane = 114 gms
Wt. of solvent benzene = 39 gms
M.Wt. of octane (C8H18) = 114.
M.Wt. of benzene (C6H6) = 78
p  p s a W
 
p M b p  p s a W 0.850  0.845 0.5 78
  =  
p M b 0.850 M 39
100  80 a 114 800
   a= = 8 gms
100 40 114 100 850
 M= = 170 gms
5
MOLEFRACTION :
i) A solution of sucrose in water is labelled as 20% (w/w). What would be the mole fraction of each
component in the solution?
Sol. Sucrose (C2H22O11) (H2O)
Wt. = 20 gms Wt. = 80 gm
M.Wt. = 342 M.wt. = 18
Wt 20 Wt 80
n1 = = = 0.05848 n2 = = = 4.45
GMWt 342 GMWt 18
Total no. of Moles is n1  n 2  4.503
1 n 0.05848
Molefraction of sucrose (Xsucrose) = = = 0.013
n1  n 2 4.503
 X H 2O = 1 – Xsucrose = 1 – 0.013 = 0.987
OSMATIC PRESSURE :
i) If the osmotic pressure of gulcose solution is 1.52 bar at 300K. What would be its concentration if
–1 –1
R = 0 . 0 8 K ?
3 L b a r m o l
A. Osmatic pressure  = CRT where  = 1.52 bar

R = 0.083 ltr
T = 300k
 1.52
C   = 0.061 M
RT 0.083  300
9 Sr.Chemistry
Solutions
LEVEL-II
1. What is meant by +ve deviation from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of ∆Hmix related to positive
deviation from Raoult’s law ?
A. Positive Deviation :
i) The partial pressure of solution is higher than the predicted value by Raoult’s law is called positive
deviation.
ii) In such cases intermolecular interactions between solute and solvent particles (A and B) are weaker
than those between solute-solute (A – A) and solvent - solvent (B – B).
iii) Hence, the molecules of (A or B) will escape more easily from the surface of solution.
The vapour pressure of the solution will be higher.
Characteristics :
i) PA  PA0 X A ; PB  PB0 X B
ii) H mix  0
iii) Vmix  0
Examples : 1) Ethyl alcohol and water
2) Acetone and benzene.
3) CCl4 and C6H6
2. What is meant by –ve deviation from Raoult’s law ? How is the sign of ∆Hmix related to –ve
deviation from Raoult’s Law ?
A. Negative deviation :
i) The partial pressure of solution is lower than the predicted value by Raoult’s law is called negative
deviation.
ii) In such cases intermolecular interactions between solute and solvent particles (A and B) are stronger
than those between solute-solute (A – A) and solvent - solvent (B – B).
iii) Hence, the molecules of (A or B) will escape more difficult from the surface of solution.
The vapour pressure of the solution will be lower.
Characterstics :
1) PA  PA0 X A ; PB  PB0 X B
2) H mix  0
3) Vmix  0
Examples : i) HNO3 and H2O
ii) CHCl3 and Acetone.
3. How is molar mass related to the elevation in boiling point of a solution?

A. Elevation in boiling point : The difference between the boiling point of the solution containing non-
volatile solute to the boiling point of the pure solvent is known as elevation in boiling point.
T b  Tb  Tb0
Relation : The elevation in BP of solution is a colligative property and depends on the particle
concentration.
Sr.Chemistry 10
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Eg : The boiling point of sea water (solution) is more than the boiling point of pure water (solvent).
For dilute solutions elevation in BP of solution is directly proportional to molality of the solution.
Tb  m
Tb = kb m where kb = ebullioscopic constant.
w 1000 w = wt of solute
Tb  K b  
mw W  gm  W = wt of solvent
mw = mwt of solute
w 1000
 m wt  K b  T  W  gm 
b
4. How is molar mass related to the depression in freezing point of a solution?

A. i) The difference between the freezing points of a pure solvent to freezing point of solution containing
non-volatile solute is called depression in freezing point.
ii) (Tf) = Freezing point of the solvent – Freezing point of the solution
Tf  Tf0  Tf
Eg : The freezing point of salt water (solution) is less than pure water (solvent))
For dilute solutions, depression in freezing point is directly proportional to molality of the solution.
Tf  m
Tf  K f  m where kf = cryoscopic constant
w 1000
Tf  K f  
mw W  gm 
w 1000
M wt  k f  
Tf w  gm 
T
11 Sr.Chemistry
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES ElectroChemistry
3a) Electro Chemistry

LEVEL-I
1. What is metallic corrosion? Give one example.

A. Metallic corrosion : The process of gradual distruction of metal by environment is called metallic
corrosion.
Eg : Rusting of iron
2. What is a primary battery? Give one example.
A. Primary battery : The electro chemical cell which acts as sources of electrical energy without being
previously charged up by any electric current is called primary battery. Eg : Dry cell, Mercury cell.
3. What is a fuel cell? How is it different from a conventional galvanic cell ?
A. Fuel Cell : The cells which converts thermal energy directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells.
Eg : H2 – O2
Difference between Galvanic cell and fuel cells :
i) In galvanic cell converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy.
ii) In fuel cell, thermal energy is converted into electrical energy.
4. What is molar conductivity ?
A. Molar conductivity : The conductance of one mole of an electrolyte placed in between two parallel
electrodes with area of cross-section A and separated by the distance unit length.
kA
Mathematically  m  k ; ohm–1 cm2 mol–1 (CGS).
l
5. Write the Nernst equation for the EMF of the cell Ni / Ni+2 // Ag+ / Ag.
2 
A. Given cell is Ni(s)  Ni  aq   Ag  aq   Ag
0.059 [Ni 2 ]
Nernst equation for the cell is Ecell = E 0cell  log
n [Ag  ]2
6. How is Gibbs Energy (G) related to EMF of cell (E) mathematically ?

A. Mathematical relation between Gibbs Energy (G) and EMF of cell (E) is
G   n F E cell
where n = no. of electrons ; F = Faraday = 96500 coulombs.

PROBLEM :
The standard emf of Daniell cell is 1.1V. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the cell reactions:
2+ 2+
Zn(s) + Cu  aq  → Zn  aq  + Cu(s)
Sol. G   nF E 0cell = –2 × 96500 × 1.1 = – 212300 J/M = – 212.3 kJ/M
Sr.Chemistry 12
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t
7. What is standard H-Electrode ?
A. An electrode which maintain 1M concentration and 1atm pressure is known as standard H-Electrode.
The emf of SHE = 0 volt.
LEVEL-II
1. Give the products obtained at platinum electrodes when aq. solution of K2SO4 is electrolysed.
A. After electrolysis of K2SO4 solution; H2 gas liberated at cathode & O2 gas liberated at anode.
Electrolyte : K2SO4  2K + + SO 4 2
Anode : 2H2O  O2 + 4H– + 4e–
Cathode : 4H2O + 4e–  2H2 + 4OH–
2. Write the cell reaction takes place in the cell Cu / Cu+2 // Ag+ / Ag.
A. i) Oxidation half cell reaction : Cu  s   Cu 2  2e 

 aq 
ii) Reduction half cell reaction : 2Ag   2e   2Ag  s 

 aq 
Cu  s   2Ag  Cu 2  2Ag s 
 aq   aq 
Mg +2 
0  RT ln  
3. Write the cell reactions for which E = Ecell
2
.
2F 
Ag + 
 
A. i) Half cell reduction : 2Ag+ + 2e– ¾¾¾¾® 2Ag

ii) Half cell oxidation : Mg ¾¾¾¾® Mg+2 + 2e–
Net reaction : 2Ag+ + Mg ¾¾¾¾® Mg+2 + 2Ag
4. How is E0 cell related mathematically to the equilibrium constant KC of the cell reaction?
0.059
A. E  E 0cell  log K c
n
At equilibrium E = 0
0.059
 E 0cell  log K c
n
5. What is cell constant of a conductivity cell?

A. Cell constant : The ratio of distance between two electrodes (l) to the area of cross section of an
electrode (A) is called cell constant.
l
Cell constant = K 
A
12 Sr.Chemistry
Long Answer Questions

LEVEL-I
1. State and explain Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.

A. a) Statement : The equivalent conductance at infinite dilution, of an electrolyte is equal to the sum of
the equivalent conductances of the cation and the anion at infinite dilution.
It is represented by
    ions
   electrolyte      
Eg :   CH3COOH    CH3COO     H 

Where   = equivalent conductance of cation at infinite dilution
 = equivalent conductance of anion at infinite dilution

  = equivalent conductance of an electrolyte at infinite dilution
b) Explanation : The ionic conductance of ion are directly proportional to the ionic mobility of ion
0  u 0  0  u 0
  0  ku 0   0  ku 0
 
 0  0  0  0
k k
Where K = proportionality constant and its value is 96500 coulombs (Faraday).
Applications of Kohlrausch’s law :
1) Equivalent conductance at infinite dillution of Weak electrolyte can be calculated.
Eg :  CH3COOH   CH3COONa   HCl   NaCl
PROBLEM :
i) ∧ 0m for NaCl, HCl and NaAc are 126.4, 425.9 and 91.0 Scm2mol–1 respectively, calculate ∧ 0
for HAc.
Sol.  CH3COOH   CH3COONa   HCl   NaCl
= 91.0 + 425.9 – 126.4
= 390.5 Scm2mol–1
c 
2) Degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte can be calculated   

k  1000
3) Solubility of sparingly soluble salts can be calculated S  
2. What is electrolysis? Give Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.

A. Electrolysis : The process of decomposition of an electrolyte by passing electric current is called
electrolysis. Eg : NaCl
Faraday’s laws :
i) First law : The amount of substance deposited (or) liberated at an electrode is directly proportional
to the quantity of electricity passed through electrolyte during electrolysis.
Sr.Chemistry 14
t
t
WQ
W  ct  Q  ct
E
W  ect e 
F
E A
W ct E
F Z
Act
W
ZF
PROBLEM :
i) A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5 amperes. What is the
mass of copper deposited at the cathode?
Act
Sol. According to Faraday 1st law W 
ZF
Where A = 63
c = 1.5 amp
t = 10 min = 600 sec
Z = 2
F = 96,500 c
Act 63  1.5  600

W    0.2938 gm
ZF 2  96500
ii) Second law : When the same quantity of current is passed through different electrolytic cells
connected in series then the mass of the substance deposited at an electrode is directly proportional
to its chemical equivalents.
m1 m 2 m3
 
E1 E 2 E3
3. What are galvanic cells? Explain the working of a galvanic cell with a neat sketch taking Daniel
cell as example.
A. Galvanic or Voltaic cell : The electrochemical cells which converts chemical energy into electrical
energy in a spontaneous redox reaction is called Galvanic cell.
Eg : Daniel cell, Voltaic cell.
Construction :
i) The electrochemical cell consists of two half cells.
ii) In the left half cell, zinc metal electrode placed in ZnSO4 solution acts as anode.
iii) In the Right half cell, copper metal electrode placed CuSO4 solution acts as cathode.
iv) These two half cells are internally connected through a salt bridge and externally with volt meter.
14 Sr.Chemistry
Working : In galvanic cell, oxidation takes place at left hand side. (i.e., Zn oxidised to Zn+2) and
reduction takes place at right hand side. (i.e., Cu +2 reduce to Cu). These two half cells combined to
form a total cell reaction.
At anode : Zn Zn2+ + 2e–
At cathode : Cu+2 + 2e– Cu
+2
The net cell reaction is Zn + Cu Zn+2 + Cu
Representation :
Oxidation reaction occurs at Zn/ZnSO4 half cell, Zn(s) Zn+2 (aq) + 2e–
Reduction reaction occurs at Cu/CuSO4 half cell, Cu+2(aq) + 2e– Cu(s)
The net cell reaction is Zn + Cu+2(aq) Zn+2(aq) + Cu
The cell is represented as Zn/Zn+2(aq) // Cu+2(aq) + Cu
LEVEL-II
1. What are the primary and secondary Batteries? Give one example for each.
A. Primary battery : The electro chemical cell which acts as sources of electrical energy without being
previously charged up by any electric current. Eg : Dry cell, Mercury cell
i) They become dead after a long period of time.
ii) They cannot be reused.
Secondary battery : In this cell the electrical energy is stored in the form of chemical enegy from an
external source. When source of current is removed then the cell operate reverse direction.
Eg : Lead storage Battery, Nickel - cadmium cell.
i) During charging electrical energy is converted into chemical energy (electrolytic cell).
ii) While discharging chemical energy converted into electrical energy (electrochemical cell).
2. State and explain Nernst equation with the help of a metallic electrode and a non-metallic electrode.
A. Nernst equation:The equation that gives the relationship between the electrode potential (E) and
concentration of the electrolyte (c) in a half cell reaction is called Nernst equation.
Sr.Chemistry 16
t
t
0.059
For single metal electrodes : E  E  log C
n
0.059
For single non-metal electrodes : E  E  log C
n
E  E 0cell 
0.059
log
Oxidation 
For double Electrodes : n  Reduction 
Significance : This equation is useful to calculate the potentials of the electrodes at different concentration
other than unit concentration.
Problems
SINGLE METAL ELECTRODE :
i) Calculate the potential of a Zn – Zn2+ electrode in which the molarity of Zn2+ is 0.001 M. Given
that E0 =  0.76V R = 8.314 J K 1mol 1 ; F = 96500 C mol 1
Zn 2+ /Zn
0.059
Sol. E = E0 + logC
n
0.06
= – 0.76 + log 10–3 (n = 2)
2
= –0.76 – 0.09
= – 0.85 V
DOUBLE ELECTRODES :
i) Calculate the emf of the cell at 25°C Cr/Cr 3+ (0.1 M) // Fe 2+ (0.01 M) / Fe. Given that
E0 3+ = 0.74V and E0 +2 = 0.44V
Cr /Cr Fe /Fe
Sol. E 0cell  E cathode  E anode  0.44   0.74   0.30v
 
2 2
Cr 3  101
E cell  E 0cell 
0.059   0.06
3  0.30  6 log
log
( n = 6)
 
n  Fe2  3
  102
= 0.30 – 0.01 log 10–2/10–6

= 0.30 – 0.01 log 104
= 0.30 – 0.04
= 0.26 V
ii) Calculate the emf of the cell consisting the following half cell
0
Al / Al3+ (0.001 M), Ni / Ni2+ (0.50 M). Given that ENi 2+ /Ni = 0.25V
0 6
and E Al +3 / Al = 1.66V (log8 ×10 = 5.0969)
Sol. E0cell  E0Cathode  E0Anode = – 0.25 –(–1.66) = 1.41V
103 
2
E  E0cell 
0.059  Anode 0.06
Cathode  1.41 
log log ( n = 6)
 
n 6 3
5  101
16 Sr.Chemistry
0.06 106
 1.41  log
6 125  103
0.06
 1.41  log 8  106
6
= 1.41 – 0.01 (–5.09)
= 1.41 + 0.05
= 1.46V
Sn s  / Sn 2+  0.05M  / /H +
 aq  
iii) Calculate the emf of the cell at 298K 0.02M  / H 2 1 atm. Pt.
Give that E0 = 0.144V

sn 2+ /Sn
Sol. E0cell  E0Cathode  E0Anode

= 0 – (–0.14) = 0.14V
0.059  Anode 
E = E0cell  log  
n  Cathode 
0.06 0.05
= 0.14  log  n  2 
2  0.02 2
0.06 0.05
= 0.14  log
2 4  104
= 0.14  0.06 log 500

2 4
0.06
= 0.14  log125
2
0.06
= 0.14  log 53
2
0.06
= 0.14  3log 5
2
0.06
= 0.14   3  0.6950 
2
= 0.14 – 0.03 × (2.085)
= 0.14 – 0.06255
= –0.07745 V
T
Sr.Chemistry 18
t
t
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES ChemicalKinetics
3b) Chemical Kinetics

LEVEL-I
1. What are pseudo first order reactions? Give one example.

A. Pseudo first order reactions : The reactions in which molecularity is two but the order is one are
called pseudo first order reactions.

H
Eg : C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
Rate = k [C12H22O11]
Order = 1, molecularity = 2
2. Give two examples for gaseous first order reactions.
A. Examples :
i) C2 H 4 (g)  H 2 (g)  C2 H 6 (g)
1
ii) N 2 O5 (g)  N 2 O 4 (g)  O 2 (g)
2
3. Give two examples for zero order reactions.

A. Examples :
pt
A. i) 2NH3 (g) 
1130K
 N 2 (g)  3H 2 (g)
'Au 'Surface
ii) 2HI(g)   H 2 (g)  I2 (g)
4. Give the units of rate constants for Zero, first order and second order reactions.
A. Reaction Order (n) Formuale (M1 – nLn – 1 T –1) Units of rate constant
Zero reaction 0 M1 L1 T –1 mol-Lit–1Sec–1
First order reactions 1 M0 L0 T –1 Sec–1
Second order reactions 2 M–1 L1 T –1 mol–1-Lit Sec–1
5. Calculate the half life of first order reaction whose rate constant is 200s–1.
A. Given k = 200s–1
0.693 0.693
Half-life for first order reaction t1/2    3.4  103 s
K 200
6. A reaction has a half life of 10 minutes. Calculate the rate constant for the first order reaction.
A. Given t1/2 = 10 min
Rate constant for first order
0.693 0.693
K   0.0693min 1
t1/2 10
19 Sr.Chemistry
LEVEL-II
1. What is rate law? Illustrate with an example.

A. Rate law : The equation that describes mathematically the rate of a reaction in terms of the concentration
of the reactants is known as rate law.
Eg : For an elementary reaction xA + yB Products
Rate r = k [A]x [B]y
Order = x + y
2. Define the speed or rate of a reaction.
A. Rate (or) Speed of a reaction :The change in concentration of a reactant or products per unit time is
called speed or rate of a reaction.
dC dx
Rate = or
dt dt
3. What is half-life of a reaction? Illustrate your answer with an example.
A. Half-life of a reaction : The time required for the initial concentration of a reactant to becomes half of
its original value during reaction is called half-life of a reaction.
It is denoted by t1/2.
[R 0 ]
Eg : For a zero order reaction t1/2 
2K
0.693
For a first order reaction t1/2 
K
4. Write the equation for the rate of the reaction 5Br  (aq) + BrO 3 (aq) + 6H + (aq) → 3Br2 (aq) + 3H 2 O( l)
A. Given reaction 5Br  (aq)  BrO3 (aq)  6H  (aq)  3Br2 (aq)  3H 2 O(l )
1 [Br] [BrO3 ] 1 [H  ] 1 [Br2 ] 1 [H 2 O]

Rate of the reaction     =  
5 t t 6 t 3  t 3 t

Level-I
1. Describe the salient features of the collision theory of reaction rates of bimolecular reactions.
A. Collision theory was developed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916-18.
Salient Features : According to this theory
i) Reacting molecules should colloid with each other for any reaction to occur.
ii) All collisions donot lead to the formation of products.
iii) The colliding molecules should possess minimum energy to give products. That minimum energy is
called Threshold Energy.
iv) The energy of molecules at STP is smaller than Threshold Energy.
v) The Difference between Threshold Energy & Normal State Molecules Energy is called Activation
Energy.
EA = ET – E R
Sr.Chemistry 20
t
t
vi) The molecules which possess Threshold Energy are called Activated Molecules.
vii) The collisions occurring between Activated Molecules are called Activated Collisions.
viii) The Activated Collisions alone lead to the formation of products.
ix) The Reactants are not directly converted into products but they must cross energy barrier & get
converted into products.
Endothermic reaction Exothermic reaction
Example : Formation of methanol from bromo methane, the proper orientation of reactant molecules
lead to bond formation whereas improper orientation makes them simply bounce back and no products
are formed.
improper no product
H δ δ orientation
H C Br
+ OH
H H H
δ δ δ
Proper HO .........C .............Br HO C + Br
H
Orientation H H
intermediate H
2. Define and explain the order of a reaction. How is it obtained experimentally?

A. a) Order of a reaction : The sum of power of the concentration terms in a chemical reaction is called
the order of reaction.
Eg : xA + yB + zC Product
Rate = k[A]x [B]y [C]z
Order = x+ y+z
i) Order can be determined experimentally.
ii) Order of reaction may be zero (or) whole number (or) negative (or) fractional.
iii) Order may be applicable only for elementary reactions.
iv) Order can be classified into zero order, 1st order, 2nd order and .....
h
Eg : Zero order : H2 + Cl2  2HCl
First order : N2O5 
 N O + 1/ O
2 4 2 2
Second order : H2 + I2 
 2HI
Third order : 2NO + O2   2NO

2
b) Determination : Generally the following methods are used to determine the order of a reaction
experimentally.
1. Integrated equation method or trial and error method.
2. Half-time method.
3. Van’t holf differential method.
4. Ostwald isolation method.
21 Sr.Chemistry
3. What is “molecularity” of a reaction? How is different from the ‘order’ of a reaction? Name one
bimolecular and one trimolecular gaseous reactions.
A. a) Molecularity : The number of atoms or ions or molecules participating in rate detemined step of a
chemical reaction is called molecularity of a reaction.
b) Order’ of a reaction : The sum of power of the concentration terms in a chemical reaction is called
the order of reaction.
Differences between order and molecularity of reaction :
Order of reaction Molecularity of reaction
i) Order of reaction is experimentally i) Molecularity of the reaction is theoretically
determined. determined.
ii) Order of reaction may be zero (or) ii) Molecularity of the reaction may be
whole number (or) negative (or) always non-zero positive whole number.
fractional.
iii) Order is applicable only for elementary iii) Molecularity is applicable only for complex
reactions. reactions.
iv) Order can be classified into zero order, iv) Molecularity can be classified into uni molecular,
1st order, 2nd order and ..... bi molecular, tri molecular and .....
h
Eg : Zero order : H2 + Cl2  2HCl Eg : Uni molecular : NH4NO2 
 N2 + 2H2O
First order : N2O5 

 N2O4 + 1/2O2 bi molecular : H2 + I2 
 2HI
Second order : H2 + I2 
 2HI tri molecular : 2NO + O2 
 2NO2
Third order : 2NO + O2 

 2NO2
4. Derive the integrated rate equation for a zero order reaction.

A. a) Zero order reaction : If the rate of reaction is independent on concentration of the reactant then it
is called Zero order reaction.
i.e., the rate is proportional to the zeroth power of the concentration of the reactants.
b) Derivation : For the reaction, R  Product
d[R]
Rate = –  k[R]0  k Where ‘k’ is zero order rate constant.
dt
d[R] = – k dt
Integrate on bothsides  d[R]   k  dt
[R] = –kt + c (1)
At time t = 0. Then initial con. of reactant [R0] = [R] [R] Slope = –k
Substitute these values in equation (1)

[R0] = –k(0) + C
t
C = [R0] (2)
Sr.Chemistry 22
t
t
Substitute equation (2) in equation (1)
[R] = –kt + [R0]
kt = [R0] – [R]
[R 0 ]  [R]
k=
t
5. Derive the integrated rate equation for a first order reaction.
A. a) First Order Reactions : If the rate of reaction depends on first power of concentration of the reactant
then it is called First order reaction.
For 1st order reaction, rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant R.
b) Derivation : For the reaction, R  Product
d[R]
Rate = –  k[R] Where ‘k’ is first order rate constant.
dt
d[R]
[R]
= – k dt
Slope = + k
1 loge [R]
Integrate on both sides  d[R]   k  dt
[R]
loge[R] = –kt + c (1)
At time t = 0. Then initial con. of reactant [R0] = [R] t
Substitute these values in equation (1)
loge[R0] = –k(0) + C
C = loge[R0] (2)
Substitute equation (2) in equation (1)
loge[R] = –kt + loge[R0]
kt = loge[R0] – loge[R]
1 [R 0 ]
k= loge [R]
t
2.303 [R 0 ]
k log
t 10 [R]
LEVEL-II
1. Define the speed or rate of a reaction. Explain factors effecting rate of reaction.
A. a) Speed of a reaction :The change in concentration of a reactant or products per unit time is called
speed or rate of a reaction.
dC dx
Rate = or
dt dt
b) Effecting factors :
i) Catalyst : The substance which increase the rate of reaction without involve in a chemical reaction
is called catalyst.
Fe
Eg : N2  3H2 2NH3
23 Sr.Chemistry
Effect of catalyst : A positive catalyst increases the rate of reaction because it can provide an alternate
path for the reacting molecules by decreasing the activation energy.
ii) Temperature :
i) The rate of a reaction generally increases with increase in the temperature of the reaction because
of increase in the number of fruitful(or) effective collisions between the molecules.
k t C  10C
ii) Generally for every 10°C rise in temperature, the rate constant will be doubled. 2
k t C
Arrhenius equation : The equation that gives the relationship between the rate constant and the
temperature is known as Arrhenius equation .
K = Ae–Ea/RT
Where ‘A’ = The Arrhenius factor , ‘R’ = The gas constant , ‘Ea’ = activation energy
Derivation : Taking natural logarithm on both sides of equation
Ea
ln k   ln A
RT
Ea
At temperature T1 ln k1   l n A  (1)
RT1
Ea
and At temperature T2 ln k 2   l n A  (2)
RT2
Ea  Ea 
eq. (2) – eq. (1); lnk 2  lnk1   
RT2  RT1 
K 2 Ea  1 1 
ln    
K1 R  T1 T2 
K2 Ea  1 1 
log    
K1 2.303R  T1 T2 
Where K1 and K2 are the values of rate constant at temperature T1 and T2 respectively.
2. What is half-life of a reaction? Derive the equations for the ‘half-life’ value of zero and first order
reactions.
A. a) Half-life of a reaction : The time required for the initial concentration of the reactant to becomes
half of its initial value is called half-life of a reaction.
It is denoted by t1/2.
Sr.Chemistry 24
t
t
b) Derivation :
i) For zero order : For a zero order reaction, [R] = [R0] – kt ... (i)
[R 0 ]
When t = t1/2 Then [R] = ,
2
[R 0 ]
From (i),  [R 0 ]  kt1/2
2
[R 0 ]
t1/2 
2k
Thus, half-life of a zero order reaction is directly proportional to initial concentration of the reactant.
ii) First order reaction : For first order reaction
2.303 R 
k log  0  ... (ii)
t  R 
[R 0 ]
When t = t1/2, then [R] =
2
2.303
log
R0 
k = t1/2  R0 
 2 
 
2.303
k=  log 2
t1/2
0.693
k  0.693 t1/2 (or) t1/2 
k
3. Explain the terms
(a) Activation energy (Ea)
(b) Collision frequency (Z)
(c) Probability factor (P) with respect to Arrhenius equation.
A. a) Activation energy : The minimum amount of energy required by reactants molecules to participate
in a reaction is called activation energy.
Activation energy = Threshold energy – Average kinetic
energy of reacting molecules
b) Collision frequency : The number of collisions per second per unit volume of the reaction mixture
is called collision frequency (Z).
For a bimolecular elementary reactions.
A + B Products
 E /RT
Rate = Z AB  e a
c) Probability factor (P) with respect to Arrhenius equation : To account for effective collisions, a
factor (p) probability factor or steric factor is introduced.
Rate  PZAB  e Ea /RT
25 Sr.Chemistry
4. Derive an integrated rate equation in terms of total pressure (P) and the partial pressures PA, PB,
PC for the gaseous reaction A(g) → B(g) + C(g).
A.  Let us consider, first order gas phase reaction
A(g) B(g) + C(g)
 i
P be the initial pressure of ‘A’ and Pt the total pressure at time ‘t’
Pt = PA + PB + Pc
Where PA, PB and PC are the partial pressures of A,B and C respectively. Now,
A(g)  B(g) + C(g)
At t=0 pi atm 0 atm 0 atm
At time t (pi – x) atm x atm x atm
Total pressure
pt = (pi – x) + x + x
= pi + x
x = pt – pi
where pA = pi – x
= pi – (pt – pi)
= 2pi – pt
 2.303   pi 
Integrated rate equation k =    log 
 t  pA 
2.303 pi
k= log
t  2pi  pt 
Thus the rate expression for 1st order gaseous phase reaction derived.
Sr.Chemistry 26
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SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES SurfaceChemistry
4. Surface Chemistry
LEVEL-I
1. What is Tyndal effect ?

A. Tyndal effect : When light passes through colloidal solution it is scattered by colloidal particles and
path is appeared luminous .This phenomenon is called Tyndal effect.
2. What is Brownian moment ?
A. Brownian moment : The rapid zig-zag motion of colloidal particles when colloidal solution is
observed by ultra microscope is called Brownian moment.
3. What is emulsifying agent ? Give example.
A. Emulsifying agent : A susbtance that is added to emulsion for its stabilisation is called emulsifying
agent.
Eg : Soap is a emulsifying agent between dirt & water.
4. Define Gold Number.
A. Gold number : The weight of protective colloid added in mg to prevent the coagulation of 10 ml of
given Gold sol and 1 ml of 10% NaCl solution is called Gold number.
Eg : Gold number of Gelatin is 0.005 – 0.01
Gold number of Haemoglobin is 0.03 – 0.07
5. Name the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in the following colloidal systems
(i) fog (ii) smoke (iii) milk.
A. Name of the colloid Dispersed phase Dispersion medium Type of sol
i) Fog water droplets air Aerosol
ii) Smoke carbon particles air Aerosol
iii) Milk liquid fat water Emulsion
6. State Hardy-Schulze rule.

A. Hardy-Schulze rule :Greater the valency of the active ion , greater will be its coagulation power..
4
Eg : Order : Cl  SO 42  Po 43   Fe  CN 6 
Order : Na+ < Ba2 < Al+3
7. Define “Promoters” and “Poisons” in the phenomenon of catalysis.
A. Promoters : The substances which increase the activity of catalyst is called Promoters.
Eg : In Haber’s process Mo is promoter for iron catalyst.
Fe
N 2  g   3H 2 g    
 2 NH 3 g 
MO
Poisons : The substances which decrease the activity of a catalyst is called Poisons.
Eg : Co in Haber’s process.
Fe
N 2  g   3H 2 g    
 2 NH 3 g 
MO
27 Sr.Chemistry
8. What are lyophilic and lyophobic sols? Give one example for each type.
A. i) Lyophilic solution : Colloidal solutions in which dispersed phase has greater affinity for the
dispersion medium are called lyophilic solutions.
Eg : Starch, Protein, Polymer solutions.
ii) Lyophobic solutions : Colloidal solutions in which dispersed phase has no affinity for the dispersion
medium are called lyophobic solutions.
Eg : Gold sol, metal sols, sols of metal sulphides and oxides etc.
LEVEL-II
1. What is adsorption ? Give example.
A. The process of accumulation of molecules of a gas or liquid on the surface of another substance is
called adsorption.
Eg : Adsorption of water molecule on the surface of silica gel.
2. What is absorption ? Give example.
A. The phenomenon of uniform distribution of a substance throughout the bulk of the solid or liquid is
called absorption.
Eg : Absorption of water molecule by anhydrous CaCl2
3. What is desorption ?
A. The process of removing an adsorbed substance from the surface of the absorbent is called desorption.
4. What is sorption ?
A. The phenomenon in which both adsorption and absorption takes place simultaneously is called sorption.
5. Amongst SO2, H2 which will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal and why ?
A. SO2 is adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal because its critical temperature is higher than
H2.
6. Which zeolite catalyst is used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline?
A. ZSM-5
7. What are enzymes? What is their role in human body?
A. Enzymes : Enzymes are complex nitrogeneous organic compounds which are produced by living plants
and animals.
They behave as biochemical catalysts or biocatalyst i.e., catalyse the reactions occurring in the
human beings.
8. What is electrophoresis ?
A. Electrophoresis : The moment of colloidal particles towards oppositely charged electrodes in the
presence of electric field.
9. What is electro-osmosis?
A. Electro-osmosis : When the movement of colloidal particles is arrested by suitable electric field,
dispersion medium begins to move in the opposite direction. This phenomenon is called electro-osmosis.
10. What is coagulation?
A. Coagulation : The flocculation and settling down of colloidal particles on addition of an electrolyte is
called coagulation.
11. Define flocculation value.
A. Flocculation value : The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in milli moles per litre required to
cause precipitation of a solution in two hours is called the flocculation value of the electrolyte.
Sr.Chemistry 28
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Level-I
1. What are different types of adsorption? Give any four differences between characteristics of the
different types.
A. The different types of adsorption are : i) Physical adsorption ii) Chemical adsorption
S.No. Physical adsorption Chemical adsorption
1. It arises due to weak It arises due to strong
Van der Waal’s forces. chemical bonds
2. It is a reversible process. It is a irreversible process.
3. Heat of adsorption is low. Heat of adsorption is high.
4. Low temperature is favourable High temperature is favourable
for physical adsorption. for chemical adsorption.
5. It is a multilayer process. It is a unilayer process.
6. It is not specific in nature. It is highly specific in nature.
2. What is Catalysis ? How is Catalysis classified ? Give two examples for each type of Catalysis.
A. Catalysis : The substance that alters the rate of chemical reaction, without itself being consumed in the
reaction is called catalyst and the phenomenon is called catalysis.
Types of Catalysis : Catalysis is classified into two types. They are
i) Homogeneous catalysis ii) Heterogeneous catalysis.
i) Homogeneous catalysis : The catalysis in which the catalyst and the reactants present in the same
physical state is known as homogeneous catalysis.
NO(g)
Eg : 2CO(g)  O2 (g) 
 2CO2 (g)
NO(g)
2SO2 (g)  O2 (g) 
 2SO3 (g)
ii) Heterogeneous catalysis : The catalysis in which the catalyst and the reactants are present in different
phases is known as heterogeneous catalysis.
Fe(S)
Eg : N 2 (g)  3H 2 (g)  2NH3 (g)
Pt(S)or
2SO2 (g)  O2 (g)  2SO3 (g)
V2O5
3. What are emulsions ? How are they classified ? Describe the applications of emulsions.
A. a) Emulsions : A colloidal solution in which dispersed phase and dispersion medium are liquids is
called emulsion.
b) Classification : Emulsions are classified into two types. These are i) oil in water (o/w),
ii) water in oil. (w/o)
i) Oil in water : Dispersed phase = oil
Dispersion medium = water
Eg : Milk, Vanishing cream
29 Sr.Chemistry
ii) Water in oil :Dispersed phase = water
Dispersion medium = oil
Eg : Stiff grease, Cold cream
c) Applications :
i) Milk is used as emulsifying agent between fat and water.
ii) Soap is used as emulsifying agent between dirt and water.
LEVEL-II
1. What are micelles ? Discuss the mechanism of micelle formation and cleaning action of soap.
A. Micelles : A large size colloidal particle formed in water by the association of normal simple molecules,
each having a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end is called micelle. Eg : Soap
Sodium stearate is also known as soap. Its formula is C17H35COONa
C17H35COONa C17H35COO– + Na+
(Anion)
Cleaning action of soap :

i) Soap anions forms Micelle.
ii) The dirt on cloth are absorbed by interior part of Micelle.
iii) Soap convert dirt on cloth into large size colloidal particle. Hence soap has critical concentration.
Thus soap acts as emulsifying agent between dirt & water. This emulsified dirt is washed away by
soap solution.
2. What is an adsoprtion isotherm ? Discuss the phenomenon of adsorption of gases on solids with
the help of Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
A. Adsorption isotherm : “The curves obtained when a graph is plotted between (x/m) Vs Pressure at
constant temperature are called adsorption isotherm”.
Adsorption isotherms are of two types : a) Freundlich adsorption isotherm and
b) Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Freundlich adsorption isotherm : Freundlich gave relationship between amount of gas adsorbed by
adsorbent (x/m) to the pressure (p) at particular temperature is given by
X
 k  p1/n  n  1 ... (1)
m
Sr.Chemistry 30
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These curves at fixed pressure indicates that physical adsorption decreases with increase in temperature.
Taking logarithm of above equation
x 1
log  log k  log p – (2)
m n
The above equation (2) is in the form of y = mx + c
1
Slope m =
n
Intercept C = log k
1
Case-1 : If 0. From equation (1)
n
x
= k.
m
Adsorption is independent on pressure.
1
Case-2 : If 1 From equation (1)
n
x
= kp
m
x
 p.
m
Adsorption is directly proportional to pressure.
T
31 Sr.Chemistry
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES Metallurgy
5. Metallurgy
Level-I
1. Define poling.
A. Poling : The ore containing its own oxide impurity can be purified by the process is called poling.
Eg : Cu, Sn.
Process : The molten metal is stirred with green wood poles. It releases hydrocarbon gases which
reduce the oxide impurities.
2. Give the composition of the following Alloy’s
a) Brass b) Bronze c) German silver
A. Name of alloy Composition
a) Brass Cu = 60 – 80% Zn = 20 – 40%
b) Bronze Cu = 75 – 90% Sn = 10 – 25%
c) German silver Cu = 50 – 60% Ni = 10 – 30% Zn = 20 – 30%
3. Write any two ores with formulae of the following metals.

a) Aluminium b) Zinc c) Iron d) Copper
A. Metal Ore Formula
a) Aluminium Bauxite Al2O3 . 2H2O
Gibbsite Al2O3. 3H2O
b) Zinc Zinc blend ZnS

Zincite ZnO
c) Iron Haematite Fe2O3

Magnetite Fe3O4
d) Copper Copper Glance Cu2S
4. What is Blister copper ? Why is it so called ?

A. Blister copper : The variety of copper obtained after bessemerisation of matte is called blister copper.
It contains 98% of pure copper.
Reason : The name blister comes from the metal solidifies the dissolved SO2 escapes producing
blisters-on the metal surface.
5. What is flux ? Give an example.
A. Flux : The outside substance added to the ore to lower its melting point is called flux. Eg : Silica, CaO.
6. What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of aluminium ?
A. Cryolite is added to alumina because
i) It lowers the melting point of the mixture.
ii) It makes alumina better conductor of electricity.
Sr.Chemistry 32
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7. Explain the terms gangue and slag.
A. Gangue : The earth impurities around the ore are called gangue.
Slag : Flux combines with the gangue and forms easily fusible products, called slag.
Ex : FeO (Gangue) + SiO2 (Flux) FeSiO3 (slag)
8. Define matte. Give its composition.
A. Matte : The molten mixture of cuprous sulphide and small amount of ferrous sulphide obtained after
smelting is called matte. (Cu2S + little FeS)
Level-II
1. State the role of silica in the metallurgy of copper.

A. Silica acts as an acidic flux in order to remove basic impurity of iron oxide.
Eg : FeS is present in the form of impurity with copper sulphide ore. Silica reacts with these
impurities and form Ferrous silicate slag.
FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3
Ferrous silicate
(Slag)
2. Between C and CO, which is a better reducing agent at 673K?

A. At 673K temperature,CO is the better reducing agent than C.
Reason : From the Ellingham diagram, it is clear that at the temperature 673K, the G° of the formation
of CO2 from CO is more negative than the formation of CO or CO2 from carbon.
3. Between C and CO which is the better reducing agent for ZnO ?
A. C is a better reducing agent for ZnO.
Reason : From the Ellingham diagram, it is clear that the Gibb’s free energy of formation of CO 2 from
CO is always higher than that of ZnO. Hence, C is a better reducing agent for ZnO.
4. Explain magnetic separation of impurities from an ore.
A. i) The method is used if the gangue or the ore particles are magnetic in nature.
ii) The finely powdered ore is dropped on a belt moving on two rollers in which one is magnetic.
iii) The magnetic and the non-magnetic substances form two separate heaps.
Eg : Tinstone (non-magnetic ore) is separated from wolframite (magnetic impurity)
5. What is the role of depressant in froth floatation?
A. In froth floatation process, the depressant prevents formation of froth and helps in the separation of two
sulphide ores.
Eg : For the of mixture of PbS and ZnS, NaCN used as depressant. It prevents ZnS from coming to the
froth but allows PbS to come with froth in the froth flotation process.

Level-I
1. Explain the purification of sulphide ore by froth floatation method.

A. Froth floatation process :
i) This process is mainly used to concentrate low grade sulphide ores.
33 Sr.Chemistry
ii) Finely powered ore is suspended in water, taken in a tank.
iii) To the suspension, oils like pine oil or olive oil is added. Frothing agent like sodium ethyl xanthate
is also added.
iv) The mineral particles are wetted by oils and gangue particles by water.
v) Froth is formed when the suspension is shaken by bubbling air through it.
vi) Ore particles stick to the froth and the gangue particles settle down at the gangue particles settle
down at the bottom of the tank.
vii) Froth is stabilized by adding “collectors” and conditioner like lime, sodium carbonate.
viii) Finally the froth is allowed to collapse and dry to recover ore particles.
Eg : Copper pyrites, Iron pyrites,
2. Giving examples to differentiate roasting and calcination.

A. Roasting : The process of heating of ore or mineral at high temperature in the presence of air is called
roasting.
Eg : 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2SO2
2PbS + 3O2  2PbO + 2SO2
Calcination : The proces of heating of ore or mineral at high temperature in the absence of air is called
Calcination.
Eg : CaCO3  CaO + CO2
ZnCO3  ZnO + CO2
MgCO3  MgO + CO2
Sr.Chemistry 34
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LEVEL-II
1. Explain the extraction of alumina from bauxite.
A. Extraction of alumina from bauxite involved in 3 steps.
Step-1 : Preparation of sodium aluminate
Bauxite is heated with NaOH to form sodium alluminate.
Al2O3 . 2H2O + 2NaOH + H2O  2Na[Al(OH)4]
Sodium aluminate (soluble)
Step-2 : Preparation of aluminium hydroxide
CO2 gas is passed through sodium alluminate to form alluminium hydroxide precipitate.
CO2
2Na[Al(OH)4]  2Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3 + H2O
Step-3 : Preparation of alumina
Aluminium hydroxide precipitate is heated 1473K to form pure alumina. It is electrolytic reduction to
form pure aluminium metal.
1473K
2Al(OH)3   Al2O3 + 3H2O
Reduction 3
Al2O3   2Al + 2 O2
2. Explain the reactions occurring in the blast furnance in the extraction of iron.
A. On the basis of variation in temperature, there are four zones where different chemical changes occur in
the blast furnace.
a) Combustion Zone :
i) This is the lowest part of the furnace.
ii) Coke burns in the presence Zone of hot air.
C + O2  CO2 H = –393 kJ
iii) The temperature becomes 2170 K approximately.
CO2 rises upwards and meets with red hot coke,
CO2 is reduced to CO.
CO2 + C  2CO
iv) The temperature falls to 1422 K.
b) Slag Formation :
i) This is the central zone, where temperature varies
from 1073 to 1273 K.
ii) The limestone breaks at 1273 K.
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
iii) The CaO reacts with silica and forms fusible slag,
CaSiO3
Blast furnace
CaO + SiO2  CaSiO3
iv) Phosphates, silicates and manganates are reduced to P, Si and Mn respectively. These are partly
absorbed by iron and partly by salg.
c) Reduction Zone :
i) This is the uppermost part of the furnace.
35 Sr.Chemistry
ii) The temperature varies from 523 to 973 K. The oxide ore is reduced.
3 Fe2O3 + CO  2Fe3O4 + CO2
Fe3O4 + CO  3FeO + CO2
FeO + CO  Fe + CO2
iii) Iron formed is called spongy iron.
4. Fusion Zone :
i) This is the zone just above combustion zone.
ii) The temperature ranges between 1423-1673 K.
iii) The spongy iron melts at 1573 K and collects at the bottom of the hearth.
iv) The slag floats over this molten iron being lighter in nature.
v) Both slag and iron (molten) are tapped out.
3. Explain the extraction of zinc from zinc blende.

A. a) Concentration : The ore is concentrated by froth flotation process.
b) Roasting :The concentrated ore is heated strongly in the presence of air.
2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
c) Electrolytic reduction : Roasted ore (ZnO) is heated with coke to form zinc and heated to high
temp. by producer gas.
1270K
ZnO(s) + C(s)  Zn(g) + CO(g)
ZnO + CO  Zn + CO2
4. How is copper extracted from copper pyrites?
A. a) Concentration : The ore is concentrated by froth flotation process.
b) Roasting : The concentrated ore is heated strongly in the presence of air.

2CuFeS2 + O2  Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2

2Cu2S + 3O2  2Cu2O + 2SO2

2FeS + 3O2  2FeO + 2SO2
c) Smelting : The roasted copper pyrite ore is mixed with coke and silica to form slag.
FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3
d) Bessemerization : Molten Matte [Cu2S + FeS) is transferred into a bessimerised chamber then 98%
copper is formed. It is called Blister copper.
2Cu2S + 3O2  2Cu2O + 2SO2
Cu2S + 2Cu2O  6Cu + SO2
e) Refining : 98% Blister copper is purified by refining process. In this process 99.5% pure copper is
obtained.
i) Poling : Blister copper is first refined by poling process.
ii) Electrolytic Refining : In this process
Electrolyte = Aqueous CuSO4
Anode = Blister copper (98%)
Cathode = Pure copper (99.5%)
Sr.Chemistry 36
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SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES p-blockelements
6. p-block Elements
15th Group Elements :

LEVEL-I
1. Ammonia is a good complexing agent ? Explain with Example.

A. Ammonia is a good complexing agent.
Reason :In NH3 , central atom nitrogen contains lone pair of electrons .It donate lone pair of electrons
to metal cations and forms complexes .
Eg : AgCl + 2NH3 ¾¾¾¾® [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
2. A mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 is used in making Holme’s signal. Explain.

A. A mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 is used in Holme’s signal. The containers containing this mixture is
pierced and thrown in the sea, when mixture is in contact with water produce a mixture of PH3 and
C2H2 gases. PH3 contains traces of P2H4 it catches fire and burns acetylene with luminous flame and
acts as Holme’s signal.
3. What happens when white phosphorus is heated with conc. NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere
of CO2 ?
A. When white phosphorus is heated with conc. NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere of CO2 forms
phosphine and sodium hypophosphite

P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O   PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
4. What is allotropy ? Explain the different allotropic forms of phosphorus.

A. Allotropy : The phenomenon of existence of same element in more than one physical state is called
allotropy.
Allotropes of Phosphorus : i) White phosphorus
ii) Red Phosphorus
iii) Black phosphorus
iv) Scarlet phosphorus
5. What is inert pair effect ?
A. Inert pair effect : The reluctance of “ns” electrons to participate in the bond formation is called inert
pair effect. Eg : Bi is more stable at +3 oxidation state due to inert pair effect.
6. NO is paramagentic in gaseous state but diamagnetic in liquid and solid states, why ?
A. In Gaseous state NO exists as monomer. Hence it is para magnetic in nature due to presence of unpaired
electrons. (NO = 7 + 8 = 15 electrons)
In solid state NO exists as dimer. Hence it is diamagnetic in nature due to presence of paired electrons.
(N2O2 = 14 + 16 = 30 electrons)
37 Sr.Chemistry
Level-II
1. Nitrogen molecule is highly stable -Why ?

A. Nitrogen molecule is more stable and chemically inert at room temperature. Because, in N2 molecule a
triple bond is present between two N-atoms . So bond dissociation energy is more.
2. How does PCl3 react with a) CH3COOH b) C2H5OH c) H2O ?
A. a) PCl3 reacts with CH3COOH and forms phosphorus acid and acetyl chloride.
3CH3COOH + PCl3 ¾¾¾¾® 3CH3COCl + H3PO3
b) PCl3 react with C2H5OH and form phosphorus acid and ethyl chloride.
3C2H5OH + PCl3 ¾¾¾¾® 3C2H5Cl + H3PO3
c) PCl3 react with H2O and form phosphorus acid.
3H2O + PCl3 ¾¾¾¾® H3PO3 + 3HCl
3. NH3 forms hydrogen bonds but PH3 does not - Why ?

A. i) NH3 forms hydrogen bonds. Because the N-H bond in ammonia is high polar as nitrogen is highly
electronegative in nature. As a result, NH3 molecules are linked by intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
ii) PH3 does not forms hydrogen bonds.Because P-H bond is non-polar as both P and H have same
electro-negativity.
4. Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorus as P4-why ?
A. i) Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule. Because of its small size and high electronegativity it has a
tendency to form p-p multiple bonds.
ii) Phosphorus has a large size and lower electronegativity and thus it is not capable to form p-p multiple
bonds. It prefers to form single bonds and hence, it exists as tetrahedral P4 molecules.
5. Explain why NH3 is basic while BiH3 is only feebly basic ?
A. i) The size of nitrogen in NH3 is smaller, electron density on the central atom is more.The
tendency to donate the lone pair of electrons more .Hence NH3 is basic
ii) But in BiH3 size of Bi is larger, electron density on the central atom is less.The tendency to
donate the lone pair of electrons less.Hence BiH3 is feebly basic.
5. Iron becomes passive in con. HNO3. Why ?
A. Iron donot dissolve in con. HNO3 due to formation of oxide film over the surface of metal. The oxide
film prevents further reaction. Hence Iron becomes passive.
6. Give an example of a) acidic oxide of phosphorus b) neutral oxide of nitrogen ?
A. a) Acidic oxide of phosphorus : P4O10
b) Neutral oxides of nitrogen : NO, N2O
7. H3PO2 is good reducing agent. Explain.
A. The acid which contains P-H have strong reducing nature. Here H3PO2 contains two P-H bonds. This
imparts reducing character.
Eg: H3PO2 reduces AgNO3 to Ag.
4AgNO3 + 2H2O + H3PO2 ¾¾¾¾® 4 Ag + 4HNO3 + H3PO4.
Sr.Chemistry 38
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LEVEL-I
1. How is ammonia manufactured by Haber’s process ? Explain the reactions of ammonia with
(a) ZnSO4(aq) (b) CuSO4(aq) (c) AgCl(s)
A. Haber process : Ammonia is prepared by the direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen.
Fe/Mo
N2 + 3H2 2NH3; Hf = –92.4 kJ mol–1
The above reaction we say 1) It is a reversible 2) Exothermic 3) Reaction proceeds decrease in
volume.
According to Le-Chatelier principle, the favourable conditions for the formation of Ammonia are :
Low temperature : At low temperature reaction becomes slow. Hence to maintain optimum
temperature 725 - 775k.
High pressure : At high presesure reaction proceeds through decrease in volume, hence to maintain
optimum pressure 200-300 atm.
Catalyst : Iron (Fe) acts as catalyst and (Mo) molybdenum acts as promotor which is used to increase
the efficiency of catalyst.
Optimum conditions : Temperature : 725 – 775 K
Pressure : 200-300 atm
Catalyst : Iron (Fe)
Promotor : Molybdenum (Mo)
Flow chart for the manufacture of ammonia

Explanation : A mixture of N2 & H2 is passed through compressor at 200-300 atm pressure and passed
through ammonia converter to maintain the temperature 725-775 K in the presence of iron catalyst to
form ammonia. The unreacted N2 & H2 passed through recirculating pump then pure and complete
ammonia will be collected at receiver.
Chemical properties :
a) Reaction with ZnSO4 :
Ammonium reacts with Zinc sulphate, to form Zinc Hydroxide & Ammonium Sulphate.
ZnSO4(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + (NH4)2 SO4(aq)
39 Sr.Chemistry
b) Reaction with CuSO4 :
Ammonium reacts with Copper sulphate, to form Cupric Hydroxide & Ammonium Sulphate.
 
CuSO4 aq   4NH 4 OH  Cu  NH3 4 SO4  4H 2O
Blue ppt
c)Reaction with AgCl :

Ammonium reacts with Silver chloride to form Di ammine Silver Chloride.
AgCl s   2NH3 aq    Ag  NH 3 2  Cl aq  (Colour less)
2. How is nitric acid manufactured by Ostwald’s process ? How does it react with the following ?
(a) Copper (b) Zn (c) S8 ( d) P4
A. Ostwald’s process : In this process HNO3 is prepared from ammonia in three steps.
Step-1 : Ammonia is oxidised by air in the presence of pt-catalyst at 800°C to form nitric oxide.
Pt
4NH3 + 5O2   4NO + 6H2O; H = –89.9 kJ
800C
Step-2 : Nitric oxide is oxidised by air at below 100°C to form nitrogen dioxide.
below 100C 2NO
2NO + O2   2
Step-3 : Nitrogen dioxide which on hydrolysis in the presence of air to form nitric acid.
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3
In this process 68.5% HNO3 is formed which on further dehydration with concentrated H2SO4 to
form 98% HNO3.
Chemical properties :
a) Reaction with Copper :
i) Cu reacts with dil HNO3 to form cupric nitrate and nitric oxide.
3Cu  8HNO3  Dilute   3Cu  NO3 2  2NO  4H 2 O
ii) Cu reacts with conc HNO3 to form cupric nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.
Cu  4HNO3 conc   Cu  NO3 2  2NO2  2H 2O
b)Reaction with Zn :
i) ‘Zn’ reacts with dil. HNO3 to form zinc nitrate and nitrous oxide
4Zn  10HNO3  Dilute   4Zn  NO3 2  5H 2 O  N 2 O
ii) ‘Zn’ reacts with conc. HNO3 to form zinc nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.
Zn  4HNO3  Conc   Zn  NO3 2  2H 2 O  2NO 2
c) Reaction with S8 :
Nitric acid reacts with Sulphur to form Sulphuric Acid & Nitrogen Dioxide
S8  48HNO3  8H 2SO 4  48NO 2  16H 2 O
d) Reaction with P4 :
Nitric acid reacts with Phosphorus to form Phosphoric acid & Nitrogen Dioxide.
P4  20HNO3  4H3PO 4  20NO 2  4H 2 O
Sr.Chemistry 40
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LEVEL-II
1. How does PCl5 react with the following ?

a) Water b) C2H5OH c) CH3COOH d) Ag
A. a) PCl5 undergoes hydrolysis to form phosphoric acid
PCl5 + H2O  POCl3 + 2HCl
b) PCl5 reacts with C2H5OH to form Ethyl chloride.
C2H5OH + PCl5 C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl
c) PCl5 reacts with CH3COOH to form acetyl chloride.
CH3COOH + PCl5  CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl
d) PCl5 reacts with Ag to form PCl3 and AgCl
PCl5 + 2Ag  2AgCl + PCl3
2. Complete the following reactions
a) Ca3P2 + H2O → b) P4 + KOH → c) CuSO4 + NH3 → d) Mg + N2 →
Δ
e) (NH4)2 Cr2O7  f) Decomposition of nitrous acid

A. a) Ca 3P2  6H 2 O  3Ca  OH 2  2PH 3

 phosphine 
b) P4  3KOH  3H 2 O  PH3  3KH 2 PO2
c) CuSO 4  2NH 4 OH  Cu  OH 2   NH 4 2 SO4
Heat
d) 3Mg  N 2   Mg3 N 2

e)  NH 4 2 Cr2 O7   N 2  4H 2 O  Cr2 O3
f) 3HNO2  HNO3  H 2 O  2NO

3. Complete the following
a) NH4NO3  Δ b) HNO3 + P4O10 → 673K
c) Pb (NO3)2 
 
d) Zn + dil HNO3 → e) P4 + Conc. HNO3 → f) HgCl2 + PH3 →

A. a) NH 4 NO3   N 2 O  2H 2 O
b) 4HNO3  P4 O10  4HPO3  2N 2 O5
673K
c) 2Pb  NO3 2  4NO 2  2PbO  O 2
d) 4Zn  10HNO3  dil   4Zn  NO3 2  5H 2 O  N 2 O

e) P4  20HNO3  conc   4H3PO4  20NO2  4H 2O
f) 3HgCl2  2PH3  Hg3P2  6HCl
41 Sr.Chemistry

LEVEL-I
1. Why H2O is liquid while H2S is a gas ?

A. H2O is liquid due to the presence of intermolecular H-bonding.But due to large size and low
electronegativity of sulphur , H2S do not form H-bonds.Hence H2S is a gas.
2. What is tailing of mercury ? How is it removed ?
A. i) When ozone gas passed through liquid mercury, then mercury loses its meniscus nature and sticks
on to the glass surface. This process is called Tailing of mercury.
2Hg + O3 ¾¾¾¾® Hg2O + O2
ii) Mercury regains its meniscus nature by shaking with water.
3. How does Ozone react with ethylene ?
A. Ozone reacts with ethylene to forms ethylene ozonide which on further treating with H2O in presence
of Zn dust to form Formaldehyde.
O
H O
CH2 = CH2 + O3 ¾¾¾¾® H2C CH2 
2 
Zn
2HCHO + H2O2
O O
Ethylene Ozonide
4. Give the hybridization of sulphur in the following.

a) SO2 b) SO3 c) SF4 d) SF6
2
A. a) Hybridization of sulphur in SO2 is sp
b) Hybridization of sulphur is SO3 is sp2
c) Hybridization of sulphur in SF4 is sp3d
d) Hybridization of sulphur in SF6 is sp3d2
5. Explain the structures of SF4 and SF6.
A. SF4 : SF6 :
F F
S :
F
F
No. of lone pairs = 1 No. of lone pairs = 0

No. of-bond pairs = 4 No. of-bond pairs = 6
Hybridisation = sp3d Hybridisation = sp3d2
Shape = distorted trigonal bi pyramidal Shape = octahedral
6. SO2 is used as an antichor. Explain.
A. The substance which removes excess of chlorine is called antichor. In the presence of moist SO2
chlorine liberated as HCl
SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 ¾¾¾¾® H2SO4 + 2HCl
Sr.Chemistry 42
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Level-II
1. Oxygen molecule has the formula O2 while sulphur has S8-Explain.

A. i) Because of small atomic size, Oxygen has a tendency to form multiple bonds (p–p). Hence it is
diatomic (O2)
ii) But Sulphur has a large atomic size it cannot form  bonds . Hence Sulphur is octa-atomic (S8)
2. Write the names and formulae of any two oxyacids of sulphur. Indicate the oxidation state of
sulphur in them.
A. S.No. Name of the oxyacids Formulae Oxidation state of sulphur
1. Sulphurous acid H2SO3 +4
2. Sulphuric acid H2SO4 +6
3. Pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O7 +6
3. Why are group-16 elements called chalcogens ?

A. Chalcogens means ore forming elements. All group-16 metals are present as their oxides , sulphides
on earth crest .Hence these elements are called chalcogens.
4. H2O is neutral while H2S is acidic - Explain.
A. H2O is neutral while H2S is acidic. Because the H–S bond dissociation enthalpy is less than H–O bond
dissociation enthalpy . Hence H2S can donate proton is more easily.
5. Give one example each for
a) neutral oxide b) peroxide c) super oxide
A. a) a neutral oxide = NO b) A peroxide = H2O2 c) A super oxide = KO2
6. Which hydride of group-16 has highest boiling point and weakest acidic character ?
A. Among group - 16 elements , H2O has highest boiling point due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Also H2O has weakest acidic character because it has lowest dissociation constant.

LEVEL-I
1. How is ozone prepared ? How does it react with the following ?

a) PbS b) KI c) Hg d) Ag e) C2H4
A. Preparation : When pure cold & dry oxygen which on silent electric discharge to form ozone.
silent
3O2(g) electric discharge
2O3(g) ; H = +142 kJ/mole.
It is a reversible and endothermic reaction.
Reactions :
a) With PbS : Ozone oxidises black lead sulphide to white lead sulphate.
PbS + 4O3  PbSO4 + 4O2
b) With KI : Ozone oxidises moist potassium iodide (KI) to iodine (I2).
2KI + H2O + O3  2KOH + O2 + I2
43 Sr.Chemistry
c) With Hg : Ozone oxidise mercury metal to mercurous oxide.
2Hg + O3  Hg2O + O2
d) With Ag : Ozone oxidises silver metal to silver oxide.
2Ag + O3  Ag2O + O2
e) C2H4 : Ozone reacts with ethylene to form ethylene ozonide which on further treating with H2O in
presence of Zn dust to form Formaldehyde.
O
H 2O
CH2 = CH2 + O3 ¾¾¾¾® H2C CH2 
Zn
 2HCHO + H O
2 2
O O
Ethylene Ozonide
2. Describe the manufacture of H2SO4 by contact process.
A. Manufacture of H2SO4 by contact process : It involves three main steps.
Step-I : Preparation of SO2 : Sulphur (or) Iron pyrites burnt with oxygen to form SO2
S + O2 SO2
4FeS2 + 11O2  2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Step-2 : Preparation of SO3 : SO2 is oxidised by air in the presence of V2O5 to form SO3.
V2O5
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ; H = –196.6 kJ/mole.

Step-3 : Preparation of H2SO4 : SO3 react with 98% H2SO4 to form oleum (H2S2O7) which on further
hydrolysis gives desired concentration of H2SO4.
SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7
H2S2O7 + H2O  2H2SO4
Chemical Properties :
Conc. H SO
a) KCl + H2SO4 (conc) → b) Sucrose 2 4
c) Cu + H2SO4 (conc) → d) C + H2SO4 (conc) →
a) 2KCl  H 2SO4  conc   2HCl  K 2SO4
H 2SO4
b) C12 H 22 O11  conc   12C  11H 2 O
c) Cu  2H 2SO4  conc   CuSO4  SO2  2H2 O
d) C  2H 2SO4  conc   CO2  2SO2  2H2O
LEVEL-II
1. Describe the structures (shapes) of SO4–2 and SO3

A. SO4–2 SO3
No. of lone pairs = 0 No. of lone pairs = 0

No. of-bond pairs = 4 No. of-bond pairs = 3
Hybridisation = sp3 Hybridisation = sp2
Shape = tetrahedral Shape = angular
Sr.Chemistry 44
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Level-I
1. Write the reactions of F2 and Cl2 with water.

A. i) F2 reacts with H2O and forms O2 and O3.
2F2 + 2H2O ¾¾¾¾® 4HF + O2
3F2 + 3H2O ¾¾¾¾® 6HF + O3
ii) Cl2 reacts with H2O to form HCl and HOCl.
Cl2 + H2O ¾¾¾¾® HCl + HOCl.
2. What happens when Cl2 reacts with dry slaked lime ?
A. Cl2 reacts with dry slaked lime and gives bleaching powder.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ¾¾¾¾® CaOCl2 + H2O
3. What is Aqua Regia ? Write its reaction with Gold and Platinum.
A. i) Aquaregia :
The mixture of three parts of con. HCl and one part of con. HNO3 is known as aquaregia.
ii) Reaction with Gold :
 4Cl -
Au + 4H+ + NO 3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® AuCl 4 + NO + 2H2O
iii) Reaction with Platinum :

3Pt + 16H+ + 4NO 3 + 18Cl– ¾¾¾¾® 3PtCl 62 + 4NO + 8H2O
4. How is chlorine manufactured by Deacon’s process ?

A. Deacon’s process : Chlorine is prepared by the oxidation of hydrogen chloride gas by atmospheric
oxygen in the presence of CuCl2 as catalyst at 723 K.
CuCl
4HCl + O2  2
2Cl2 + 2H2O
5. Electron gain enthalpy of Fluorine is less than that of chlorine-Explain.
A. Electron gain enthalpy of Fluorine is less than that of chlorine. Due to 1) small size 2) high
electronegativity 3) high electron density in 2p-subshell.
6. Which halogen produces O2 and O3 on passing through water ?
A. Fluorine produces O2 and O3 on passing through water
2F2 + 2H2O ¾¾¾¾® 4HF + O2
3F2 + 3H2O ¾¾¾¾® 6HF + O3
7. Chlorine and SO2 acts as bleaching agent in presence of moisture. Explain.
A. i) Chlorine acts as bleaching agent in presence of moisture due to oxidation.
Cl2 + H2O ¾¾¾¾® 2HCl + (O)
Colour substance + (O) ¾¾¾¾® Colourless substance
ii) SO2 acts as bleaching agent in presence of moisture due to reduction.
SO2 + 2H2O ¾¾¾¾® H2SO4 + 2[H]
Colour substance + 2[H] ¾¾¾¾® Colourless substance
45 Sr.Chemistry
8. Describe the shape of I 3 .
A.  No. of lone pairs = 3
 
I I I No. of-bond pairs = 2
  Hybridisation = sp3d
Shape = linear
LEVEL-II
1. Explain the structure of ClF3.

A. No. of lone pairs = 2
F
..
No. of-bond pairs = 3
Cl F Hybridisation = sp3d
Shape = bent-T-shape
..
F (or) trigonal bipyramidal

2. Bond dissociation enthalpy of F2 is less than that of Cl2. Explain.
A. Bond dissociation enthalpy of F2 is less than that of Cl2.
Reason :
Flourine atomic size is smaller than chlorine hence F - F bond length is also small .As a result lone
pairs electron repulsions in F2 molecule are stronger than Cl2.
3. HF is a liquid while HCl is a gas-Explain.
A. HF is a liquid .Because in HF , intermolecular H-bonding is present .But in HCl intermolecular
H-bonding is absent .Hence HCl is a gas.
4. Arrange the following in the order of the property indicated for each set.
A. a) F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 - increasing bond dissociation enthalpy : I2 < F2 < Br2 < Cl2
b) HF, HCl, HBr, HI-increasing acidic strength : HF < HCl < HBr < HI
c) HF, HCl, HBr, HI-increasing boiling points : HF < HCl < HBr < HI

LEVEL-I
1. How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory ? How does it react with the following ?
a) Iron b) Hot and conc. NaOH c) Acidified FeSO4
d) Iodine e) H2S f) Na2S2O3
g) NaI h) KI i) dry slaked lime
A. Laboratory Preparation :
1) MnO2 is heated with con. HCl to form chlorine.
MnO 2  4HCl  MnCl2  Cl2  2H 2 O
2) KMnO4 is heated with con. HCl to form chlorine.
2KMnO 4  16HCl  2KCl  2MnCl2  5Cl2  8H 2 O
Reactions :
a) Iron :
Chlorine reacts with Iron metal forms ferric chloride
2Fe  3Cl2  2FeCl3
Sr.Chemistry 46
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b) Hot and conc. NaOH :
Chlorine reacts with hot and conc.NaOH form sodium chlorate
3Cl2  6NaOH  5NaCl  NaClO3  3H 2 O
c) Acidified FeSO4 :
Chlorine oxidises acidified FeSO4 to Fe2(SO4)3
2FeSO 4  H 2SO 4  Cl2  Fe2  SO 4 3  2HCl
(Ferric sulphate)
d) Iodine :
Chlorine reacts with iodine in presence of water forms iodic acid and HCl
I2  6H 2 O  5Cl2  2HIO3  10HCl
e) H2S :
Chlorine reacts with H2S form HCl and sulphur
H 2S  Cl2  2HCl  S
f) Na2S2O3:
Chlorine reacts with Na2S2O3 form Na2SO4 and HCl and sulphur
Na 2S2 O3  Cl2  H 2 O  Na 2SO 4  2HCl  S
g) NaI :
Chlorine reacts with NaI to form iodine.
2NaI  Cl2  2NaCl  I 2
h) KI :
Chlorine reacts with KI to form iodine.
2KI  Cl2  2KCl  I 2
i) dry slaked lime :
Chlorine reacts with dry slaked lime to form bleaching powder.
Cl2  Ca  OH 2  CaOCl2  H 2 O
2. How is chlorine prepared by electrolytic method ? Explain its reactions with
(a) NaOH (b) NH3 under different conditions
A. Preparation :
i) Chlorine can be prepared by the electrolysis of Brine solution, by using graphite rod as anode
and U-shaped porous steel vessel acts as cathode.
ii) Cl2 gas is liberated at anode and H2 gas is liberated at cathode.
Cell Reactions : 2NaCl  2Nar + 2Cl s
At anode : 2Cl–  Cl2 + 2e– (Oxidation)
At cathode : 2H2O  2H+ + 2OH–
+ –
2H + 2e  H2 (Reduction)
+ –
2Na + 2OH  2NaOH
Anode
NaCl    Cl2
 H2 Cathode
Steam

NaOH
47 Sr.Chemistry
Reactions :
a) NaOH :
i) Cold and dil. NaOH : Cl2 reacts with cold and dilute NaOH form a mixture of NaCl and
NaOCl
2NaOH  Cl2  NaOCl  NaCl  H 2 O
(cold and dilute)
ii) Hot and con. NaOH : Cl2 reacts with hot and conc. NaOH gives NaCl and NaClO3
6NaOH  3Cl2  5NaCl  NaClO3  3H 2 O
(hot and conc)
b) NH3 :
i) Excess NH3 : Cl2 reacts with excess of ammonia forms nitrogen and ammonium chloride.
8NH3  3Cl2  6NH 4 Cl  N 2
(excess)
ii) Excess Cl2 : Excess Cl2 reacts with ammonia forms nitrogen trichloride
NH3  3Cl2  NCl3  3HCl
 excess 
LEVEL-II
1. What are interhalogen compounds ? Give some examples to illustrate the definition how are they
classified ?
A. Interhalogen compounds : Halogens combined with another halogen to form binary covalent compound
are called interhalogens.
Classification : Inter halogens classified into 4 types AX, AX3, AX5, AX7
A = large halogen atom
X = smaller halogen atom.
Explanation :
1) AX-type : Eg : ClF
2) AX3-type : Eg : ClF3 F No. of lone pairs =2
..

Cl F Hybridisation = sp3d
Shape = bent-T-shape
..
F (or) trigonal bipyramidal
3) AX5-type : Eg : BrF5 F
F F
No. of lone pairs = 1
No. of-bond pairs = 5 Br
Hybridisation = sp3d2
Shape = square
F F
pyramidal ..
Sr.Chemistry 48
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4) AX7-type : Eg : IF7
F
F F No. of lone pairs = 0
Shape = pentagonal bipyramidal
I F
F
F
F
2. Write the names and formulae of the oxoacids of chlorine. Explain their structures and relative
acidic nature.
A. Chlorine forms four types of oxoacids. They are
Name Formula Oxidation state of chlorine Basicity
Hypochlorous acid HClO +1 1
Chlorous acid HClO2 +3 1
Chloric acid HClO3 +5 1
Perchloric acid HClO4 +7 1
Structures : No. of lone pairs = 3

a) HClO : ..
HO – Cl sp3
..
Hybridisation =
Shape = linear
.. No. of lone pairs = 2

b) HClO2 : Cl No. of-bond pairs = 2
.. Hybridisation = sp3
O OH
Shape = angular
.. No. of lone pairs = 1

Cl No. of-bond pairs = 3
c) HClO3 : Hybridisation = sp3
O OH O Shape = pyramidal
O No. of lone pairs = 0

d) HClO4 : Cl Hybridisation = sp3
Shape = tetrahedral
O OH O
Acidic nature : Top to bottom acidic strengrth increases.

Order : HOCl  HClO2  HClO3  HClO4
49 Sr.Chemistry

LEVEL-I
1. In modern diving apparatus a mixture of He and O2 is used-Why ?
A. Helium is low soluble in blood and do not cause any pianful sensations ,hence the mixture of He and O2
is used in modern diving apparatus.
2. Write the uses of Neon.
A. i) Neon is used in discharge tubes and fluorescent bulbs for advertisement display purposes.
ii) Neon bulbs are used in botanical gardens and in green houses.
3. Write the uses of Argon.
A. i) Argon is used in welding of metals at high temperature.
ii) It is used for filling of electric bulbs.
4. Give the preparation structure of XeO3.
A. Structure : .. No. of lone pairs =1
Xe No. of-bond pairs =3
O O Hybridisation = sp3
O Shape = pyramidal
5. Explain the shape of XeF4 on the basis of VSEPR theory.

A. Structure : ..
F F
No. of lone pairs =2
No. of-bond pairs =4
Xe
Shape = square planar
F F
..
6. How is XeOF4 prepared ? Describe its molecular shape.
A. Preparation : XeOF4 is prepared by the partial hydrolysis of XeF6.
XeF6 + H2O XeOF4 + 2HF
Molecular shape :
F F
Xe Hybridisation = sp3d2
Shape = square pyramidal
F F
O
7. Helium is heavier than hydrogen. Yet Helium is used in filling of balloons for meteorological
observations. Why ?
A. Helium is a non-inflammable and lighter gas. Hence it is used in filling of balloons for meterological
observations.
Sr.Chemistry 50
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LEVEL-II
1. How is XeO3 prepared ?

A. XeO3 is prepared by the hydrolysis of XeF4 or XeF6
6XeF4  12H2O  4Xe  2XeO3  24HF  3O2
XeF6  3H2O  XeO3  6HF
2. Give the preparation of XeOF4 and XeO2F2 ?

A. a) XeOF4 : It is prepared by controlled hydrolysis of XeF6 with equi molar quantity of water.
XeF6 + H2O ¾¾¾¾® XeOF4 + 2HF
b) XeO2F2 : It is prepared by the partial hydrolysis of XeF6.
XeF6 + 2H2O XeO2F2 + 4HF
3. Noble gases are inert. Explain.
A. Noble gases are chemically inert. Because
i) Noble gases have stable octet configuration except Helium.
ii) Noble gases have high Ionisation energy values and large positive electron gain enthalpy values.
4. Which noble gas is radioactive ? How it is formed ?
A. Radon (Rn) is radioactive noble gas.
Formation : It is obtained by the decay of Radium (Ra).
88
Ra226 ¾¾¾¾® 86Rn222 + 2He4

Level-I
1. How are Xenon fluorides XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 obtained ?

A. a) XeF2 :
XeF2 is prepared by heating a mixture of xenon and fluorine in the ratio 2 : 1 at 673 K in a nickel
tube.
673K
Xe + F2   XeF2
(Excess) Ni
1bar
b) XeF4 :
XeF 4 is prepared by heating a mixture of xenon and fluorine in the molecular ratio
1 : 5 at 873 K in a nickel tube under high pressure.
873K
Xe + 2F2 
Ni, 7 bar
 XeF
4
c) XeF6 :
XeF6 is prepared by heating a mixture of xenon and fluorine in molecular ratio 1 : 20 under pressure
in a nickel tube.
573K
Xe + 3F2   XeF6
6070bar
51 Sr.Chemistry
2. Explain the reaction of the following with water a) XeF2 b) XeF4 c) XeF6
A. a) XeF2 reacts with water gives Xe, HF & O2
2XeF2 + 2H2O 2Xe + 4HF + O2
b) XeF4 reacts with water and forms a highly explosive solid, xenon trioxide (XeO3) .
3XeF4 + 6H2O  2Xe + XeO3 + 12HF + 3/2 O2
or)
6XeF4 + 12H2O 4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24 HF + 3O2
c) XeF6 reacts with water forms XeO3.
XeF6 + 3H2O  XeO3 + 6HF
Partial hydrolysis of XeF6 with water gives XeOF4 and XeO2F2
XeF6 + H2O  XeOF4 + 2HF
XeF6 + 2H2O  XeO2F2 + 4HF
3. Explain the structure of a) XeF2 and b) XeF4
A. a) XeF2
Configuration :
5s2 5p5 5d1
    
Xenon atom in first excited state
F
No. of lone pairs = 3
..

Xe Hybridisation = sp3d
Shape = linear
b) XeF4
Configuration :
5s2 5p4 5d2
     


Xenon atom in second excited state
..
F F
Xe
Shape = square planar
F F
..
Sr.Chemistry 52
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25. Explain the structure of a) XeF6 b) XeOF4
A. a) Structure of XeF6 :
Configuration :
5s2 5p3 5d3
      



Xenon atom in third excited state
F
F F No. of lone pairs = 1
Xe
..
F
F Shape = distorted octahedral
F
b) Structure of XeOF4 :
Configuration :
5s2 5p3 5d3
      


sp3d2
Xenon atom in third excited state
F F
Xe Hybridisation = sp3d2
Shape = square pyramidal
F F
O
LEVEL-II
1. Complete the following

a) XeF2 + H2O → b) XeF2 + PF5 → c) XeF4 + SbF5 →
d) XeF6 + AsF5 → e) XeF4 + O2F2 → f) NaF + XeF4 →
A. a) 2XeF2  2H 2 O  2Xe  4HF  O2
b) XeF2  PF5   XeF  PF6 
c) XeF4  SbF5   XeF3  SbF6 

 
d) XeF6  AsF5   XeF5   AsF6 
e) XeF4  O2 F2  XeF6  O2
f) XeF6  NaF  Na  XeF7 
53 Sr.Chemistry
2. Give the formulae and describe the structure of a noble gas species, isoelectronic with
a) ICl4– b) IBr2– c)BrO3–
A. a) i) ICl4 has similar structure with that of XeF4 ..
ii) It is isoelectronic with XeF4. F F
iii) Shape is square planar. Xe
iv) Xe undergoes sp3d2 hybridisation and contains 2 lone pairs and 4 bond pairs. F .. F
F
b) i) IBr2– has similar structure with that of XeF2
..
ii) It is isoelectronic with XeF2. Xe
..
iii) Shape is linear.
F
iv) Xe undergoes sp3d hybridisation and contains 3 lone pairs and 2 bond pairs.
..
c) i) BrO3– has similar structure with that of XeO3 and
ii) It is isoelectronic with XeO3 Xe
iii) Shape is pyramidal. O O
3 O
iv) Xe undergoes sp hybridisation and contains one lone pair and 3 bond pairs.
Sr.Chemistry 54
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SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES d&fblockelements
7. d&f-block Elements
LEVEL-I
1. What is Misch Metal ? Give its composition and uses.

A. Misch Metal : The alloy which contains 95% of lanthanoid metal and 5% of Iron and small amount of
S, C, Ca and Al is called Misch metal.
Uses : It is used in the preparation of Bullets, shells and lighter flint.
2. Cu+2 ions are blue in colour where as Zn+2 ions are colourless. Why ?
A. i) Cu+2 = [Ar] 4s° 3d9 which contains one unpaired d-electron in its valency shell. Hence it is blue in
colour.
ii) Zn+2 = [Ar] 4s° 3d10 which contains completely filled d-electrons in its valency shell. Hence it is
colourless.
3. CuSO4 . 5H2O is blue in colour where as Anhydrous CuSO4 is colourless. Why ?
A. i) In CuSO4 . 5H2O, H2O acts as ligand and exhibits d-d transition. Hence it is blue in colour.
ii) In CuSO4, ligands are absent and d-d transition is not possible. Hence it is colourless.
4. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Fe+2 ion.
A. Electronic configuration of Fe+2 = [Ar] 4s0 3d6
4s0 3d6
 No. of. unpaired electrons (n) = 4.
   n  n  2  BM = 4  4  2   24  4.9 BM
5. What is an Alloy ? Give example.

A. Alloy : The Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals (or) non metals (or) metalloids, which are
having same physical properties is known as Alloy.
Eg : Nichrome, Brass, Bronze.
6. What is the difference between a double salt and a complex compound ?
A. Double salt : It is completely dissolved in water to dissociate into simple ions.
Eg : Carnalite, alum
Complex compounds : It is completely dissolved in water to dissociate into complex ions and counter
ions.
Eg : K4 [Fe(CN)6]
7. Why Zn+2 is diamagnetic where as Mn+2 is paramagnetic ?
A. i) Zn+2 = [Ar] 4s0 3d10
It contains paired d-Electrons in its valency shell. Hence it is diamagnetic.
ii) Mn+2 = [Ar] 4s0 3d5
It has 5-unpaired d-Electrons in its valency shell. Hence it is paramagnetic.
55 Sr.Chemistry
8. [Cr(NH3)6]+3 is paramagnetic while [Ni(CN)4]2– is diamagnetic. Why ?
A. i) In [Cr(NH3)6]+3, NH3 is a weak field ligand. Hence pair up of d-orbitals is not possible. So it is a
paramagnetic in nature.
ii) In [Ni(CN)4]2–, CN is strong ligand. Hence pair up of d-orbitals is possible. So it is diamagnetic
nature.
9. What is ligand ? Give example.
A. Ligand : The ligand is a electron pair donor which can donate electron pairs to the central metal atom
to form a co-ordinate covalent bond.
Eg : Cl –, NH3, CN – etc.
10. What is an Ambidentate ligand ? Give example.
A. Ambidentate ligand: The monodentate ligand which can ligate through two (or) more donar atoms is
called ambidentate ligand.
Eg : M  NO2 M  ONO
(Nitrite-N) (Nitrite-O)
M  CN M  NC
(Cyano) (Isocyano)
11. What is chelate ligand ? Give example.
A. Chelate ligand : The polydentate ligand which can ligate through two (or) more donar groups is called
chelate ligand.
Eg : Ethylene diamine.
LEVEL-II
1. Write the electronic configuration of chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu).

A. i) Electronic configuration of Cr(Z = 24) : [Ar] 4s13d5
ii) Electronic configuration of Cu(Z = 29) : [Ar] 4s1 3d10
2. Scandium is a transition element but zinc is not. Why ?
A. Scandium contains one unpaired d-electron in its atomic state. But Zn zero unpaired d-electron. Hence
Sc is considered as transition element.
3. Though Sc is a transition element it does not exhibit variable oxidation state. Why ?
A. i) Though Sc is a transition element it does not exhibit variable oxidation state. Because electronic
configuration of Sc is [Ar] 3d1 4s2.
ii) By the loss of 3d1 and 4s2 electrons Sc gets nearest Ar configuration. Hence it exhibits only +3
oxidation state.
4. CuII forms halides like CuF2, CuCl2 and CuBr2 but not CuI2. Why ?
A. CuII forms halides like CuF2, CuCl2 and CuBr2 but not CuI2. Because
In CuI2 solution Cu2+ oxidises I– to I2
2Cu2+ + 4I– Cu2I2 + I2
5. What are complex compounds ? Give examples.
A. Complex compounds: The compounds in which the metal ions bind with no. of anions (or) neutral
molecules giving complex species with characteristic properties is called complex compounds.
Eg : [Fe(CN)6]–3, [Fe(CN)6]–4
Sr.Chemistry 56
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6. What are co-ordination compounds ? Give examples.
A. Co-ordination compounds: These are addition compounds in which some of the component molecules/
ions loose their identity and when dissolved in water is called co-ordination compounds.
Eg : K4 [Fe(CN)6], [Cu(NH3)4] SO4.
7. What is a coordination polyhedron?
A. Coordination polyhedron : The spatial arrangement of the ligand atoms which are directly attached
to the central atom of the coordination compounds is called Coordination polyhedron.
8. [Ni(H2O)6]2+ is green that (Ni (CN)4]–2 is colourless. Why ?
A. i) In [Ni(H2O)6]2+, H2O is weak ligand. Hence pair up of unpaired electrons is not possible. It contains
2 unpaired electrons. The d-d transition is takes place. Hence it emits green light.
ii) But in [Ni(CN)4]2–, CN– is strong ligand.Hence the unpaired d-orbitals are paired. No d-d transition
takes place. Hence it is colourless.
9. What is the oxidation state of cobalt in (i) K[Co(CO)4] and (ii) [Co(NH3)6]+3 ?
A. i) K[Co(CO)4] : Here charge on complex is zero. Let x is oxidation state of Co. Then
1 + x + 4(0) = 0
x = –1
+3
ii) [Co (NH3)6] : Here charge on complex is +3. Let x is oxidation state of Co. Then
x + 6(0) = + 3
 x = + 3

LEVEL-I
1. Explain Werner’s theory of coordination compounds with suitable examples.

A. Werner proposed a theory to explain structures of co-ordination compounds. These coordination
compounds, the central metal atom exhibit two types of valencies.
a) Primary valency b) Secondary valency.
a) Primary valency b) Secondary valency
B It corresponds to oxidation state of B It corresponds to coordination number
central metal atom. of the central metal ion.
B It is a ionisable valency. B It is non-ionisable valency.
B It is satisfied by nagative ions only B It is satisfied by nagative ions and
B It is non-directional neutral molecules.
B It is denoted by dotted lines. (...) B It is a directioinal bond.
B It is denoted by continuous lines. (–––)
Eg : COCl3 . 6NH3
NH3
H3N NH3 Primary valency = 3Cl–

Cl–-------------- Co-+3 -------------- Cl– Secondary valency = 6NH3
---
--- Shape : Octahedral
H3N --- NH3
---
- –
Cl
NH3
57 Sr.Chemistry
2. What is lanthanoid contraction? What are the consequences of lanthanoid contraction?
A. lanthanoid contraction: The gradual decrease in the atomic or ionic radii from left to right in
lanthanoides with increase in atomic number is called as lanthanoid contraction.
Reason : Due to poor shielding effect of 4f-sub shells
The effective nuclear charge increases then atomic radii decreases.
Consequences : Due to lanthanoid contraction
i) Basic nature of oxides and hydroxides decreases with increase in covalent nature.
ii) The second and third transition elements having similarity in size and similar chemical properties.
Eg : Zr – Hf, Mo – W, Nb – Ta
Hence the separation of lanthanides is a difficult process.
3. Write the characteristic properties of transition elements.

A. Characteristics of transition elements :
i) They form colour compounds. Eg : Cu+2 Blue colour
ii) They form complex compounds. Eg : K4 [Fe(CN)6
iii) They exhibit catalytic property. Eg : Fe used as catalyst in Haber’s process.
iv) They exhibit variable oxidation states. Eg : Mn+2 exhibit +2 to +7 oxidation states.
v) They form alloys. Eg : Brass
vi) They exhibit para magnetism. Eg : Mn+2
vii) They form interstitial compounds. Eg : TiC, FeO
viii) They exhibit metallic properties.
4. Using IUPAC norms write the systematic names of the following :

i) [CO(NH3)6]Cl3 ii) [Pt(NH3)2 Cl (NH2 CH3)] Cl
iii) [Ti(H2O)6]3+ and iv) [NiCl4]2–
A. i) [CO(NH3)6]Cl3 - Hexa-ammine cobalt (III) chloride
ii) [Pt(NH3)2 Cl (NH2 CH3)] Cl - Diammine chloro methyl amine platinum (II) chloride
iii) [Ti(H2O)6]3+ - Hexa aqua titanium (III) ion
iv) [NiCl4]2– - Tetrachloro Nickelate (II)
5. Using IUPAC norms write the formulas for the following :

i) Tetrahydroxozincate (II)
ii) Hexaamminecobalt(III) sulphate
iii) Potassium tetrachloropalladate(II) and
iv) Potassium tri (oxalato) chromate(III)
A. i) Tetrahydroxyzincate (II) – [Zn(OH)4]–2
ii) Hexaaminecobalt (III) sulphate – [CO(NH3)6]2 (SO4)3
iii) Potassium tetrachloropalladate (II) – K2[PdCl4]
iv) Potassium tri(oxalato) chromate (III) – K3 [Cr(C2O4)3]
Sr.Chemistry 58
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LEVEL-II
1. Explain different types of isomerism exhibited by coordination compounds, giving suitable

examples.
A. Isomerism : The compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their chemical properties is
called Isomers. That phenomenon is called Isomerism.
It is classified into two types
a) Structural isomerism
b) Stereo Isomerism
a) Structural isomerism : The compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their structural
arrangements is called Structural isomer. It is classified into four types
i) Ionisation Isomerism : The compound having same molecular formula but differ in their
ionisation of ions.
Eg : [Co Br (NH3)5]SO4], [CO SO4 (NH3)5Br.
ii) Hyderated Iisomerism : The compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their
water molecules attached to central metal.
Eg : [Cr (H2O)6]Cl3, [Cr Cl(H2O)5 Cl2 . H2O
iii) Linkage Isomerism : The compound having same molecular formula but differ in their donor
atoms attached to central metal.
Eg : [Co(NO2) (NH3)5] Cl2, [Co(ONO) (NH3)5] Cl2
iv) Coordination isomerism : The compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their
distribution of ligands in two complexes.
Eg : [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6], and [Co(CN)6] [Cr (NH3)6]
b) Stereo isomerism : The compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement
of atoms around space is called Stereo isomer. It is classified into two types.
i) Geometrical isomerism : The compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their
geometrical arrangements is called Geometrical Isomerism. It is also called cis-trans isomerism.
cis-isomer : The two same/identical groups attached to central metal in same side is called cis-
Isomer.
H3 N CI
Pt
H3 N CI
Cis
Trans-isomer : The two same/identical groups attached to central metal in opposite side is
called Trans-isomer.
H3 N CI
Pt
CI H3 N
Trans
ii) Optical isomerism : This isomerism is formed due to lack of symmetry. The two isomers which
are non-super imposable with its mirror image is called optical isomerism.
It is observed in octa hedral complexes with coordination no. 6 Eg : [Co Cl2 (en)2]+
59 Sr.Chemistry
2. What are homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes? Give one example for each.
A. i) Complexes in which a metal is attached to only one kind of ligands are known as homoleptic
complexes.
Eg : [FeF6]3– , [Cr(NH3)6]+3
ii) Complexes in which a metal is attached to more than one type of ligands are known as heteroleptic
complexes.
Eg : [CO(NH3)4 Cl2]+, [Cr(H2O)4 Cl2] Cl
3. What are interstitial compounds? How are they formed ? Give two examples.
A. Interstitial compounds : Transition elements can trap atoms of other elements that have small atomic
size like as H, C, N in the interstitial sites of their crystal lattices. The resulting compounds are called
interstitial compounds.
Transition metals are large in size and having interstitial sites.
Eg : TiC, Mn4N, Fe3H, VH0.56 and TiH1.7
Characteristic of interstitial compounds :

i) They have high M.P’s, higher than those of pure metals
ii) They are very hard, some bodies approach diamond in hardness
iii) They retain metallic conductivity.
iv) They are chemically inert.
4. Sketch the splitting of d orbitals in an octahedral crystal field.
A. i) The five d-orbitals having equal energy hence they are called degenerate orbitals.
ii) These five d-orbitals which on excitation can be split into two sets of orbitals.
a) eg-set orbitals b) t2g-set orbitals
iii) The eg set orbitals having higher energy & it is a doubly degenerate set.
iv) The t2g set orbitals having lower energy & it is a triply degenerate set.
v) The energy difference between these two set of orbitals is called crystal field splitting energy (0).
dxy ,d yz ,d zx ,d ,d
x2  y 2 z2
dxy ,d yz ,d zx ,d 2 2 ,d 2
x y z
d xy ,d yz ,d zx ,d 2 2 ,d 2
x y z
dxy ,d yz ,d zx ,d 2 2 ,d 2
x y z
Sr.Chemistry 60
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5. Explain the applications of coordination compounds in different fields.
A. Applications :
i) Co-ordination compounds is used for softening of water.
ii) Co-ordination compounds is used for estimation of hardness of water.
iii) They are used in the field of medicine in the treatement of certain diseases.
Eg : cis-pt used in cancer chemotherapy
iv) They are used in biological systems.
Eg :
a) Chlorophyll : Green pigment in plants & central metal atom is Mg+2
b) Haemoglobin : Red pigment in blood & central metal atom is Fe+2
c) Vitamin-B12 : It is called cyanaco balmine & central metal atom is Co+3
v) They are used in analytical chemistry for separation of compounds.
vi) They are used in elecroplating.
Eg : Silver plating, gold plating
6. What is spectrochemical series? Explain the difference between a weak field ligand and a strong
field ligand.
A. Spectrochemical series : The ligands are arranged in the increasing order of their field strength or
Crystal field splitting energy is called spectrochemical series.
I– < Br– < Cl– < NO3 ... < H2O < ... < NO 2 < CN– < CO
increasing crystal field splitting energy 

Strong Field Ligand Weak Field Ligand

i) Ligands of more field strength i) Ligands of less field strength
ii) These ligands may cause rearrangement ii) These ligands don’t cause rearrangement
of d – e– in metal. of d – e– in metal
iii)They generally form low spin (or) Inner iii) They generally form high spin (or) outer
orbital complexes. orbital complexes.
iv) For these ligands 0 > P. iv) For these ligands 0 < P.
Here “P” is pairing energy.
7. Describe the preparation of potassium dichromate from iron chromite ore.

A. Preparation of potassium dichromate :
Step (1) : Preparation of sodium chromate
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
(yellow solution)
Step (2) : Preparation of sodium dichromate

2Na2CrO4 + 2H+  Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
Step(3) : Preparation of potassium dichromate

Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl  K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
61 Sr.Chemistry
8. Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate.
A. Preparation of Potassium permanganate, KMnO4 : It is prepared from the pyrolusite mineral (MnO2).
The preparation involves two steps :
Step-I : Conversion of manganese dioxide into potassium manganate : Pyrolusite ore is mixed
with potassium hydroxide (KOH) in the presence of air to form potassium manganate.
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2  2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
Step-II : Oxidation of potassium manganate to potassium permanganate : Potassium manganate
react with H2SO4 to form potassium permanganate
3K2MnO4 + 2H2SO4 
 2KMnO4 + 2K2SO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
Sr.Chemistry 62
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SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES Polymers
8. Polymers
LEVEL-I
1. What is PHBV ? How is it useful to Man ?

A. Poly -hydroxy buterate-co--hydroxy valerate is called PHBV . It is a biodegradable polymer.
Uses : i) It is used in making of capsules in medicine field.
ii) It is used in special packaging in orthopedic devices.
2. What is PDI (Polydispersity Index)?
A. PDI : The Ratio between weight average molecular mass to the number average molecular mass of a
polymer is called poly dispersity Index.
Mw
PDI = , for Natural polymer PDI = 1;
Mn
Synthetic polymer PDI > 1
3. What is Vulcanization of Rubber ?
A. Vulcanization of Rubber : The process of heating of natural rubber with sulphur at
373-415 k temperature to improve its physical properties is called vulcanisation of Rubber.
4. What is Ziegler-Natta catalyst ?
A. The mixture of Tri ethyl aluminium and Titanium tetra chloride is called Ziegler Natta Catalyst.
Ziegler Natta Catalyst = TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3
p It is used to in the manufacture of HDPE.
5. What is Bio-degradable polymer ? Give one example.

A. Bio-degradable polymer : The polymer which can be decomposed by itself (or) the action of micro-
organisms is called biodegradable polymer. Eg : PHBV.
6. What are Elastomers ? Give example.
A. Elastomers : Polymers in which inter molecular force of attraction between chains are weaker .those
are called Elastomers. These are rubber like solids with elastic properties.
Eg : Buna-S, Buna-N.
LEVEL-II
1. What are the repeating monomeric units of Nylon-6 and Nylon-6, 6 ?

A. i) Nylon-6  repeating monomeric unit is caprolactum
ii) Nylon-6, 6  repeating monomeric unit is Hexa Methylene diamine & Adipic acid
2. What is the difference between Buna-S and Buna-N ?
A. i) Buna-S is a co-polymer of styrene & 1, 3 -buta diene.
ii) Buna-N is a co-polymer of vinylcyanide (Acrylonitrile) & 1, 3-buta diene.
63 Sr.Chemistry
3. Define Monomer. Give example.
A. Monomer : Simple and reactive molecules which are linked to one another by covalent bonds to form
a polymer is known as Monomer. Eg : Ethylene.
4. Define polymer. Give example.
A. Polymer : High moleculer mass compound formed by large no of monomers joined by covalent bonds
is known as Polymer.
Eg : Poly ethylene.
5. Define polymerisation. Give example.
A. Polymerisation : The process of formation of polymer from respective monomers is known as
Polymerisation.
Eg : nCH2 = CH2 –(CH2 – CH2–) n
6. What is homo polymer ? Give example.
A. Homo polymer : The polymer which contains only one kind of monomer present is called homo
polymer.
Eg : Poly Ethylene, PVC etc.
7. What is co-polymer ? Give example.
A. Co-polymer : The polymer which contains more than one kind of monomers is called
co-polymer.
Eg : Buna-S, Buna-N.
8. What is addition polymer ? Give example.
A. Addition polymer : The polymer formed by the repeated addition of monomers without elimination
of simple molecules like NH3, Alcohol, H2O etc., is called addition polymer. Eg : Poly Ethylene.
9. What is condensation polymer ? Give example.
A. Condensation polymer : The polymer formed by the condensation of two different monomers with
elimination of simple molecules like H2O, NH3 ... etc .. is called condensation polymer.
Eg : Nylon 6, 6.
10. Give one example each for synthetic and semi synthetic polymers.
A. Synthetic polymers : Polythene, Nylon 6, 6, Buna-S
Semi-synthetic polymers : Cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate.
11. What are fibers? Give example.
A. Fibers : Polymers in which intermolecular forces are stronger due to H- bonding are called fibers.
p These are having high tensile strength and elasticity.
Eg : Polyamides; Polyesters etc.,
12. What are thermoplastic polymers ? Give examples.
A. Thermoplastic polymers : The polymers which are softening on heating and hardening on cooling are
called thermoplastic polymers.
Eg : Poly ethylene, Teflon
13. What are thermosetting polymers ? Give examples.
A. Thermosetting polymers : The semi-fluid substances with low molecular masses when heated in a
mould undergo change in chemical composition to give a hard, infusible and insoluble mass are called
thermo setting polymers.
Eg : Bakelite.
Sr.Chemistry 64
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Level-I
18. Write the names & structures of the monomers used for getting the following polymers.
(i) Poly Ethylene (ii) P.V.C (iii) Teflon
(iv) Poly styrene (v) Neoprene (vi) BUNA-S
(vii) BUNA-N (viii) Bakelite (ix) Terylene (or) Dacron
(x) Glypthol (xi) Nylon-6 (xii) Nylon 6, 6
(xiii) Nylon-2-Nylon-6
S.No. Name of Monomers Structures Type of

the polymer Polymerisation
1. Poly Ethylene Ethylene CH2 = CH2 Addition
2. P.V.C Vinyl Chloride CH2 = CH – Cl ,,
3. Teflon Tetra fluoro ethylene F2C = CF2 ,,
4. Poly styrene Styrene C6H5 – CH = CH2 ,,
5. Neoprene 2-choro 1, 3, buta CH2 = CH – CH = CH2 ,,
diene
6. BUNA-S 1, 3, buta diene & CH2 = CH – HC = CH2, C6H5 – CH
styrene ||
CH2
7. BUNA-N 1, 3, buta diene & CH2 = CH – CH = CH2, ,,
vinyl cyanine CH2 = CH – CN
8. Bakelite Phenol, formaldehyde C6H5OH, HCHO Condensation
COOH CH2OH
9. Terylene (or) Teryphthalic acid,  ,,
Dacron (or) Ethylene Glycol CH2OH
PET
COOH
10. Glypthol Phthalic acid and COOH CH2OH
Ethylene Glycol 
COOH CH OH
2
11. Nylon-6 Caprolatum CH2 – CH2 – CO
 ,,
CH2

CH2 – CH2 – NH
12. Nylon 6, 6 Hexa methylene NH2 – (CH2)6 – NH2, ,,
diamine, Adipic acid COOH – (CH2)4 – COOH
13. Nylon-2- Glycine, Amino NH2 – CH2 – COOH, ,,
Nylon-6 Caproic acid NH2 – (CH2–) 5 COOH
65 Sr.Chemistry
LEVEL-II
1. What is natural rubber ? How does it exhibit elastic properties ?

A. Natural rubber : Cis-1, 4 poly isoprene is called natural rubber.
i) It can be manufactured from Rubber latex.
ii) This latex obtained from bark of Rubber trees.
Properties :
i) It contains various chains held together by weak van der Waal’s forces.
ii) It is coiled structure and stretches like a spring and exhibit elastic property.
Eg : Isoprene.
2. Explain the purpose of vulcanisation of rubber.

A. To improve all physical properties Natural rubber is vulcanized. Because Natural rubber has the
following disadvantages
i) It is soft at temperature > 315k and brittle at low temperature <283k.
ii) It has large water absorption capacity low tensile strength and low resistance to abrasive.
iii) It is not resistant to organic solvents and is easily attacked by oxygen and other oxidizing agents.
3. What is natural and synthetic rubbers ? Give example.

A. i) Natural rubber :
p Cis-1, 4 poly isoprene is called natural rubber.
p It is obtained from natural sources.
p It is soluble in nonpolar solvent.
Eg : Isoprene.
ii) Synthetic rubber :

p The rubber prepared by artificial in the lab is called Synthetic Rubber.
p These are stable and more resistant.
Eg : BUNA-N, Neophene.
T
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SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES Biomolecules
9. Biomolecules
LEVEL-I
1. What are essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids ? Give two examples for each.
A. Essential Amino Acids : The amino acids which are not synthesised in body but it must be supplied
through diet are called essential amino acids. Eg : valine, lysine.
Non-Essential Amino Acids : The amino acids which are synthesised in body by tissues are called non
essential amino acids. Eg : Glycine, Alanine.
2. What are Anomers ?
A. Anomers : The Stereo Isomers which differ in the configuration of –OH group at C–1 position are
called Anomers. Eg : -Glucose and -Glucose.
3. What is Zwitter ion ? Give an example.
A. Zwitter ion : In the solution of amino acid , carboxyl group loses H+ ion and amino group accept that
proton (H+) resulting a dipolar ion. This dipolar ion is known as zwitter ion.
Eg : Glycine
r s
NH2 – CH2 – COOH NH3 – CH2 – COO (dipolar ion)
4. Write the names of three types of RNA.
A. RNA are three types, they are
i) Messenger RNA (m - RNA) ii) Ribosomal RNA (r - RNA) iii) Transfer RNA (t - RNA)
5. What is meant by denaturation of proteins.
A. Denaturation : The process of change in physical & biological properties of proteins without change
in chemical properties is called Renaturation.
i) It is a reversible process.
ii) The reverse of denaturation is called Renaturation.
6. What is the difference between Nucleoside and Nucleotide ?
A. i) Nucleoside : It is a combination of base and sugar.
Eg : cytidine
Nucleoside = Base + Sugar
ii) Nucleotides : It is a combination of base, sugar and phosphate. Eg : Amp
Nucleotide = Base + Sugar + Phosphate.
7. Write one biological functions of Nucleic Acids.
A. The main functions of Nucleic Acids are i) Replication ii) Protein Synthesis.
8. What do you understand from the names a) Aldo pentose b) Keto heptose ?
A. a) Aldo pentose : The Monosaccharide which contains 5 carbons and one aldehyde functional group
is called aldopentoses.
b) Keto heptose : The Monosaccharide which contains 7 carbons and one keto group is called keto
heptoses.
67 Sr.Chemistry
LEVEL-II
1. What are amino acids ? Give two examples.
A. Amino acids : The organic compounds which contain both –NH2 and –COOH groups are called Amino
acids. Eg : Glycine, Alanine.
2. Write the preparation of Glucose.
A. Glucose is obtained by the acid hydrolysis of starch and sucrose.
i) Preparation of Glucose from Starch :
H
(C6H5O5)n + nH2O   nC H O
6 12 6
Starch Glucose
ii) Preparation of Glucose from Surcose :
H
C12H22O11 + H2O 
 C H O + C H O
6 12 6 6 12 6
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
3. What do you understand by invert sugar ?
A. Invert sugar : During hydrolysis of sugar the change in the rotation from dextro (+) to leavo (–) with
sign is called inversion and the mixture is called invert sugars.
HCl
C12H22O11 + H2O   C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
(+ 66.5°) (+52.5°) (–92.4°)
Net Rotation = –39.9°
4. What are proteins ? Give example.

A. Proteins : The amino acids having molecules mass greater than 10,000 are called proteins.
Eg : Haemoglobin, Egg yolk.
5. What are fibrous proteins ? Give example.
A. Fibrous proteins : The proteins which contain linear thread like polypeptide chains which are linked
side by side to form fibres is called fibrous proteins. Eg : Keratin, Myosin.
6. What are Globular proteins ? Give example.
A. Globular proteins : The proteins which contains polypeptide chains which are tightly bounded into a
spherical form is called globular proteins. Eg : Insulin, Albumins.
7. What are Nucleic Acids ? Give example.
A. Nucleic Acids : The biological systems which are used to transfer genetic information from one
generation to another generation is called Nucleic Acids. Eg : DNA, RNA.
8. Define the following as related to proteins
(i) Peptide linkage (ii) Primary structure (iii) Denaturation
A. i) Peptide Linkage : The amide link formed due to the reaction between NH2 of one aminoacid and
–COOH of another aminoacid is called “peptide linkage”.
O H H
|| | |
– C – C – NH – CO – C – NH –
| ↓ |
R Peptide Bond R
Sr.Chemistry 68
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LEVEL-I
1. What are vitamins ? Write the sources and deficiency disease of vitamins.
A. Vitamins : These are food materials which are essential for growth and healthy maintenance of the
body are called vitamins.
Vitamins are classified into two types : i) Water soluble vitamins (B, C)
ii) Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
S.No Name of Vitamin Sources Deficiency Diseases

1. Vitamin-A (Retinol) Carrots, milk, butter Night blindness.
2. Vitamin-B1 (Thiamin) Milk, green vegetables, yeast Beri Beri
3. Vitamin-B2 (Riboflavin) Milk, liver, egg white Burning Sensation
of skin
4. Vitamin-B6 (Pyridoxin) Milk, egg, yolk, yeast Convulsions
5. Vitamin-B12 (Cyanacobalamine) Fish, egg, curd Anaemia
6. Vitamin-C(Ascorbic Acid) Citrus fruits, Amla Scurvy
7. Vitamin-D (Calciferol) Fish, Egg yolk, Sunlight Rickets
8. Vitamin-E (Tocoferol) Vegetable oils like sunflower oils Muscular weakness
9. Vitamin-K (Phyllo quinone) Green leaf vegetables Increased blood
clotting time
2. Explain the structure of glucose with suitable reactions.

A. i) The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6.
ii) Glucose has two kinds of structure they are open chain, cyclic structures.
S.No Reaction Reagent Product Conclusion

1. Acetylation Ac2O/AcOH Penta acetate Presence of
5–OH groups
2. With Hydroxyl amine NH2OH Oxime Presence of C=O
3. Mild oxidation Br2/H2O or Gluconic acid Presence of –CHO
Tollens reagent
or Fehling’s sol.
4. Strong oxidation Conc. HNO3 Saccharic acid Presence of –CH2OH
5. Reduction HI/Red ‘P’ n-Hexane Presence of six carbons
in a straight chain
69 Sr.Chemistry
Based on above points the open chain and cyclic structures of glucose is
Open Chain Cyclic
CHO H – C – OH
| |
H – C – OH H – C – OH
| | O
HO – C – H HO – C – H
| |
H – C – OH H – C – OH
| |
H – C – OH H–C
| |
CH2OH CH2OH
3. What are hormones ? Give this classification with examples.

A. Harmones : The carbon compounds which are used to transfer biological information from one cell to
another group of cells are called harmones.
Harmones are classified into 3 types.
i) Steroid harmones : Eg : Testosterone, Estradiol
ii) Polypeptide harmones : Eg : Insuline, Glucagon
iii) Amino acid harmones : Eg : Thyroxine
LEVEL-II
1. What are enzymes ? Give examples.

A. Enzymes : Naturally occurring simple proteins which act as biological catalysts are called enzymes.
Invertase
Eg : Sucrose   Glucose + Fructose
Maltase
Maltose   2 Glucose
Functions :
i) Enzymes are the important group of globular proteins which acts as biological catalysts in living
systems.
ii) Enzymes increase the rate of biochemical reactions by providing alternative path of lower activation
energy.
2. Explain the classification of proteins as primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary proteins
with respect to their structure.
A. Classificaiton : Proteins are classified based on structure into four shapes : They are
a) primary b) secondary structure c) tertiary d) quarternary
a) Primary structure :
i) It determines the sequence of amino acids in a given protein molecule.
ii) Any change in the sequence of amino acids produces a different protein.
iii) Primary structure of the proteins also tells about the location of disulphide bridges.
b) Secondary structure:
i) The secondary structure of a protein explains the shape of polypeptide chain.
ii) This describes the conformation of segments of the back bone chain of a peptide or protein.
Sr.Chemistry 70
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iii) To minimise the energy a protein chain tends to fold in a repeating geometric structure.
iv) It exists two different structures 1) -helix 2) -pleated sheet
1) α-helix : The polypeptide chain forms containing hydrogen bonds by twisting into a right
handed screw with the –NH group of one amino acid is hydrogen bonded to the C = O group
of another amino acid in a same chain.
2) β -pleated sheet : The polypeptide chains are structure out to nearly maximum extensions and
then laid side by side which are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds between two
chains is known as -pleated sheet.
c) Tertiary structures :
i) It is the three dimensional arrangement of all the atoms in the protein.
ii) The side chain group help to determine how a protein folds. Thus the tertiary structure is understood
from its primary structure and further folding of secondary structure in fibrous and globular shapes.
iii) The forces that stabilise 2° and 3° structures are H–bonds, disulphide linkages, Vander waals
forces and electrostatic forces of attraction.
primary secondary tertiary quaternary

structure
d) Quaternary Structure :
i) Proteins that have more than one peptide chain are known as Oligomers. The individual chains
are called as subunits.
ii) The quaternary structure of proteins the way the sub units are arranged in space.
3. Explain the structure of DNA and RNA.
A. Structure of DNA :
i) On the basis of X-ray analysis J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick (Shared Nobel Prize in 1962) proposed
a three dimensional secondary structure for DNA.
ii) They suggested that the DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide chains, twisted about a common
axis, but run in opposite direction to form a right handed helix.
iii) The two chains are joined together by specific hydrogen bonds A (Adenine) to T (Thymine) and G
(Guanine) to C (Cytosine).
iv) The amount (in moles) of adenine was equal to that of thymine (A = T) and that of cytosine was
equal to that of guanine (C = G).
v) The total amount of purines was equal to the total amount of pyrimidines (A + G = C + T).
vi) The diameter of the helix is about 20 Å. The spacing between adjacent pairs is 3.5 Å and the distance
between any two turns of the helix is 34 Å.
vii) The hydrogen bonds are formed between the base. Because of sizes and geometries of the bases, the
only possible pairing in DNA are between G (Guanine) and C(Cytosine) through three H-bonds.
71 Sr.Chemistry
Structure of RNA :
i) RNA means Ribo Nucleic acid.
ii) It is a single helix structure.
iii) It has hair pin structure.
iv) In RNA structure adenine bonded with Uracil and Guanine bonded with cyatonin by hydrogen
bonds.
Eg : A – U
G–C
v) In RNA adenine and guanine is purine bases and uracil and cytonin is a pyramidine bases.
vi) The no. of moles of purine bases is not equal to pyramidine bases.
vii) RNA molecules are 3 types
a) M-RNA (Messenger)
b) t-RNA (Transfer)
c) r-RNA (Ribosomal)
DNA RNA
4. Write notes on the functions of different harmones in the body.

A. S.No Harmone Sources Chemical Functions of harmones
nature in body
1. Thyroxine Thyroid Amino acid Regulates Metabolism
2. Adrenaline Adrenal Medulla Amine Increase pulse vak, B.P.
3. Insulin Pancreas Peptide Decrease Glucose level
in blood.
4. Glucagon Pancreas Peptide Increase Gheese level
in blood.
5. Testosterone Testis Steroid Control normal functioning
of male sex harmones
(or) organs.
6. Estradiol & Estrogen Ovary Steroid Control normal functioning
of female sex organs.
7. Progesterone Ovary Steroid Control Menstrual cycle.
8. Cartisone Adrenal cortex Steroid Metabolism of water,
Fats, protein ... etc.
Sr.Chemistry 72
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ChemistryinEverydayLife
10. Chemistryin Everyday Life

LEVEL-I
1. a) What are analgesics ? How they are classified ? Give example.
A. Analgesics : The drugs which are used to prevent pains without causing any disturbances on central
nervous system are called analgesics. Eg : Aspirin, Paracetamol.
Classification : Analgesics are classified into two types :
i) Norcotic Analgesics : These drugs have addictive properties which can acts as strong analgesics.
They can effects the central nervous system. Eg : Morphine, Heroine
ii) Non-norcotic Analgesics : These drugs have no addictive properties which can acts as weak
analgesics. They can cure mild pains. Eg : Aspirin, Paracetamol.
2. What are a ) Antibiotics b) Antiseptics c) Anti Microbials d) Disinfectants. Give examples.
A. a) Antibiotics : Chemical substances which are produced by micro-organisms and can be used to kill
other micro- organisms are called antibiotics. Eg : Pencillin, Chloroamphenicol
b) Antiseptics : Chemical substances which prevent the growth of micro-organisms or kill them but are
not harmful to the living human tissues are called antiseptics. Eg : Dettol, Boric Acid.
c) Anti Microbials : Chemical substances used to cure diseases caused by bacteria fungi and viruses
are called antimicrobials. Eg : Prontosil, Sulpharilamide
d) Disinfectants : Chemical substances which kill micro-organisms or stop their growth but are harmful
to the human tissues are called disinfectants. Eg : Formalin, 1% phenol.
3. What are Artificial sweetening agents ? Give examples.
A. Artificial sweetening agents : Chemical compounds which are used as sweeting agents instead of
sugar. But it donot have any calorific values are called Artifical sweetening agents.
Eg : Saccharin, Sucralose.
4. What are food preservatives ? Give examples.
A. Food preservatives : The chemicals which are added to food to prevent the spoilage of food are called
food preservatives.
Eg : Sodium benzoate, table salt.
5. What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?
A. 2 - 3% of Iodine in alcohol-water solution is known as tincture of iodine.
Use : i) It is used in cleaning wounds.
ii) It is used as antiseptic to kill bacteria.
6. Write the differences between soap and synthetic detergents.
A. Soap Synthetic detergents
i) These are prepared from oils and fats. i) These are prepared from hydrocarbons.
ii) These are used for washing only in ii) These are used for washing in both
soft water. soft and hard water.
7. Write notes on antioxidants in food.
A. The chemical which prevents the spoilage of food by the action of oxygen is called antioxidants.
Eg : BHT, BHA
73 Sr.Chemistry
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES ChemistryinEverydayLife
8. What are Antacids ? Give example.
A. Antacids : The drugs which are used to remove excess of acid in stomach and maintain pH to normal
level are called antacids.
Eg : NaHCO3, MgCO3.
9. What are anti histamines ? Give example.
A. Anti histamines : The drugs which are used to prevent the interaction of histamine with receptors
present in stomach walls are called anti histamines.
Eg : Cimetidine, Rantidine.
LEVEL-II
1. What are Anti fertility drugs ? Give examples.
A. Anti fertility drugs : The drugs which are used to prevent the pregnancy are called Antifertility drugs.
Eg : Ethynyl Estradiol, Norethindrone.
2. What are tranquilizers ? Give example.
A. Tranquilizers : The drugs which act on Central Nervous System and help in reducing anxiety, stress
and mental tension are called tranquilizers.
Eg : Valium, Saratonin.
3. What are barbutarates ? Give example.
A. Barbutarates : The drugs which are hypnotic in nature which induced sleep are called barbutarates.
Eg : seconal, luminal.
4. What is Saponification ?
A. Saponification : The process of formation of soaps by hydrolysis of oils and fats with aqueous alkalis
is called saponification.

Eg : Oil/fat + NaOH   Soap + Glycerel
5. Define the term chemotherapy.
A. Chemotherapy means the treatment of disease by using synthetic drugs or chemicals (drugs).
6. What are drugs ?
A. Drugs : Low molecular mass chemicals that react with marco molecules and produce a biological
response are called drugs.
Eg : Aspirin, Ibruphen.
7. When are the drugs called medicines ?
A. When biological response produced by drugs is therapeutic and useful, then those drugs are called
medicines. Eg : Aspirin, Paracetamol.
8. What are enzymes and receptors?
A. i) Enzymes : Proteins which act as biological catalysts in the body are called enzymes.
ii) Receptors : Proteins which play an important role in the communication system in the body are
called receptors.
9. What are enzyme inhibitors?
A. Enzyme inhibitors : Drugs which block the binding site of the enzyme or inhibit the catalytic activity
of the enzyme are called enzyme inhibitors.
10. What is allosteric site?
A. Allosteric site : Some drugs do not bind to the active site but bind to a different site of the enzyme is
called allosteric site.
Sr.Chemistry 74
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ChemistryinEverydayLife
LEVEL-I
1. Explain the drug-Enzyme Interaction.

A. The drug which bind the active site of enzyme to prevent the binding of substract on active site is called
enzyme inhibitor.
The drug which prevent the substract on the active site of enzyme are in two ways.
i) The drug which bind the active site of enzyme to prevent the binding of substract. Then the drug is
called competitive inhibitor.
ii) The drug do not bind the active site of enzyme but in different site of enzyme is called allosteric site.
p The drug attack to allosteric site run the shape of active site will be changed.
p The substract is bind is active site of enzyme is a difficult proun.
If the binding of drug with enzyme is very strong, then enzyme is blocked permanently to synthesised
new enzymes.
LEVEL-II
1. Why are cimetidine and rantidine are better antacids than sodium hydrogen carbonate
(or) Magnesium hydroxide (or) Aluminium hydroxide ?
A. i) Cimetidine and Rantidine better antacids due to prevent the formation of acid in the stomach.
ii) Stomach hydrogen carbonate (or) magnesium hydroxide (or) Aluminium hydroxide are neutralise
the excess of acid in stomach and pH to normal level. These are control only symptoms not causes.
iii) The drugs cinetidine, rantidine prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the
stomach wall and results in release of lesser amount of acid.
iv) So cinetidine, rantidine are better antacids than
NaHCO3 (or) Mg(OH)2 (or) Al (OH)3
T
75 Sr.Chemistry
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES HaloAlkanesandHaloArenes
Halo Alkanes and Halo Arenes

LEVEL-I
1. What are Enantiomers ? Give example.
A. Sterio isomers which are non-super imposable with its mirror image are called enantiomers.
Eg : d, l-lactic acid. Enantiomers are optical isomers.
2. Write the isomers of compound having molecular formula C4H9Br.
A. i) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Br ii) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3
1-bromo butane 
Br
2-bromo butane (d-form)
iii) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3 iv) CH3 – CH – CH2 – Br
 
Br CH3
2-bromo butane (l-form) 1-bromo-2-methyl propane
CH3

v) CH3 – C – Br

CH3
2-bromo-2-methyl propane
3. What is the stereochemical result of SN1 and SN2 reactions ?
A. i) In SN2 reaction stereo chemical inversion product will be formed. It is known as Walden inversion.
ii) In SN1 reaction recemic mixture of products will be formed.
4. Write the structure of i) 2-chloro-3-methyl pentane ii) 1-bromo-4-sec butyl-2-methyl benzene.
Cl CH3
 Br
A. i) CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3 ii) CH3
H3C – CH – CH2 – CH3
LEVEL-II
1. Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2 reaction with OH ?
i) CH3Br or CH3I ii) (CH3)3 CCl or CH3Cl
A. i) CH3I is more reactive than methyl bromide because bond dissociation energy of C-I is less than
C – Br.
ii) CH3Cl reacts most rapidly by SN2 reaction because order of reactivity of alkyl halides in SN2
reaction = 1° > 2° > 3°
Hence CH3Cl react faster in SN2 reaction with OH .
Sr.Chemistry 84
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2. What are Ambident Nucleophiles ?
A. The Nucleophiles which possess two nucleophilic centres are called ambident nucleophiles.
Eg : CN–, NO 2

LEVEL-I
a Explain SN1 and SN2 mechanisms.
A. SN 1 SN2
1. It is a uni molecular 1. It is a Bi molecular nucleophilic

nucleophilic substitution reaction. substitution reaction.
2. 3°-alkyl halides react with hydroxide ion 2. 1°-alkyl halides react with hydroxide ion
to form 3°-alcohols. to form 1°-alcohols.
CH3 H
 
H3C – C – Cl + OH
s SN  H – C – Cl + OH
s
  SN2
CH3 H
CH3 H
 s  s
H3C – C – OH + Cl H – C – OH + Cl
 
CH3 H
3. Rate of reaction depends upon 3. Rate of reaction depends upon concentration

concentration of reactant only. of reactant and nucleophile.
4. Order of reactivity in alkyl halides is 4. Order of reactivity in alkyl halides is
3° > 2° > 1° 1° > 2° > 3°
5. Order of Reaction is 1 5. Order of Reaction is 2.
Mechanism : Two step mechanism Mechanism : Single step mechanism
Step-1
CH3 CH3
 SN1  s H
H
H3C – C – Cl   H3C – C r + Cl   H
s SN 2
 Slow step  H – C – Cl + OH  HO ...... C ...... Cl
CH3 CH3  
– + –
  
Step-2 H  H
 
CH3  C ls
 s fast step
H3C – C r + OH H
 SN1
CH3 HO – C ..... H
CH3 H

H3C – C – OH

CH3
84 Sr.Chemistry
LEVEL-II
1. Define the following :

i) Racemic mixture ii) Retention of configuration iii) Enantiomers.
A. i) Racemic mixture : The equi molar mixture of both dextro and leavo isomers is called Racemic
mixture. Racemic mixture is shown by prefix dl or (  ) - before the name. It is optically in active.
Eg : (+) Butane-2-ol + (–) Butane-2-ol (+) Butane -2-ol
Enantiomers Racemic mixture
ii) Retention of Configuration : “The preservation of integrity of the spatial arrangement of bonds
around asymmetric centre there is no change in the configuration of reactants & products in a chemical
reaction.”
a a
c Y c
X 
 Y
Eg : Conversion of Xabc chemical species into Yabc. X
b b
iii) Enantiomers : A pair of optical isomers which are non-super imposable with its mirror image are
called enantiomers. Eg : d-lactic acid & l-lactic acid.
a) Enantiomers have same physical properties like mpts, bpts, solubility but differ in their behaviour
towards plane of polarised light.
2. Explain the grignard reagent preparation and applications with suitable examples.
A. Preparation : Haloalkanes react with dry magnesium powder in dry ether to form alkyl magnesium
halides commonly known as Grignard reagent.
Reaction : R–X + Mg Dry ether R – Mg – X


Haloalkane (Dry powder) Grignard reagent
Eg : CH3I + Mg Dry ether CH3 – Mg – I


Methyl iodide (Dry) Methyl magnesium iodide
Applications : Grignard reagents have wide applications in the synthesis of large no. of organic
compounds.
i) Preparation of alkanes : Grignard reagents reacts with alcohols and forms alkanes.
CH3 Mg Br + C2H5OH  CH4 + C2H5O MgBr
Methane
CH3 CH2 MgCl + C2H5OH  C2H6 + C2H5O MgCl
Ethane
ii) Preparation of alcohols : Ethalcohol is obtained by the action of Methyl magnesium bromide on
formaldehyde followed by the hydrolysis.
O OMgBr
HOH
H – C – H + CH3 MgBr CH3 – C – H  CH3CH2OH + Mg(OH) Br
H
iii) Preparation of carboxylic acids : Grignard reagent on carboxylation followed by the hydrolysis to
form carboxylic acids.
O
HOH
O = C = O + CH3 MgI  CH3 – C – O – MgI  CH3COOH + Mg(OH) I
Sr.Chemistry 86
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3. Write the reactions showing the major and minor products when chlorobenzene is reacted with
CH3Cl and CH3COCl in presence of AlCl3.
A. Alkylation : Chloro Benzene is react with Methyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 to form
4-methyl and 2-methyl chloro benzenes
Cl Cl Cl
CH3
Anhyd. AlCl3
+ CH3 – Cl  +
Methyl Chloride
Chloro Benzene 2-Methyl
CH3 chloro Benzene (minor)
4-methyl
chloro Benzene (major)
Acetylation : Chloro benzene is react with Acetyl chloride in the presence of AlCl3 to form 4-chloro
and 2-chloro acetophenones.
Cl Cl Cl
O
Anhyd. AlCl3 COCH3
+ CH3 – C – Cl  +
Acetyl chloride
Chloro Benzene 2-chloro aceto
COCH3 phenone (minor)
4-chloro
acetophenone
(major)
86 Sr.Chemistry
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES NamedReactions
Organic Chemistry
Named Rections
LEVEL-I
1. a) Wurtz Reaction : Alkyl halides react with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether to form
corresponding alkanes. (Imp.)
dry
2R – X + 2Na 
Ether
R – R + 2NaX
dry
Eg : 2CH3Cl + 2Na  Ether
CH3 – CH3 + 2NaCl
b) Fittig Reaction : Aryl halides react with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether to form Di phenyls.
X (Imp.)
dry
2 + 2Na  + 2NaX
Ether
Cl dry
Eg : 2 + 2Na  + 2NaCl
Ether
c) Wurtz-fittig-Reaction : Alkyl and Aryl halides react with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether to
form corresponding Alkyl Arenes. (Imp.)
X R
dry
R – X + 2Na +  + 2NaX
Ether
Cl CH3
dry
Eg : CH3 – Cl + 2Na  + 2NaCl
Ether
2. Kolbe’s Reaction : Phenol react with sodium hydroxide to form sodium phenoxide. Which on further
treated with CO2 and followed by hydrolysis gives salicylic acid. (Imp.)
OH ONa ONa OH
COOH COOH
CO H 2O/H 
+ NaOH ¾¾¾¾® 
2


3. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction : Phenol react with chloroform in the presence of KOH (or) NaOH at
65°C to form salicylaldehyde. (Imp.)
OH  ONa ONa OH
 CHCl2 CHO CHO
 NaOH H O/H 
+ CHCl3 + NaOH ¾¾¾¾®  
 
2 


4. Williamson’s Synthesis : Alkyl halides react with sodium Alkoxide in the presence of dry ether to
form dialkyl ether. (Imp.)
dry
R – X + R – O – Na 
ether
 R – O – R + NaX
dry
Eg : C2H5 – Cl + C2H5 – O – Na  ether
 C H – O – C H + NaCl
2 5 2 5
Ethyl Chloride Sodium Ethoxide di Ethyl Ether
Sr.Chemistry 76
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5. Esterification Reaction : Alcohols react with carboxylic acids in the presence of acid medium to form
an ester is called esterification. (Imp.)
O O
 
R – OH + R – C – OH  H
 R – C – O – R + H 2O
H
Eg : C2H5 – OH + CH3COOH   CH COOC H + H O
3 2 5 2
6. Acetylation Reaction : Benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence of Anhydrous AlCl3 to
form acetophenone is called Friedal-Craft Acetylation Reaction (Imp.)
O
O 
 C – CH3
Anhydrous
Acetylation : + CH3 – C – Cl  AlCl + HCl
3
Acetophenone
7. a) Aldol condensation : Carbonyl compounds having atleast one -hydrogen atom undergo condensation
reaction in the presence of dil. NaOH to form Aldol condensation product. (Imp.)
OH

dil.NaOH
2CH3 – CHO   
 CH3 – CH – CH2 – CHO  H 2O CH3 – CH = CH – CHO
(Aldol) (Aldol condensation product)
b) Cross Aldol Condensation : When two different carbonyl compounds which are having -hydrogen
atom undergo condensation reaction in the presence of NaOH to form 2-self condensation and
2-cross Aldol condensation products. (Imp.)
 NaOH
  CH – CH = C – CHO + H O
Cross  CH3 – CHO + CH3 – CH2 – CHO  3 2
Aldol 
 CH3
Products  NaOH
 CH – CH – CHO + CH – CHO   CH – CH – CH = CH – CHO + H O
3 2 3  3 2 2
 2CH – CHO  NaOH

 CH – CH = CH – CHO + H O
Self  3  3 2

Condensation  NaOH
Product  2 CH3 – CH2 – CHO  
 CH – CH – CH = C – CHO + H O
3 2 2

CH 3
8. Cannizaro Reaction : Carbonyl compounds which donot having -hydrogen atom undergo
disproportionation reaction in the presence of Alco. KOH to form Alcohol and corresponding salts.
KOH
HCHO + HCHO  CH3OH + HCOOK (Imp.)
9. Decarboxylation : The removing of (–COO– ) group in the given carboxylic acid by using the
decarboxylating agents like Sodalime (Cao/NaOH) is called Decarboxylation. (Imp.)
CaO/NaOH CaO/ NaOH

CH3 – COOH   CH3COONa   CH4 + Na2CO3
 H 2O
10. H.V.Z. Reaction : The carboxylic acid which containing -hydrogen atom which on halogenation in
the presence of Red-p to form -halo carboxylic acids. (Imp.)
Re d  p
CH3 – COOH + 3Cl2   CCl3 – COOH + 3HCl
76 Sr.Chemistry
11. Diazotisation : (Imp.)
Aromatic Amine : Aromatic primary amines react with nitrous acid at very low temperature
(0-5° C) to form stable diazonium salts.
HNO /HCl
C6 H 5 NH 2 
2  C6 H 5 Nr2 Cls
0  5 C
Aliphatic amine : Aliphatic primary amines react with nitrous acid at very low temperature (0-5° C)
to form unstable diazonium salts which on decomposition to form corresponding alcohol. (Imp.)
HNO /HCl H O
CH 3 NH 2 
2  CH 3 Nr2 Cls 
2 CH 3 OH  N 2  HCl
0  5 C
12. Sandmeyer reaction : Formation of chloro benzene, bromo benzene (or) cyano benzene from benzene
diazonium salts with reagents Cu2Cl2 / HCl, Cu2Br2 / HBr, CuCN / KCN is called Sandmeyer reaction.
(Imp.)
C6 H5 N 2+ X 
Cu Cl / HCl
2 2  C6 H5Cl + N 2
C6 H5 N 2+ X 
Cu Br / HBr
2 2  C6 H5 Br + N 2
CuCN / KCN
 C6 H5CN + N 2
13. Gatterman reaction : Formation of chloro benzene, bromobenzene from benzene diazonium salts
with reagents Cu / HCl, Cu / HBr is called Gatterman reaction. (Imp.)
Cu / HCl

 C6 H5Cl + N 2 + CuX
C6 H 5 N 2 + X 
Cu / HBr

 C6 H5 Br + N 2 + CuX
14. Carbyl amine reaction : Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and
alc. KOH to form foul smelling isocyanides or carbylamines. This reaction is known as Carbyl amine
reaction or isocyanide test. (Imp.)
Aliphatic amine : CH3  NH 2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH  CH3  NC + 3 KCl + 3H 2 O
Methyl amine Methyl isocyanide
Aromatic amine : C 6 H 5 NH 2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH  C 6 H 5 NC + 3 KCl + 3H 2 O

Aniline Phenyl isocyanide
LEVEL-II
1. Finkelstein Reaction : Alkyl chlorides (or) Bromides react with sodium iodide in the presence of dry
acetone to form Alkyl iodide is called Finkelstein Reaction.
dry
R – X + NaI 
Acetone
R – I + NaX
(X = Cl, Br)
dry
Eg : CH3 – Cl + NaI 
Acetone
CH3I + NaCl
2. Swarts Reaction : Alkyl Chlorides (or) Bromides react with silver fluoride (Metallic fluorides) to
form Alkyl fluorides is called Swarts Reaction.
R – X + AgF ¾¾¾¾® R – F + AgX (X = Cl, Br)
Eg : CH3Cl + AgF ¾¾¾¾® CH3 – F + AgCl
Sr.Chemistry 78
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3. Rosenmund Reduction : Acid chlorides which on hydrogenation in presence of Pd-BaSO4 to form
corresponding Aldehydes is called Rosenmund Reduction.
COCl CHO
H2
 
Pd  BaSO4
4. Stephen Reaction : Alkyl / Aryl Cyanides which on Reduction with SnCl2 in the presence of HCl and
followed by hydrolysis gives corresponding Aldehydes.
HCl H O/H 
R – CN + SnCl2   RCH = NH 
2  R – CHO + NH
3
5. Etard Reaction : Toulene which on oxidation in the presence of chromyl chloride and CS2 and
followed by hydrolysis gives corresponding Aldehyde (Benzaldehyde)
CHO
CH3 CH (OCrOHCl2)2
+ CrO2Cl2  CS2 H O

3 
6. Gatterman-Koch Reaction : Benzene and its derivatives react with CO and HCl in the presence of
Anhy. AlCl3 to form benzeldehyde (or) substituted benzeldehyde.
CHO
AlCl3
+ CO + HCl 

7. Clemenson Reduction : Carbonyl compounds which on Reduction in the presence of Zn–Hg and HCl
to form corresponding Alkanes.
Zn  Hg
C= O  + H2O
HCl
8. Wulff-Kishner Reduction : Carbonyl compounds react with hydrazine and followed by heated with
KOH and Ethylene Glycol to form corresponding Alkanes.
NH  NH KOH/Ethylene Glycol
C = O 
2 2
C = N – NH2   + N2

9. Tollen’s Test : Aldehydes which on treated with Tollen’s reagent (Ammonical Silver Nitrate) to form
silver (Ag) Mirror is called Tollen’s Test.
s
R – CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH ¾¾¾¾® R – COO– + 2Ag + 2H2O + 4NH3
10. Fehling’s Test : Aldehydes which on heated with Fehling A and Fehling B solution to form Reddish
brown (Cu2O) ppt. is called Fehling’s Test.
s
R – CHO + 2Cu+2 + 5OH ¾¾¾¾® R – COO– + Cu2O + 3H2O
11. Haloform test : The Carbonyl compounds which containing – COCH3group when react with sodium
hypo halite to form haloform.
O O

3NaOI
R – C – CH3   R – C – ONa + CHI3 + 2NaOH
Iodo form
78 Sr.Chemistry
12. Gabriel-Phthalimide Synthesis : Phthalimide react with Ethanolic KOH to form potassium phthalimide,
which on Further treated with Alkyl halide to form N-Alkyl-phthalimide which on followed by hydrolysis
gives 1°-amines.
O O O
C C C
KOH R X
N – H   N – K  N–R
 H 2O  KX
C C C
O O O
O 2H2O/H+
C – OH
+ R – NH2
C – OH
1° Amine
O
13. Hoffmann bromamide reaction : Amides are directly converted into amines by halogenation in the
presence of alkali
Eg : Acetamide on treating with Br2 in the presence of KOH gives methyl amine.
343 K
CH3 CONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH 
 CH3 NH2 + 2KBr + K 2 CO 3 + 2H2 O
Acetamide Methyl amine
Conversions
1. Ethane to bromoethene
pyrolysis Br
A. CH3 – CH3   CH = CH 
2 Alc.KOH CH = CHBr + KBr + H O
H2 2 2 CCl4 CH2 – CH2   2 2
ethane
Br Br
1, 2-dibromo
ethane
2. Toluene to benzyl alcohol
A. CH3 CH2Cl CH2OH
h, 383K KOH  aq.

+ Cl2   
 HCl Heat
Toluene Benzyl chloride Benzyl alcohol
3. Propene to propanol
HBr KOH aq 
A. CH3 – CH = CH2 
Peroxide
 CH – CH – CH – Br 
3 2 2  CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
propene n-propyl bromide propanol-1
Sr.Chemistry 80
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4. Ethanol to but-1-yne
(1) I
Ag powder 1mole C 2 H5I
C2H5OH 
2 
A. CHI  H – C  C – H   Na – C  C – H  
(2)NaOH 3  Na/NH 3 Sodium mono acetylide
Iodoform Acetylene
CH3CH2C  C – H
1-Butyne
5. 1-Bromopropane to 2-Bromopropane
alc KOH
A. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Br   CH3 – CH = CH2 
HBr
 CH3 – CH – CH3
1-Bromopropane Propene
Br
2-Bromopropane
6. Aniline to chloro Benzene
+
NH2 N2Cl– Cl
A.
NaNO  HCl Cu Cl

2  
2 2 + N2
0  5C HCl
Aniline Benzene Chloro Benzene
dizonium chloride
7. Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol

A. CH Cl CH2 – OH
2
hydrolysis
+ Aq. NaOH ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® + NaCl
Benzylchloride Benzyl alcohol
8. Ethyl magnesium bromide to propane-1-ol :

A.
O

H O/H+ Br
CH3 – CH2 – Mg – Br + H – C – H ¾¾¾¾® CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OMgBr 2¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH + Mg
Etyl Magnesium Methanal 1-Propanol OH
Bromide
9. 2-butanone to 2-butanol :
A. O OH

CH3 – CH2 – C – CH3 ¾¾¾LiA lH
¾¾¾¾¾¾4¾¾ ® CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3
2-Butanone 2-Butanol
10. Ethanol to 3-hydroxy butanal :
OH

A. CH3 – CH2 – OH + (O) ¾¾¾PCC CH – CHO dil×NaOH CH – CH – CH2 – CHO
¾¾¾¾¾
® 3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
® 3
Acetal dehyde 3-hydroxy butanal
11. Bromo benzene to 1-phenyl ethanol :
Br
A. MgBr OH
dry CH3 - CHO 
+ Mg ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
® CH3 – CH –
Ether H 2O
80 Sr.Chemistry
12. Benzaldehyde to 1-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid :
A. OH OH
| |
CHO CH – CN CH – COOH
H O/H +
2¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
+ HCN ¾¾¾¾® ¾¾¾¾¾ ®
13. Benzaldehyde to benzophenone :

A. CHO COOH CO
KMnO 4
+ (O)  Al O
 2¾¾
¾¾¾¾¾¾ 3¾¾
® + H2O + CO2
D
Benzoic acid Benzophenone
14. 1-phenyl propane to benzoic acid :

A.
CH2 – CH2 – CH3 s COOH
KMnO /OH
4¾¾¾¾¾¾
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ +
®
H 2O/H
1-phenyl propane Benzoic acid
15. Benzamide to benzoic acid :

A.
CONH2 COOH
H O/H +
¾¾¾¾¾2¾¾¾¾¾¾
-
¾® + NH3
(or) OH
Benzamide Benzoic acid
16. Ethyl butanoate to butanoic acid

H O/H +
A. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – COOC2H5 ¾¾¾¾¾2¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
® CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH + C2H5OH
Ethyl butanoate Butanoic acid Ethyl alcohol
17. 3-Nitro bromo benzene to 3-Nitro benzoic acid :
Br CH3 COOH
dry KMnO 4 /KOH

+ CH3 – Br + 2Na ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
ether H 2O/H +
NO2 NO2 NO2
3-Nitro Methyl Benzene 3-Nitro Benzoic Acid
18. 4-methyl aceto phenone to benzene 1, 4 dicarboxylic acid :

A.
CO – CH3 COOK COOH
KMnO /KOH,D
4¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ H SO
2¾¾¾¾
4¾¾
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ¾¾¾¾¾¾ +
®
H 2O/H
CH3 COOK COOH

Benzene -1, 4-dicarboxylic acid
Sr.Chemistry 82
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19. Preparation of N, N-Di methyl propanamine from Ammonia :
A . CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl + NH3   CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – NH2
1-chloro propane Propanamine
– HCl CH3Cl
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – NH – CH3  CH3Cl

 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – N – CH3
 HCl

CH3
N, N-Dimethyl Propanamine
20. Preparation of propanamine from chloroethane :

A. CH3 – CH2 – Cl + KCN 
 CH – CH – CN 
3 2
LiAlH 4
 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – NH2
Chloro ethane Ethyl cyanide Propanamine
21. Conversion of N-Ethyl Amine to N, N-Diethyl propanamine : C2H5

|
A. C2H5NH2 ¾¾¾C¾¾H5Cl
2¾¾¾¾¾¾® C2H5 – NH – C2H5 ¾¾¾CH - CH 2 - CH 2 - Cl
3¾
¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® CH – CH – CH – N – C H
Ethylamine N, N-Di Ethyl amine 3 2 2 2 5
N, N-Diethyl propanamine
22. Conversion of Aniline to Benzene Sulphonamide :
A.
r s SO3H SO2NH2
NH2 N2Cl
NH
NaNO /2HCl

2 
H3PO2 /H 2O
 
H SO

2 4 
3 
0  5 C  H 2O
(or)C2H5OH
Aniline Benzene
Sulphonamide
23. Chloro phenyl methane to phenyl acetic acid :
A. CH Cl CH CN CH2–COOH
2 2
NaCN
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® H O/H +
2¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
C2H5OH ¾¾¾¾¾ ®
24. Chlorophenyl Methene to 2-phenyl Ethanamine :

A.
CH2Cl CH2CN CH2–CH2 – NH2
NaCN H /Ni
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® 2¾¾¾¾¾
¾¾¾¾¾ ®
C2H5OH
25. Ethane to Bromo Ethane :
A. Br2 /h
C2H6   C2H5Br + HBr
Ethane Bromo Ethane
26. Nitrobenzene to Aniline :

A.
NO2
Sn/HCl NH2 Aniline
>
H2/Ni NH2 Aniline
>
Nitro
Benzene
82 Sr.Chemistry
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES Alcohols,Phenols&Ethers
Organic Compounds Containing C, H & O

A) Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers
LEVEL-I
1. Give the reagents used for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.
Cl ONa OH
A.
623k HCl
+ NaOH ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
® ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® + NaCl
300atm
Required reagents : 1) NaOH, 613k, 320 atm 2) HCl
2. Name the reagents used in the following reactions

i) Oxidation of 1°-alcohol to carboxylic acid.
ii) Oxidation of 1°-alcohol to aldehyde.
A. i) Acidified K2Cr2O7 (or) neutral, acidic (or) Alkaline KMnO4 reagents used for oxidation of 1°-
KMnO 4
alcohol to carboxylic acid. (R – CH2 – OH   R – COOH)
ii) Pyridinium chloro chromate (PCC) in CH2Cl2 (or) Cu at 572 k reagents used for oxidation of
PCC in
1°-alcohol to aldehyde. (R – CH2 – OH 
 R – CHO)
CH 2Cl2
3. Write the equations for the following reactions.

i) Bromination of phenol to 2, 4, 6 tri bromo phenol
ii) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
A. i) Phenol which on bromination in aqueous solution to form 2, 4, 6 tribromo phenol.
OH OH
Br Br
H 2O
+ 3Br2 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® + 3HBr
Phenol Br
2, 4, 6 - Tribromophenol
ii) Benzyl alcohol which oxidation to form aldehyde & then it is further oxidised to form benzoic acid.
CH2OH CHO COOH
¾¾¾¾¾(¾¾¾
)¾¾¾®
Oxidation O
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
® KMnO4
CrO3
Benzylalcohol Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid
Sr.Chemistry 88
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4. Identify the reactant needed to form 3°-butyl alcohol from acetone.
A. Acetone react with methyl magnesium halide in presence of dry ether followed by hydrolysis gives
3°-butyl alcohol.
O OMgX OH
  
H 2O/H +
CH3 – C – CH3 + CH3 – MgX ¾¾¾dry ether
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH3 – C – CH3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® CH3 – C – CH3
 
 CH3  CH 3
LEVEL-II
1. Give the structures & IUPAC names of monohydric phenols of molecular formula C7H8O.
OH OH OH
CH3
A. 3 isomers are possible (C7H8O) :
CH3
2-methyl 3-methyl
phenol phenol CH3
4-methyl
phenol
2. Write the mechanism of the reaction of HI with methoxy methane.

A. When methoxy methane reacts with cold. dil. HI then methyl alcohol and methyl iodide are formed.
CH3 – O – CH3 + HI ¾¾¾¾® CH3I + CH3 – OH.
Mechanism :
Step-1 :
H

..
CH3 – O ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH – Or – CH + I s
.. – CH3 + H – I fast 3 .. 3
Oxonium Ion
Step-2 :
r
s SN 2
I + CH3 – O ¾¾¾¾¾® CH3I + CH3 – OH
.. – CH3 ¾¾¾Slow
H

LEVEL-I
1. Explain the acidic nature of phenols and compare with that of alcohols.
A. i) Both alcohols & phenols react with active metals to liberate H2 gas. It indicates both alcohols &
phenols are acidic in nature.
OH ONa
2 + 2Na ¾¾¾¾® 2 + H2 
2ROH + 2Na ¾¾¾¾® 2RONa + H2 

89 Sr.Chemistry
ii) But only phenols reacts with aq.NaOH and forms sodium phenoxide it indicates phenols are more
acidic then alcohols.
OH ONa
+ NaOH ¾¾¾¾® + H2O
Compare acidic nature of Phenols and Alcohols :

Phenol Alcohols
OH >––– OH
R ––––
1. In phenol –OH group is directly attached 1. In Alcohol –OH group is directly attached to sp3
to sp2 carbon of benzene ring. carbon of Alkyl group.
2. In phenol benzene ring acts as Electron 2. In Alcohol Alkyl Group acts as Electron
withdrawing group. donating group.
3. In phenol the electron density on oxygen 3. In alcohol the electron density on oxygen atom
atom decreases then The polarity of increases then the polarity of
–OH bond increases. –OH bond decreases.
4. Hence phenols are strong acids than 4. Alcohols are weak acids than phenols because
Alcohols due phenoxide ion is more stable Alkoxide ion do not involving resonance.
than Alkoxide ion due to resonance. Hence it is less stable.
C6H5 – OH ¾¾¾¾® C6H5 – O s + H+ R – OH ¾¾¾¾® R – O s + H+
Resonance structures of phenoxide ion :

.. .. .. .. ..
:O s O O O : Os
s s
¾¾¾¾® ¬ ¾¾® ¬ ¾¾® ¬ ¾¾®
s
2. With a suitable example write equations for the following.

i) Kolbe’s reaction ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction iii) Williamson’s ether synthesis iv) Esterification
A. Refer Named Reactions : 2, 3, 4, 5
3. Give the equations for the preparation of phenol from Cumene.
A. Cumene is oxidised in presence of air to form cumene hydroperoxide. It is converted to phenol and
acetone by treating it with dilute acid.
CH3
H3C CH3
CH H3C – C – O – O – H OH
O
O2 H+
¾¾¾¾¾¾® ¾¾¾¾¾¾® + CH3 – C – CH3
Iso propyl Benzene (Cumene) Phenol
Sr.Chemistry 90
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4. Write the equations for the preparation of phenol using benzene, con. H2SO4 & NaOH.
A. Benzene which on sulphonation followed by treated with NaOH & hydrolysis gives phenol.
SO3H SO3Na ONa OH
con.H SO NaOH NaOH

¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® H O/H
2
2¾¾¾¾
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ 4¾¾
® ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
®
Fused,623k 

- H 2O - H 2O
- NaHSO3
Benzene Phenol
Sulphonic acid
LEVEL-II
1. Write equations of the below given reaction.

i) Alkylation of Anisole ii) Nitration of Anisole iii) Friedelcraft Acetylation of Anisole.
A. i) Alkylation of Anisole : Anisole reacts with methyl chloride in the presence of AlCl3 to form
p-methyl anisole toluene as major product.
OCH3 OCH3 OCH3
CH3
AlCl3
+ CH Cl 
3

Anhyd.
+
Methyl
Anisole Chloride
o-Methylanisole
CH3 (Minor)
p-methyl anisole
(Major)
ii) Nitration of Anisole : Anisole reacts with a mixture of conc. H2SO4 and conc. HNO3 to for a
mixture of para nitro anisole as major product.
OCH3 OCH3 OCH3
NO2
Conc.HNO3 +
 
Conc.H 2SO4
Anisole O-Nitroanisole
NO2 (Minor)
p-Nitroanisole
(Major)
iii) Friedelcraft Acetylation of Anisole : Anisole reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence of
anhy.AlCl3 to form a p-methoxy acetophenone as major product.
OCH3 OCH3 OCH3
COCH3
AlCl3
+ CH3COCl  +
Anhyd.
Acetyl
Anisole chloride O-Methoxy-
COCH3 acetophenone
p-Methoxy acetophenone (Minor)
(Major)
2. Write the products formed by the reduction and oxidation of phenol.

A. a) Reduction of phenol : Phenols undergo reduction in presence of zinc dust to form benzene.
OH
+ Zn ¾¾¾heat
¾¾¾¾® + ZnO
91 Sr.Chemistry
b) Oxidation of phenol : Phenol undergo oxidation with chromic acid and forms a conjugated diketone
known as benzoquinone.
OH O
Na Cr O + H SO
¾¾¾¾¾¾2¾¾¾2¾¾¾7¾¾¾¾¾
2¾¾¾¾
4¾
®
O
Benzo quinone
B) Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

LEVEL-I
1. Write the reaction showing α-halogenation of carboxylic acid and give its name.
A. Carboxylic acids having -hydrogens are halogenated at the -position on treatment with chlorine or
bromine in presence of small amount of red phosphorous to give -halo carboxylic acids.
This reaction is named as Hell-volhard - Zelinsky (HvZ) reactions
Cl2 2¾¾ Cl 2¾¾ Cl

CH3COOH ¾¾¾red
¾¾¾¾® ClCH COOH ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® CCl COOH
2 red p Cl2CHCHOOH red p 3
2. Compare the acidic strength of acetic acid, chloro acidic acid, benzoic acid and phenol.
A. Electron withdrawing groups increases then acidic strength of Carboxylic acid also increases.
Chloro acetic acid > Benzoic acid > Acetic acid > Phenol.
3. Write equations showing the conversion of
i) Acetic acid to Acetyl chloride
ii) Benzoic acid to benzamide
A. i) Acetic acid to Acetyl chloride : Acetic acid which on treating with PCl5 or PCl3 or SOCl2 to give
acetyl chloride.
CH3COOH + PCl5 ¾¾¾¾® CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl
ii) Benzoic acid to benzamide : Benzoic acid which on treating with ammonia & further heating to
form benzamide.
sr
COOH COONH4 CONH2

+ NH3 

 H 2O
LEVEL-II
1. How do you distinguish Acetophenone & Benzophenone ?

A. Idoform test distinguish Acetophenone & Benzophenone.
Acetophenone contains (CH3CO –) group and hence it give iodoform test. But benzophenone
(C6H5 – CO – C6H5) does not give this test.
C6H5COCH3 + 3I2 + 4NaOH ¾¾¾¾® CHI3 + C6H5COONa + 3NaI + 3H2O
Sr.Chemistry 92
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LEVEL-I
1. Describe the following i) Acetylation ii) Cannizoro Reaction

iii) Cross Alcohol condensation iv) Decarboxylation
A. Refer Names Reactions : 6, 7, 8 & 9
LEVEL-II
1. Explain the terms with suitable examples.

a) Cyanohydrine b) Acetyl c) Semicarbazone d) Aldol e) Hemi acetal f) Oxime
A. a) Cyanohydrine : Carbonyl compounds reacts with HCN to form Cyanohydrine.
R R OH
C = O + HCN ¾¾¾¾® C
R R CN
b) Acetal : Carbonyl compounds reacts with two moles of Ethyl Alcohol to form Acetal.
Eg : R R OC2H5
C = O + 2C2H5OH ¾¾¾¾® C + H2 O
R R OC2H5
c) Semicarbazone : Carbonyl compounds reacts with Semicarbazide to form Semicarbazone.
O O
R  R 
C = O + NH2 – NH – C – NH2 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® C = N – NH – C – NH2
- H 2O
R Semicarbazide R Semicarbazone
d) Aldol : Refer Level-I Named Reaction (7a).
e) Hemi Acetal : Carbonyl compunds react with one mole C2H5OH to form Hemi Acetal.
R R OH
C = O + C2H5OH ¾¾¾¾® C
R R OC2H5
f) Oxime : Carbonyl compunds react with Hydroxyl amine to form Oxime.
R R
C = O + H2N – OH ¾¾¾¾® C = N – OH + H2O
R R
T
93 Sr.Chemistry
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES NitrogenCompounds
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

LEVEL-I
1. Give the structure, names of A, B & C of the following reaction.

NH
C6H5N2Cl ¾¾¾CuCN O H+ 3¾
® A ¾¾¾H
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® B ¾¾¾¾¾
¾¾2¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ Δ
¾¾® C.
CuCN 2¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ H O H+ NH3

® C6H5CN ¾¾¾¾¾
A. C6H5N2Cl ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® C H COOH ¾¾¾¾
6 5 ¾¾¾¾¾® C6H5CONH2
- N2 - NH3 D
- CuCl - H 2O
A  C6H5CN, B  C6H5COOH, C  C6H5CONH2
(Cyano benzene) Benzoic Acid Benzamide
2. Accomplish the following conversions:

i) Benzoic acid to Benzamide, ii) Aniline to p-bromo aniline
A. i) Conversion of Benzoic acid to Benzamide :
sr
COOH COONH4 CONH2
+ NH3 D
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
- H 2O
Benzoic acid Ammonium Benzoate Benzamide
ii) Conversion of Aniline to p-bromo Aniline :
NH2 NHCOCH3 NHCOCH3 NH2
(CH3CO) O
2¾¾¾
Br
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾2¾¾¾¾¾® H O H+
2¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ + CH3COOH
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ¾¾¾¾¾ ®
Pyridine CH3COOH
Aniline Acetanilide Br Br
p-Bromo acetanilide p-bromo aniline
3. Why cannot aromatic primary amines be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis?

A. Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis because aryl halides do
not undergo nucleophilic substitution. Due to partial double bond character of C – X bond in halo
arenes is difficult to break.
CO

NK + C6H5 – X  No reaction
CO
Sr.Chemistry 94
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4. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds and classify them into primary, secondary
and tertiary amines
i) (CH3 )3CNH2 ii) CH3  CH2 2 NH2 iii)  CH3CH2 2 NCH3
A. Compound IUPAC Name Amine
CH3
i) CH – C – NH 2-methyl propane 2-amine 1° - amine
3 2
(or) 2-methyl-2-propanamine
CH3
ii) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – NH2 1-Propanamine (or) Propane 1-amine 1°-amine
CH2 – CH3
iii) CH3 – CH2 – N N-ethyl-N-Methyl-ethanamine 3°-amine
CH3
LEVEL-II
1. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis exclusively forms primary amines only. Explain.

A. Aryl Halides are invovled in resonance hence C – X bond in aryl halides is difficult to break due to
partial double character. Hence aromatic primary amines not formed in Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis extensively form aliphatic primary amines only.
2. Arrange the following bases in decreasing order of pKb values.

C2H5 NH2, C6H6NHCH3, (C2H5) NH & C6H5 NH2
A. S.No. Compound pKb
1. C2H5 – NH2 3.29
2. C6H6 – NH – CH3 9.30
3. C2H5 – NH – C2H5 2.95
4. C6H5 – NH2 9.38
3. Arrange the following bases in increasing order of their basic strength. Aniline, p-nitro Aniline
and p-Toluidine.
A. Smaller values of pKb having more basic strength of amine.
Compound pKb
Aniline 9.38
increasing order is
p-nitro Aniline 13 p-nitro Aniline < Aniline < - p-Toluidine
1-Toluidine 9.21
95 Sr.Chemistry

LEVEL-I
1. Explain the following name reactions:

a) Diazotisation reaction b) Sandmeyer reaction
c) Gattermann reaction d) Carbyl Amine reaction
A. Refer Name Reactions : 11, 12, 13, 14
2. Complete the following conversions :
Aniline to i) Fluorobenzene ii) Cyanobenzene iii) Benzene and iv) Phenol
A. i) Aniline to Fluorobenzene :
HNO  HCl HBF
2
C6H5NH2   C H N + Cl– 4
C6H5 – F + BF3 + HCl + N2
05C 6 5 2 
Aniline Benzene Fluorobenzene
diazonium
chloride
ii) Aniline to cyanobenzene :
HNO  HCl
2
C6H5NH2   C H N +Cl– 
CuCN/KCN
 C6H5 – CN + N2
05C 6 5 2
Aniline Benzene Cyanobenzene
diazonium
chloride
iii) Aniline to Benzene :
HNO  HCl
2
C6H5NH2   C H N + Cl– 
C2H5OH
 C6H6 + N2 + CH3CHO + HCl
05C 6 5 2
Aniline Benzene Benzene
diazonium
chloride
iv) Aniline to phenol :
HNO2  HCl + – H 2O
C6H5   C6H5N2 Cl  C6H5OH + N2 + HCl
05C
Aniline Benzene Phenol
diazonium
chloride
3. Write the steps involved in the coupling of benzene diazonium chloride with Aniline & Phenol.
A. Coupling with phenols : Benzene diazonium chloride on coupling with phenol in presence of hydroxide
ion in weakly alkaline medium to form p-hydroxy azobenzene.
r s OHs
Nº NCl + OH ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® N=N OH + HCl
273- 278K
(pH =9- 10)
Sr.Chemistry 96
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Coupling with Aniline : Benzene diazonium chlorides on coupling with Aniline in presence of H+ ion
in weakly acidic medium to form p-amino azobenzene.
r s H+
Nº NCl + NH2 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® N=N NH2 + HCl
273- 278K
(pH=4- 5)
LEVEL-II
1. Explain with a suitable example how benzene sulphonyl chloride can distinguish 1°, 2° & 3°
amines.
A. Hinsberg test : Benzene sulphonyl chloride is also known as Hinsberg reagent. It is used to distinguish
1°, 2° & 3° amines.
i) 1°-amine : Benzene sulphonyl chloride reacts with primary amine to form N-Alkyl benzene
Sulphonamide. Which dissolves in excess of NaOH.
H
s
R – NH2 + ClSO2C6H5 ¾¾¾-¾¾¾¾¾¾
® R – N – SO – C H NaOH [R – N – SO C H ] Na+
HCl 2 6 5 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
® 2 6 5
(1°-amine) Benzene N-Alkyl benzene Soluble Sodium Salt
Sulphonyl Sulphonamide
Chloride
ii) 2°-amine : Benzene sulphonyl chloride reacts with secondary amine to form N, N-di alkyl benzene
Sulphonamide.
R R
N – H + ClSO2C6H5 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
® N – SO2 – C6H5
- HCl
R R
(2°-amine)
iii) 3°-amine : Benzene sulphonyl chloride does not reacts with tertiary amine.
R
R N + ClSO2 C6H5 ¾¾¾¾® No Reaction
R
2. How do you prepare ethyl cyanide and ethyl isocyanide form a common alkylhalide?
A. i) Preparation of ethyl Cyanide : Ethyl chloride reacts with ethanolic KCN to form Ethyl cyanide
C2H5Cl + KCN ¾¾¾¾® C2H5 – CN + KCl
ii) Preparation of Ethyl isocyanide : Ethyl chloride react with ethanolic AgCN to form Ethyl
Isocyanide
C2H5Cl + AgCN ¾¾¾¾® C2H5–NC + AgCl
3. What reducing agents can bring out reduction of nitrobenzene?
A. The reducing agents that bring out the reduction of nitrobenzene are :
Sn/HCl NH2
> Aniline
H2/Ni NH2
NO2 > Aniline
Zn/NH4Cl NHOH N-phenyl hydroxyl amine
>
Zn/Alc.KOH
Nitro > NH – NH – Hydraso Benzene
LiAlH4
Benzene > N=N– Azo Benzene
97 Sr.Chemistry
SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES PreviousPapers

AP MARCH 2015 TS MARCH 2015
1. What are Isotonic solutions ? 1. Define order of a reaction. Give one example.
2. What is metallic corrosion ? Give one example. 2. What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of
Aluminium ?
3. Explain poling.
3. Why Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule (N2)
4. What happens when white phosphorous is and Phosphorus as P4 ?
heated with conc. NaOH solution in an inert 4. What is “Tailing of Mercury” ?
atmosphere of CO2 ? 5. Why Zn2+ in diamagnetic where as Mn2+ is
5. In IUPAC norms write systematic names of paramagnetic ?
6. Calculate molality of 2.5 grams of Ethanoic
(i) K4 [Fe(CN)6] (ii) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
Acid (CH3COOH) in 75 gr. of Benzene.
6. What are Antiseptics ? Give example. 7. Explain SN2 reaction with one example.
7. What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give Mg H 2O
8. CH3 – CH2 – Br   A   B
example. dryether
8. What is tailing of Mercury ? Identify A & B compounds.

9. Explain the Wurtz - Fittig reaction. 9. Explain Carbylamine reaction with one
example.
10. Write structures of
10. Arrange the following in decreasing order of
(i) 2-chloro-3-methyl pentane their basic strength :
(ii) p-bromo chloro benzene. C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2 NH, NH3
AP JUNE 2015 TS JUNE 2015

1. Define Osmotic Pressure. 1. NH3 form Hydrogen bonds but pH3 does not.
2. A first order reaction is found to have a rate Why ?
constant, K = 5.5 × 10–14 s–1 2. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing
Find the halflife of the reaction. 5 g of NaOH in 450 ml solution.
3. Write any one ore with formulae of (a) iron (b)
3. What is Matte ? Give its composition.
Zinc.
4. Draw the structures of the following
4. Define Order and Molecularity of a reaction.
compounds : (a) BrF3 (b) PCl5.
5. Write the IUPAC names of
5. How is bleaching powder prepared ? (i) K2 [PdCl4] (ii) K3 [Fe(CN6)]
6. What are interstitial compounds ? Give one 6. What is vulcanization of rubber ?
example. 7. What are the monomers present in the Nylon
7. How is Grignard reagent prepared ? 2-Nylon 6 ?
8. Write the structures of the following 8. What are antiseptics ? Give example.
compounds : 9. What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give
(a) 2-Chlori-3-methyl pentane example.
(b) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene 10. Give the oxidation states of the halogens in the
following.
9. How is aniline prepared ?
(a) Cl2O (b) ClO2– (c) KBrO3 (d) NaClO4
10. What is Zwitter ion ?
Sr.Chemistry 98
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PreviousPapers
1. What is PHBV ? How is it useful to man ? 1. What are isotonic solutions ? Give an example.
2. Write the names of monomers of 2. A reaction has a half-life of 10 minutes.
(a) Bakelite (b) Terylene Calculate the rate constant for the first order
3. Define Osmotic Pressure. reaction.
4. State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis. 3. What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of
aluminium ?
5. What is poling ?
6. A mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 is used in making 4. Mention the shape and draw a diagram of XeO3.
holmes signal. Explain. 5. pH3 has lower boiling point than NH3. Why ?
7. In modern diving apparatus, a mixture of He 6. Aqueous Cu+2 ions are blue in color, where as
and O2 is used. Why ? aqueous Zn+2 ions are colorless. Why ?
8. Calculate the magnetic moment of a divalent 7. What is vulcanization of rubber ?
ion in aqueous solution if its atomic number is 8. What is PHBV ? How is it useful to man ?
25.
9. How Aniline is obtained from Nitrobenzene?
9. What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give
10. Write about carbylamine reaction.
example.
10. What are antibiotics ? Give example.
AP JUNE 2016 TS JUNE 2016
1. State Henry’s law. 1. What is allotropy ? Explain the different

2. What are pseudo first order reactions ? Give allotropic forms of phosphorus.
one example. 2. Write the structure of the following compounds
3. What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of (i) 2-chloro-3-methyl pentane
aluminium ? (ii) P-Bromo chloro benzene
4. A mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 is used in making 3. What is lanthanoid contraction ?
Holme’s signal. Explain.
4. Explain the structures of (a) XeO3 (b) XeF2.
5. Explain the structure of XeO3.
5. Write the cell reaction taking place in the cell
6. Aqueous Cu2+ ions are blue in color, where as Cu(s) / Cu2+ (aq) // Ag+ (aq) / Ag(s)
aqueous Zn2+ ions are colorless. Why ?
6. Give the composition of
7. What are antacids ? Give an example.
(a) Brass (b) German silver
8. What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give
7. What is Vulcanization of rubber ?
an example.
8. What is wurtz reaction ? Write an example.
9. What are ambident nucleophiles ?
9. Calculate the amount of glucose required for
10. What are Enantiomers ?
preparing 500 ml of 0.1 M solution.
10. What is PHBV ? How is it useful to man ?
99 Sr.Chemistry

1. What is Vulcanization of Rubber ? 1. What is metallic corrosion ? Give an example.

2. Name the Monomers present in the following 2. What is reverse osmosis ? What is practical
polymers : (a) Bakelite (b) Buna-N utility ?
3. What are Disinfectants ? Give example. 3. Give the composition of the following alloys :
(a) Brass (b) German Silver
4. What are Food Preservatives ? Give example.
4. How is XeOF 4 prepared ? Describe its
5. Give the composition of following alloys :
molecular shape.
(a) Brass (b) German Silver 5. Give two reactions in which transition metals
6. What is Primary Battery ? Give example. of their compounds acts as catalysts.
7. How is chlorine manufactured by Deacon’s 6. What are ambident nucleophiles ?
method ? 7. What is stereochemical results of SN1 and SN2
8. What happens when Cl2 reacts with dry slaked reactions ?
lime ? 8. Give the structures of A and B.
9. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of CuCN H O/H 
C5H5N2Cl  2
 A 
 B
Fe+2 ion.
9. Explain Gatterman Reaction.
10. What are Isotonic Solutions ?
10. Write the reactions of F2 with water.
Important Short Answer Questions

Solid State : c) Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute
1. Derive Bragg’s equation. (molar wt. 40g mol –1 ) which should be
2. How many types of semiconductors are dissolved in 114gm octane to reduce its vapour
known? Explain the influence of dopping on
pressure to 80% .
the conductivity of crystalline solids.
d) A non volatile, non-electrolyte solid weighing
Solutions :
3. Define RLVP. How it is useful to determine 0.5g when added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar
the molar mass of solute ? mass 78g mole–1) V.P of the solution, is 0.845
4. Problems : bar, then what is the molar mass of the solid
a) Vapour pressure of water at 293K is 17.535 mm substance ?
Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of the e) A solution of sucrose in water is labelled as
solution at 293K when 25g of gulcose is 20% (w/w). What would be the mole fraction
dissolved in 450g of water. of each component in the solution?
b) Vapour pressure of water at 293K is 17.535 mm f) If the osmotic pressure of gulcose solution is
Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of the
1.52 bar at 300K. What would be its
solution at 293K when 9g of gulcose is
concentration if R = 0.083L bar mol–1 K –1 ?
dissolved in 162g of water.
Sr.Chemistry 100
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PreviousPapers
Surface Chemistry : 13. What is lanthanoid contraction? What are the
5. What are different types of adsorption? Give consequences of lanthanoid contraction?
any four differences between characteristics of 14. Write the characteristic properties of transition
the different types. elements.
6. What is Catalysis ? How is Catalysis classified? Biomolecules :
Give two examples for each type of Catalysis. 15. What are vitamins ? Write the sources and
7. What are emulsions ? How are they classified? deficiency disease of vitamins.
Describe the applications of emulsions. 16. What are hormones ? Give this classification
with examples.
8. What are micelles ? Discuss the mechanism of
17. Explain the structure of glucose with suitable
micelle formation and cleaning action of soap.
reactions.
Metallurgy :
Polymers :
9. Explain the purification of sulphide ore by froth
18. Write the names & structures of the monomers
floatation method. used for getting the following polymers.
10. Giving examples to differentiate roasting and (i) Poly Ethylene (ii) P.V.C
calcination. (iii) Teflon (iv) Poly styrene
11. Explain the extraction of alumina from bauxite. (v) Neoprene (vi) BUNA-S
d & f-block Elements : (vii) BUNA-N (viii) Bakelite
12. Explain Werner’s theory of coordination (ix) Terylene (or) Dacron(x) Glypthol
compounds with suitable examples. (xi) Nylon-6 (xii) Nylon 6, 6
(xiii)Nylon-2-Nylon-6
Important Long Answer Questions

Electro Chemistry :
7. Derive the integrated rate equation for a zero
1. State and explain Kohlrausch’s law of
order reaction.
independent migration of ions.
8. Derive the integrated rate equation for a first
2. What is electrolysis? Give Faraday’s laws of order reaction.
electrolysis. p-block Elements :
3. What are galvanic cells? Explain the working 9. How is ammonia manufactured by Haber’s
of a galvanic cell with a neat sketch taking process ?
Daniel cell as example. 10. How is nitric acid manufactured by Ostwald’s
4. State and explain Nernst equation with the help process ?
of a metallic electrode and a non-metallic 11. How is ozone prepared ? How does it react with
electrode. the following ?
Chemical Kinetics : a) PbS b) KI c) Hg
5. Describe the salient features of the collision d) Ag e) C2H4
theory of reaction rates of bimolecular 12. Describe the manufacture of H2SO4 by contact
reactions. process.
6. What is “molecularity” of a reaction? How is 13. How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory ?
different from the ‘order’ of a reaction? Name How does it react with the following ?
one bimolecular and one trimolecular gaseous a) Iron b) Hot and conc.
reactions. NaOH c) Acidified FeSO4
101 Sr.Chemistry
d) Iodine e) H2S 14. How is chlorine prepared by electrolytic

f) Na2S2O3 g) NaI method ? Explain its reactions with
h) KI i) dry slaked lime (a) NaOH
(b) NH3 under different conditions
15. How are XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 and XeOF4
prepared explain structures.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Named Reactions : Questions :
1. a) Wurtz Reaction 1. Explain SN1 and SN2 mechanisms.
b) Fittig Reaction 2. Explain the acidic nature of phenols and
c) Wurtz-fittig-Reaction compare with that of alcohols.
2. Kolbe’s Reaction 3. Give the equations for the preparation of phenol
3. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction from Cumene.
4. Williamson’s Synthesis 4. Complete the following conversions :
5. Esterification Reaction Aniline to i) Fluorobenzene ii) Cyanobenzene
6. Acetylation Reaction iii) Benzene and iv) Phenol
7. a) Aldol condensation 5. Write the steps involved in the coupling of
b) Cross Aldol Condensation benzene diazonium chloride with Aniline &
8. Cannizaro Reaction Phenol.
9. Decarboxylation
10. H.V.Z. Reaction
11. Diazotisation
12. Sandmeyer reaction
13. Gatterman reaction
14. Carbyl amine reaction
Sr.Chemistry 102
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PreviousPapers
MODEL PAPER-I MODEL PAPER-III
1. State Henry’s Law ? 1. Define osmatic pressure ?
2. What is Metallic Corrosion ? Give example. 2. What are fuel cells ? How they are differ from
3. Define poling ? Galvanic Cells ?
4. Calculate spin only magnetic moment for Fe+2 3. Write the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of
ion. Aluminium ?
5. What is PHBV ? How it is useful to Man ? 4. Why CuSO4 . 5H2O is Blue is colour while
6. What is vulcanisation of Rubber ? Anhydrous CuSO4 is colourless.
7. What is Tailing of Mercury ? How it is 5. What is the difference between BUNA-N &
removed? BUNA-S.
8. Write the reactions of Cl2 and F2 with water. 6. Write Monomers present in the polymers
9. What are Enantiomers. Nylon-6 & Nylon 6, 6.
10. Write the reaction showing -halogenation of 7. Write the reaction of white-p with Con. NaOH
Carboxylic Acid. Give its name. on the pressure of atmosphere CO2.
8. Why in modern diving apparatus He and O2
mixture is used.
9. Explain Wurtz-fittig reaction.
10. Write the conversion of Aniline to p-bromo
Aniline.
MODEL PAPER-II MODEL PAPER-IV
1. What are Isotonic solutions ? Give example. 1. Calculate the mole fraction of 98% H2SO4
2. What is pseudo 1 st order reaction ? Give solution.
example. 2. Define molar conductivity ?
3. Define flux ? Give example. 3. Write the composition of metals present in
4. What is Misch Metal ? Give its uses. 1) Brass 2) Bronze 3) German silver
5. Define PDI ? 4. Why Mn +2 is para magnetic while Zn +2 is
6. What is Ziegler Natta Catalyst. diamagnetic.
5. What are food preservatives ? Give example.
7. Explain Ammonia is a good complexing agent?
6. What are Artificial Sweetening agents ? Give
8. How chlorine react with dry slaked lime.
example.
9. Compare Acidic Strength order for Chloro
7. Why H2O is liquid while H2S is gas.
Acetic Acid, Acetic Acid, Benzoic Acid &
Phenol. 8. Explain the preparation of chlorine by Decon’s
10. Explain A, B & C of the following process.
9. Write the Isomers of C4H9Br.
N2Cl 10. Explain Carbyl Amine Reaction with one
CuCN H2O/H
3 NH
 A 
  B  C Aliphatic Amine.
A
103 Sr.Chemistry
MODEL PAPER-V MODEL PAPER-VI

1. State Raoults Law. 1. Calculate molality of 2.5 gm of ethanoic acid
2. Write any two examples for zero, 1 st order present in 75 gm of Benzene.
gaseous reactions. 2. Calculate half life of 1st order reaction whose
3. Define Matte and Blister Copper. rate constant is 200 sec–1.
4. Why Cu +2 is blue in colour while Zn +2 is 3. Write the the ores names and formulae of the
colourless. following metals
5. Write the monomers present in the following a) Cu b) Zn c) Fe d) Al
polymers 4. What are Ambidentate ligands ? Give example.
a) Terylene b) Nylon-2-Nylon-6. 5. What is Bio-degradable polymer ? Give
6. Define Elastomer. example.
7. Explain the mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 used 6. Write the monomers present in following
in Holme’s signals ? polymers
8. What is Aqua Regia ? Write the reactions with a) Bakelite b) Teflon.
Au & Pt. 7. What is Recimic Mixture.
9. What are Anti Biotics ? Give example. 8. Explain the sterto chemical evidence for SN2
10. What are Analgeies ? Give example. & SN2 reactions.
9. What are Anti Histamines ? Give example.
10. What is the difference between soap & synthetic
detergent.
Sr.Chemistry 104
t
t
REVISION PROGRAMME
Day Chapter Name Type Q.No.’s Study Hour Exam
1. Electro Chemistry LAQ’s 1, 2 1 21 30 min.
2. ,, LAQ’s 3, 4 1 21 30 min.
3. Chemical Kinetics LAQ’s 5, 6 1 21 30 min.
4. ,, LAQ’s 7, 8 1 21 30 min.
5. UNIT TEST-I (1-4 DAYS)

6. p-Block Elements LAQ’s 9, 10 1 21 30 min.
7. ,, LAQ’s 11, 12 1 21 30 min.
8. ,, LAQ’s 13, 14 1 21 30 min.
9. ,, LAQ’s 15 1 21 30 min.
10. CUMULATIVE (1-9 DAYS)

11. Organic Chemistry LAQ’s 1 1 21 30 min.
12. ,, LAQ’s 2, 3 1 21 30 min.
13. ,, LAQ’s 4, 5 1 21 30 min.
14. UNIT TEST-II (11-13 DAYS)

15. Named Reactions LAQ’s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1 21 30 min.
16. ,, LAQ’s 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 1 21 30 min.
17. ,, LAQ’s 11, 12, 13, 14 1 21 30 min.
20. Solid State SAQ’s 1, 2 1 21 30 min.
21. Solutions SAQ’s 3, 4 1 21 30 min.
22. Surface Chemistry SAQ’s 5, 6, 7, 8 1 21 30 min.
105
Day Chapter Name Type Q.No.’s Study Hour Exam
23. Metallurgy SAQ’s 9, 10, 11 1 21 30 min.
24. UNIT TEST-II (20-23)
25. d & f-Block Elements SAQ’s 12, 13, 14 1 21 30 min.
26. Bio-Molecules SAQ’s 15, 16, 17 1 21 30 min.
27. Polymers SAQ’s 18 1 21 30 min.
29. Model Paper-I VSAQ’s 1-10 1 21 30 min.
30. Model Paper-II VSAQ’s 1-10 1 21 30 min.
32. Model Paper-III VSAQ’s 1-10 1 21 30 min.
33. Model Paper-IV VSAQ’s 1-10 1 21 30 min.
35. Model Paper-V VSAQ’s 1-10 1 21 30 min.
36. Model Paper-VI VSAQ’s 1-10 1 21 30 min.
38. P R EP A R A TI O N
39. PRE-FINAL-1 (60 MARKS)
41. PRE-FINAL-II (60 MARKS)
43. PRE-FINAL-III (60 MARKS)
45. PRE-FINAL-IV (60 MARKS)
106

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SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES

SUNIL SIR 60 MARKS NOTES

1. Solid State 1-4

1. What is Schottky and Frenkel Defects?

1. What is meant by the term co-ordination number?

4. Explain ferrimagnetism with suitable example.

Short Answer Questions

1. Derive Bragg’s equation.

Substitute (a) and (b) in equation (1), 3rd

1. Classify each of the following as either a p-type or a n-type semiconductor.

2. Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of a metal of simple cubic crystal.

Occupied volume  4 / 3 r3

Thus, the percentage of occupied volume or packing efficiency = 68%.

Wt. = 98 gms Wt. = 2 gms

Molarity  Gm wt  V 0.15  122  250

Molecular weight of glucose = 180.

Wt 1000 2.5 1000

1. Define mass percentage solution.

2. What is ppm of a solution ?

3. What is Ebullioscopic Constant ?

4. What is Cryoscopic Constant ?

Experimental value of colligative property i 1

Short Answer Questions

1. Define RLVP. How it is useful to determine the molar mass of solute ?

 X H 2O = 1 – Xsucrose = 1 – 0.013 = 0.987

A. Osmatic pressure  = CRT where  = 1.52 bar

3. How is molar mass related to the elevation in boiling point of a solution?

4. How is molar mass related to the depression in freezing point of a solution?

Tf  K f  m where kf = cryoscopic constant

3a) Electro Chemistry

1. What is metallic corrosion? Give one example.

6. How is Gibbs Energy (G) related to EMF of cell (E) mathematically ?

where n = no. of electrons ; F = Faraday = 96500 coulombs.

Sol. G   nF E 0cell = –2 × 96500 × 1.1 = – 212300 J/M = – 212.3 kJ/M

A. i) Oxidation half cell reaction : Cu  s   Cu 2  2e 

ii) Reduction half cell reaction : 2Ag   2e   2Ag  s 

A. i) Half cell reduction : 2Ag+ + 2e– ¾¾¾¾® 2Ag

5. What is cell constant of a conductivity cell?

Long Answer Questions

1. State and explain Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.

2. What is electrolysis? Give Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.

Act 63  1.5  600

The net cell reaction is Zn + Cu+2(aq) Zn+2(aq) + Cu

The cell is represented as Zn/Zn+2(aq) // Cu+2(aq) + Cu

= 0.30 – 0.01 log 10–2/10–6

Sol. E0cell  E0Cathode  E0Anode = – 0.25 –(–1.66) = 1.41V

Give that E0 = 0.144V

Sol. E0cell  E0Cathode  E0Anode

= 0.14  0.06 log 500

3b) Chemical Kinetics

1. What are pseudo first order reactions? Give one example.

3. Give two examples for zero order reactions.

1. What is rate law? Illustrate with an example.

1 [Br] [BrO3 ] 1 [H  ] 1 [Br2 ] 1 [H 2 O]

Long Answer Questions

2. Define and explain the order of a reaction. How is it obtained experimentally?

Third order : 2NO + O2   2NO

First order : N2O5 

Third order : 2NO + O2 

4. Derive the integrated rate equation for a zero order reaction.

Substitute these values in equation (1)

Rate  PZAB  e Ea /RT