ORIGIN

AND OF GLOBALIZATION

HISTORY
Introduction:

Globalization, a multifaceted phenomenon, has

dramatically reshaped our world over centuries. This
report aims to explore the origins and historical trajectory
of globalization, tracing its evolution from ancient times to
the present day.
1. Early Roots of Globalization:

Globalization's roots can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where

trade routes such as the Silk Road facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas,
and cultures across vast distances. The spread of religions like Buddhism
and Islam also played a significant role in connecting distant societies.

2. The Age of Exploration:

The 15th and 16th centuries marked the Age of Exploration, during which
European powers ventured into uncharted territories, establishing
maritime trade routes and colonial empires. This period saw the global
exchange of goods, diseases, and ideas, laying the groundwork for modern
globalization.
3. Industrial Revolution:

The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries accelerated

globalization by transforming economies, transportation, and
communication. Advances in steam power, railways, and telegraphs
facilitated the movement of goods, people, and information on a global
scale.

4. Rise of Multinational Corporations:

The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed the rise of multinational
corporations, which expanded their operations across borders, driving
economic integration and cultural exchange. The emergence of global
financial markets further deepened economic interdependence.
5. Post-World War II Era:

The aftermath of World War II saw the establishment of international

organizations like the United Nations, World Bank, and International
Monetary Fund, aimed at promoting peace, development, and cooperation
among nations. The Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 laid the foundation
for a liberalized global economic order.

6. Technological Advancements:

The latter half of the 20th century witnessed unprecedented advancements

in technology, particularly in the fields of telecommunications and
information technology. The internet revolutionized communication,
commerce, and culture, shrinking distances and connecting people
worldwide.
7. Contemporary Globalization:
In the 21st century, globalization has become increasingly complex and
interconnected. Rapid advances in transportation, communication, and
digitalization have facilitated the flow of goods, services, capital, and ideas
across borders at an unprecedented pace. However, globalization has also
led to concerns about inequality, environmental degradation, and cultural
homogenization.

globalization is a dynamic and ongoing process that has evolved over

centuries, driven by technological, economic, political, and social forces.
While globalization has brought about unprecedented opportunities for
growth and development, it also poses challenges that require concerted
international cooperation and governance. Understanding the origins and
history of globalization is essential for navigating the complexities of our
interconnected world and shaping its future trajectory
THE FIVE PERSPECTIVES
ON THE ORIGIN
OF GLOBALIZATION
1.HARDWIRED-

PROPOSES THAT GLOBALIZATION ORIGINATED FROM THE

BASIC MOTIVATION OF HUMAN BEINGS TO SEEK A BETTER LIFE
(CHANDA, 2007). HISTORY SHOWS THAT OUR ANCESTORS
TRAVEL FROM AFRICA TO OTHER PLACES IN SEARCH OF FOOD
AND SECURITY. N OTHER WORDS, THE "HARDWIRED" ORIGIN
AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION SUGGESTS THAT
GLOBALIZATION IS NOT A NEW OR UNNATURAL
DEVELOPMENT, BUT RATHER SOMETHING THAT IS DEEPLY
INGRAINED IN HUMAN HISTORY AND CULTURE.
12. CYCLES:

IT EXPLAINS THAT THERE IS NO SINGLE POINT OF ORIGIN IN

GLOBALIZATION BUT IT IS A LONG-TERM CYCLICAL PROCESS
WHEREIN THE CURRENT GLOBAL AGE TODAY IS ONLY A
MODIFICATION OF THE GLOBAL AGE IN THE PAST. THUS, IT
SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THE GLOBAL AGE TODAY WILL BE
REPLACED BY A NEW CYCLE OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE
FUTURE.
4. EVENTS:

THIS PERSPECTIVE IS DIFFERENT FROM CYCLES AND EPOCHS AS IT

SPECIFIES THE EVENT THAT IS SOMEHOW RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION. SOME ARE EXAMPLES OF THE POINT OF
ORIGIN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EVENTS:

1. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

II. THE OTHER IMPORTANT VOYAGES SUCH AS THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY
CHRISTOPHER'S COLUMBUS IN 1942, VASCO DA GAMA ROUNDING THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
IN 1498, AND THE CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE GLOBE COMPLETED IN 1522 BY ONE OF
FERDINAND MAGELLAN' S SHIPS (ROSENTHAL, 2007)
III. EUROPEAN COLONIALISM
IV. THE FOUNDING OF THE MODERN INTERNET-BASED ON ARPANET (WHICH WAS CREATED
IN 1969).
5. BROADE-

MORE RECENT CHANGES: THIS PERSPECTIVE VIEWS THAT

THE ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION HAS SCHOLARS HAVE
IDENTIFIED THREE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES THAT SHAPE
THE COURSE OF HUMANITY TOWARDS GLOBALIZATION.

1. THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AS THE GLOBAL POWER IN THE

YEARS FOLLOWING WW II
 THE COLD WAR
AND
OF GLOBALIZATION
COUNTERCULTURAL
ORIGINS
The Cold War and Countercultural Origins of Globalization

After the end of World War II (1939–1945), the United States and Soviet Union
faced similar domestic political, economic and cultural crisis that required
transition from nation-centric development to globalization. The emergence
of countercultural protest movement and its broad support by the American
society during the 1960s, the intense political struggle among different
nomenklatura factions in the Communist Party of Soviet Union during the
post-Stalin period as well as the started economic downturn in both countries
signified a gradual exhaustion of internal potential of socio-political order that
developed during Roosevelt New Deal and Stalin modernization in the 1930s.
In the present article we try to compare the development of national crisis in
the USA and USSR within the context of competition between two alternative
patterns of capitalist and socialist modernization during the Cold War.
In particular, the article explains how the United States succeeded to
move away from national paradigm to launch the American globalization
based on neoliberal capitalism and post-modern understanding of human
and social life. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union would never go beyond Stalin
paradigm of nation-state and thus missed historical opportunity to
promote its own version of socialist globalizatio
END OF DISCUSSION.....

PREPARED BY: GROUP 1