ლექცია 16

Tema 4: მატრიცები და დეტერმინანტები

1. n-ური რიგის დეტერმინანტი, დეტერმინანტის თვისებები.

2. მინორი და ალგებრული დამატება
3. დეტერმინანტის გაშლა სტრიქონის ან სვეტის ელემენტების
მიხედვით

n-ური რიგის დეტერმინანტი, მისი ძირითადი თვისებები

gadanacvlebas, romelSic elementebi dalagebulia maTi nomrebis zrdis

mixedviT, mTavari gadanacvleba ewodeba.. simartivis mizniT, gadanacvlebis
Cawerisas, elementebis magivrad weren maT nomrebs. magaliTad, n elementiani
mTavari gadanacvleba Caiwereba ase: 1, 2, 3, ..., n.
movlenas, roca gadanacvlebaSi elementi ufro didi nomriT win uswrebs
elements mcire nomriT, inversia ewodeba. mTavar gadanacvlebaSi inversiaTa
ricxvi nulis tolia. gadanacvlebaSi yoveli elementi imden inversias qmnis,
ramdeni elementic ufro didi normiT mas win uswrebs. k1,k2,…kn
gadanacvlebaSi inversiaTa saerTo raodenoba I(k1,k2,…kn) simboloTi aRvniSnoT.
magaliTad, 6, 3, 1, 2, 4, 7, 5 gadanacvlebaSi; 1 qmnis 2 inversias, 2 _ 2
inversias, 3 _ 1 inversias, 4 _ 1 inversias, 5 _ 2 inversias, 6 _ 0 inversias,
7 _ 0 inversias, e. i. I(6,3,1,2,4,7,5)=2+2+1+1+2+0+0=8.
gadanacvlebas ewodeba luwi, Tu is Seicavs inversiaTa luw raodenobas;
gadanacvlebas ewodeba kenti, Tu is Seicavs inversiaTa kent raodenobas.
amrigad, mTavari gadanacvleba luwia.
gadanacvlebaSi ori elementis adgilebis urTierTSenacvlebas
transpozicia ewodeba.
Teorema. gadanacvlebaSi yoveli ori elementis transpozicia cvlis
gadanacvlebis wyviladobas
damtkiceba. jer ganvixiloT is kerZo SemTxveva rodesac gadanacvlebaSi
transpozicia xdeba ori mezobeli elementis, e. i. vTqvaT k1,k2,…ks,a,b,ℓ1,ℓ2,…,ℓt
gadanacvlebidan miRebulia k1,k2,…ks,b,a,ℓ1,ℓ2, …, ℓt gadanacvleba. cxadia, rom
I(k1,k2,…ks,a,b,ℓ1,ℓ2, …, ℓt)=I(k1,k2,…ks,b,a,ℓ1,ℓ2, …, ℓt)1
maSasadame, Cveni gadanacvlebani sxvadasxva wyviladobisaa.
axla vTqvaT k1,k2,…ks,a,h1,h2,…hr,b,ℓ1,ℓ2,…,ℓt gadanacvlebidan miRebulia
k1,k2,…ks,b,h1,h2,…hr,a,ℓ1,ℓ2,…,ℓt gadanacvleba. Tu mocemul gadanacvlebaSi jer
movaxdenT a da h1 elementebis transpozicias, mere a da h2 elementebisa da a. S,
bolos a-si hr -is da Semdeg a da b elementebis transpozicias, miviRebT
k1,k2,…ks,h1,h2,…hr, b, a, ℓ1,ℓ2,…,ℓt gadanacvlebas; amrigad, es ukanaskneli miRebulia
mocemulisagan mezobeli elementebis r+1 transpoziciis Sedegad. axla Tu am
ukanasknels gadanacvlebaSi movaxdenT b da hr-is, mere b da hr-1 da a. S., bolos b
da h1-is transpoziciebs, e.i. mezobeli elementebis r transpozicias, miviRebT
misaReb gadanacvlebas. maSasadame, es ukanaskneli gadanacvlebidan miRebulia
mezobeli elementebis 2r+1 transpoziciis Sedegad, amitom ukve zemoT
ganxiluli kerZo SemTxvevis Tanaxmad, Cveni gadanacvlebani sxvadasxva
wyviladobisaa.

determinanti da misi Tvisebebi

ganvixiloT n-uri rigis kvadratuli matrici

 a11 a12  a1n 

 
a a 22  a2n 
A =  21 = (aij ).
   
 
a  a mn 
 m1 am2

gansazRvreba n-uri rigis A matricis n-uri rigis determinanti ewodeba n!

wevris jams, sadac yoveli wevri aris A matricis n elementis namravli;
amasTanave, matricis yoveli striqonidan da yoveli svetidan
determinantis wevris Tanamamravlad aRebulia erTi da mxolod erTi
elementi. determinantis wevri aiReba `+~ niSniT an `-~ niSniT imisda
mixedviT Tanamamravlebis svetebis nomrebisagan Sedgenili gadanacvleba
luwia Tu kentia, roca Tanamamravlebi dalagebulia striqonebis nomrebis
zrdis mixedviT. n-uri rigis determinanti aRiniSneba simboloTi:

a11 a12  a1n

a a 22  a 2 n
A = 21 =  (−1) I (i1 ,i2 ,...,in ) a1i1  a 2i2 ...a1in ,
. . . . ( i1 ,i2 ,...,in )

a n1 a n 2  a nn

sadac (i1,i2,…,in) gairbens pirveli n naturaluri ricxvis yvela n!

gadanacvlebas.
determinantis Tvisebebi. |A| determinantis transponirebuli ewodeba
a11 a 21  a n1
a a 22  a n 2
AT = 12
. . . .
a1n a 2 n  a nn
determinants.

Tviseba 1 . transponirebuli determinantebi tolia.

marTlac, |A|-s yovel wevrs uniSnod aqvs a1i a2i ...ani saxe. magram es
1 2 n

wevri |AT|-Sic Sedis, oRond aq pirveli indeqsebi aRniSnaven svetebis

nomrebs, xolo meore indeqsebi _ striqonebisas. analogiurad |AT|-is
yoveli wevri uniSnod |A|-Sic Sedis. aRebul wevrs orive determinantSi
erTi da igive niSani eqneba.
Tviseba 2. Tu determinantSi movaxdenT nebismieri ori striqonis
transpozicias (adgilebis Secvlas), maSin is mopirdapireTi Seicvleba.
vTqvaT

a11 a12  a1n a11 a12  a1n

. . . . . . . .
a k1 ak 2  a kn (k ) a j1 a j2  a jn (k )
= . . . . , 1 = . . . .
a j1 a j2  a jn ( j ) a k1 ak 2  a kn ( j )
. . . . . . . .
a n1 an2  a nn a n1 an2  a nn

-s yovel wevrs uniSnod aqvs a1i1 a 2i2 ...a kik ...a ji j ...a nin saxe. es wevri 1-Sic
Sedis, magram aq a kik aris j-uri striqonis, xolo a ji j -k-uri striqonis
warmomadgeneli. aRebuli wevris niSani -Si ganisazRvreba
i1 , i2 , . . . , ik , . . . , i j , . . . , in

gadanacvlebis wyviladobiT, xolo 1-Si

i1 , i2 , . . . , i j , . . . , ik , . . . , in

gadanacvlebis wyviladobiT. magram es gadanacvlebebi ik da i j elementebis

transpoziciis Sedegad miiReba. maSasadame, maT sxvadasxva wyviladoba aqvT.
amitom -s aRebul wevrs 1-Si eqneba mopirdapire niSani. cxadia, -s
yvela sxva wevrsac 1-Si eqneba mopirdapire niSani. amrigad, 1= -.
Tviseba 3. Tu determinantis romelime ori striqonis yvela Sesabamisi
elementi tolia, maSin es determinanti K nulis tolia.
vTqvaT n-uri rigis determinantis j-uri da i-uri striqonebis Sesabamisi
elementebi tolia, maSin Tu movaxdenT am ori striqonis transpozicias,
wina Teoremis ZaliT, determinanti niSans Seicvlis, meores mxriv, radgan
striqonebi erTi da igivea, maTi transpoziciiT determinanti ar
Seicvleba. e.i. = - anu 2= 0, = 0.

Tviseba 4. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis yvela elements

gavamravlebT K erTsa da imave elementze, maSin determinantic
gamravldeba amave elementze.
a11 a12  a1n
. . . .
vTqvaT  = a k1 a k 2  a kn =  ( −1 ) 1 k n a1i1  a kik  a nin ,
I ( i ,...,i ,...,i )

( i1 ,...,ik ,...,in )
. . . .
a n1 a n 2  a nn

maSin
a11 a12  a 1n
. . . .
 1 = ca k 1 ca k 2  ca kn = ( )
 ( −1 ) I ( i1 ,...,ik ,...,in ) a1i1  ca kik  a nin =
( i1 ,...,i k ,...,i n )
. . . .
a n1 an2  a nn
=c  ( −1 ) I ( i1 ,...,ik ,...,in ) a1i1  a kik  a nin = c
( i1 ,...,i k ,...,i n )

damtkicebuli Tviseba Semdegnairadac SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: determinantis

raime striqonis yvela elementis saerTo mamravli SeiZleba gatanil iqnes
determinantis gareT.
am Tvisebidan uSualod gamomdinareobs, rom
a) determinanti nulis tolia, Tu misi romelime striqonis yvela
elementi nulia;
b) determinanti nulis tolia, Tu misi romelime ori striqonis
Sesabamisi elementebi proporciulia.
Tviseba 5. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis yvela elementi ori
Sesakrebis jamia, maSin aseTi determinanti ori determinantis jamis
tolia. amasTanave pirveli determinantis Sesabamisi striqonis elementebi
pirveli Sesakrebebia, xolo meore determinantis Sesabamisi striqonis
elementebi meore Sesakrebebia, danarCeni striqonebi ki orive
determinantSi igivea rac mocemul determinantSi.
 a11 a12  a1n
. . . .
marTlac, a k1 + bk1 a k 2 + bk 2  a kn + bkn =
. . . .
a n1 an2  a nn

=  (−1) I ( i1 ,...,ik ,...,in )

(
a1i1 a 2i2  a kik + bkik  a nin = )
( i1 ,...,ik ,...,in )

=  (−1)
( i1 ,...,in )
I ( i1 ,...,ik ,...,in )
a1i1  a kik  a nin +  (−1)
( i1 ,...,in )
I ( i1 ,...,ik ,...,in )
a1i1 bkik  a nin =

a11 a12  a1n a11 a12  a1n

       
= a k1 a k 2  a kn + bk1 bk 2  bkn .
       
a n1 a n 2  a nn a n1 a n 2  a nn

am Tvisebidan da wina Tvisebidan gamomdinareobs,

Tviseba 6. determinanti ar Seicvleba, Tu misi romelime striqonis yvela
elements davumatebT sxva romelime striqonis Sesabamis elementebs
gamravlebuls K erTsa da imave elementze.
yvela CamoTvlili Tviseba, Tviseba 1-is ZaliT, samarTliania determinantis
svetebisTvisac.
Tu n-uri rigis determinantSi amovSliT im striqons da im svets,
romelTa gadakveTaze dgas a ik elementi, miviRebT n-1 rigis matrics,
romlis n-1 rigis determinants ewodeba mocemuli determinantis a ik
elementis M ik minori.
M ik minors niSniT (-1)i+k ewodeba a ik elementis A ik algebruli
i +k
damateba, e. i. Aik = (−1) M ik .

Tviseba 7. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) yvela elementi,

garda erTisa nulia, maSin aseTi determinanti tolia am aranulovani
elementis mis algebrul damatebaze namravlis.
damtkiceba. jer ganvixiloT is SemTxveva, roca a110, xolo determinantis
pirveli striqonis yvela danarCeni elementi nulovania. maSin
 a11 0  0
a a 22  a 2n
 = 21 =  (−1) 1 2 , n a1i1 a 2i2  a nin =
I ( i ,i ...,i )

. . . . ( i1 ,i2 ,...,in )

a n1 an2  a nn
= a11 M 11 = a11 A11 .
=  (−1) a11 a 2i2  a nin +  (−1) a1i1 a 2i2  a nin =
I ( i1 ,i2 , ...,in ) I ( i1 ,i2 , ...,in )

(1,i2 ,...,in ) (1,i2 ,...,in )

i2 ,...,in 1 i1 1

= a11  (−1) a1i1 = 0, roca i1  1) =

I ( i2 , ...,in )
a 2i2  a nin (radganac meore jamSi
( i2 ,...,in )
i2 ,...,in 1

vTqvaT axla
a11 a12  a1, k −1 a1k a1,k +1  a1n
a 21 a 22  a 2,k −1 a2k a 2,k +1  a2n
       
a i −1,1 a i −1, 2  a i −1, k −1 a i −1, k a i −1, k +1  a i −1,n
= .
0 0  0 a ik 0  0
a i +1,1 a i +1, 2  a i +1, k −1 a i +1,k a i +1, n +1  a i +1, n
       
a n1 an2  a n , k −1 a nk a n , k +1  a nn

Tu am determinantSi movaxdenT i-uri da i-1 striqonebis transpozicias,

Semdeg miRebuli i-1 da i-2 striqonebis transpozicias da a. S. miRebuli
meore da pirveli striqonebis transpozicias, maSin i-uri striqoni gadava
pirvel striqonSi da Tviseba 2-is ZaliT, gveqneba:
0 0  0 a ik 0  0
a11 a12  a1, k −1 a1k a1, k +1  a1n
       
i −1
 = (−1) a i −1,1 a i −1, 2  a i −1, k −1 a i −1, k a i −1, k +1  a i −1, n
a i +1,1 a i +1, 2  a i +1, k −1 a i +1, k a i +1, k +1  a i +1, n
       
a n1 an2  a n , k −1 a nk a n , k +1  a nn

Tu axla k-ur svets TandaTanobiTi gadaadgilebiT pirvel svetad

movaTavsebT, kvlav Tviseba 2-is ZaliT, miviRebT:
 aik 0  0 0  0
a1k a11  a1, k −1 a1, k +1  a1n
      
 = (−1)(i −1) + ( k −1) ai −1,1 ai −1,1  ai −1, k −1 ai −1, k +1  ai −1, n (i) ,
ai +1, k ai +1,1  ai +1, k −1 ai +1, k +1  ai +1, n
      
ank an1  an, k −1 an, k +1  ann

e. i. miviReT wina SemTxvevaSi ganxiluli determinanti; amrigad,

 = (−1) i +k aik M ik = aik Aik .

Tviseba 8. n-uri rigis determinanti tolia misi nebismieri striqonis

(svetis) yvela elementis Sesabamis algebrul damatebaze namravlTa jamis.
damtkiceba. gvaqvs

a11 a12  a1n a11 a12  a1n

. . . . . . . .
( n −1 ) − je r ( n − 2 ) − je r ( n −1 ) − jer
       
 = ai 1 ak 2  akn = a + 0 + ... + 0 0 + a + 0 + ... + 0  0 + ... + 0 + a =
i1 i2 in
. . . . . . . .
an1 an 2  ann an1 an 2  ann

= ai1Ai1+ai2Ai2+…+ainAin .
maSasadame, samarTliania determinantis Semdegi daSla striqonis
elementebis mixedviT:
n
 =  aik Aik .
k =1

amitom Tviseba 1-is ZaliT, samarTliani iqneba agreTve determinantis

Semdegi daSlac svetis elementebis mixedviT:
n
 =  a ki Aki .
k =1

Tviseba 9. n-uri rigis determinantis nebismieri striqonis (svetis) yvela

elementis amave determinantis sxva romelime striqonis (svetis)
Sesabamisi elementebis algebrul damatebaze namravlTa jami nulovani
elementis tolia.
damtkiceba. vTqvaT mocemulia determinanti
 a11 a12  a1n
   
ai1 ai 2  ain (i)
=     .
a j1 a j2  a jn (j)
   
a n1 an2  a nn

ganvixiloT agreTve damxmare

a11 a12  a1n

   
ai1 ai 2  ain (i )
1 =     .
ai1 ai 2  a in ( j )
   
a n1 an2  a nn

determinanti, romlis i-uri da j-uri striqonebi erTnairia, xolo danarCeni

striqonebi, garda j-urisa, igivea rac -Si. Tviseba 3-is ZaliT, 1 =0. meore
mxriv, Teorema 5-is ZaliT, Tu 1-s davSliT j-uri striqonis elementebis
n
mixedviT, miviRebT: 1 =  aik A jk ,
k =1

radganac 1 determinantis j-uri striqonis aik elementis algebruli

damateba emTxveva  determinantis j-uri striqonis ajk elementis Ajk
algebrul damatebas. maSasadame,
n

a
k =1
ik A jk = 0 .

analogiurad, gveqneba:
n

a
k =1
ki Akj = 0 .