UEMX4913: Integrated

Design Project-- Earthwork

By: Woon Yoke Bee

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Department of Civil Engineering
Contact Information

 Room: KB Block, 8th Floor, Room FE37(2)

 Skype: yokebeewoon

 Email: woonyb@utar.edu.my

 Consultation Hours: Tuesday 9am – 11am

Wednesday 11am – 12noon
Thursday 10am – 12noon
 Scheduled Meeting: TBA
Topic 1: Earthworks
 Site Layout and Preparation
 Levelling
 Cut and Fill Calculation
 Design of Slope Stability
 Design of Temporary Earth-drain
 Preparation of Temporary Access
Introduction to earthwork
Introduction to earthwork

Earthwork includes:
• Excavation
• Grading: Moving earth to change elevation
• Temporary shoring
• Backfill or fill: Adding earth to raise grade
• Compaction: Increase density
• Disposal
Introduction to earthwork

In earthwork design, we usually try to balance Cut and Fill.

• “haul” or “borrow”

Shrinkage = earthmoving causes reduction in volume (increase in density)

• Soil structure is destroyed.
• 0 –15% - typical “shrinkage factor”

Swell = earthmoving causes expansion in volume

• Solid rock blasted causes increase in void ratio
• Swell factors: 0% sand
15-20% rock
15-30% glaciated soil, in truck
Excavation Machinery
Hauling Machinery
Compaction Machinery
 Levelling
Integrate the design platform levels with existing developments

Tie in design platform levels with the roads

All slope formations should be kept within the site boundary

Achieve a balanced cut and fill volume within the site

Balancing Cut and Fill
Slope Stability – erosion and
sedimentation control
 Stabilization Techniques

Surface a) To direct water away from the head and toe of cut slopes and
Drainage System potential landslides
b) To reduce infiltration and erosion in and along a potentially
unstable mass
Sub-surface a) To remove sub-surface water directly from an unstable slope
b) To re-direct adjacent groundwater sources away from the property
c) To reduce hydrostatic pressures beneath and adjacent to
engineered structures
Ground anchors, a) To provide a stable foundation for structures such as retaining walls
Soil nails and piles
b) To hold together highly fractures or jointed rock
Piles a) Vertically driven or raked to transfer load to a stable substratum
Retaining walls a) To resist lateral forces imposed by soil movement and water
pressure
b) To reduce the extent of a slope to allow a road to be widened or to
create additional space around buildings
Rock mass a) Geosynthetics, grouting, chemical stabilization, biological
improvement stabilisation
Project Details
Problem Statements

1) To identify the locations of cut / fill for the proposed site.

2) To estimate the volumes of cut / fill for the proposed site.
3) To estimate the volumes of soil required / disposed for the proposed
site.
4) To ensure the stability of cut/fill slopes at the proposed site.
Requirements
1) A topography plan of the site
2) An engineering plan of the site that shall include the layout of the
proposed construction, and the proposed level
3) 2 longitudinal, and 3 latitudinal cross-sectional views of the site showing
the existing and the proposed level
4) A plan with grid lines and existing spot height
5) A plan with grid lines and proposed level
6) A table showing all the calculations of cut / fill volumes
7) Calculations for estimating the volumes of soil required / disposed
8) A plan showing the locations of cut / fill
9) Detailing of temporary drains & silt trap
10) Analysis & design sheets of the retaining wall / slope
1) Topography Plan

• Based on the given spot

heights, draw contour
lines of the site.
2) Engineering Plan with Proposed Levels

• Show layouts of the

proposed buildings, roads,
drainage
• Show the proposed levels
3) Cross-sectional Views
C D E

A A’

B B’

C’ D’ E’
3) Cross-sectional Views

• Show the existing ground

levels and the proposed
levels
4) Grid Lines with Existing Spot Heights

• Show grid lines

on the plan and
interpolate the
heights of
existing ground
on the grids
5) Grid Lines with Proposed Levels

• Show grid lines

on the plan and
interpolate the
proposed levels
on the grids
6) Table for Calculating Cut / Fill Volumes
Sub Area hexist (m) hexist (avg) (m) hproposed (m) hproposed (avg) (m) Cut Vol. Fill Vol.
(m3) (m3)
30.123 30.000
30.253 30.000
A1 30.966 30.000 96.6 -
31.235 30.000
32.253 30.000
27.253 30.000
26.286 30.000
A2 28.325 30.000 - 167.5
31.235 30.000
28.526 30.000

A3

A4
Grid line method
If we choose the grid size to be 10 m x 10 m
Average elevation
= 30.123 + 30.253 + 31.235 + 32.253 32.253
4
30.123
= 30.966
change= 30.966 – 30.000
= 0.966 m
30.253 31.235
cut = 0.966 m x 10 m x 10 m
= 96.6 m3
7) Volumes of Soil Disposed / Required

• Gross disposal volume = Cut – (Fill / K)

• Actual disposal volume = Gross disposal
volume x K

• Gross required volume = (Fill / K) – Cut

• Actual required volume = Gross required
volume x K
7) Volumes of Soil Disposed / Required
1.0 m3 IN
NATURAL 1.25 m3 0.90 m3 AFTER
CONDITION AFTER COMPACTED
(IN-PLACE / DIGGING (COMPACTED)
BANK) (LOOSE)

1.25

1.0
0.90

In place / Bank Loose Compacted

7) Volumes of Soil Disposed / Required
Soil Volume Changes

Swell 1.25 m3 Shrinkage

1.0 m3 0.90 m3

Natural or Disturbed
Compacted
In situ State
State
State (Loose)
7) Volumes of Soil Disposed / Required
Typical values for the Soil Volume Conversion factor, K
Initial Converted to:
Soil Type Soil Condition Bank Loose Compacted
Clay Bank 1.00 1.27 0.90
Loose 0.79 1.00 0.71
Compacted 1.11 1.41 1.00
Common earth Bank 1.00 1.25 0.90
Loose 0.80 1.00 0.72
Compacted 1.11 1.39 1.00
Rock (blasted) Bank 1.00 1.50 1.30
Loose 0.67 1.00 0.87
Compacted 0.77 1.15 1.00
Sand Bank 1.00 1.12 0.95
Loose 0.89 1.00 0.85
Compacted 1.05 1.18 1.00
8) Plan with Locations of Cut / Fill

• Shade the cut

and fill areas
with different
colours
9) Temporary Drains & Silt Trap

• Show the
locations &
detailing of the
temporary
drains & silt
trap
9) Temporary Drains & Silt Trap
9) Temporary Drains & Silt Trap
10) Analysis & design of Retaining Wall

• Design a
cantilever
retaining wall
10) Analysis & design of Retaining Wall

• Safe slope angles:

Solid Rock, Slate or Cemented Sand and Gravel

Original
Ground Line
(90 Deg.)
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Retaining walls are generally used to provide lateral support for:

- an earth fill
- embankment

One main purpose of retaining walls is to maintain a difference in elevation

of the ground surface on each side of the wall.

The earth whose ground surface is at the higher elevation is commonly

known as BACKFILL, and the wall is said to retain this backfill.

Some retaining walls may support vertical loads in addition to lateral loads
from the retained materials.

In general, retaining walls can be classified into two major types: rigid wall,
& flexible wall
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Examples of rigid retaining walls

Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Examples of flexible retaining walls

Sheet pile wall Anchored sheet pile wall

Theories of Retaining Wall Design

In this module, our focus is only on the design of cantilever retaining wall.

Cantilever retaining wall is the most common type of retaining structure and it
is generally used for walls of 3 – 5 m high.
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Some terminologies of cantilever wall:

Backfill soil

Outer base Inner base

Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Potential failure modes for a cantilever wall:

Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Alternatives for improving the stability of a cantilever wall:

Theories of Retaining Wall Design
Forces acting on retaining wall
Lateral forces: Earth pressure due to backfill and surcharge

Vertical forces: Acting downwards - Self-weight of wall

- Weight of soil above heel

Acting upwards - Soil pressure underneath base slab

Theories of Retaining Wall Design

The theories of lateral earth pressure (Rankine’s theory)

z z

Vertical stress,
z s’v = g’z

Lateral stress,
0 s’v 0 s’H
s’H = Kg’z s’v = g’z s’H = Kg’z
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

The forces acting on a wall, derived from the Rankine’s lateral

earth pressure theory (for granular soil).

KaqH
½ Kpg’H2 H ½ Kag’H2 ½ gwhw2
H
hw
H/2
H/3 H/3 hw/3

Kpg’H Kag’H gwhw Kaq

(a) Passive (b) Active (c) Hydrostatic pressure (d) Surface stress
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Stability against overturning / rotational failure:

xs Pa
xw
Ws
PaH
Ww za
B
x

The rotation of the wall about its toe is satisfied if the resultant vertical
force lies within the middle third of the base (i.e. B/3 ≤ x ≤ 2B/3).
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Stability against overturning / rotational failure (Cont’):

Center line
B/6 B/6
Ww x w  Ws x s  PaH za e e
x B/2
Ww  W s
B
x
B/3 2B/3
Safe zone

From the figure above, it is obvious that in order to have:

B/3 ≤ x ≤ 2B/3, the eccentricity of the resultant vertical load, e must be
≤ B/6; whereby, e = |(B/2- x )|
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Stability against sliding / translational:

T
( FS )T   1.5
PaH

Where, PaH = lateral active force pushing against the wall, and
T = sliding resistance at the base
= Rz tanf’b

Whereby Rz = resultant vertical force

f’b = interface friction angle between wall
base and soil,
≈ 2/3 f’
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Stability against sliding / translational (Cont’):

Ws
PaH
Ww
B

(Ww  Ws ) tan f 'b

( FS )T 
PaH
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Stability against bearing capacity failure:

The pressure imposed on the soil at the base of the retaining wall must
neither exceed the allowable soil bearing capacity, nor be a negative
value; that is:
s max  qa
smin ≥ 0

Whereby,
smax , smin = Rz/A ± Rz e(B/2)/I,
qa is the allowable soil bearing capacity.
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Principle steps in Cantilever Wall Design:

1. Propose the wall dimensions

- Wall thickness = 80 mm / meter height
- Base thickness = wall thickness
- Base width = 0.7 total wall height

2. Calculate the pressures acting on wall

- Calculate earth pressure coefficient, K
- Calculate soil vertical and lateral stresses
- Draw lateral pressure diagram
- Create a table to sum up the vertical forces, lateral forces, and moments.
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Principle steps in Cantilever Wall Design (Cont’):

3. Check for rotational failure

If e < B/6 OK!

4. Check for translational failure

> 1.5 OK!

x
M o

Rz
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Principle steps in Cantilever Wall Design (Cont’):

5. Check for bearing capacity failure

Rz ( B / 2)
s max   Rz e ≤ qa OK!
A I

≥0 OK!

6. Draw the superimposed pressures acting at the base of the wall

x
M o

Rz
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Principle steps in Cantilever Wall Design (Cont’):

7. Calculate the moments and shears at the critical sections

- Critical sections @ a-a, b-b, and a-b.
- Apply a factor of safety 1.4.

8. Design the reinforcements by using the moments obtained from the 3

critical sections.

x
M o

Rz
Theories of Retaining Wall Design

Principle steps in Cantilever Wall Design (Cont’):

9. Check shear resistance with the largest shear value obtained from the 3
critical sections.
- If v < vc OK!

10. Additional checking:

- Cracking
- Binder
- Anchorage length

x
M o

Rz
Thank You!