DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN

A REPORT ON THE DESIGN OF A

CITY GATE FACILITY

BY
EHIGIE DESTINY
ENG1805370
 INTRODUCTION
In the context of the oil and gas industry, a "city gate" signifies a pivotal point within
the natural gas distribution network. It serves as the juncture where high-pressure
gas from transmission pipelines transitions to a lower-pressure distribution system,
catering to local communities, industries, and businesses. This juncture acts as a
critical interface between the extensive transmission network and the localized
distribution setup.

Natural gas, primarily comprised of methane formed from organic matter decay over
millennia, represents a versatile energy source utilized across diverse sectors for
heating, electricity generation, cooking, industrial operations, and transportation.
While emitting fewer carbon emissions compared to coal and oil, natural gas
extraction and transportation still pose significant environmental challenges.

Several companies actively participate in natural gas production in Nigeria, such as

the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Shell Nigeria Gas Limited,
Chevron Nigeria Limited, and Total Nigeria Plc.

The step-by-step process within a city gate facility encompasses various vital stages:

Reception of Natural Gas:

- Gas arrives at the city gate from the broader transmission pipeline network.

Inlet Systems:
- Robust systems manage the smooth intake of natural gas into the city gate.

Metering and Measurement:

- Sophisticated metering systems accurately gauge the gas quantity entering,
providing crucial billing and monitoring data.

Pressure Regulation:
- Stations reduce incoming gas pressure to safe distribution levels within the city.
Safety Features:
- Gas leak detection systems and emergency shutdown mechanisms ensure a
secure operational environment.

Pipeline Layout:
- Optimized layouts facilitate efficient gas flow, reducing pressure drops and
ensuring uniform distribution.

Automation and Control:

- Advanced systems oversee real-time city gate operations, often allowing
remote management for efficiency.

Environmental Considerations:
- Measures such as noise reduction and landscaping are integrated into the city
gate design to mitigate environmental impact.

Distribution to Local Networks:

- Regulated and measured gas is directed to the local distribution network for
end-user delivery.

Compliance with Regulations:

- All processes comply with local, national, and international gas infrastructure,
safety, and environmental standards.

City gates are fundamental to the natural gas supply chain, ensuring reliable and
secure gas delivery to local communities and industries. Their design, location, and
operations meticulously cater to optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of gas
distribution systems.
 EQUIPMENTS IN THE CITY GATE FACILITY
Some devices commonly found in a natural gas facility include

1. Ball valves:
Used for isolation and control of the incoming natural gas.

2. Check valves:
Ensure the one-way flow of gas into the facility.

3. Turbine meters:
Measure gas flow based on the rotation of a turbine.

4. Ultrasonic meters:
Use sound waves to determine gas flow rates.

5. Orifice meters:
Measure flow by the pressure drop across an orifice plate.

6. Pressure regulators:
Devices like pilot-operated regulators to control and maintain gas pressure.

7. Control valves:
Globe or rotary valves for precise control of gas flow.

8. Gas detectors:
Employ technologies like infrared or catalytic sensors to detect gas leaks.

9. Emergency shutdown valves:

Quick-acting valves that close in emergencies.

10. Pressure relief valves:

Devices to release excess pressure safely.

11. Pipes:
Made of materials like steel or plastic, chosen for their durability and corrosion
resistance.

12. Pipe fittings:

Elbows, tees, and other fittings for connecting and directing the pipeline.

13. Isolation valves:

Ball or gate valves to isolate sections of the pipeline.

14. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs):

Control units for automating various processes.
15. Human-Machine Interface (HMI):
Touchscreen interfaces for operators to monitor and control the system.

16. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs):

Collect data from remote locations and transmit it to a central control center.

17. Noise barriers:

Physical structures or absorbent materials to reduce noise pollution.

18. Ventilation systems:

Ensure proper air circulation and dispersion of gases.

19. Fire detection sensors:

Heat or smoke detectors to identify potential fires.

20. Fire suppression equipment:

Sprinkler systems, gas-based systems, or foam systems to control and extinguish
fires.
21. Communication networks:
Fiber optics, radios, or other systems for internal and external communication.

22. Emergency communication systems:

Ensure rapid communication during critical situations.

23. Environmental monitoring equipment:

Instruments for monitoring air quality and emissions.

24. Compliance monitoring systems:

Devices to ensure adherence to regulatory standards.

These specific devices collectively form the essential infrastructure of a natural gas
city gate facility, ensuring the safe and efficient processing of natural gas for local
distribution.

For our design, the following devices were used;

Digital Pressure Gauge:

A digital pressure gauge is a modern instrument used to measure and display the
pressure of gases or liquids in various industrial applications. Unlike traditional
analog gauges with physical dials and pointers, digital pressure gauges employ
electronic sensors and digital displays to provide accurate and precise pressure
readings.

Key features and components of a digital pressure gauge include:

Pressure Sensor: This is the internal component that measures the pressure of the
substance (gas or liquid) being monitored. Various types of sensors, such as
piezoelectric, strain gauge, or capacitive sensors, can be used based on the
application and pressure range requirements.

Display Panel: The digital readout or display panel shows the measured pressure in
numerical form. It can be an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light-Emitting Diode),
or OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) screen, providing a clear and easily readable
output.

Electronic Circuitry: The gauge contains electronic circuitry responsible for

processing the signals from the pressure sensor and converting them into digital
readings for display. This circuitry may include amplifiers, converters, and
microcontrollers.

Power Source: Digital pressure gauges are usually powered by batteries or external
power sources. Battery-powered gauges offer portability but require periodic
battery replacement or recharging.

Pressure Range and Accuracy: These gauges come in various pressure ranges and
accuracies, allowing selection based on specific application needs. Some can
measure both low and high pressures accurately.

Units of Measurement: They often provide readings in different units such as psi
(pounds per square inch), bar, kPa (kilopascals), or other units based on the user's
preference or industry standards.
Data Logging and Connectivity: Some advanced digital gauges may feature data
logging capabilities, allowing them to record pressure measurements over time.
Additionally, they might have connectivity options like USB, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi for
data transfer or remote monitoring.

Advantages of digital pressure gauges include their high accuracy, easy readability,
potential for digital data output, and the ability to withstand harsh environmental
conditions. They also often offer features like automatic shut-off to conserve battery
life and configurable alarms for specific pressure thresholds.

These gauges are commonly used in industries such as oil and gas, manufacturing,
pharmaceuticals, and automotive, where precise pressure measurements are crucial
for monitoring and maintaining operational safety and efficiency.

Ball Valve:

A ball valve is a type of quarter-turn valve that uses a hollow, perforated, and
pivoting ball to control the flow of a fluid, typically in a pipeline. The ball has a hole,
or port, through its center, allowing the fluid to pass through when the port is
aligned with the flow path. Rotating the ball 90 degrees closes the valve, blocking the
flow. Ball valves are a popular choice due to their efficiency, ease of use, and
versatility in controlling the flow of fluids in pipelines.
Knock Out Drum And Flare Stack:

A knock out drum and a flare stack are crucial components in the oil and gas industry,
primarily utilized in hydrocarbon processing facilities, refineries, and chemical plants.
They play integral roles in managing and handling gases and vapors produced during
various industrial processes.

Knock Out Drum:

A knock out drum, sometimes referred to as a knockout pot or separator, is a vessel
designed to remove liquid droplets and solid particles from a gas stream. Its primary
function is to separate these liquids and solids, allowing cleaner gas to proceed
further in the process.

Working Principle:

Liquid and Solid Removal: The incoming gas stream, often containing liquids such as
condensate or oil, enters the knock out drum. Inside the drum, the gas slows down,
allowing the heavier liquids and solids to fall out and collect at the bottom. These
separated liquids and solids are periodically drained or removed from the drum.

Gas Outlet: The gas, now relatively free from liquid droplets and solids, exits the top
of the knock out drum and proceeds to further processing, such as compression,
treatment, or distribution.

Importance:
Protection of Downstream Equipment: The removal of liquids and solids in the knock
out drum prevents damage to downstream equipment like compressors or pipelines,
which may be sensitive to contaminants.

Compliance with Environmental Regulations: Separating liquids and solids from gas
streams helps in complying with environmental regulations by minimizing harmful
emissions and preventing pollution.

Flare Stack:
A flare stack, also known as a flare tower or flare stack system, is a vertical structure
used to safely burn off excess hydrocarbon gases or vapors in a controlled manner. It
serves as a safety measure for handling gases that cannot be processed or stored
and need to be safely disposed of through combustion.

Working Principle:

-Safe Combustion: When excess gases cannot be processed due to operational

upsets or emergencies, they are diverted to the flare stack. The gases are burned at
the top of the flare stack in a controlled combustion process, converting them into
carbon dioxide and water vapor, which are less harmful to the environment.

Controlled Release: Flare stacks are designed to handle and burn gases safely,
preventing the release of unburned hydrocarbons or harmful emissions into the
atmosphere.

Importance:

Safety: Flare stacks provide a safety mechanism to prevent the buildup of pressure
or the release of unburned gases that could pose safety hazards, such as explosions
or fires.

Environmental Compliance: While burning gases, flare stacks help in minimizing the
release of harmful pollutants into the environment by converting them into less
harmful compounds.

Both the knock out drum and the flare stack are critical components in ensuring
safety, environmental compliance, and operational efficiency within the oil and gas
industry, particularly in handling and processing hydrocarbon gases.
Presssure Regulation Skid:

A Pressure Regulation Skid, often referred to as a Pressure Control Skid or Pressure

Reducing Skid, is a specialized system designed for the precise regulation and
management of gas or fluid pressures within industrial processes.

Components and Functions:

Pressure Regulator: At the core of the skid lies the pressure regulator, a critical
component responsible for adjusting and stabilizing the pressure of the incoming
fluid or gas. This regulator modulates the flow to maintain stable downstream
pressure levels.

Filtration and Separation Units: Some pressure regulation skids integrate filtration
and separation mechanisms. These units ensure that the gas or fluid entering the
system is free from contaminants or impurities that could affect the proper
functioning of the equipment or processes downstream.

Safety Components: Safety measures, such as pressure relief valves or emergency

shutdown systems, are often incorporated into the skid. These elements act as
fail-safes to prevent over-pressurization or emergency situations that could
compromise safety.
Control Valves: Control valves, such as globe or rotary valves, are employed for
precise control of the flow of fluid or gas within the system. These valves enable
adjustments to meet specific pressure requirements or process demands.

Instrumentation and Control Systems: The skid incorporates instrumentation and

control systems, including sensors, gauges, and controllers. These systems monitor
pressure levels, flow rates, and other critical parameters, enabling automated
adjustments and precise control of the pressure regulation process.

Structural Components: Comprising a network of pipes, valves, and auxiliary devices,

the structural elements form the physical framework of the skid. These components
facilitate the flow of fluids or gases through the system.

Safety Protocols: The skid may include safety protocols, alarms, and emergency
shutdown procedures to ensure operational safety and to respond to critical
situations promptly.

Importance:

Pressure Control: The primary function of these skids is to regulate and control fluid
or gas pressures to maintain optimal operational conditions.

Safety: Safety features incorporated into the skid ensure that pressure levels remain
within safe limits and mitigate risks associated with pressure fluctuations or
over-pressurization.

Process Optimization: By ensuring precise pressure control, these skids contribute to

process optimization, efficiency, and reliability within industrial operations.

Pressure regulation skids are essential systems used in industries where maintaining
precise and controlled pressure levels is critical for the safety, efficiency, and
integrity of various processes and equipment.
Odorizer:

An odorizer, also known as an odorant injection system or odorization unit, is a

crucial component within natural gas distribution systems. Its primary function is to
add a distinct odorant to odorless natural gas, ensuring that leaks or gas emissions
can be easily detected by smell, thereby enhancing safety. The core component is
the odorant injection system, which includes tanks containing odorants such as
mercaptan or tetrahydrothiophene (THT). These odorants are typically added in very
small amounts to natural gas

Heat Exchanger Unit:

A heat exchanger unit is an essential component in various industrial processes,
including natural gas facilities, where it serves to transfer thermal energy from one
fluid to another without the fluids coming into direct contact. This device facilitates
efficient heat transfer, enabling the exchange of heat between fluids at different
temperatures, thereby allowing for the regulation of temperatures within the gas
processing system. Heat exchanger units are indispensable in natural gas facilities
and across multiple industries, serving to regulate temperatures, conserve energy,
and facilitate efficient heat transfer. Their versatile applications contribute
significantly to the optimization and safety of various industrial processes, including
those involved in natural gas processing and distribution.

Metering Unit:

A metering unit within a natural gas facility is a crucial element responsible for
measuring, quantifying, and monitoring the flow rate and volume of natural gas
passing through the facility's pipelines. These units employ various types of meters,
instruments, and systems tailored for accurate measurement, ensuring compliance
with regulatory standards and precise billing for gas consumption.

Components and Functionalities:

Gas Meters: Different types of gas meters such as ultrasonic meters, turbine meters,
orifice meters, and rotary displacement meters are commonly utilized within the
metering unit for measuring the volume of gas flow accurately.
Flow Measurement Systems: These systems consist of the meters, associated piping,
and valves essential for directing gas flow through the meters. They ensure the
proper functioning and accurate measurement of the gas passing through the
pipelines.

Instrumentation and Control Devices: Sensors, transmitters, and control systems are
integrated to monitor and manage the performance of gas meters, allowing for
real-time data collection and adjustment of flow rates.

Calibration Equipment: Periodic calibration of gas meters is crucial for accuracy.

Calibration tools and processes are employed to verify and adjust the meters to
maintain their precision.

Data Collection and Recording Systems: Metering units often have systems for
collecting, recording, and storing data related to gas flow rates, pressures, and
temperatures for analysis, billing, and regulatory compliance purposes.

Functional Principles:

Flow Measurement: Gas meters within the metering unit operate based on various
principles such as volumetric measurement, velocity measurement, or pressure
differentials to determine the quantity of gas passing through the pipelines
accurately.

Accuracy and Precision: The primary focus of a metering unit is to ensure accurate
measurement and monitoring of gas flow rates to facilitate precise billing and
comply with regulatory standards.

Applications:

Billing and Custody Transfer: Accurate measurement of gas flow rates is essential for
fair billing and custody transfer agreements between different entities in the natural
gas supply chain.

Operational Monitoring: Metering units provide real-time data on gas flow rates,
enabling operators to monitor and manage the facility's performance, identify
inefficiencies, and take corrective actions if necessary.

The metering unit is a fundamental part of natural gas facilities, ensuring accurate
measurement and monitoring of gas flow rates, which is essential for billing accuracy,
regulatory compliance, and efficient operational management within the gas
distribution network. The integration of various metering technologies and systems
ensures precise measurement and control of natural gas flow.
Filtration Unit:

A filtration unit in a natural gas facility plays a critical role in maintaining the quality
of the gas by removing impurities, particulates, and contaminants before the gas
enters the distribution network. These units are designed to ensure the purity and
integrity of the gas, protecting downstream equipment and pipelines from damage
or malfunction.

Components and Functionalities:

Filters: Filtration units consist of various types of filters such as particulate filters,
coalescing filters, or absorption filters. These filters are specifically designed to
capture different types and sizes of impurities present in the gas stream.

Filter Housings: Enclosures or housings that hold the filters securely and allow the
gas to pass through them, trapping contaminants in the filters while allowing the
clean gas to proceed.

Pressure Differential Sensors: Sensors that monitor the pressure drop across the
filters. Increased pressure drop indicates clogging and reduced efficiency, prompting
maintenance or replacement of filters.

Automatic Backwash Systems: Some filtration units may have automatic backwash
systems that periodically clean or flush the filters to maintain their effectiveness and
prolong their lifespan.

Maintenance and Monitoring Equipment: Tools and instruments for regular

inspection, cleaning, and replacement of filters to ensure their optimal performance.
Functional Principles:

Gas Purification: The filtration unit functions by allowing the natural gas to pass
through various filtration media that capture particulates, contaminants, moisture,
and other impurities present in the gas stream.

Efficiency and Effectiveness: The efficiency of the filtration unit depends on the type
and quality of filters used, the flow rate of the gas, and the frequency of
maintenance and replacement.

Applications:

Pipeline Protection: Filtration units prevent contaminants from entering the

distribution network, safeguarding pipelines, valves, meters, and other downstream
equipment from potential damage or blockages.

Quality Assurance: Ensures the purity and cleanliness of natural gas, meeting the
quality standards required for safe and efficient distribution and utilization.

Filtration units are integral components of natural gas facilities, serving to maintain
gas purity by removing impurities and contaminants. They play a crucial role in
protecting downstream equipment, ensuring the reliability and safety of the gas
distribution system, and meeting stringent quality standards. Routine maintenance
and monitoring of filtration units are essential to sustain their effectiveness and
preserve the quality of the gas being distributed.
 LAYOUT AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

As seen from the diagram above, the city gate facility layout is as follows;
Gas coming through the transmission line is connected to the tap of point where gas
is supplied to the city gate facility. A pig launcher is connected between the tap-off
point and the filtration unit with network of valves, temperature and pressure
indicator in between. The filter is used to ensure that gas passing through it is free
from fine particles, moisture, and oil aerosols, making it suitable for various
applications that require clean and dry gas, then the gas is sent to the heater, then
to the odourising unit which introduces a specific odorant, typically a chemical
compound with a strong, distinctive smell, into the gas stream at a controlled rate.
The gas is then sent through the pressure reduction and metering skid. A metering
skid accurately measures the flow rate, volume, and pressure of natural gas as it
enters or exits the city gate station. This measurement is crucial for billing purposes,
maintaining accurate records, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.
The gas is then sent for distribution from the metering skid either through pipelines
for large scale use (like in factories) or packaged in pressure vessels for other uses. A
fire and gas detection system is incorporated into the design to prevent casualties in
cause of fire outbreaks or gas leakage.
Piping

In a city gate facility within the natural gas distribution system, piping plays a crucial
role in transporting, regulating, and distributing natural gas to consumers. The piping
infrastructure within this facility is designed to handle the gas flow efficiently, safely,
and reliably. Here are key aspects of piping in a city gate facility:

Inlet and Outlet Piping: The facility includes pipes that connect to the main gas
transmission lines, allowing gas to enter the facility from the transmission system
(inlet piping) and exit to the distribution network (outlet piping).

Metering and Measurement Piping: Piping systems are installed to connect various
metering and measurement devices such as flow meters, pressure sensors,
temperature sensors, and analyzers. These instruments are vital for accurately
measuring and monitoring the flow and characteristics of the gas.

Regulating and Control Piping: Control valves, pressure regulators, and other control
devices are connected through piping networks to regulate gas pressure, flow rates,
and the distribution of gas within the facility. These components ensure that the gas
is maintained at suitable pressure levels for safe distribution to consumers.

Odorant Injection Piping: Piping systems might be in place for injecting odorants
(such as mercaptan compounds) into the gas stream to provide a distinct smell,
aiding in leak detection and ensuring safety.
Filtration and Conditioning Piping: Piping networks may include filtration systems,
separators, and conditioning equipment to remove impurities, moisture, or
contaminants from the gas, ensuring that it meets quality standards before entering
the distribution network.

Safety and Emergency Shutdown Piping: Emergency shutdown systems might be

included in the piping layout to quickly isolate sections of the piping network in case
of emergencies or to facilitate maintenance and repairs.

Monitoring and Communication Piping: Piping might also accommodate wiring or

communication systems that link various sensors, meters, and control systems to a
central monitoring station. This setup allows operators to monitor and control the
facility's operations remotely.

The piping infrastructure in a city gate facility is designed with safety, reliability, and
efficiency in mind. Proper installation, maintenance, and adherence to safety
regulations are essential to ensure the integrity of the piping system, prevent leaks,
and maintain a consistent and reliable supply of natural gas to consumers.

Metering and Measurement Systems:

This system consists of the pressure reduction/metering skid, temperature and

pressure indicators.
A pressure reduction/metering skid, often referred to as a combined unit, integrates
two essential functionalities within the natural gas distribution system: pressure
reduction and metering.
Pressure Reduction Function:
Pressure Control: This component of the skid regulates the pressure of incoming gas
from higher pressure transmission lines to a lower pressure suitable for local
distribution. Pressure regulators or control valves are employed to achieve this
adjustment.
Safety Measures: The pressure reduction system includes safety features to ensure
that the gas pressure remains within safe limits for the downstream distribution
network and end-users.
Metering Function:
Accurate Measurement: The metering part of the skid incorporates various
instruments such as flow meters, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, and
analyzers. These devices accurately measure the flow rate, volume, pressure, and
temperature of the gas passing through the system.
Monitoring and Data Collection: Data collected from the metering components is
crucial for billing purposes, maintaining accurate records, and ensuring regulatory
compliance. The data is often transmitted to monitoring systems for analysis and
control purposes.
Integration:
The pressure reduction and metering functionalities are integrated into a single skid
to streamline operations, reduce space requirements, and facilitate efficient
management of gas entering the distribution network. By combining these functions,
the skid optimizes space and operational efficiency.
Key Components:
Control Valves/Pressure Regulators: These components regulate gas pressure to the
desired level for distribution.
Flow Meters and Sensors: Devices for measuring flow rate, pressure, temperature,
and other parameters of the gas flow.
Instrumentation and Control Systems: These systems enable operators to monitor
and control the skid's operations, ensuring precise pressure regulation and accurate
measurement.
Importance:
A pressure reduction/metering skid is crucial in the natural gas distribution system as
it ensures the safe and controlled transfer of gas from high-pressure transmission
lines to lower-pressure distribution networks. Accurate metering of the gas flow is
essential for billing purposes, compliance with regulations, and maintaining the
integrity of the distribution system.
Safety Considerations:
Reliability: Skids are designed to be reliable, durable, and efficient to ensure
uninterrupted gas supply.
Safety Systems: Incorporates safety features to prevent overpressure situations, gas
leaks, and to comply with safety standards.
These skids are essential components in the gas distribution infrastructure, allowing
for the safe and controlled distribution of natural gas from transmission lines to
end-users while ensuring accurate measurement and regulatory compliance.

Regulating and Control Systems:

This includes a network of valves

Valves are essential components in various industries, including oil and gas,
manufacturing, water management, and more. They serve the purpose of
controlling, regulating, isolating, and directing the flow of fluids (liquids, gases, or
slurries) within piping systems. Valves come in different types, each designed for
specific applications and functions:
Common Types of Valves:
Gate Valves: These valves control the flow of fluid by lifting or lowering a gate-like
barrier. They provide tight shut-off and are commonly used in fully open or fully
closed positions.
Ball Valves: Ball valves use a rotating ball with a hole through its center to control
flow. When the hole aligns with the pipe, it allows flow, and when rotated 90
degrees, it blocks flow completely.
Butterfly Valves: These valves have a disk that rotates to control the flow. They are
often used for larger pipes and provide quick opening and closing with less
resistance.
Check Valves: Check valves allow flow in one direction and prevent backflow. They
automatically open and close based on the direction of the flow.
Globe Valves: Globe valves regulate flow by moving a plug into or away from the
flow path. They provide more precise control but may cause pressure drops.
Needle Valves: These valves have a slender, tapered point at the end of the valve
stem, allowing for precise flow control at lower flow rates.
Pressure Relief Valves: These safety valves automatically release pressure from a
system when it exceeds a predetermined level, preventing potential damage or
accidents.
Functions and Uses:
Flow Control: Valves can regulate or modulate the rate, pressure, and direction of
flow within pipelines.
Isolation: Valves can isolate sections of a pipeline or completely shut off flow for
maintenance or emergency purposes.
Pressure Regulation: Some valves maintain or regulate pressure within systems by
adjusting the flow rate.
Safety: Valves play a crucial role in safety systems, preventing overpressure
situations or controlling potentially hazardous fluids.
Importance:
Valves are fundamental components of any fluid handling system, ensuring
efficiency, safety, and control over fluid flow. Proper selection, installation, and
maintenance of valves are crucial for the optimal functioning of industrial processes
and infrastructure.
Conclusion:
Valves come in various designs and materials, each serving specific purposes in
controlling and managing the flow of fluids across diverse industries. Their proper
selection and application are vital for ensuring the smooth operation and safety of
industrial processes and systems.

Safety and Emergency Systems:

Valves help to ensure safety within the facility. A fire and gas detection system is also
incorporated in the facility.

Odorant Injection and Conditioning Systems:

A gas odorizing unit is an essential component of the natural gas distribution system
responsible for adding an odorant to odorless gases, such as natural gas or propane,
to make them detectable by smell. The primary purpose of odorizing gas is to
provide an olfactory warning in case of gas leaks, enhancing safety measures for
consumers and the community.

Components and Functionality:

Odorant Injection System: This system introduces a specific odorant, often a

sulfur-based compound such as mercaptan, into the natural gas stream. The amount
of odorant added is carefully controlled to ensure it is detectable at low
concentrations but not overpowering.
Mixing and Distribution: The gas and odorant are thoroughly mixed to ensure
uniform dispersion throughout the gas supply, maintaining consistent odor levels
across the distribution network.

Safety Regulations: Gas odorizing units must comply with safety standards and
regulations regarding the concentration of odorant added to the gas, ensuring it
meets detection thresholds without affecting the gas quality or causing adverse
effects.

Importance:

Leak Detection: Natural gas is naturally odorless and colorless. By adding an odorant,
typically with a distinct, unpleasant smell, any gas leaks become immediately
detectable by smell, allowing for quick identification and mitigation of potential
hazards.

Safety Enhancement: The odorant serves as an essential safety measure, providing

an early warning system for gas leaks, reducing the risk of fire, explosions, or health
hazards associated with exposure to natural gas.

Regulatory Compliance: Many regulatory bodies and standards require the

odorization of natural gas to ensure the safety of gas distribution systems and
consumers.

Considerations:

Odorant Selection: Different odorants are available, but mercaptan compounds are
commonly used due to their distinct smell even in small concentrations.

Precision and Calibration: The addition of odorants must be precise and carefully
calibrated to ensure consistency and effectiveness in odorization without affecting
the gas quality.

Maintenance and Monitoring:

Regular maintenance and periodic checks of gas odorizing units are crucial to
ensuring their proper functioning. Monitoring the concentration of odorant added
and the effectiveness of odorization is essential for maintaining safety standards.

A gas odorizing unit plays a pivotal role in enhancing safety within the natural gas
distribution network by adding a detectable odor to odorless gases, thereby allowing
for swift detection and response to gas leaks, ultimately safeguarding communities
and ensuring a secure gas supply.
Monitoring and Communication Systems:

In a city gate facility within the natural gas distribution system, monitoring and
communication systems are critical components that facilitate the efficient
operation, control, and safety of the facility. Here's an overview of these systems:

Monitoring Systems:

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): SCADA systems collect real-time
data from various sensors, meters, and equipment within the facility. They provide
operators with a comprehensive overview of the facility's operations, including gas
flow rates, pressures, temperatures, and other critical parameters.

Control Room Displays: Monitoring screens or panels in the control room display
information from the SCADA system, allowing operators to visualize and analyze
data. These displays often provide alarms, alerts, and graphical representations for
easy interpretation.

Instrumentation and Sensors: Various sensors and instruments are strategically

placed throughout the facility to monitor gas flow, pressure, temperature, and
detect abnormalities or potential hazards. These sensors continuously transmit data
to the SCADA system for analysis.

Safety Monitoring: Monitoring systems are integrated with safety features such as
fire and gas detection systems to ensure rapid response in case of emergencies or
abnormal conditions.

Communication Systems:
Network Infrastructure: Robust communication networks, including wired and
wireless systems, connect the various sensors, instruments, and control systems
within the facility. These networks enable seamless data transmission and control.

Data Transmission: Communication systems facilitate the transmission of data

between different parts of the facility, the control room, and potentially remote
monitoring stations. This allows for centralized monitoring and control.

Remote Access: Some systems enable remote access, allowing authorized personnel
to monitor and control the facility's operations from off-site locations, enhancing
flexibility and response capabilities.

Importance and Functions:

Real-time Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of gas flow, pressure, and other

parameters ensures smooth operation and helps identify and address issues
promptly.

Early Detection and Response: Rapid detection of anomalies or deviations from

normal operating conditions enables quick response to prevent or mitigate potential
hazards.

Operational Control: Monitoring and communication systems provide operators with

the necessary information to make informed decisions, optimize processes, and
maintain safety standards.

Integration with Safety Protocols:

Monitoring and communication systems are integrated with safety protocols,

emergency shutdown systems, and alarm mechanisms to ensure a coordinated
response to critical situations.

Monitoring and communication systems in a city gate facility are vital for overseeing
operations, ensuring safety, and maintaining efficiency in the distribution of natural
gas. These systems enable real-time monitoring, data analysis, and prompt
responses to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the facility.
 COMPLIANCE AND REGULATIONS
In Nigeria, the design of a city gate facility within the natural gas distribution system
would likely adhere to several regulations and standards:

Regulatory Compliance:

1. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR): The DPR in Nigeria oversees the

regulation and licensing of the oil and gas industry. Their regulations might include
safety guidelines, technical requirements, and environmental standards for gas
facilities.

2. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA):

NESREA sets environmental standards and regulations, including those related to air
quality, waste management, and environmental impact assessments.

Industry Standards:

1. American Petroleum Institute (API) Standards: API standards cover various aspects
of oil and gas operations, including design, construction, and operation of facilities.
These standards may be considered for engineering and safety practices.

2. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO standards related to

quality management, environmental management, and health and safety may be
referenced in the design process.

Safety and Design Considerations:

1. Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment: Designing a city gate facility involves
conducting hazard analysis and risk assessments to identify potential risks, such as
gas leaks, fire hazards, or equipment failures. Mitigation measures are then
implemented to minimize these risks.

2. Compliance with Building Codes: Compliance with local building codes and
regulations concerning construction materials, structural integrity, fire safety, and
electrical systems is crucial.

3. Emergency Response Planning: Designing emergency response protocols and

systems, including fire and gas detection systems, emergency shutdown mechanisms,
and evacuation plans, is essential for ensuring safety.

4. Environmental Impact Mitigation: Incorporating measures to minimize the

facility's environmental impact, such as proper waste management, emissions
control, and adherence to environmental regulations, is important.

Local Considerations:
In Nigeria, adherence to specific local laws, cultural norms, community engagement,
and stakeholder consultations might play a crucial role in the design process,
especially concerning land use, community safety, and environmental preservation.

Designing a city gate facility involves meticulous planning, adherence to safety

regulations, consideration of environmental impact, and compliance with industry
standards. Collaboration between engineers, regulatory bodies, and stakeholders is
key to ensuring a facility that meets safety, regulatory, and environmental
requirements in Nigeria. Consulting with local authorities and industry experts
remains vital for compliance with the most current regulations and standards in the
country.
 CONCLUSION

The comprehensive design of a city gate facility within the natural gas distribution
system stands as a testament to the intricate balance between technological
innovation, safety imperatives, regulatory compliance, and environmental
stewardship. This facility represents the convergence of meticulous planning,
engineering precision, and a commitment to ensuring the secure, efficient, and
sustainable distribution of natural gas to end-users.

In the pursuit of designing this facility, numerous critical factors were diligently
addressed. From the initial conceptualization phase to the detailed engineering,
safety considerations have remained paramount. The incorporation of
state-of-the-art monitoring systems, meticulous hazard assessments, and the
implementation of emergency response protocols underscore the unwavering
dedication to ensuring the safety of personnel, communities, and the integrity of the
facility itself.

Compliance with local and international standards and regulations has been a
cornerstone of the design process. Adherence to the stringent guidelines set forth by
regulatory bodies such as the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and the
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA)
has been rigorously observed. This commitment to regulatory compliance extends to
the utilization of industry standards such as those established by the American
Petroleum Institute (API) and the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), ensuring that the facility operates at the pinnacle of safety and operational
efficiency.

Environmental stewardship has been interwoven into the fabric of this facility's
design. Robust measures aimed at minimizing environmental impact, including waste
management protocols, emissions control systems, and adherence to stringent
environmental regulations, have been methodically integrated. These measures
affirm our dedication to preserving the environment and minimizing the ecological
footprint of the facility's operations.

Moreover, the design encapsulates a vision for operational resilience and

adaptability. Contingency planning, risk mitigation strategies, and a focus on
modular and scalable components ensure that the facility is equipped to navigate
unforeseen challenges while accommodating future technological advancements
and changes in demand.

The culmination of these efforts has resulted in a city gate facility that not only
meets the core objectives of ensuring a safe, reliable, and efficient gas distribution
network but also serves as a testament to our unwavering commitment to safety,
regulatory compliance, and environmental sustainability.
As the design phase concludes, it marks the beginning of the realization of this vision.
The implementation and operation of this facility will stand as a testament to the
synergy between cutting-edge engineering, stringent safety protocols, regulatory
compliance, and a steadfast dedication to environmental responsibility.

In conclusion, the design of this city gate facility epitomizes a harmonious blend of
innovation, safety, compliance, and sustainability—a testament to our commitment
to excellence in the natural gas distribution industry.

References

Oil and Gas Industry Journals: Publications like Oil & Gas Journal, Pipeline & Gas
Journal, and World Pipelines often cover topics related to pipeline systems, including
articles on pigging operations and pipeline maintenance.
Engineering Handbooks and Manuals: Textbooks or manuals on pipeline engineering,
maintenance, or oil and gas operations might contain detailed information about pig
launchers and related equipment.
Manufacturer Documentation: Companies specializing in pipeline equipment and
maintenance tools often provide technical datasheets, manuals, or white papers
related to pig launchers, which can offer in-depth information about their design,
operation, and applications.

QUESTION

Calculate the thickness of pipe used when the pressure in the system is 50barg and
temperature is 50°C

Solution
where:
t = required wall thickness (in inches)
P = internal pressure (in psig)
D = pipe diameter (in inches)
S = material stress value (in psig)
E = quality factor
Y = a factor that accounts for the strength of the material at elevated temperatures
(for materials that will be subjected to high temperatures)
CA =Corrosion Allowance

Assuming the pipe is a carbon steel

Yield Strength =250Mpa
Din = 1m
Corrosion Allowance = 1.5mm
Pressure: 25 * 10**5 Pa
Temperature: 50 degree C

Calculating allowable stress:

Assuming a temperature derating factor of 0.9 at 50 degree C
S = 0.9 * 250Mpa = 225 * 10**6 Pa

Using Barlow’s Equation

t = 25 * 10**5 * 1000 / 2*225 * 10**6 * 1 * 1 = 5.56mm
tfinal = t + CA = 5.56 + 1.5 = 7.06mm