SS1C REVIEWER

HISTORY- Greek word Historie or Historia which means “ learning, inquiry and or
investigation”
HISTORIOGRAPHY- refers to the study of history itself. Historiography analyzes who is the
-history writer
-motives of the writer
-sources of the writer
-theories applied and historical methods

ELEMENTS OF HISTORY
THE HISTORIAN- refers to the person writing the history.
PLACE- location where the history was written.
PERIOD- refers to the context of the time when the history was written.
SOURCES- refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the historian such as documents, written
or oral documentation.

NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

History has no subject matter of its own- covers all the person and all events.
History synthesizes knowledge from other fields- analyze all the relations of different events,
their cause and effects.
History illuminates pieces of the past- history provides for explanations of things happened in
the past.
History is constantly changing- historian makes an analysis based only on available sources of
data.
History sheds light to truth- support only the truth base on the data available. Historian uses
also unwritten sources such as oral accounts and traditions.
According to E. Kent Rogers we study History because of the ff.
-First, “To know more about the roots of our current culture”
-Second, “to learn about human nature by looking at trends that repeat through history and
“learn about mistakes of those who have gone before us”
 SOURCES OF HISTORY
PRIMARY SOURCES- provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or
work art, evidences by eyewitness or created by people who experienced.
SECONDARY SOURCES- are interpretations of history, products of people or writers who
were not part of the event or phenomena.
TERTIARY SOURCES- contain information that has been compiled from primary and
secondary sources.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
Historian can get his sources, primary or secondary from the ff.
-Archival Material
-Government Documents
-Serials
-Visual and Audio Materials
-Books
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
-Historian’s duty is to check on the authenticity of the sources that are presented to him to be
used as basis in writing history.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM- covers the physical examinations of sources like documents,
manuscripts, books, pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and monuments. In original documents it
includes looking at the paper and ink used whether or not it is within the same circa as the
content of the work.
Ff are the elements that have to be taken into consideration.
TEXTUAL ERRORS- historian should always be in lookout for errors.
>Intentional errors – often made when there is an effort to modify or supplement existing records
or original manuscripts for personal intention or interest.
>Unintentional errors – mistakes that are caused by typist of scribes usually spelling, omitted
words or phrases.
AUTHORSHIP- name of the author document.
MEANINGS OF WORDS USED- historian have to interpret the words used based on the time
when document was made.
DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION- time and place of publication should be properly
analyzed in order to establish its authenticity.
INTERNAL CRITICISM- Positive criticism refers to understanding of both literal and real
meaning of words. Document contains the idea of the person who wrote or made the evidences,
therefore they should be understood within that context.

ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN PHIL. HISTORIOGRAPHY

-CORRECTING THE ERRORS OF PUBLISHED HISTORICAL WORK
-FILLING THE GAPS IN PHILIPPHINE HISTORY
-REINTERPRETATION OF HISTORICAL FACTS AND EVENTS
-REWRITING HISTORY IN THE FILIPINO POINT OF VIEW

HISTORY AS A WESTERN CONCEPT

-Introduced by the Spaniards
-Historia became known through written documents and historical evidence.
-History accounts only recorded past, it is only for those who can write and educated.
-Filipino historians noticed it being gender-biased towards male.
KASAYSAYAN AS A FILIPINO CONCEPT
-Introduced by the Spaniards
-Kasaysayan unlike history, is not only bound by written documents but as well oral traditions.
-It advocates the philosophy of “People’s History” or “History from Below”

BIPARTITE VIEW OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

-Spaniards made us believe that there was no civilizations in the Philippines.
-Phil. History viewed into two epochs:
>Pre-Hispanic period and Hispanic period
-Dilim-Liwanag
 TRIPARTITE VIEW
-Educated Filipino known as ilustrados cannot accept the bipartite view presented by the
Spaniards.
-Liwanag-dilim-liwanag
-Liwanag since it was a great of civilizations and identity for Filipinos.
-Dilim since it was an epochs of abuse of power and lost of Filipino identity.

ZEUS SALASAR’S PANTAYONG PANANAW AND OTHER PANANAW

PANGKASAYSAYAN
PANTAYONG PANANAW- written in Filipino Language by Filipino Historian/writer for
Filipino audience.
PANGKAMING PANANAW- written by Filipino in Foreign Language for Filipino audience.
PANGKAYONG PANANAW- written by Foreigner in Foreign Language for Filipino audience.
PANSILANG PANANAW- written by Foreigner in Foreign Language for Foreign audience.

FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY Antonio Pigafetta

The Voyage
>Begun on 1519
>Ended on 1522
1521- Philippine island was rediscovered by Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan
>Portuguese navigator
>Was the captain-general of the navigation ship
Antonio Pigafetta
>Italian chronicler
>Narrated the
>world’s first circumnavigation
>Presented it to Lord Philip De Villiers Lisleadam
Lord Stanley of Arderley – Translated the first Voyage around the World

Ladrones Islands
> their fleet reached what he called the ladrones islands or the "Islands of the Thieves."
>He recounted: "These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fish bone at the end.
>They are poor, but ingenious, and great thieves and for the sake of that

> The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands.

MARCH 18

> nine men came to them and showed joy and eagerness in seeing them.

>Pigafetta detailed in amazement and fascination the palm tree which bore fruits called cochos
and wine.

> He characterized the people as "very familiar and friendly

>The fleet went to Humunu Island (Homonhon) and there they found what he referred to as the
"Watering Place of Good Signs for it is in this place that they found the first signs of gold in the
island. They named the island together with a nearby island as the archipelago of St. Lazarus

April 7th

>Magellan and his men reached the port of Zzubu (Cebu)

>with the help of Raia Calambu who offered to pilot them in going to the island.

> The kind of Cebu demanded that they pay tribute as it was customary but Magellan refused.

>By the next day. Magellan's men and the king of Cebu, together with other principal men of
Cebu, met in an open space.

April 14.

>Magellan spoke to the kind and encouraged him to be a good Christian by burning all of the
idols and worship the cross instead.
>The king of Cebu was then baptized as a Christian. After 8 days, all of the island’s inhabitant
were already baptized. When the queen came to the Mass one day. Magellan gave her an image
of the Infant Jesus made by Pigafetta himself

26th of April

>Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) went to see Magellan and asked him
for a boat full of men so that he would be able to fight the chief name Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
>Magellan offered 3 boats instead and went to Mactan to fight the said chief.

>They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number 1,500
Magellan died in battle. He was pierced with a poison arrow in his right leg.

> The king of Cebu who was baptized offered help but Magellan refused so that he could see
how they fought. The kind also offered the people of Mactan gifts of any value and amount in
exchange of Magellan’s body but the chief refused and wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a
memento of their victory Magellan’s men then elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain
>Pigafetta also accounted how Magellan’s slave and interpreter named Henry betrayed them and
told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as soon as possible.

>Henry and the king of Cebu conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan’s men.

> The king invited these men to a gathering where he said he would present the jewels that he
would send for the King of Spain. Pigafetta was left on board the ship and was not able to join
the 24 men who went to the gathering because he was nursing his battle wounds. The natives had
slain all the men except the interpreter and Juan Serrano who shouted at the men on this ship to
pay ransom so that he would be spared but he was left on the island for they refused to go back
to shore The fleet abandoned Serrano and departed. They left Cebu and continued their journey
around the world.
 CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS BY JUAN DE PLASENCIA
-Juan de Plasencia's work, "Customs of the Tagalog," is a significant historical text that provides
valuable insights into the customs, traditions, and way of life of the Tagalog people in the
Philippines during the late 16th century.
BARANGAY- The name originated when the people came to this land by means of boat called
barangay. A TRIBAL GATHERING which consists of parents and children, relations and slaves.
About 30-100 families
Social classes
 Datu
 Nobles (Maharlica)
 Commoners (Aliping Namamahay)
 Slaves (Aliping Saguguilid)
DATU- The chief who govern the people and were captains in their wars whom they obey and
reverence.
- Chief of the baranggay (boat in the malay language)
- Anyone who offended the datu and his family was severely punished.

The three Castes:

NOBLES Also called Maharlica
-Free born
-Did not pay tax
-Accompany the dato in the war
-When married, they cannot transfer from one village to another, or one barangay to the other,
without paying a certain amount

COMMONERS Also known as 'Aliping Namamahay

-Serve their master
-Accompanied the dato in war
-Rowed for him in his travel
-Often mistaken as slaves
SLAVES Aliping saguguilid
- They serve their master's house and land
-Can be sold and transferred
-A portion of the harvest is given to dato

Also called Maharlica

● Free born
● Did not pay tax
● Accompany the dato in the war
Also called Maharlica
● Free born
● Did not pay tax
● Accompany the dato in the war
1. Those who are maharlicas on both the father's and mother's side continue to be so forever, and
if it happens that they should become slaves, it is through marriage.

2. If maharlicas had children among their slaves, the children and their mothers became free

3. If maharlicas had children by the slave-woman of another, the slave-woman was compelled
when pregnant, to give her master half of a gold tael.

4. In this case, half of the child was free if the father (Maharlica) recognized him. If not, the child
will become a whole stave. If a free woman had children by a slave they were all free, provided
he were not her husband.

5. If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlica and the other a slave (namamahay or sa
guiguilir) the children were divided
>Odd birth order (1st, 3rd, 5th......
-belong to the father

>Even birth order (2nd, 4th, 6th,...)

- belong to the mother .
>Only child
-Half free, half slave

Maharlicas could not after marriage move from one village to another without paying a certain
fine in gold (ranging from one to three taels and a banquet to the entire barangay) as arranged
among them.

DOWRY- are given by men to the women’s parents before marriage. If the parent are both alive,
they both enjoy the use of it.

DIVORCE
Before birth:
has intention of marrying another (wife) = 2x dowry given to the husband
has no intentions of marrying another (wife) Dowry is givenback to the husband
After birth of the children:
the fine and dowry was given to them which was held by their responsible relatives

WORSHIPS OF THE TAGALOGS

Pandot - festival of worship that last for 4days. or "worship", they celebrated it in
the large house of the chief.
Simbahan- temple or place of adoration.
Sibi -constructed for the purpose of sheltering the assembled people, a temporary
shed on each side of the house, with a roof, to protect the people from the wet
when it rained. The house was called a temple and was divided into three
compartments.
Sohirile- small lamps on the post of the lamp
During this time, the whole barangay, or family, united and joined in the worship which they call
"Nagaanitos"
Bathala -whom they especially worshipped. The title seems to signify "all powerful", or "maker
of all things.
Sun - on account of its beauty, is almost universally respected and honored by heathens. -on
accounts of its beauty
Moon - especially when it was new, at which time held great rejoicings, adoring it and bidding it
welcome.
Stars - although they did not know them by their names - as the Spaniards and other nations
know the planets - with the one exception of the morning star, which they called Tala.
Mapolon - consequent change of the season.
Balatic -great bears
Lic-ha- one of the idols.
Dian Masalanta- patron of the lovers and generation
Lacapati and Idianale- the patron of the cultivated lands and husbandry
Buaya - water lizards and crocodiles

DISTINCTION MADE AMONG THE PRIESTS F THE DEVIL

Infernal ministers
1. Catolonan- was either a man or a woman.
This office was an honorable one among the natives, and was held
ordinarily by people of rank, this rule being general in all the islands.
2. Mangagauyag - witches, who deceived by pretending to heal the sick.
3. Manyisalat -Same as magagauay. These priests had the power of applying such remedies to
lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives, and in fact could prevent them from
having intercourse with the latter Mancocolam- Whose duty was to emit fire from himself at
4. Hocloban- A witch greater than mangagauay, by braising their hand, they can kill who they
want
5. Mancocolam-Whose duty was to emit fire from himself at night, once or often each
month.
6. Silagan- Cloth in white, tears out liver and eat it
7. Magtatangal - shows up at night without his head: a devil who pretends to carry his head and
go back to their body in the morning, alive.
8. Osuang- "sorcerer" can fly, murders and eat flesh
9. Mangagayoma- Witches who makes love potion
10. Sonat- Preacher who predicts salvation and condemnation of the soul
11. Pangatahojan-Soothsayer, predicts the future
12. Bayoguin - Signified "cotquean" a man whose nature of that woman

OTHER SUPERSTITIONS BELIEFS

Vibit - Ghost
Pathianac- when a mother died in child birth, both she and the child were punished lamenting at
night.
Tigbalang-phantoms

Historical Importance of the Customs of the Tagalog Plasencia's

Customs of the Tagalogs is a very popular primary source as it vividly describes the way of life
of the Filipinos before Spanish and Christian influences (16th century)
1. It also covers topics that are relevant in many disciplines, it preserves and popularizes the
unwritten customs, traditions, religious and superstitions.
2. Through his account, it shows that the Filipinos during the pre Hispanic history were already
politically, economically organized including the functioning government, tax system, set of
laws, criminal justice system, long standing customs and traditions. It disapprove the claim that
Filipinos were lacking of culture and still uncivilized before the arrival of Spaniards.
3. It contains insights that can help and inspire priests and missionaries to become effective
evangelizers.
4. Looking at his account "Customs of the Tagalogs", the Tagalog already had a concept of
having a supreme being or what they called "Bathala", practice burial customs, and believes even
in after death.
5. It shows that many of the customs of the Tagalog in 16th century are still present today and
not swept by Spaniard regime.
6. His account serves as a basis for historical reconstruction of Tagalog society
 Kartilya ng Katipunan
KATIPUNAN -the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan,also
known as Katipunan or KKK, was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish
colonialism Filipinos in Manila in 1892; its primary goal was to gain independence from Spain
through a revolution.

Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897) - a Filipino revolutionary hero, founded the Katipunan, a secret
society which spearheaded the uprising against the Spanish and laid the groundwork for the first
Philippine Republic.

Emilio Jacinto was a Filipino General during the Philippine Revolution. He was one of the
highest-ranking officers in the Philippine Revolution and was one of the highest- ranking officers
of the revolutionary society Katipunan, being a member of its Supreme Council. He is popularly
known in Philippine history textbooks as the Brains of the Katipunan. Jacinto was present in the
Cry of Balintawak with Andres Bonifacio, and others of its members which signaled the start of
the Revolution against the Spanish colonial government in the islands.
KARTILYA

-Defined Value System that guided the Katipuneros

-Code of conduct that contains 13 rules that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave and
which specific values should a member uphold

-The rules stated in the kartilya can be classified into two: (a) contains the rules that will make
the member an upright individual (b) rules that will guide the way a member treats his fellow
men.

THE KATIPUNAN CODE OF CONDUCT

1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty or reasonable purpose is a tree without

a shade, if not a poisonous weed.

2. The good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.

3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's

conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.

4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth
and beauty are to be understood, but nut superiority in nature.

5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.

6. To honorable man, his word is sacred.

7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not the time lost.

8. Defend the oppressed, and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field. The prudent man
is snaring in words and faithful in keening secrets

9. An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that
must be guarded.

10. In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children; if he who guides moves
toward evil, they who are guided likewise move toward evil.
11. Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away with time, but as a helper and partner in
the hardships of life. Respect her in her weakness and remember the mother who brought you
into this world and who cared for you in your childhood.

12. What you do not want done in your wife, daughter and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter
and sister of another

13. The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of the nose and
the whiteness of the skin, nor in being a priest representing god, nor in the exalted position on
this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the woods is possessed of an
upright character; who is true to his word; who has dignity and honor; who does not oppress and
does not help those who oppress; who knows how to look after and love the land of his birth. -
When these doctrines spread and the sun of beloved liberty shines with brilliant effulgence on
these unhappy isles and sheds its soft rays upon the limited people and brothers in everlasting
happiness, the lives, labors, and sufferings of those who are gone shall be more than
recompensed.

Relevance of the kartilya

-The current relevance of the Kartilya lies in the fact that it established not only the rules for the
members of the organization but the principles for the citizens of a nation once independence had
been achieved.

-The Kartilya is significant to the lives of modern Filipino as it reads like a simple creed for
living in the light of the many changes occurring at present.

Katipunan- revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for the Philippines
through force of arms

Main Objective of the Katipunan- Separation of Philippines from

wrote the Kartilya -Emilio Jacinto

start of the Philippine Revolution- 1896

Jacinto joined the Katipunan - age 18

Pingkian -symbolic name of Jacinto after he joined the Katipunan

the Katipunan newspaper- Kalayaan

Dimas-Ilaw- pen name of Jacinto

1897- death of Bonifacio in Cavite

April 6, 1899- death of Jacinto due to Malaria

December 15, 1875- birth of Emilio Jacinto

Jim Richardson- According to him, "Kartilya is the best known of all Katipunan texts"
"... the only document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is
known to be still extant"

Cartilla- Spanish term where the Kartilya was inspired, a primer used for grade school during
the Spanish period

Kartilya- printed as a small pamphlet that served as primary lessons for the members

-presents teachings and guiding principles of the society for the neophyte Katipuneros

-embodies the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought for independence

On the onset of the 1896

Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco
On the onset of the 1896
Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco
On the onset of the 1896
Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco
On the onset of the 1896
Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco
On the onset of the 1896
Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco
On the onset of the 1896
Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco
On the onset of the 1896
Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco
On the onset of the 1896
Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco
On the onset of the 1896
Philippine Revolution, he placed
the 8 provinces under martial law
A. Camilo Polavieja
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
C. Bernardino Nozaleda
D. Ramon Blanco

On the
Philippine
Revolution of
1896 and Its
Aftermath”
and “Mga
Gunita ng
Himagsikan”
by Emilio
Aguinaldo
On the
Philippine
Revolution of
1896 and Its
Aftermath”
and “Mga
Gunita ng
Himagsikan”
by Emilio
Aguinaldo
On the
Philippine
Revolution of
1896 and Its
Aftermath”
and “Mga
Gunita ng
Himagsikan”
by Emilio
Aguinaldo
Philippine revolution of 1896 and its aftermath and Mga guinita ng himagsikan by Emilio
Aguinaldo

Ramon Blanca- On the onset of the 1896 Philippine Revolution, he placed the 8 provinces under
martial law.

Andres Bonifacio- Founder of Katipunan

Tejeros Convention- An assembly that was created to solve the problem between Magdiwang
and Magdalo

Pact of Biak na Bato- This event said to be the signal to start the revolution against the
Spaniards Pact of Biak na Bato

When did Tejeros Convention

happened ?
A. March 22,1897
B. February 25, 1986
C. July 18, 1976
D. June 12, 1996
When did Tejeros Convention
happened ?
A. March 22,1897
B. February 25, 1986
C. July 18, 1976
D. June 12, 1996
March 22,1897 - Tejeros Convention happened

Hong Kong Hongkong Junta- What is the name of the revolutionary government organized by
Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders while exiled in

Emilio Jacinto- considered the "Brains of the Philippine Revolution