EXPERIMENT NO:8

Histogram Equalization
Date:06/11/2023

Aim:

1. Plot the histogram of: (a) Dark image (b) Bright image (c) Gray level image
2. Perform the histogram equalization of these images and plot the equalized histogram

In [10]: import cv2

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# Reads an input image

img_dark = cv2.imread('C:\\Users\\WT\\Downloads\\R.jpg', 0)
img_bright = cv2.imread('C:\\Users\\WT\\Downloads\\D.jpg', 0)
img_gray = cv2.imread('C:\\Users\\WT\\Downloads\\OIP.jpg', 0)

# Find frequency of pixels in the range 0-255

hist_dark = cv2.calcHist([img_dark], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])
hist_bright = cv2.calcHist([img_bright], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])
hist_gray = cv2.calcHist([img_gray], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])

# Plotting images and histograms

plt.figure(figsize=(11, 8))

plt.subplot(231), plt.imshow(img_dark, cmap='gray')

plt.title('Dark Image')
plt.axis('off')

plt.subplot(234), plt.plot(hist_dark)
plt.title('Histogram of Dark Image')

plt.subplot(232), plt.imshow(img_bright, cmap='gray')

plt.title('Bright Image')
plt.axis('off')

plt.subplot(235), plt.plot(hist_bright)
plt.title('Histogram of Bright Image')

plt.subplot(233), plt.imshow(img_gray, cmap='gray')

plt.title('Gray Image')
plt.axis('off')

plt.subplot(236), plt.plot(hist_gray)
plt.title('Histogram of Gray Image')

plt.show()
 Histogram Equalization

In [14]: # Histogram equalization using cv2.equalizeHist()

equ_dark = cv2.equalizeHist(img_dark)
equ_bright = cv2.equalizeHist(img_bright)
equ_gray = cv2.equalizeHist(img_gray)

hist_dark0 = cv2.calcHist([img_dark], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])

hist_bright0 = cv2.calcHist([img_bright], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])
hist_gray0 = cv2.calcHist([img_gray], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])

hist_dark = cv2.calcHist([equ_dark], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])

hist_bright = cv2.calcHist([equ_bright], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])
hist_gray = cv2.calcHist([equ_gray], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])

# Show image input vs output

plt.figure(figsize=(11, 16))

plt.subplot(431), plt.imshow(img_dark, cmap='gray')

plt.title('Dark Image')
plt.axis('off')

plt.subplot(437), plt.imshow(equ_dark, cmap='gray')

plt.title('Equalization of the Dark Image')
plt.axis('off')

plt.subplot(4, 3, 4), plt.plot(hist_dark0)

plt.title('Histogram of Dark Image')

plt.subplot(4, 3, 10), plt.plot(hist_dark)

plt.title('Equalized Histogram of Dark Image')

plt.subplot(432), plt.imshow(img_bright, cmap='gray')

plt.title('Bright Image')
plt.axis('off')
plt.subplot(438), plt.imshow(equ_bright, cmap='gray')
plt.title('Equalization of the Bright Image')
plt.axis('off')

plt.subplot(4, 3, 5), plt.plot(hist_bright0)

plt.title('Histogram of Bright Image')

plt.subplot(4, 3, 11), plt.plot(hist_bright)

plt.title('Equalized Histogram of Bright Image')

plt.subplot(433), plt.imshow(img_gray, cmap='gray')

plt.title('Gray Image')
plt.axis('off')

plt.subplot(439), plt.imshow(equ_gray, cmap='gray')

plt.title('Equalization of the Gray Image')
plt.axis('off')

plt.subplot(4, 3, 6), plt.plot(hist_gray0)

plt.title('Histogram of Gray Image')

plt.subplot(4, 3, 12), plt.plot(hist_gray)

plt.title('Equalized Histogram of Gray Image')

plt.show()
 exp9

EXPERIMENT NO:9
KRONECKER PRODUCT OF TWO MATRCES
Aim: Find the kronecker product of two 2*2 matrix

In [5]: #using built-in function

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[2,4],[3,6]])
b = np.array([[1,2],[5,6]])
m=np.kron(a,b)
print("Kronecker Product:\n",m)

Kronecker Product:
[[ 2 4 4 8]
[10 12 20 24]
[ 3 6 6 12]
[15 18 30 36]]

In [8]: #without built-in function

cola = 2
rowa = 2
colb = 2
rowb = 2
def Kroneckerproduct( A , B ):
C = [[0]*(cola * colb) for _ in range(rowa * rowb)]
for i in range(rowa):
for k in range(cola):
for j in range(rowb):
for l in range(0,colb):
C[i * rowb + k][j * colb + l] = A[i][j] * B[k][l];

for i in range(rowa * rowb):

print(*C[i])
A = [[2,4],[3,6]];
B = [[1,2],[5,6]];

Kroneckerproduct( A , B );

2 4 4 8
10 12 20 24
3 6 6 12
15 18 30 36

Result:
Found the kronecker product of two 2*2 matrix

localhost:8888/nbconvert/html/exp10.ipynb?download=false
EXPERIMENT NO:10
EXPERIMENT NO:11
Morphological Operations
Aim:
1. To perform morphological dilation and erosion using different structuring elements.
2. To perform morphological opening and closing on binary images.
EXPERIMENT NO:11
Segmentation Thresholding
Aim:
1. To perform morphological dilation and erosion using different structuring elements.
2. To perform morphological opening and closing on binary images.
In [20]:
import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

img1 = cv2.imread('C:\\Users\\WT\\Downloads\\gray image 2.png', cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCA

img1 = cv2.resize(img1, (275, 180))

# function to display images with subplot

def show_images(imgs, labels, figsize):
fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
for i in range(len(imgs)):
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, len(imgs), i+1)
ax.set_title(labels[i])
ax.imshow(imgs[i], cmap='gray', vmax=255, vmin=0)
plt.show()

show_images([img1], ["Original Image"], (5, 5))

In [21]: threshold = 100

new_image = []

for row in img1:

temp = []
for val in row:
if val > threshold:
temp.append(val)
else:
temp.append(0)
new_image.append(temp)

show_images([img1, new_image], ["Original Image", "segmented image"], (10, 10))

 Binary Segmentation using in-built function:

In [25]: import cv2

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

img = cv2.imread('C:\\Users\\WT\\Downloads\\gray image 2.png', 0)

def segment(x):
ret, bin_img = cv2.threshold(img, x, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)

plt.figure(figsize=(11, 8))

plt.subplot(121)
plt.imshow(img, cmap="gray")
plt.title('Original Image')
plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])

plt.subplot(122)
plt.imshow(bin_img, cmap='gray')
plt.title('Segmented Image')
plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])

plt.show()

segment(63)
segment(90)
segment(127)