ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

SAWLA CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

THE DETERMINANTS OF FOOD INSECURITY THE CASE

OF SAWLA TOWN
THE PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC IN
PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR BACHELOR DEGREE
IN ECONOMICS

By: Abirham Asha Meshesha

Advisor: MR Mamaru S (MSc)

March 2016

Sawla.Ethiopia
Abstract
This research proposal aims to assess the causes and consequences of food insecurity, as well as its
determinants in Gofa Zone, with a specific focus on Sawla Town. The study will investigate
hindrance factors of food security in the town, including large family sizes, fragmented land
ownership, illiteracy, and the use of traditional farming methods.

To gather reliable information on food insecurity, data will be collected from both primary and
secondary sources. Primary data will be collected through structured questionnaires from individuals
highly affected by food insecurity. Secondary data will be sourced from existing research papers on
food insecurity, as well as relevant institutions such as the Sawla Town Agriculture and Natural
Resource Office, and various published and unpublished data sources.

The investigation will utilize both descriptive and inferential methods of data analysis to examine the
findings. Descriptive analysis results indicate that 22% (19) of the sample households were food
insecure, while 78% (68) were food secure. A comparison of food insecurity percentages between the
two groups for discrete variables revealed significant variations in food insecurity levels.
Furthermore, the regression model results demonstrated that household education levels, technology
adoption, and farmland size significantly influenced the level of food insecurity in the study area.
Based on these findings, policy interventions aimed at improving food security in Sawla Town should
focus on enhancing family planning programs, promoting access to basic education for rural
households, and ensuring the efficient functioning of land markets.

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Acknowledgement:
I would like to express my gratitude to God for providing me with the strength and guidance to
undertake this research project. I am also thankful to my advisor, Mamaru S., from Arbaminch
University, especially Sawla Campus, for his valuable guidance and support throughout this process.
Additionally, I would like to acknowledge my brother, Tesfaye Asha, for his encouragement and
assistance.

I am grateful to my classmates, Tadesse Haile and Kasahun Habtamu, for their collaboration and
feedback on this proposal. Their insights have been instrumental in shaping the direction of this
research study.

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ACCRONOMY

FAO --------------------------Food and Agricultural Organization

NESS -------------------------National Food Security Strategy
IFAD ------------------------- International Fund for Agricultural Development
FDRE ----------------------- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................... I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: ........................................................................................................................................... II

ACCRONOMY............................................................................................................................................................ III

CHAPTER ONE: ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM............................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General Objective of the study ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Specific Objective of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY: ................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO:......................................................................................................................................................... 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 DEFINITION OF BASIC CONCEPTS ....................................................................................................................... 3

2.1.1 Determinants of Food Security ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Indicators of Food Insecurity: ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.1.3 Theories of Food Security ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4 Measurement of Food Insecurity .................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Critical Factors behind African Food Crises and Challenges ....................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Food Security Sources and Causes of Food Insecurity ................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER THREE:..................................................................................................................................................... 9

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................................................................. 9

3.2 DATA SOURCES ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION............................................................................................................................ 9
3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES.......................................................................................................................................... 9
3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 10
3.6 DISSEMINATIONOFRESULTS .................................................................................................................... 10
3.7 WORK PLAN..................................................................................................................................................... 10
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 12

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 CHAPTER ONE:

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study

Food insecurity remains a pressing issue in Ethiopia, with a substantial portion of the population
facing chronic hunger and malnutrition. Despite the country's abundant agricultural resources, many
individuals in towns like Sawla continue to struggle to access an adequate and nutritious food supply.
The reliance on traditional mono-crop farming practices, coupled with factors such as drought,
poverty, and structural deficiencies in the agricultural sector, has contributed to the persistent
challenges surrounding food security in the region.

Sawla town, in particular, has been identified as a hotspot for food insecurity, with its population
vulnerable to natural and man-made calamities that further exacerbate the problem. The reliance on
rain-fed agriculture as the primary means of food production in the area has raised concerns among
local authorities about the sustainability and resilience of the food supply chain.

Given the significance of agriculture as the backbone of the Ethiopian economy and the primary
source of livelihood for many residents of Sawla town, understanding the underlying factors
contributing to food insecurity in this region is crucial. This study aims to delve deeper into the
dynamics of food insecurity in Sawla town, shedding light on the challenges faced by farmers, the
impact of traditional farming practices, and the broader socio-economic context that shapes food
access and availability in the area.

By conducting a comprehensive investigation into the root causes of food insecurity in Sawla town,
this research seeks to inform policy interventions and community-based initiatives aimed at
improving food security outcomes for vulnerable populations. Through a nuanced understanding of
the complexities surrounding food insecurity in this context, we can work towards developing
sustainable solutions that address the underlying issues and promote food sovereignty and resilience
in Sawla town and beyond.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Food shortage in Ethiopia has been a persistent challenge, leading to heavy reliance on foreign aid to
meet the country's food needs. The low performance of Ethiopian agriculture has contributed
significantly to food insecurity, with the country importing substantial amounts of food grain
annually. The Gofa Zone, particularly Sawla Town, faces similar challenges in terms of low
agricultural productivity, resulting in a mismatch between supply and demand, ultimately leading to
food insecurity and dependence on food relief.

While the Sawla Town Agriculture and Natural Resource Office has identified several factors
contributing to the food crisis in the area, including severe environmental degradation, rapid
population growth outpacing agricultural development, lack of infrastructure, inadequate food storage
facilities, low fertilizer use, and poor agricultural performance, there is a lack of comprehensive
research on the specific causes and consequences of food insecurity in Sawla Town.

1
Previous studies on food insecurity in Ethiopia have primarily focused on northern regions, leaving a
gap in understanding the unique challenges faced by southern Ethiopian communities like Sawla
Town. Therefore, this research proposal aims to fill this gap by assessing the level of food insecurity
and identifying its determinants in Sawla Town using the household kilo-calorie intake method. By
generating location-specific data on food insecurity in Sawla Town, this study seeks to contribute to
the existing literature and provide valuable insights for policymakers at both micro and macro levels.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General Objective of the study

The general Objective of the study is to assess the determinants of food in security in Sawla town
,Gofa zone.

1.3.2 Specific Objective of the Study

❖ To identify the factors that affect food security (i.e Educational level, land holding size,
farming mechanisms etc)
❖ To identify the major cause of food shortage
❖ To assess the extent of food insecurity.
❖ To forward conclusion and recommendation.

1.4 Research question

This study aims to address the following basic questions:

➢ What are the extents of food insecurity in Sawla Town?

➢ What are the limitations in solving the problems of food insecurity in the study area?
➢ How can we alleviate the problem of food insecurity in the town?
1.5 Scope of Study:

The proposed study will focus on identifying the causes of food shortage in Sawla Town within the
Gofa Zone. Specifically, the research will examine the factors contributing to poor agricultural
performance and the supply and demand gap for food in the area. Through this investigation, the
study aims to provide insights and recommendations for addressing food insecurity in the town.

The findings of this research could also provide valuable guidance for policymakers, aid
organizations, and practitioners working in similar contexts, offering practical recommendations for
sustainable development and food security initiatives.

1.6 Significance of the study

The significance of the study lies in its potential to contribute valuable insights and understanding of
food insecurity issues in Sawla Town and the broader Ethiopian context. By shedding light on the
causes of food shortage and agricultural challenges in the area, the research can enrich existing
literature on food security in Ethiopia. Additionally, the findings of this study could inform
policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers about the current situation in the town, potentially
guiding future interventions and research efforts in this field.

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Moreover, the study's insights could assist in identifying key areas for targeted interventions to
improve food security and agricultural sustainability in Sawla Town, leading to enhanced resilience
and livelihoods for local communities. By understanding the unique challenges faced in this specific
context, the research findings can support the development of tailored solutions and policies to
address food insecurity issues effectively. Ultimately, the study has the potential to make a
meaningful contribution towards building a more food-secure and resilient community in Sawla
Town and beyond.

1.7 Organization of the study

This proposal is structured into five key sections. The first section introduces the project. The second
section presents a review of relevant literature. The third section outlines the proposed methodology
for the study.

The fourth section will detail the anticipated outcomes and analysis plan. The fifth and final section
will conclude the proposal by summarizing key findings, proposing potential implications for future
research, and providing recommendations for practical application of the study results in relevant
fields.

CHAPTER TWO:

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Basic Concepts

Food insecurity is an evolving concept. There are many definitions of food insecurity, which is a clear
indication of different views and approaches to the problem. FAO defined food insecurity as "a
situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food
for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life" (FAO, 2008; Marion, 2011).
According to this definition, factors that may lead to a situation of food insecurity include non-
availability of food, lack of access, improper utilization, and instability over a certain time period. In
other words, food availability, access, stability, and utilization form the four pillars of food security.
The four pillars must be fulfilled simultaneously in order to realize food security objectives.
Determinants of each pillar are Based on duration, food security analysts have identified two types of
food insecurity, which are chronic and transitory (FAO, 2008). Chronic food insecurity is long-term
or persistent and occurs when people are unable to meet their minimum food requirements over a
sustained period of time. Contrarily, transitory food insecurity is short-term and temporary and occurs
when there is a sudden drop in the ability to produce or access enough food to maintain a good
nutritional status. While chronic food insecurity results from extended periods of poverty, lack of
assets, and inadequate access to productive or financial resources, transitory food insecurity is caused
by short-term shocks and fluctuations in food availability and food access, including year-to-year
variations in domestic food production, food prices, and household incomes. There is also a concept
of seasonal food insecurity which falls between chronic and transitory food insecurity (FAO, 2008).
According to Endalew et al. (2015), Ethiopia's food security situation is multifactorial, including
population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production
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capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash
income, poor farming technologies, weak extension services, high labor wastage, poor social and
infrastructure facility, and pre-and post-harvest crop loss. To address food security issues in Ethiopia,
they suggested that household heads and members of the households should engage in different
income-generating activities for means of living and coping mechanisms.

A study conducted on food insecurity in rural areas of Eastern Ethiopia also indicated that
socioeconomic factors can influence food insecurity (Bogale and Shimelis, 2009). According to
Bogale and Shimelis (2009), socio-economic variables like family size, annual income, amount of
credit received, access to irrigation, age of household head, farm size, and livestock owned have a
significant influence on food insecurity in rural areas of Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Their findings
implied that improving the food security situation in the study area requires building household
assets, improving the functioning of rural financial markets, and promoting family planning.
In general, the reviews of empirical studies of household food security/insecurity in Ethiopia show
the existence of differences in findings, which are associated with differences in study areas.

2.1.1 Determinants of Food Security

According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) technical paper (1992), a
number of interrelated factors determine the food security situation, ranging from immediate factors
that affect food supply at the household level to basic factors that condition the overall economic
system of the country (Mulat et al., 1995:8). The state of household food security is generally affected
by two major determinants: availability of food and accessibility to it. The former is further
influenced by the different sources of food availability in the household.

Access to different resources and the pattern of social support have a greater impact on the
procurement strategies of food supplies. According to Mulat, the basic resources that determine the
possibility of increasing resilience to food insecurity include cash, labor, markets, and public services.
The social support pattern allows an additional possibility of exploiting existing facilities and
indigenous coping mechanisms against shocks in society. Furthermore, the economic structure and
the international economic environment highly determine the realization of household food security
(IFAD, 1992).

2.1.2 Indicators of Food Insecurity:

A number of indicators have been identified along with the development of the concept of food
security to enable monitoring of the food situation. The utilization of these indicators varies
depending on the characteristics of the investigation, procedures, and level of aggregation. However,
in most cases, the purpose and depth of the investigation greatly influence the use of indicators
(World Vision, 2000).

Assessing food insecurity is a difficult issue as there are no universally established indicators that
serve as measuring tools. Food insecurity requires multidimensional consideration as it is influenced
by various interrelated socio-economic, environmental, and political factors. Due to this complexity,
assessing, analyzing, and monitoring food insecurity involves diversified approaches, ranging from
purely quantitative to a combination of both quantitative and qualitative measurements (Mulat et al.,
4
1995). The different types of food insecurity are classified into two main categories: process and
outcome indicators. Process indicators include meteorological data, information on access to
resources, agricultural production data, market information, food balance sheets, information on post-
damage institutional and market infrastructure, and regional conflicts. Outcome indicators include
land use practices, dietary changes, source of food, diversification of income sources, diversification
of livestock, livestock sales, production assets, access to loans/credit, seasonal migration, and distress
migration.

2.1.3 Theories of Food Security

The determinants of the four dimensions of food security are explained by various theories. These
theories can be categorized into three main categories: the political economy theory of food security,
the food availability decline theory, and the food entitlement decline theory.

The food availability decline theory focuses on the supply side factors of food security. It suggests
that food insecurity is caused by a lack of productive assets to produce goods and services and to
purchase food. This theory views food insecurity as a shortage of food supplies per capita, which can
be caused by factors such as drought, floods, crop failures, population growth, and other demographic
factors. Factors that disrupt food production, such as natural disasters or conflicts, can contribute to
food insecurity. However, this theory has been criticized for its sole focus on the supply side
constraints of food insecurity.

Regarding population growth as a cause of food insecurity, there are two competing theories. The first
theory, proposed by Malthus (1798), argues that unless population growth is controlled, food
production will not be able to keep pace, leading to food shortages and insecurity. This theory
overlooks the role of technological improvements in increasing resource productivity and output. In
contrast, Boserup (1965) suggests that population growth can drive invention and innovation of new
technologies, expanding agricultural production and reducing vulnerability to food insecurity. She
asserts that investments in infrastructure and improved production technologies can help realize the
positive effect of population growth on food supply.

The food entitlement decline theory focuses on the demand side of food security as the underlying
cause of food insecurity. This theory, proposed by Sen (1981), shifted the focus from supply-side
constraints to demand-side constraints. It emphasizes people's access to food and their relationship
with food, rather than the mere availability of food. According to this theory, food insecurity affects
individuals or households who cannot access adequate food due to exchange failures, regardless of
the overall availability of food at the national or global level. The theory argues that food insecurity
can exist even without a decline in food availability.

The food entitlement decline theory offers several advantages compared to the food availability
decline theory. It acknowledges the importance of the demand side, allows for the identification of
vulnerable groups at the household level, and suggests more appropriate policy interventions.
However, the food entitlement decline theory is not exempt from criticism. It has been criticized for
not considering the fact that some individuals with ample entitlements may choose to experience food
insecurity at certain times instead of selling their assets, fearing future crises.

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2.1.4 Measurement of Food Insecurity

When it comes to measuring vulnerability and food insecurity, the most appropriate approach often
focuses on poverty rather than solely on food insecurity (Scaramozzino, 2006). There are two main
approaches to measuring vulnerability: the outcome approach and the utility approach.

The outcome approach measures vulnerability in terms of expected poverty (Chaudhuri, 2001;
Chaudhuri, Jalan, & Suryhadi, 2009). It considers vulnerability as the likelihood of falling into
poverty. On the other hand, the utility-based approach measures vulnerability as the difference
between the utility that a household would derive from consuming a particular bundle with certainty
and the expected utility of consumption (Ligon, 2003; Schechter, 2004).

When measuring vulnerability to food insecurity, the first step is to model food consumption in terms
of kilocalories based on the observable characteristics of households. This allows for the estimation
of vulnerability using cross-sectional data from a single point in time, thereby reducing data
requirements. The methodology used is similar to the approaches taken by Christian Sen and Boisvert
(2000) and Bogale (2012), where food consumption is approximated by kilocalorie consumption.

To project future consumption, a model of calorie consumption is estimated, taking into account
various household characteristics. Since the residuals generated by this estimation may exhibit
different variances and correlate with each other, the model may not capture all the systematic
variability of the dependent variable, consumption. There is no established consensus in the literature
regarding how vulnerability can provide a quantitative measure of the incidence of vulnerability,
which is useful in identifying households in relation to a reference threshold (Kamanou & Morduch,
2002). To address this, a second step involves estimating weighted least squares, a model of the
residuals that explain their variability. This provides estimates of the residual variance. Finally, the
estimate of the residual variance is used to calculate the probabilities that kilocalorie consumption,
assuming a normal distribution, may be lower than an acceptable threshold (Chaudhuri, 2000;
Mesfine, 2014).

To determine the food security status of households, several steps are taken. First, the net grain
available for each household in kilograms is converted into the equivalent total kilocalories using
conversion factors specific to Ethiopia (Agren et al., 1968). Second, the food supply at the household
level is calculated, and calories available per person per day are estimated for each household. Third,
following the Food, Drug and Administration (FDA) Food Security Strategy (1996), the threshold of
2,200 kilocalories per person per day is used as a measure of the calories required for healthy and
moderately active living. A comparison is made between the available (supply) and required
(demand) grain food. Finally, households are classified based on the comparison between their per
capita kilocalorie consumption and the constructed minimum of 2,200 kilocalories per adult
equivalent per day. Household with a predicted per capita kilocalorie consumption of less than 2,200
kilocalories are classified as food insecure, while those with greater than or equal to 2,200
kilocalories are classified as food secure.

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2.2 Empirical Literature Review

2.2.1 Critical Factors behind African Food Crises and Challenges

Based on different statistical and empirical evidence, Tekolla (1999) identified the critical factors
behind African food crises as:

Ineffective agricultural planning and policy strategies

Paucity of resources
Population growth
Inadequate research and extension
Weak marketing services
Post-harvest food losses
Crippled food security system
Environmental degradation
Limited technical capabilities
Political instabilities and armed conflict
Poor inter-state co-operation
Deficiency in management institutions
2.2.2 Food Security Sources and Causes of Food Insecurity

According to World Vision Ethiopia (2000), specific sources of food security in Ethiopia include:

A. Food production (mainly based on crop and livestock)

B. Cash income from different sources (mainly the market)

✓ Domestic trade, including petty trading

✓ Sales of family labor (daily employment)
✓ Rental income
✓ International trade

C. Reserves of food (stock) and other assets

D. Institutional assistance programs, including credit support, food aid, and employment generation
schemes (EGS)

E. Remittances and gifts

F. Wild food (wild plants and animals, including fish)

In Ethiopia, factors contributing to growing chronic food insecurity and poverty include poor
agricultural growth, rapid population growth, and urban migration. Drought, war, and the refuse
problem also contribute to transitory food insecurity. The lack of appropriate governmental systems
or agencies is also a significant factor in food insecurity in Ethiopia and many other African
countries.

Per capita food production in Sub-Saharan Africa (including Ethiopia) has been declining over the
last three decades. The growth rate of agricultural production stagnated around -0.6 percent in 1980-
7
83 and gradually increased to 6.2 percent in 1990 (FAO, 1990). The International Food Policy
Research Institute (IFPRI) projected that by the year 2020, SSA will have a food shortage, and net
imports of basic staples are estimated to be as high as 9-27 million metric tons. This calls for the
formulation of appropriate strategies and policies to ensure food security for the growing population.

The slow growth rates of agriculture in SSA countries are attributed to factors such as unfavorable
climatic conditions and predominantly traditional production systems. The number of hungry and
malnourished people in Africa increased from around 80 million in the early 1970s to within the
range of 175-200 million in the present (FAO, 1998, as cited by Tekolla).

Ethiopia is one of the most food-insecure regions in the world, with a large portion of its population
living at subsistence levels and highly vulnerable to severe drought. The domestic food supply has
failed to meet the country's basic food requirements, with an annual deficit increasing from 0.7
million tons in 1996 to over 5 million tons in 1993/94, a more than 60-fold increase in just 14 years
(Befekadu and Berhanu, 1999/2000). Severe food insecurity in Ethiopia affects a wide range of areas
and a large number of people, along with other countries in sub-Saharan Africa such as In Ethiopia, a
series of drought-induced famines have had devastating effects on the population. The 1980s saw a
particularly severe famine that resulted in the deaths of over a million people (Ttekolla, 1997). Since
the late 1960s, at least 12 famines have occurred in various African countries. Ethiopia, in particular,
experienced famines in 1972, 1974, 1982, 1985, and 1991 (IBID).

The recent famines in Ethiopia can be categorized into two periods: the 1972-1975 famine and the
1984-1985 famine. In the 1972-1975 famine, there were two phases of disaster. The first phase, from
1972-1973, severely impacted the Wollo province and other areas in the northern regions due to
general crop failure, leaving millions without access to food resources. The second phase, from 1973-
1975, spread further south and affected millions in the province of Hararghe.

The vulnerability of Ethiopia during the years 1987-1990 can be summarized as follows according to
World Vision Ethiopia:

a) In 1987/88, famine increased in northern Ethiopia, with civil war replacing drought as the major
cause of increasing national vulnerability to famine. Lack of water and food supplies, along with
logistics and management problems, affected children's nutritional status among Somalis and
refugees in Ethiopia. Crop losses occurred in Gonder and Tigray due to floods in the north and west.
Locusts caused limited damage in different areas of Tigray and Eritrea. Late and low rainfall also
affected Gojjam, Wollega, Ilubabor, and Kaffa in the west, reducing production by about 5%
compared to 1987.

b) In 1988/89, recurrent drought led to severe food shortages in Ethiopia. People increased their
consumption of roots, tubers, and livestock products. Crop production failed entirely in major areas
of Tigray.

c) In 1989/90, severe drought and crop failure affected Eritrea, Tigray, and Wollo regions in northern
and eastern Ethiopia. Rainfall levels were the worst of the decade, causing water sources to dry up
and leading to unprecedented shortages of drinking water for humans and livestock. Shortages of

8
pasture resulted in a significant decrease in livestock condition and value. High grain prices and low
livestock prices constrained farmers from selling or trading livestock for grain.

In terms of a conceptual framework, the study will examine the factors that contribute to household
food insecurity in the study area. Multiple perspectives will be adopted to analyze the factors
affecting food insecurity, including agricultural inputs, land size, household size, educational level of
the household head, gender of the household head, credit use by the household, distance to the
market, and livestock ownership. These factors are known to have an impact on the food security of
households.

CHAPTER THREE:

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The research design used in this study is descriptive. It aims to describe the currently existing
situation regarding the determinants of household food insecurity in Sawla town based on gathered
information from the concerned body.

3.2 Data Sources

Both primary and secondary sources of data will be utilized in this research. Primary data will be
gathered from a selected population of farmers in the town. Secondary data will be obtained from
published and unpublished documents related to the problem, as well as from relevant institutions
such as the Sawla Town Administration Agricultural and Natural Resource Office. Additionally,
secondary data from different research papers on food insecurity will be gathered.

3.3 Methods of Data Collection

The primary data for this study will be collected using self-administered structured questionnaires
and interviews. This type of questionnaire is selected for two reasons. First, it is structured to design
questions that meet the research's data needs and minimize respondent bias. Second, it is self-
administered and interview-based, making it possible to translate questions and help respondents
easily understand and provide the intended response. On the other hand, secondary data will be
collected by referring to different published and unpublished documents.

3.4 Sampling Techniques

A Multi-stage random sampling technique will be employed to select the sample of households. This
technique ensures that each individual in the population has an equal chance of being included in the
sample. Two kebeles, Kusity and Gurade, will be selected from the town. From each kebele, a sample
of 45 respondents will be selected, making a total sample of 90 respondents.
The sample size will be calculated using the following formula:

n = N / (1 + N(e^2))

where:
9
 n = sample size

N = total number of households in the district

e = error term

The total target population (N) is 109,263. From this total target population, a sample of 90
households will be selected. Using the formula:

n = 999 / (1 + 999(0.01))

n = 90

Respondents will be selected randomly to give an equal chance to all farmers by selecting kebeles.

3.5 Method of Data Analysis

The study will use descriptive analysis, which involves the process of collecting, organizing,
summarizing, and presenting both primary and secondary data with a qualitative nature. The data
collected through closed-ended questionnaires will be calculated in percentages, and tables will be
employed in this research paper.

3.6 DISSEMINATIONOFRESULTS

This research work will be present to; Arbaminch University Sawla Campus economics department.

3.7 WORK PLAN

Numbers Types of activities Responsibl March Rema rk

of e person Week Week Week Week Week
activities 1 2 3 4 1

1 Proposal development
2 Proposal presentation to
resident supervisors By student
3 Comment incorporation &
final proposal submission
4 Duplication of By student
tools/questionnaire/
5 Data collection
6 Data Cleaning, analysis,
Report writing & By student
priority setting
7 Rehearsal
8 Presentation to By student
coordinator and evaluation
9 Presentation to instructor
10 Feedback Instructor
11 Submission date By student

10
 3.8 BUDGET

No Type Unit Quantity Unit Total

price(birr) cost(birr)

1 A4 size Box 3 750 2250

paper

2 Calculator Pcs 1 300 300

3 Pen Pcs 25 20 500
4 Ruler Pcs 25 20 500
5 pencil Pcs 25 10 250
Total 3800

11
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security, Belgium.
FAO (1990), food and agriculture organization of united nations, production year book 1990,
vol.44, Rome, Italy.
Mulat Demeke, et.al (1995), food security nutrition and poverity allevation in Ethiopia problems
and prospects – procceding of the first annual conference of the agricultural society of Ethiopia,
A.A, Ethiopia.
Sen., A. (1981). Poverty and Famine: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation; Oxford,
Clarendon press Sijm. (1999), food insecurity in ACP countries report and recommendation on
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Braun,,.Von and pavlino , (1990) , food in sub – saharaan Arica: Trends and policy challenges for
the 1990 s IFPR, Washington ,D.C
Arega, wolde amlak, and Melanie (2013); rural household’s livelihood assets, strategies and
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Bogale, Ayalneh (2012). Vulnerability of smallholder rural households to food insecurity in

Eastern Ethiopia. Food Sec. Vol. 4:581–591.
Ciani F. 2012.A resilience-based Approach to Food Insecurity: The Impact of Mitch Hurricane
on
Rural Households in Nicaragua. JEL Classification, Q12, Q18, I32, I38
Collinson, S. (2003). Power, Livelihoods and Conflict: Case Studies in Political Economy
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Development Institute. Westminster Bridge Road, London, U.K.
Devereux, S. (2006). Distinguishing Between Chronic and Transitory Food Insecurity in
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Diana P. (2007). Food Security in Development countries: A systematic Perspective, Medllin
Colombia.

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