4th International Structural Engineering Construction Conference (ISEC-4), Melbourne, September 26, 2007

COREWALL AND OUTRIGGERS AS LATERAL SYSTEM FOR

THE PEAK@SUDIRMAN JAKARTA
Davy Sukamta, Fellow P.E

ABSTRACT: The Peak@Sudirman is a super-tall Residential Building located at the golden triangle central
business district of Jakarta. This development consists of two 30-storey towers and two 50-storey, on top of a 3-
level basement. The 50-storey towers have a slenderness ratio of 1:8, making them the one of the most slender
and tallest building in Indonesia.

The lateral system for this 50-storey tower is reinforced-concrete corewall and outriggers. The outriggers have a
depth of two full stories, connecting the corewall to the outrigger columns, and located at three different levels
along the height of the building. By linking the outrigger columns and core, it enables the full width of the
building to act in resisting lateral forces. These outriggers convert the overturning bending moment in the
corewall into tension-compression couple forces in the outrigger columns, and help in achieving the required
stiffness of the structure.

The structure is designed to with stand lateral wind force and earthquake. For wind effect on structure, 100-year
wind of 40 m/sec is adopted for strength criteria, while 10-year wind is used for the human perception criteria.
The building model has undergone wind tunnel testing at RWDI Canada to determine the static and dynamic
behavior of the building.

For seismic load, the building is designed to take 500-year earthquake with a 10% probability of exceedance
during the 50-year life time

The Peak@Sudirman sits on bored pile foundation and uses 55 MPa concrete to achieve the required stiffness in
order to meet the occupant comfort criterion for the building. The foundation work was completed in 4 months
and the structure took another 17 months. Progress of work for the typical floor is 7 days per floor.

This paper describes the design and construction of the Peak@Sudirman, currently the tallest residential building
in Jakarta.

INTRODUCTION relatively small floor plan in the typical floor, just

The Peak@Sudirman is a super-tall residential
development recently completed in 2006. The building
is located in the golden triangle central business
district of Jakarta in the most prestigious area and has
a total floor area of 100,000 sq.m including the
basement. It is 218 m high, measured from the street
level to the top of the crown. This paper discusses the
design and construction of the building, which is
currently the tallest residential tower in Jakarta,
Indonesia.
The architectural design of the twin 50-storey tower
strongly emphasizes the vertical aspect and the
slenderness of the building, by creating strong vertical
lines in the elevations and curtain wall details. The
1,378 sq.m per floor, creates a very slender building
with an aspect ratio of 1:8 on one of its principal axis.
With this small floor area there will be three units of
apartment per floor and all the rooms in every units
can have access to direct light. Private dedicated lifts
are provided for each unit.
The Peak@Sudirman rises 218 m from the street level,
and is slated to be the future icon for Jakarta.
STRUCTURAL SCHEME
The structural scheme was developed with close
cooperation between architect, developer, engineers
and quantity surveyors. The original typical plan has
several clusters of lift shafts to provide the private lifts
to each unit. The shaft contained two lifts, with RC
walls surrounding then, but the size of these individual
corewalls were too small to provide the required
stiffness of the structure. The structural engineer then
proposed a central RC corewall of decent size, and to
put all the lifts within the coerwall. With the new
configuration and wall thickness of 700 mm, the
fundamental period of the structural was around 7.0
second, and this was considered too flexible for this
building. By putting double-story outriggers at three
locations along the height of the building, the required
stiffness can be achieved.
Reinforced concrete is used as the main structural
elements, as the raw materials for concrete are in
abundance in Indonesia. Furthermore, the RC slab
suits very well to the irregular architectural plan and
grids, and is able to minimize the floor to floor height.
The familiarity of local contractors with the system is
another consideration taken into account. Over the
past decade or so, engineers and ready mix concrete
producers have researched and developed higher and
higher strength of concrete. Before 1990, the common
grade is f’c = 20 MPa – 30 MPa. During the design of
the 52-storey Amartapura residential apartment tower
in 1994, a high-strength concrete of grade 60 MPa was
developed and used, successfully.
deformation in the slab, especially to calculate the
long term deflection of the slab. The slab thickness is
then determined, which is generally 180 mm thick
with 120 mm thick drop panel.
The corewall has a thickness of 650 mm on East and
West side and 550 mm on North and South side.
Double story outrigger beams are put at Level 10 to
Level 12, Level 21 to Level 23 and Level 23 to Level
34. These outrigger beams connect the central
corewall to the outrigger columns at the edge of the
building, thus making use of the whole width of the
building to resist the lateral load. Figure 1 shows the
Peak@Sudirman in the near completion stage. Figure
2 shows the cross-section of the building and the plan.
The concrete grade used in the project is of grade 55
MPa in the bottom part of the building, and
subsequently reduced to 25 MPa as the structure get
higher.

SUB STRUCTURE

The Peak@Sudirman has a common basement, 3 Figure 1. The Peak@Sudirman, Jakarta

levels with excavation reaching 10 m from the surface.
The building sits on bored-pile foundation, diameter 1
m and 1.2 m with effective length of 24 m to 28 m and
allowable load of 470 m.tons to 660 m.tons.
Contiguous bored pile is used for the retaining
structure, with one or two rows of ground anchors.
The foundation work was completed in four months.
Excavation of soil took another two months, and then
the mat foundation was completed in one and a half
months. The structural system for the basement slab is
flat slab with drop panel.

SUPER STRUCTURE

The gravity system for this building is flat slab with

drop panel, which allow the architect to make use of
the available space to obtain a ceiling height of 3.00
m. Because of the irregularity of the plan, the slab
cannot be analyzed by simple method. A finite-
element analysis is used to analyze the forces and the Figure 2. The cross section of the building and the plan.
The structure is analyzed as a 3-D model using
ETABS software. The dynamic characteristic of the
structure is presented in Table 1 below:

Tabel -1. The dynamic characteristic of the tructure

Modal Participating Mass Ratio (%)
Mode T (sec)
X-Trans Y-Trans R
1 4.536 0 63 0
2 4.162 62 0 0
3 2.368 0 0 66

The outrigger system helps significantly in stiffening

the structure. However it also attracts huge forces Figure 3. The force balance model in the wind tunnel test.
from the lateral load. The outrigger beams are
penetrated by door openings, one opening on each
floor for each beam. The openings are 1200 mm by
2300 mm. They do not affect the stiffness of the
outrigger beams, but the shear forces in the link beam
is so huge it necessitates the installation of the steel
beam to resists it.

WIND-EFFECT

Indonesia has not developed a map of wind speed for

using in the design of tall buildings. For the
Peak@Sudirman, we used the study of wind climate
model developed by Lythe, G.R and Isyumov, N.[1] , Figure 4. The rigid body model
which was previously used for the 52-storey
Amartapura apartment building designed by us in The result of the force balance model shows the total
1995. The model is based on the daily record of wind wind force acting on the building in the x and y
speed during 20 years, from the Halim Airport. Since direction is 479 m.tons and 980 m.tons respectively.
the building is very slender with 1:8 aspect ratio, we The acceleration at the top floor is well below the ISO
decided to use 100-year wind, 40 m/sec (fastest one criteria for 1-year, 5-year and 10-year wind. The 10-
mile speed) for strength criteria. For the human year wind acceleration is 9.0 – 10.4 m.g, well below
perception criteria we use 1-year, 5-year and 10-year the 16.0 m.g limit. See Table-2 below.
wind. Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin, Inc. Canada is
the wind consultant in this project. They performed Table 2. The acceleration at the top floor.
wind-effect studies on the structure, established the Return Peak Total Acceleration
cladding pressure and the comfort level of pedestrian ISO Criteria
Period (milli-g)
around the building. A high-frequency force balance (milli-g)
(Years) D=2.0% D=1.5%
model with a scale of 1:300 was used to study the 1 4.0 4.6 9.6
generated forces in the building and the peak 5 7.2 8.4 13.4
acceleration at Level 50. Figure 3 shows the force 10 9.0 10.4 16.0
balance model in the wind tunnel test. Figure 4 shows
the rigid body model, made from plexiglass with 419
pressure taps, to determine the wind pressure for the SEISMIC-EFFECT
design of the cladding system. The design damping
ratio is taken as 1.5% to 2.0% of critical damping. The Peak@Sudirman is designed to take 500-year
earthquake with 10% probability of exceedance during
its 50-year life time, as per Indonesian Seismic Code.
The seismic response modification factor is taken as R
= 5.5, and the importance factor I = 1.0. The outrigger
beams and columns are designed to resist the elastic
seismic force but not bigger than the sum of the shear
yield capacity of the steel link beams. In this way, we Distribution of Ultimate Story Shear, Y-direction
Distribusi Gaya Geser Arah Y
make sure that the energy dissipation take place either V, m.ton

in the steel link beams or in the corewall. The design 0 10 20

V, ton

30 40 50 60

Peak Ground Acceleration is 150 milli-g. This gives ROOF

LEVEL47
the value of base shear in the x and y direction as 1210
LEVEL45
m.tons and 1125 m.tons repectively. LEVEL43

LEVEL41 Ultimate Earthquake

Ultimate Wind
Figure-5 and Figure-6 present the comparison of the LEVEL39

ultimate story-shear for axis-X and axis-Y for wind LEVEL37

LEVEL35
and earthquake load, while Figure-7 and Figure-8 LEVEL33

show the ultimate overturning moment. In the X- LEVEL31

direction the ultimate overturning moment due to LEVEL29

earthquake is bigger than the wind, while on the Y- LEVEL27

Lantai
direction it is the other way around. LEVEL25

LEVEL23

LEVEL21

The shape of the building is rectangular, with 1:8 LEVEL19

aspect ratio on one axis but not so slender in the other LEVEL17

axis. The North and South elevation has much bigger LEVEL15

LEVEL13
frontal area than the East and West. This explains the LEVEL11
above description. LEVEL9

LEVEL7

Figure-9 shows the 3-D computer model of the LEVEL5

structure, with the corewall and the double story LEVEL3

outriggers at three locations. Figure-10 shows the steel

link beam, with thick web plate and thin flange plates. Figure 6. The comparison of the ultimate story-shear for axis-Y.
Figure-11 shows the installation of the link beam
during construction. Momen Gulingmoment,
Arah X X-direction
Ultimate over-turning

m.ton M,
-m ton-m

Distribution of Ultimate
Distribusi Story Shear,
Gaya Geser Arah X X-direction 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000
ROOF
V, m.ton
V, ton
LEVEL47
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
LEVEL45
ROOF

LEVEL47 LEVEL43

LEVEL45 LEVEL41

LEVEL43 LEVEL39

LEVEL41 LEVEL37

LEVEL39 LEVEL35

LEVEL37 LEVEL33

LEVEL35 LEVEL31
Ultimate Earthquake
LEVEL33 Ultimate Wind
LEVEL29

LEVEL31
LEVEL27
Lantai

LEVEL29
LEVEL25
LEVEL27 Ultimate Earthquake
Lantai

LEVEL23
Ultimate Wind
LEVEL25
LEVEL21
LEVEL23
LEVEL19
LEVEL21
LEVEL17
LEVEL19
LEVEL15
LEVEL17
LEVEL13
LEVEL15
LEVEL11
LEVEL13

LEVEL9
LEVEL11

LEVEL9 LEVEL7

LEVEL7 LEVEL5

LEVEL5 LEVEL3

LEVEL3

Figure 7. The ultimate overturning moment for axis-X

Figure 5. The comparison of the ultimate story-shear for axis-X.
 Momen Guling Arah Y
Ultimate over-turning moment, Y-direction
M, ton-m
m.ton -m
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000
ROOF

LEVEL47

LEVEL45

LEVEL43

LEVEL41

LEVEL39

LEVEL37

LEVEL35

LEVEL33

LEVEL31

LEVEL29 Ultimate Earthquake

Ultimate Wind
LEVEL27
Lantai

LEVEL25

LEVEL23

LEVEL21

LEVEL19

LEVEL17 Figure 10. The steel link beam, with thick we plate and thin
LEVEL15
flange plates.
LEVEL13

LEVEL11

LEVEL9

LEVEL7

LEVEL5

LEVEL3

Figure 8. The ultimate overturning moment for axis-Y

Figure 11. The installation of the link beam during construction.

CONSTRUCION ASPECTS

The basement construction was completed in two

months. The super structure took another twelve
months. Flying form system was used to achieve a
speed of seven days per floor. Special precaution was
exercised on the exposed corner columns, which need
extra care on the construction practice. The outriggers
were not allowed to be cast until the topping-off, in
Figure 9. The 3-D computer model of the structure showing the
order to transfer all the load directly to the columns as
corewall and the double story outriggers at three locations
per their tributary area. The requirement for the
confinement of the boundary elements in the corewall
has created some congestion problems in rebar
installation, which was then solved by rearrangement
of the stirrups diameter and spacing. See Figure-12.
The installation of the steel link beams did not cerate
any problem, but the construction cycle for the related
floor was two days longer. Figure-13 shows the
construction of the super structure with one shored
plus two reshored formwork.

Figure 12

Figure 13

The concrete grade used is fc’ = 25 MPa up to 55

MPa, delivered to the site by trucks from different
plans within 45 minutes drive to the site. The steel
rebar is of grade BJTS-40, minimum yield strength is
400 MPa. Topping-off was conducted in November
2005 and the building was completed at the end of
2006.

REFERENCES

Lythe, G.R; and Isyumov N,”A Study of Wind Effects

for Amartapura the Residential Palace, Jakarta,
Indonesia”, BLWT-5523-1995