EFFECTS OF CONCURRENT TRAINING ON AXUM U-17 FEMALE FOOTBALL

PLAYERS PHYSICAL FITNESS LEVELS, TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE OF

ETHIOPIA.

MSc. THESIS

LEMLEM MULUYE ABEJE

SEPTEMBER 2020

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY, HARAMAYA

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY, HARAMAYA Effects of Concurrent Training
on Axum U-17 Female Football Players Physical Fitness Levels, Tigray
Regional State Ethiopia

A Thesis Submitted to Department of Sport Science

Postgraduate Program Directorate
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPORT MEDICINE

Lemlem Muluye Abeje

September2020

Haramaya University, Haramaya

 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE

As a research advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this thesis entitled “Effect
of Concurrent Training on Axum U-17 Female Football Players Physical
Fitness Levels, Tigray Regional State Ethiopia.

” Prepared by under my guidance by Lemlem Muluye Abeje. I recommend that it can be

submitted as fulfilling the thesis requirements.

Shemelis Mekonen (PhD)

Major Advisor Signature Date

Abinet Ayalew (PhD)

Co- adviser Signature Date
As a member of the board of examiners of the MSc. Thesis open defense examination, I certify
that I have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by Mrs. Lemlem Muluye Abeje and examined
the candidate. I recommend that the thesis be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the
degree of Master of Science in Sport Medicine.

Chair man Signature Date

Internal Examiner Signature Date

External Examiner Signature Date

ii
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis manuscript to my sister’s Meseret Muluye and Meron Muluye for their
effort for the success of my life.

iii
 STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR

Through my signature below, I declare and affirm that this Thesis is my own work. I have
followed all ethical and technical principles of scholarship in the preparation, data collection,
data analysis and compilation of the Thesis. Any scholarly matter that is included in the Thesis
has been recognition through citation.

This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for MSc degree in sport Medicine
degree at Haramaya University. The thesis will deposite in the Haramaya University library and
will be available to borrowers under the rules of the library. I solemnly declare that this thesis
did not submit to any other institution anywhere for the award of any Academic Degree,
Diploma or Certificate.

Brief quotations from this thesis may be made without special permission provided that accurate
and complete acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended
quotations from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in part may be granted by the head of
the school or department when his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the
interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the
author of this thesis.

Name: Lemlem Muluye Abeje Signature:

Date of submission:
School/Department: Sport Science
Program: Sport Medicine

iv
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The Author was born in North Gonder in july 12, 1997 from her father Muluye Abeje and her
mother Yeshi Melash. She attended her Elementary Education at Hibretr Primary School and her
Secondary and Preparatory School at Angereb general Secondary and Preparatory school.

After successfully passing the Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Examination (EHEEE), she
joined Axum University in 2014 and graduated in 2016 with BSc degree in Sport Science. After
her graduation, she was employed in Axum University as graduate assistant for one year and in
2018/19 she joined Haramaya University Sport Science Academy to pursue her postgraduate
studies in Sport Medicine.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to thanks the Almighty God who helped me in all aspects of my life. I
express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my major advisor, Dr. ShemelisMekonen (PhD)
and my Co-advisor, Dr. AbinetAyalew for their constructive advice, suggestion, comments,
guidance, encouragement and support throughout this thesis. Without the encouragement, insight
and professional expertise of my advisors, the completion of this work would not have been
possible.

My special thanks go to Haramaya University Sport Science Department Staffs and Axum
University Sport Science Department staffs for there all rounded support in many ways. It is
also my pleasure to acknowledge Axum town youth Sport affairs office officers,coaches and
Axum town’s u-17 female football players those who have participated in my research as study
subjects.

vi
 ACRONYMS AND

ACSM American College of Sport Medicine

CT Concurrent Training

CTE Concurrent Training Effect

FIFA Federation of International Football Association

ST /RT Strength Training/Resistance Training

POT Post Test

PT Pre Test

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

vii
 TABLE OF
DEDICATION iii
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR iv
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDICES xii
LIST OF FIGURE IN THE APPENDIX xiii
ABSTRACT xiv
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2Statements of the Problem 3
1.3 Scope of the Study 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.5 Objective of the Study 5
1.5.1 General objective 5
1.5.2 Specific objective 5
2. RELATED REVIEW LITERATURE 6
2.1 Concurrent Training 6
2.2 Concurrent Strength and EnduranceTraining 7
2.3 Effect of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training 7
2.4 Effect of Concurrent Training on Performance of Endurance Athletes 8
2.5 Sequence of Concurrent Training 8
2.6 Intensity and Volume of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training 9
2.7 Adaptations to Concurrent Training in Endurance Athletes 9
2.8 Strength Training 11
2.9 Endurance Training 12
Continues…
viii
2.10 Skill Related Physical Fitness Components 13
 2.10.1 Agility TABLE OF 13
2.10.2 Balance 14
2.10.3 Speed 14
2.10.4 Explosive Power 15
2.10.5 Reaction time 15
2.11 Football 16
2.12 Demands of Football 16
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 18
3.1 Description of Study Area 18
3.2 Research Design 18
3.3 Definition of Terms 18
3.4 Source of Data 19
3.5 Study Population 19
3.6 Sample Size and Sampling Technique 20
3.7 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 20
3.7.1 Inclusion Criteria 20
3.7.2 Exclusion Criteria 20
3.8 Method and Procedure of Data Collection 21
3.8.1 Method of data collection 21
3.8.2 Procedure of Data Collection 21
3.9. Data Collection Instrument 21
3.10 Method of Data Analysis 23
3.11 Data Quality Control 23
3.12 Ethical Issues 23
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 26
4.1 Over View 26
Continues…

ix
 4.2 Demographic Characteristics
TABLE of OF
the Subjectes 26
4.3 Balance Test Result and Discussion 27
4.4 Agility Test Result and Disscusion 28
4.5. Speed Test Result and Discusion 29
5. SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 32
5.1 Summary 32
5.3 Recommendation 33
6. REFERENCES 34
7. APPENDICES 44

x
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Page

1. Mean and standared value of subjects demographic characterstics 24

2. Mean and standard value of pre and post test result of balance on performance of Axum
u-17 female football players 25
3. Mean and standard value of pre and post test result of agility on performance of Axum u-
17 female football players 26
4. Mean and standard value of pre and post test result of speed on performance of Axum u-
17 female football players 27
5. Mean deference values and significance levels of all variables 29

xi
 LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDICES
Table Page
1. Training schedule for first month(December 2019) 53
2. Training schedule for second month(January 2020) 54
3. Training schedule for third month (February, 2020) 55
4. Physical fitness test result record sheet 57
5. Experimental group pre-post raw data 58
6. Control group pre-post raw data 59
7. Experimental group pre and post paird sample T-test 60
8. Control group pre and post paird sample T-test 60
9. Norms of dependent variables test to data analaysis 61

xii
 LIST OF FIGURE IN THE APPENDIX
Figure Page
Map of the study area 62

xiii
 Effect of Concurrent Training on Axum U-17 Female Football Players
Physical Fitness Levels, Tigray Regional State Ethiopia

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12-week concurrent training on some
selected skill related physical fitness components (speed, balance and agility) of (AKT) Axum
town U-17 female football players. Twenty-four (24) under seventeen female football players
free from any health problems, with the age group between 15–17 years were selected by
random sampling technique from the total population of 24. Hence, All 24 subjects were able
to complete the study and they were selected by censuses sampling technique which was used
to took the population of study subjects as it is because number of population of the study were
too small . The selected subjects were divided into 2 groups i.e.each group including (12
female football players) control group and (12 female football players) experimental groups
randomly andcomplete the study from the initial to the end. The experimental group of the
subjects undergo(participated)on 12 weeks’ concurrent strength and endurance training, three
days per week and the duration was 60-minutes while, the control group continued with their
usual training. Pre-test, and post tests were conducted on selected variables such as 30-meter
acceleration test, stroke balance test and hexagonal obstacle test each subjects were tested at
the same time of day. The data collected from subjects were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0
and the comparison of mean value results was carried out by paired sample t-test. The level of
significance was p<0.05. The finding of the present study balance test from pre to post test
was showed significant change for experimental group 7.92, agility -3.55 and for speed test
was -1.87 andlittle change for control group (MD ,0.7) for balance test and (MD,-0.06) for
agility test and(MD-0.01) for speed test in control group So this study concluded that 12-
weeksconcurrent training program have a positive effect to improve balance,agility and speed
performance of Axum town U-17 female football players on experimental group than control
group Based on the above test result alterative hypothesis was accepted whereas, null
hypothesis was rejected.
Keywords:Skillrelated,Concurrent training, Agility, Balance, Speed,Strength
training,endurancetraining.

xiv
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Football is the most popular worldwide sport, which is characterized by high intensity, short
term actions and pause of varying length (Stroyer et al., 2004). In UK, there are 265 million
male and female football Players. The game is played by men, women and children of all ages
and levels of abilities. Success as a player requires an appropriate mixture of mental, physical,
technical and tactical abilities,which means a footballer’s performance is influenced by
technical and tactical factors as well as biomechanical, physiological, and psychological
conditions, and the player must be sufficiently capable in every respect(FIFA, 2007).

The football practitioners require many attributes to become successful. These include
cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, muscular Endurance, flexibility, agility, Coordination,
skill and tactical knowledge (Teshome, 2012).

Concurrent training (CT) is a model of exercise prescription that combines strength training
and aerobic capability in the same period of time (Bell,2000; Hakkinen,2003; McCarthy
,2002). Studies have shown that concurrent training,rather than speed up the development of
aerobic capacity,which also used to improve the performance of endurance athletes (Pollock,
et al., 200).

Concurrent training is development of endurance and strength training at the same time or
trainingsession. Aconfident way to speedup performance is to train both muscle strength and
cardiorespiratory fitness with in a training cycle i.e.,concurrent training. Concurrent
trainingcould potentiate the individual personal property produced by endurance training and
strength training and increase athletic performance rather than training ET and ST alone.

A favorable interaction between ST and ET may reduce time spent on ST and ET and
increase time for recovery or training for sport specific skills (Rønnestadetal.,2014).
Concurrent Strength and endurance trainings are important co-determinants of football
performance, because they are key features of physical capacity and main regulators of
important football- specific tasks. (Hoff and Helgerud ,2004). Concurrent training is
common
 2

for team sport athlethes to perform resistance and endurance training with in the same traning
cycle(Fyfe et al.,2014).

This training arrangement has been referred to as ‘concurrent-training’ and may be sub-
optimal for muscle strength and power development (i.e. the ‘interference phenomenon’)
(Wilson et al., 2012).

Strength (resistance) training (ST) is a modality of exercise that has grown in popularity
over the past two decades, particularly for its role in improving athletic performance by
increasing muscular strength, power and speed, hypertrophy, local muscular endurance, motor
performance, balance, and coordination (Kraemer et al., 2000).

A specific strength with football player is reflected by the strength reflection while jumping,
pushing strength with sprint, strength of stopping and pushing while changing the moving
direction, strength of kicking by foot and with a head, strength of throwing the ball with a
hand, stability on the ground and in the air, in duels or fights (Gardaševic et al., 2014).

Endurance training (ET) is the act of exercising to increase endurance,which means training
the aerobic system as opposed to the anerobic system. Endurance exercises lead to a
significant increase in type I muscle fibers, since these fibers have a large amount of
mitochondria. Because of endurance exercises, muscle mass does not increase and the actual
size of muscle fibers decreases (Maiorana, 2002 ; Izquierdo, 2004).

The endurance of football players may be the most important ability (Gardašević, 2010).
Endurance training defined as the ability to perform an activity for a long period of time
without reducing the effectiveness of this activity, i.e. the ability of endures a physical effort
for a long time. Aerobic capacity that aids recovery between in the exhaustive power-
demanding sprints and the high-intensity bouts( Hoff, 2004 ).
 3

1.2 Statements of the Probleme

Concurrent strength and endurance training is important part of an overall fitness

program,which used to achieve many different goals and to maximize all aspects of physical
performance (Baker, et al,.2013). According to (Cadore, et al., 2010; Wong,2010) concurrent
training is the best strategy to enhance athletic performace. Concurrent Strength and
endurance trainings are important co-determinants of football performance, as they are key
features of physical capacity and main regulators of important football- specific tasks(Hoff
and Helgerud, 2004).
A number of studies suggest that CT might attenuate power productivity and hypertrophic
development in the type I muscle fiber (Bell et al.,2000; Putman et al.,2004). Also, some
studies published more recently show that CT might attenuate muscle growth and strength
(Jones et al. 2013; Rønnestad et al. 2012; Chtara et al., 2008). A favorable interaction between
ST and ET may reduce time spent on ST and ET and increase time for recovery or training for
sport-specific skills (Rønnestad and Mujika, 2014).

To achieve their set goal U-17 female football players require well organized scientific
guidelines (schedule) and too much concurrent strength and endurance training as they
involved in various vigorous practical activities and competitions.

Because as Studies have shown that concurrent training speedup the development of aerobic
and anarobic capacity which is also used to improve the performance of endurance athletes
(Pollock, et al., 200).

However the gap is that U-17 female football players know the importance of endurance or
strength training separately,ratherthan concurrent strength and endurance training concurrently
to improve their performance due to physical fitness components or variables of agility,
balance and speed, and have no scientific training schedule which contains training principle
because of this their performance is ineffective or low.

To develop selected fitness variables or components speed,balance and agility participating in

concurrent strength and endurance training is imperative,hence conducting research is
mandatory to see the effect of concurrent training on speed, balance, agility by giving CT as
additional training to minimize the gap.
 4

Also in our country especially in Axum town research was not conducted on the effect of
concurrent training on some selected skill related physical fitness components, hence the
examiner of this study initiated to conduct a research on this area. As a result this study
expected to investigate the effect of concurrent training on speed, balance, agility of Axum U-
17 female football players.

Hypothesis:H1= alternative hypothesis, H0=null hypothesis

H1= Concurrent training have a significant effect on speed, of Axum U-17 female football
players.

H0= Concurrent training have no a significant effect on speed, of Axum U-17 female football
players.

H1= Concurrent training have a significant effect on balance, of Axum U-17 female football
players.

H0= Concurrent training have no a significant effect on balance, of Axum U-17 female
football players.

H1= Concurrent training have a significant effect on agility, of Axum U-17 female football
players.

H0= Concurrent training have no a significant effect on agility, of Axum U-17 female football
players.

1.3 Scope of the Study

This study was conducted on Axum town u-17 female football players with aim of examining
the effect of post exercise concurrent training on some selected skill related physical fitness
components.The study was delimited to Axum u-17 female football players and also delimited
to some physical fitness levels.

1.4Significance of the Study

The finding of this study was helped:-

 To investigate the effects of concurrent training on Axum U-17 female football players
physical fitness levels
 5

 To know the deference (changes) that occur before and after 12 week CT training
program on speed, balance and agility of Axum u-17 female football players.
 To provide scientific base and guidance for the athletes,any sport man and sport
professionals (i.e. coaches, trainee).
 To identify whether concurrent training has significant effect on improvement of
selected motor fitness variables of Axum u-17 female football players.
 To aware the purpose and effect of concurrent training on speed, balance and agility
of female football players and used as a reference for further study.

1.5Objective ofthe Study

1.5.1 General objective

The general objective of the studywas to investigate the effect of concurrent training on Axum
U-17 female football players physical Fitness levels.

1.5.2 Specific objective

 To investigate the effect of concurrent training on speed of Axum u-17 female football
players.
 To find out the effect of concurrent training on balance of Axum u-17 female
football players.
 To assess the effect of concurrent training on agility of Axum u-17 female football
players.
 6

2. RELATED REVIEW LITERATURE

2.1 Concurrent Training

Concurrent training can be defined as incorporating both resistance and endurance exercises
with in a training regime. In the past two decades, concurrent resistance and endurance
training programs have received much attention as a form of training. Several studies have
shown that concurrent training (resistance and endurance training in the same session or
program) interferes with the development of muscle strength or power (Chtara, et al., 2008).

Some studies reported a compatibility of resistance and endurance training, did not show any
reduction in strength adaptations after concurrent strength and aerobic endurance training
(Izquierdo, et al., 2004; Izquierdo, et al.,2005; Glowacki, et al., 2004; Balabinis, et al., 2003).

Recently, the combination of two exercise modalities: concurrent strength and endurance
training (concurrent training) has been employed, as recommended by the American College
of Sports Medicine. Participation in concurrent training has recommended for healthy people
and adults with chronic medical conditions (Garber, et al., 2011). The physiological stimuli
directed to skeletal muscle because of strength training or endurance training is divergent in
nature, due to competition in metabolic adaptation to exercise.

A number of studies suggest that CT might attenuate power output and hypertrophic
development in the type I muscle fiber (Bell et al. 2000; Putman et al., 2004). Also, some
studies published more recently show that CT might attenuate muscle growth and strength
(Jones et al. 2013; Rønnestad et al., 2012; Chtara et al., 2008). Although several articles
reported of an interference effect on the development of strength and muscle hypertrophy,
there has been a contradictory finding as well (Hendrickson et al., 2010; Shaw et al., 2009;
Wilson et al., 2012). Interestingly, (Lundberg et al., 2013) and (Kazior et al., 2016) showed an
increase in muscle cross-sectional area among subjects after CT was compared to ST.
Concurrent training develops strength and endurance simultaneously.
 7

Performing strength and endurance training simultaneously in the same training period
typically called concurrent training, is a popular training strategy to develop various aspects of
physiological capabilities. Combining strength and endurance training within the same
programmed is common for athletes in many sports. Many endurance athletes recognize the
performance benefits of supplementing their training programmed with strength training;
athletes from intermittent sports, too, will often participate in prolonged technical or metabolic
conditioning sessions within a programmed, which also includes strength training. Concurrent
training in this manner, when compared to strength training alone, has been shown to
compromise improvements in strength-related qualities and augment endurance-related
adaptation (Jung, 2003). Previous research reports that concurrent strength and endurance
training can increase endurance performance in high-level athletes largely than endurance
training alone (Losnegard, et al., 2011).

2.2 ConcurrentStrength andEnduranceTraining

When developing several physical and fitness attributes, athletes ideally use a periodised
approach to training allowing sequential development of the fitness requirements (Bompa and
Haff, 2009). However, time constraints and demands of competitive schedules mean a
periodised approach is not always possible. Consequently, athletes are often required to train
different physiological systems simultaneously, during the same training cycle. This approach
is particularly true for the development of strength and endurance, dictating the inclusion of
both strength and endurance training methods within the training regime. Additionally, sports
medicine and exercises science organizations, including the American College of Sports
Medicine (ACSM) (Riebe, 2014), recommend concurrent training in order to maximize the
benefits of exercise at all levels. Despite delivering scientifically based standards on exercise
prescription, the organization fails to consider the possibility of a negative interaction between
strength and endurance training, which could lead to compromises in program outcomes.

2.3 Effect of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training

Physical activity promotes motor development and physical fitness in youth. The World
Health Organization recommends at least 60 min of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical
activity daily in youth aged 5–17 years. Most of the physical activity should be aerobic with
 8

additional muscle strengthening exercises conducted at least three times per week
(WHO, 2010). Thus, the general youth population should regularly perform endurance and
strength exercises. While physical activity promotes motor development in youth, young
athletes may specifically benefit from endurance training (ET) and strength training (ST)
during long-term development of sport-specific athletic performance. Indeed, high levels of
muscular strength and aerobic endurance are key determinants of success in many sports
(Baar, 2014; Bompa and Buzzichelli, 2015).

To increase athletic performance, athletes and coaches seek ways to optimize training and
minimize risks for injury. A promising way to increase performance is to train both muscle
strength and cardiorespiratory fitness within a training cycle [i.e., concurrent training (CT)].
CT could potentiate the individual effects produced by ET and ST and increase athletic
performance more than training ET and ST alone. A favorable interaction between ST and ET
may reduce time spent on ST and ET and increase time for recovery or training for sport-
specific skills. Indeed, CT compared with single-mode ET may produce larger performance
improvements in time trials in runners and cyclists (Rønnestad and Mujika, 2014).

2.4 Effect of Concurrent Training on Performanceof Endurance Athletes

Strength training (ST) for endurance athletes was for a long time controversial among coaches.
Many endurance sports are so called “weight-bearing”, which implies that a higher total body
weight will limit performance since the movement will be require more energy. The notion
has been that ST will increase the body weight of the athlete, thus limit endurance
performance through increased cost of movement. Although ST has the potential to increase
muscle mass, individual training variables such as volume, number of repetitions and intensity
can alter the response away from hypertrophy. Emerging over the past decade, a number of
studies have reported of increased chronic endurance performance, both long-term and short-
term, when ST is added to an ET protocol (Millet et al., 2002; Støren et al., 2008).

2.5 Sequence of Concurrent Training

Amongst the concurrent training studies conducted thus far, various sequencing of the
exercises has been implemented with strength before endurance training (Balabinis, et al.,
2003; Bell, et al., 2000; Häkkinen, et al., 2003) and endurance before strength training
 9

(Glowacki, et al., 2004; Leveritt, et al., 2003). The findings from these studies suggest that the
combination of strength and endurance exercises in the one training regime impairs strength
development with minimal interference in endurance adaptations. The similarities in the
findings from these previous studies suggest that concurrent training can attenuate strength
development despite different sequencing of strength and endurance exercises. However, since
the order of strength and endurance exercises were not alternated within the one study, the
methodology used by these previous studies do not elucidate the true extent of the effects the
sequence of the exercises have on adaptation. To date, there have only been a limited number
of concurrent training studies that have directly examined the sequence of the mode of training
(Chtara, et al., 2008).

2.6 Intensity and Volume of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training

Different intensities of strength and endurance training the type and extent of training
adaptation is predominantly determined by training intensity and volume. For example,
strength development predominantly occurs when strength training is performed at a high
intensity and low volume (5-6 sets of 1-6 repetitions), hypertrophic adaptations are induced
when performed at a moderate to high intensity and moderate volume (three to four sets of 8-
12 repetitions) and muscular endurance increases when performed at low intensity and high
volume or three to four sets of 15 repetitions or more (Kraemer, et al., 2002).

As training adaptation is dependent on the intensity and volume of training (Kraemer, et al.,
2002) training variables within a concurrent training program may be set such that the
interference of strength and/or endurance development is minimized, Proposed the “zone of
interference” effect, suggesting that the degree of interference of strength performance may be
dictated by the intensity and volume of strength and endurance training performed on the same
muscle groups (Docherty, et al., 2000).

2.7 Adaptations to Concurrent Training in Endurance Athletes

During recent years scientific evidence has emerged that inclusion of strength exercises into
endurance training routines may beneficially affect performance of endurance athletes
(Bazyler, et al., 2015; Beattie et al., 2014; Rønnestad, 2014). Endurance capacity is known as
the ability to maintain a constant power output over a given time (Paavolainen, et al., 1999b;
 1

Stone et al., 2006). Thus, changes in neuromuscular function may substantially affect
endurance performance (Paavolainen et al., 1999b), despite the fact that rather VO2max,
metabolic thresholds, and exercise economy are typically considered as determinants of
cardiorespiratory fitness (Bassett and Howley, 2000).

Indeed, previous studies in which endurance and strength training was performed on
discontinuous days have shown that strength training-induced improvements in endurance
performance are attributed to adaptations within the neuromuscular system both in endurance
runners (Millet, et al., 2002; Storen, et al., 2008; Taipale, et al., 2010; Saunders, et al., 2006;
Turner, et al., 2003; Guglielmo, et al., 2009; Paavolainen, et al., 1999a; Mikkola, et al., 2007)
and cyclists (Aagaard, et al., 2011; Barrett, et al., 2012; Sunde, et al., 2010; Rønnestad, et al.,
2011).

Interestingly, the majority of studies has shown that the positive effects of strength training for
endurance athletes may occur independently to changes in V O2max (Paavolainen, et al., 1999a;
Storen, et al., 2008). Instead, maximal and explosive strength training has shown to improve
running economy (Millet, et al., 2002; Storen et al., 2008; Taipale et al., 2010; Paavolainen et
al., 1999a), 41 velocity at the lactate threshold (Guglielmo, Greco &Denadai 2009; Mikkola et
al. 2007; Paavolainen, et al., 1999a), maximal running speed (Millet et al., 2002) and running
time over a given distance (Spurrs, Murphy &Watsford 2003; Paavolainen et al. 1999a), while
the positive effects of strength training on cycling economy are not as well documented
(Rønnestad, Hansen &Raastad 2010b; Aagaard, et al., 2011).

Typically, strength training-induced improvements in cardio respiratory function and

endurance performance occur with concomitant increases in maximal and/or explosive
strength development, supporting the hypothesis that the beneficial effects on endurance
performance may be induced by enhanced neuromuscular function (Mikkola, et al., 2007;
Taipale, et al., 2010; Paavolainen, et al., 1999a). However, it should be noted that due to the
high volume of endurance training performed in these athletes, neuromuscular adaptations
observed are of a smaller magnitude than those typically seen following strength training only
(i.e. “interference effect”). According to (Østerås, et al., 2002 and Rønnestad, 2014)
improvements in endurance performance induced by heavy resistance training may be
attributed to increased muscle-tendon-unit stiffness, a delayed activation of less efficient type
 1

II fibers, improved neuromuscular efficiency as characterized by a greater capacity to store

and release elastic energy which may lead to a right and upward shift of the force-velocity and
force-power relationships and/or the conversion of fast twitch type IIX fibers into more fatigue
resistant type IIA fibers. Similarly, improvements in the rate of force development have also
been associated with improved movement economy (Paavolainen, et al., 1999b; Saunders, et
al., 2006; Turner et al., 2003), indicating that explosive strength training may be similarly
effective as maximal loads (Taipale, et al., 2013).

However, strength training has previously also been shown to stimulate mitochondrial
biogenesis, possibly beneficially affecting endurance adaptations (Wilkinson, et al., 2008).
Whether endocrine adaptations contribute to beneficial strength training induced adaptations
in endurance performance has to date not thoroughly been investigated. In one study,
significant increases in serum testosterone concentrations were observed after 12 weeks of
concurrent training in recreational endurance runners (Taipale, et al., 2014a). This in turn may
indicate that the strength training-induced changes in basal hormone concentrations may
counteract an endurance training-induced catabolic state, possibly contributing to the
beneficial effects of strength training for endurance athletes but further research is required in
order to confirm this hypothesis.

2.8 Strength Training

Strength training is a type of physical exercise specializing in the use of resistance to

induce muscular contraction, which builds the strength, anaerobic endurance, size of skeletal
muscles and bone density.

When properly performed, strength training can provide significant functional benefits and
improvement in overall health and well-being, including increased bone, muscle, tendon,
and ligament strength and toughness, improved joint function, reduced potential for injury,
(Rosler, 2014) increased bone density, increased metabolism, increased fitness (Shawbs, 2009)
and improved cardiac function. Training commonly uses the technique of progressively
increasing the force output of the muscle through incremental weight increases and uses a
variety of exercises and types of equipment to target specific muscle groups. Strength training
is primarily an anaerobic activity, although some proponents have adapted it to provide the
benefits of aerobic exercise through circuit training.
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Strength training is typically associated with the production of lactate, which is a limiting
factor of exercise performance. Regular endurance exercise leads to adaptations in skeletal
muscle, which can prevent lactate levels from rising during strength training.

“Skeletal muscles adapt to anaerobic training primarily by increasing in size, facilitating fiber
type transitions, and enhancing its biochemical and ultrastructural components. Collectively
these changes ultimately result in enhanced muscular strength, power, and muscular
endurance, which are critical to athletic success”. (Baechle and Earle, 2008)

2.9 Endurance Training

Endurance training is the act of exercising to increase endurance,which means training the
aerobic system as opposed to the anaerobic system. The need for endurance in sports is often
predicated as the need of cardiovascular and simple muscular endurance. Endurance in sport
closely tied to the execution of skill and technique. A well- conditioned athlete can be defined
as, the athlete who executes his or her technique consistently and effectively with the least
effort(Michael, 2008).

Soccer is a sport consisting of high- to maximum-intensity exercise interspersed with low-

intensity exercise bouts (Orendurff, et al., 2010; Psotta, et al., 2006). Performance
enhancement in soccer is determined primarily by aerobic endurance. Therefore, soccer
training should include training stimuli for the development of players’ aerobic fitness
(Chaouachi et al., 2010; Hoff & Helgerud, 2004; Stølen, et al., 2005).

From the viewpoint of training load and current levels of players’ performance levels, fitness
testing plays an important role in the assessment of the current levels of players’ motor
abilities (Pivovarniček, et al., 2011). Therefore, the testing conditions should mimic the game
conditions as much as possible. Therefore, players must show optimal levels of special
endurance to be able to perform as many all-out sprints as possible (Hipp, 2007; Psotta, et al.,
2006).

Aerobic fitness is important for soccer players. A high maximal aerobic power (V O2max) has
correlated with work-rate duringgameandhighaerobiccapacityreportedtoaidrecovery
duringhigh-intensityintermittentexercise,typicalofsoccerperformance and training.
 1

Furthermore, an increase in the capacity of the oxygen transport system leads to a higher
aerobic contribution to the energy expended, taxing the anaerobic energy system less and,
consequently, reducing fatigue through sparing glycogen and preventing the decrease of
muscle pH(Tomlin, 2001).

The relevance of aerobic fitness for soccer players also confirmedby somestudies showing
arelationship betweenaerobicpowerandcompetitiveranking,teamlevel,and distance covered
during the (match (Krustrup, Mohr, Amstrup, 2003) for these reasons, soccer- training
program commonly include aerobic conditioning.

2.10 Skill Related Physical Fitness Components

Physical fitness is a general state of health and well-being or specifically the potential to
perform aspects of sports or occupations. Physical fitness is generally achieved through
correct nutrition, hygiene, regular exercises and proper rest. A set of qualities or characteristics
that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity. Physical
fitness is a set of characteristics that are either health or skill related (Pawan, 2014)

Physical fitness is a condition in which an individual has sufficient energy to avoid fatigue and
enjoy life physically and emotionally and which is divide into five health and six skill-related
components. Skill-or performance-related fitness involves skills that will enhance one’s
performance in athletic or sports events. Health-related fitness involves skills that enable one
to become and stay physically healthy (Sheppard and Young, 2006).

2.10.1 Agility
Lately, agility has been defined as a rapid wholebody movement with a change of velocity or
direction in response to a stimulus (Sheppard and Young, 2006).The use of tests of agility that
combine changes of direction and/or speed with cognitive measures is encouraged in practice.

Among the different physical qualities needed are the ability to perform straight-line sprint
and positive and negative acceleration with rapid changes of directions, often referred to as
agility (Mujika, et al.,2009). By the nature of the game, there are rapid sharp cutting
movements and changes in direction at speed during a match; Football player changes
direction every 2 to 4 seconds and makes 1200 to 1400 changes of direction over the course of
90 minutes (Jukic, 2010).
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Agility is the ability to change the direction of body or its parts rapidly’ is dependent on
strength, reaction time, speed of movement and muscular coordination. Quick start and stops
and quick changes in direction are fundamental to good performance in Football (Nabhendra,
2010).

It is an ability to change direction accuracy and quickly while moving rapidly. Flexibility and
agility are considered one's ability to change direction of the body or body parts swiftly and
accurately. It is functional capacity of joints to more through a full range of movement. The
ability to perform a series of explosive power movements in rapid succession in opposing
directions (e.g. Zigzag running or cutting movements) The ability to rapidly and accurately
change the direction of the movement of the entire body in space (Charles, 1994).

Agility is the ability to change the direction of body or its parts rapidly’ is dependent on
strength, reaction time, speed of movement and muscular coordination. Quick start and stops
and quick changes in direction are fundamental to good performance in athletes (Nabhendra,
2010).

2.10.2 Balance
Balance is involved to some degree with all motorperformances and some performances
heavily depend upon balance. Dynamic and stable both are of great importance in all body
contact sports such as sports and games athletics, football, Soccer, baseball and hockey.
(Nabhendra, 2010).Recently, researchers have identified balance ability in soccer players as an
important aspect of performance (Paillard et al., 2006).

2.10.3 Speed
Running speed is not only an athletic event itself, but it is an important factor in almost all
court and field games it can result the difference in whether a performer is able to gain an
advantage over his/her opponent. It is determined by the length and frequency (speed) of
strides and mostly dependent upon speed of muscular and neuromuscular coordination.
(Nabhendra, 2010).
Football is a game that requires skill and speed. Speed is the ability to perform a movement
within a short period. Speed training is an important football related skill related component of
physical fitness that enables a player to move from one point to another with faster response
 1

time. It has been shown that to improve speed each athlete needs to work on acceleration,
starting ability, stride rate, speed endurance, and stride length (Mackenzie, 2001).
During a soccer match, players cover about 10 km in total, which includes a sprint every 90
seconds (11% of overall activity) with each action lasting on average of 2 to 4 seconds and
covering a distance of 15 m (Rumpf, et al.,2012).
In line to this fact during the first 15 minutes of game players can cover 700 meters of high
speed running, however this statistics not true for all players, some players may engage only
two hundred meters.
External midfield players can take as many as 47 sprints in a game with distances ranging
from 20 to 45 meters with speeds up to 30 km/h. Whereas holding midfield players have
shown that they can make 11 sprints in a game which only last up 16 meters but
speed never reached 30 km/h. On the other hand, Sprints havedifferent classifications; Fast
sprints come under the title of explosive movements which last up to zero points in five
seconds, for instance leading sprints are gradual and go from slow to fast. Players in different
positions use different sprints (Bangsbo, 2016).

2.10.4 Explosive Power

Muscular power, often- referred to as explosive power, is a combination of speed and strength
an important in vigorous performance because it determines how hard a person can hit, jump
and push etc. There are various means and method to increase power by increasing strength
without sacrificing speed, by increasing speed of movement without sacrificing strength and
by increasing both can be stressed by applying strong force through rapid motion. (Nabhendra
Singh, 2010)

2.10.5 Reaction time

Reaction time is extremely important in all performances, requiring quick response. It has
special significance in events in which an individual depends on each other and thereby
respond to each other’s movement. In addition coordinationis the ability to use the senses
together with body parts during movement. For example, dribbling a basketball using hands
and eyes together is hand-eye (coordination(Nabhendra, 2010).
 1

2.11Football
Football is a widely popular sport, (Haugen,2015), with nearly 300 million people playing
worldwide.To succeed in elite football, players require a high level of physical fitness to cope
with the demands of the game (Polman, et al.,2004). Soccer requires players to perform
numerous actions that require speed, agility,strength, flexibility and endurance, complete
numerous jumps during a 90- minute match (Krustrup, et al.,2005). In fact, earlier studies
identified that higher levels of (Speed(Polman, et al.,2004), Agility (Michael, et al., 2006),
and flexibility (Konstantinos, et al., 2015), are crucial in success football match performance.

Football is a sport that is characterize by many and varied complex dynamic kinesiology
activities that are characterize by a large number of cyclic and acyclic movements
(Gardašević, and Goranović, 2012; Gardašević, and Bjelica, 2013; Sermaxhaj, et al.,
2017).Football is the first organized physical activity many young people engage in
worldwide, and appeals to a large and diverse public, with 21 million registered youth players
under the age of 18 (Kunz, 2007).

The football practitioners require many attributes to become successful Players. These include
cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, muscular Endurance, flexibility, agility, Coordination,
skill and tactical knowledge (Teshome, 2012).

2.12 Demands of Football

Football is the most popular sport in the world the physiological demands of football had well
researched across the professional game. Football requires a huge range of physical abilities,
ranging from aerobic endurance to explosive power, speed, muscularstrength and endurance
ability concurrently, repeated sprint ability and balance. These abilities must also be
combining with a technical proficiency, tactical awareness, psychological robustness, and
fatigue resistance in order to attain high levels of success.

In the professional game, outfield players will cover distances ranging from 10-12km
depending on their position and goalkeepers approximately 4km across a 90- minute game
(Stølen et al., (2005). However, distance covered is not a great marker of the physiological
demands of football due to the majority of the distance covered by walking and low-intensity
running (Bangsbo,. 2014).
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Research has suggested that the ability for players to perform high-intensity actionis
becoming increasingly important in the game. Over the last few years the professional game
has changed, a study by (Bradley et al., 2014) investigated changes in the physical outputs of
English Premier League players. They found that distances covered at high intensity (19.8–
25.1 km/h) and sprint (> 25.1 km/h) have increased by over 30% over the last 7 seasons.

Whilst players are now carryingout 80% and more sprints.Tests of speed and power are
inherently linked most football related performance can be put down to the ability to produce
force quickly (Newton et al., (1994). Players who get to the ball first and demonstrate agility
and balance in attack and defense have a distinct advantage over opponents (Duthie et al.,
(2006).
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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Description of Study Area

The study was conductedat Aksumtown, which is located in the north part of Ethiopia and
1024 km far from Addis Ababa the capital city of Ethiopia and far around 220 km from
Mekelle which is the capital city of Tigray andcentral zone of Tigray regional state.Axum is
located in the Meakelay Zone of the Tigray region, near the base of the Adwa mauntains. It
has an elevation of 2,131 meters (6,991 ft) and itbounded byLa’ilayMaychew district. Axum
protect one of the most impressive archeological and historical areas in the world
(https://www.tripadvisor.com>…> Axum).

3.2 Research Design

The research aimed to investigate the effect of concurrent training on Axum U-17 Female
Football Players Physical Fitness Levels with the age of 15-17. This study was used pre-
posttest experimental study design with control group: In this study 24 u-17 female football
players was taken from Axum Hawlty u-17 female football club after they finished the health
status questionnaire. The samples were selected by random sampling method and devided in to
two groups which means control group(12) and experimental groups(12). The experimental
group(12) participated on 12-weeks concurrent training program, for 3 days per week Tuesday
,Thursday and Saturday and the duration was 60(35-60)minutes and the control group(12) was
continued with their usual physical activity.The study was followed pre and post test result,
the pre-post test design enables the researcher to examine effect of concurrent training on skill
related physical fitness components of Aksum u-17 female football players and to measure
and compare the degree of change occurring as a result of intervantions. The physical fitness
variables selected as dependent variables those were speed, balance, and agility. Concurrent
training selected as independent variables.

3.3Definition of Terms

Football : is the most popular worldwide sport, which characterized by high intensity short
term actions and pause of varying length (Stroyer et al., 2004).
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Concurrent training (CT ): is a model of exercise prescription that combines strength

training and aerobic capability in the same period of time (Bell, 2000; Hakkinen,2003;
McCarthy,2002).

Strength (resistance) training: is a type of physical exercise specializing in the use of

resistance to encourage muscular contraction which builds physical strength, aerobic
endurance, size of skeletal muscle and bone density(Rosler,2014).

Endurance training: is the act of exercising to increase endurance, which means training the
aerobic system as opposed to the anarobic system(Maiorana, 2002 ;Izquierdo, 2004).

Agility:Agility is defined as being able to change directions and body positions very quickly
and accurately (Matte, 2011).

Balance:is the ability to control or stabilize the body when a person is standing still or
moving. For example, in-line skating (Paillard et al., 2006).

Speed: is the ability to move your body or parts of your body swiftly. Many sports rely on
speed to gain advantage over your opponents. For example, a basketball player maks a fast
break to perform a layup, a tennis player moving forward to get to a drop shot, a football
player out running the defense to receive a pass.Speed is defined as the ability to perform a
movement in a short period of time (Matte, 2011).

3.4 Source of Data

The Axum u-17 female football players data was used as primary source of data. The primary
sources of data was collected through the administration of experimental process (recording
pretest and post test result) the sample taken from Axum town u-17 female football players.

3.5 Study Population

The researcher was interested to conduct this research on female football players only. The
study population was all Axum u-17 female football players. The total numbers of Axum u-17
female football players was 24 in number and the age of selected sample for this study were
ranging from 15-17 years old.
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3.6 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

The researcher used to select subjects as well as to assign subjects for control and
experimental groups was simple random sampling technique, while censuse sampling was
used to select the samples (subjects).Tewenty four (24) Axum u-17 female football players
were filled the health status questionnaire while selecting by random sampling technique.The
questionnaire was prepared with the aim of identifying subjects health status who were free
from any known cardiovascular disease, taking regular medication and any recent physical
injury. The sample of this study was all Twenty four (24) Axum u-17 female football players
and the subjects were selected by using censuse sampling technique.

3.7 Inclusion andExclusion Criteria

3.7.1 Inclusion Criteria

 The subjects in the study were healthy.

 The subjectsage were between 15-17 years.

 If they were healthy and volunteer to participate in 12 weeks concurrent training

program.

3.7.2 Exclusion Criteria

Subjects with any of the following conditions were excluded from the study

 If they had known metabolic disorder including heart disease, diabetes, hypertension,
musculoskeletal disorders (injuries)and any bleeding disorders.

 Generally If they were not healthy and volunteer

 Those age was less than 15and more than 17 years excluded from this study

Even though the investigator putdown the above exclusion criteria, no one who were fulfill the
exclusion criteria that means all Axum U-17 female football players was part of study.
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3.8Method and Procedure of Data Collection

3.8.1 Method of data collection

The quantitative data were collected through the appropriate physical fitness tests, before and
after giving concurrent training for 12 weeks,3 days per week and measuring or testing speed
by 30-metere acceleration test, balance by standing strock test, and agility by Hexagonal
Obstacle test before and after 12 weeks concurrent training to experimental group of Axum u-
17 female football players with the age of 15-17.The investigator with help of assistant data
recorder from sport science department staffs recorded the data,and the appropriate concurrent
training workouts were given by the researcher.

3.8.2 Procedure of Data Collection

First the researcher was obtained the ethical clearance from concerning body(Axum town
youth Sport affairs office officers, subjectes family,coaches) and meet the participants of the
study, during the familiarization session, participant were informed all of procedures and
familiarized with all performance variables (physical fitness components) to reduce the
possibility of learning/ understanding effect. Then, concurrent training was consumed during
treatment period of twelve (12) weeks.

Next before the participants are going to concurrent training program the pre physical fitness
variables test was given to them, recorded by the researcher and the assistance data recorder at
the same time of day for each subject. Then the participants were grouped into control and
experimental group. also at the end of concurrent training program subjects was done the
posttest to figure out the effect of the treatment.

3.9.Data Collection Instrument

The following fitness tests were used as parameter to measure speed,balance and agility was
recorded for pre test and post test study.

 Agility test
 Hexagonal Obstacle Test
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The objective of the hexagonal obstacle test is to monitor the athlete's agility.The
measurement was used 66 cm sided hexagon marked out on the floor, Stop watch, Assistant:

Procedure:First the athlete after 5-10 minut warm up stands in the middle of the hexagon,
facing line A. At all times throughout the test the athlete is face to line A , On the command
GO the watch is started and the athlete jumps with both feet over line B and back to the
middle, then over line C and back to the middle, then line D and soon.

When the athlete jumps over line A and back to the middle this counts as one circuit. The
athlete is to complete three circuits, on completion of three circuits the watch is stopped and
the time recorded.

The athlete rests and then repeats the test, On completion of the second test determine the
average of the two recorded times, If you jump the wrong line or land on a line then the test is
to be restarted.

Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is expected that,
with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would indicate an improvement in the
athlete's agility.

 Balance test
 Standing Stork Test

The standing strok test purpose is to monitor the development of the athlete's ability to
maintain a state of equilibrium (balance) in a static position and the equipment was used warm
dry location – gym, stop watch, assistant.

Procedure: stand comfortable on both feet , hands on your hip , lift one leg and place the toes
of that foot against the knee of the other leg. On command from the assistant, raise the heel
and stand on your toes ,assistant starts the stop watch, balance for as long as possible without
letting either the heel touch the ground or the other foot move away from the knee. Coach
records the time you were able to maintain the balance, repeat the test for the other
leg.Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests. It is expected
that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would indicate an improvement.
 2

 Speed test
 30 Metre Acceleration Test

The 30-meter acceleration test purpose is to monitor the development of the athlete's ability to
effectively and efficiently accelerate from a standing start or from starting blocks to maximum
speed and the equipment was used 400m track- with a 30m marked section on the straight,stop
wach,assistant.

Procedure:the test comprises of 3 x 30m runs from a standing start or from starting blocks
and with a full recovery between each run. The assistant should record the time for the athlete
to complete the 30m.Analysis of the result is by comparing it with the results of previous tests.
It is expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would indicate an
improvement.

3.10 Method of Data Analysis

The data was obtained frome physical fitness variable tests through fieled workouts. After that
the data was coded and organized for analysis. The coded data was analyzed by using SPSS
version 20., paired T-test. Level of significance was at p ≤ 0.05%.

3.11 Data Quality Control

To ensure quality of the data of speed, balance and agility, standardized fitness test was used
with appropriate apparatus. To reduce the mistakes, which can be occurred during data
collection and to collect the appropriate data the assistant fitness test recorder was selected
among technical assistance of sport science department of AKU and the researcher was create
awareness in depth to be committed and to get quality data.

3.12 Ethical Issues

The study was done in such way that ethical issues were properly addressed. Privacy of the
participants protected and confidentiality was strictly observed and maintained throughout the
study. Generally, this research was conducted based on the research ethics of Haramaya
University. The protocol was approved by the university guidelines. The participant was
 2

informed earlier with a written consent/ agreement letter with their family and coach by using
English and Tigrigna(which is their mother tung language in order to understand easly).
2
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4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Over View

In this chapter, the results of the study were presented and discussed in well to address the
objectives of the research. The research aimed to examine the effect of concurrent training on
some selected skill related physical fitness components in case of Axum u-17 female football
players. To achieve the purpose of this study 24 participants of Axum u-17 female football
players selected as Study subjects and their age was 15-17 years. The participants were
engaged in a designed concurrent training program for 12 weeks and 3 days per week for 60
minutes. Under this, three physical aspects of fitness tests had been evaluated by 30-meter
acceleration tests,hexagonal obstackle test and strockbalance test. The collected data were
analyzed by using SPSS version 20 paired T-test. The results of those variables are discussed
below in the tables.

4.2 Demographic Characteristics of the Subjectes

A total of 24 Axum u-17 female football players were selected as study subjects and divided
in to two groups,12 experimental and 12 control groups. The total number of the study
subjectes; were female. Thus a total of 24 subject participated from initial untill end.

Table1. Mean and standared devation values of demographic characterstics of the

subjects.

Characteristics Mean Std

Age 15.9583 .69

Height 1.5979 .062

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4.3 Balance Test Result and Discussion

Table 2: Mean and standard deviation values of balance in time/ seconds.

Group N Variable Pre test Post test P -value

EG 12 6.31±4.28 14.23 ±4.48 .001

balance
CG 12 6.33±4.27 7.03±3.89 .055

(Value(mean± SD), EG: experimental group, CG: control group

As the above table 2 showed there was significant difference observed between pretest and
post test results on the experimental group rather than control group. While, in the control
group there was showed a little difference or change from pre up to post test result but there
was no significance change or value when compared to the experimental group within 12
weeks’ concurrent training on balance of the study subjects. Thus, as it is indicated on the
table the average value of balance was significantly increased for the experimental group after
12-weeks designed concurrent training program, the mean value of balance for experimental
group was 6.31±4.28 before they underwent to a 12 week concurrent training program and
after they begin(start) and finishthe 12 week concurrent training program the mean value of
balance became14.23±4.48 when compared to the mean value of balance for control group pre
mean value was 6.33±4.27, and7.03±3.89 was post mean value of balance which was taken as
pre and posttest result respectively with the mean value difference were considered statically
significant at p≤0.05. So, as can we see and understandfrom the above table we can say that
there was significance change in balance of pre-posttest result on experimental group because
of12-weeks concurrent training. Moreover in the control group there was a little difference
from pre upto post test result but not significance when compared to the experimental group
within twelve weeks’ concurrent training. Therefore, based on this result 12-weeks concurrent
training have a positive effect on balance of Axum U-17 female football players, So
concurrent training should be given to athletes strongly to increase their performance. Due to
this the null hypothesis were rejected while the alternative hypothesis were accepted.This
study result is supported according to (Tillaar,et al.,2011)core strength and endurance training,
 2

has gained much attention as potentially important sport specific ability to improve balance.
Researches has shown apositive correlation between core stability, measure of total body
strength and speed in football players(Nesser, et al.,2008) and play arole in enhancing overall
soccer ability. Balance interventions with athletes have improved measures of athletic
performance including agility(Malliou et al.,2004). Major fitness components of
soccer(balance,agility,speed) are dictated by strength and endurance sport skill components.
Previous studies have reported positive effects of concurrent exercises for maintaining and
optimising fitness levels (Kraemer et al., 2004).

4.4 Agility Test Result and Disscusion

Table3 : Mean and standard deviation values of agility in time/ seconds

Group N Variable Pre test Post test P –value

EG 12 18.21±3.133 14.66 ±3.85 .002

agility
CG 12 18.21±3.52 18.15±3.55 .074

(Value(mean± SD), EG: experimental group, CG: control group

The above table shows that there was significant difference observed between pre and post test
results on the experimental group rather than control group. While, in the control group there
was showed a little difference from pre up to post test result but not significance when
compared to the experimental group within 12 weeks’ concurrent training on agility of the
study subjects. Thus, as it is indicated on the table the average value of agility was
significantly decreased(improved) for the experimental group after 12-weeks designed
concurrent training program, the mean value of agility for experimental group was
18.21±3.133 before they participate to a 12 week concurrent training program and after they
begin(start) and finish the 12 weeks concurrent training program the mean value of agility
became14.66±3.85 when compared to the mean value of agility. for control group pre test
mean value was18.21±3.52, and18.15±3.55was post mean value of agility which was taken as
pre and posttest result respectively with the mean value difference were considered statically
 2

significant at p≤0.05. So, as can we see from the above table we can say that there was
significance change in agility of posttest result on experimental group because of 12-week
concurrent training with good progression. Moreover in the control group there was
demonstrated a little difference from pre up to posttest result but not significance when
compared to the experimental group within twelve weeks’ concurrent training. therefore,
based on this result 12-week concurrent training have a better positive effect on agility of
Axum U-17 female football players, that means the null hypothesis was rejected while the
alternative hypothesis was accepted.This finding supported by many researchs have suggested
that the most important determinants of soccer performance is agility which is fundamental to
adult and youth players with a high agility profile are more prone to perform better during
high-speed repetitive actions and to make decisions quickly during crucial moments
throughout the game (Reilly, 2007; Trecroci et al., 2016; Young et al., 2015). The model of
agility consists of two main components representing perceptual and decision making factors
and change of direction speed. Perceptual and decision-making factors are based on cognitive
processes and include specific skills such as visual scanning, anticipation, pattern recognition,
and knowledge of situation (Sheppard and Young, 2006). The change of direction speed is
based on physical elements including technique, straight sprinting speed, leg muscle qualities
that means Strength and endurance, power and reactive agility and anthropometry (Sheppard
and Young, 2006).

4.5. Speed Test Result and Discusion

Table4 : Mean and standard deviation values of speed in time/ seconds

Group N Variable Pre test Post test P –value

EG 12 6.26±0.24 4.39 ±0.42 .000

speed
CG 12 6.26 ±.38 6.25 ±.37 .235

Value(mean± SD), EG: experimental group, CG: control group

The above table indicates that there was significant difference observed between pretest and
posttest results on the experimental group rather than control group. While, in the control
 3

group there was showed a little difference from pre up to post test result but not significance
when compared to the experimental group within 12 weeks’ concurrent training on speed of
the study subjects.

Thus, as it is indicated on the table the average value of speed was significantly
decreased(improved) for the experimental group after 12-weeks designed concurrent training
program, the mean value of speed for experimental group was 6.26±0.24 before they
participate to a 12 week concurrent training program and after they begin(start) and finish the
12 weeks concurrent training program the mean value of speed became 4.39±0.42 when
compared to the mean value of speed for control group pre test mean value was 6.26±.38 and
6.25±.37 was post mean value of speed which was taken as pre and posttest result respectively
with the mean value difference were considered statically significant at p≤0.05. So, as can we
see from the above table we can say that there was significance change in speed of posttest
result on experimental group because of 12-week concurrent training. Besides in the control
group there was a little difference from pre upto post test result but not significance when
compare to the experimental group within twelve weeks’ concurrent training. Therefore, based
on this result 12-week concurrent training have a better positive effect on speed of Axum U-17
female football players, that means the null hypothesis was rejected while the alternative
hypothesis was accepted. This Finding related with several studies have reported that
footballers cover up to 10-12km the exercise is alternating and made up of a variety of speeds.
Therefore, the players need ability to repeatedly perform intense bouts of exercise. Thus, a test
was developed by Jens Bangsbo, to help assess this measure of endurance. The endurance is a
football specific field test that maximizes the aerobic energy system through intermittent
exertion. (Deprez et al., 2012), the concurrent aerobic level and ability is more demanding on
the concurrent anaerobic system (Ingebrigtsen et al., 2012). The endurance test consists of
20m shuttle runs with a gradual increase in speed, after a set of runs ,players have a 10-second
active rest period, and continue until they are unable to keep up with the required speed
(Krustrup et al., 2006). Previous study shown the importance for players to have an aerobic
capacity. The majority of football matches are decided by the high intensity movements
(Faude et al., (2012), players not only need the ability to reach these speeds, but the ability to
repeatedly produce them when required without hindering their performance.Negrete and
Brophy (2000)stated that the variability of running speed and technique in the sprint tasks
 3

could account for the weaker relationship with strength qualities. In one of the earliest studies,
the effectiveness of CT in prepubescent age groups on sport related performance, by 8 weeks
of continuous exercise program was examined, they reported improvement in performance of
running speed, agility,balance and different fitness levels of adolescents (Marta et al., 2013).

4.6 Mean Deference Values and Significance Levels of Variables

Table5. pre test to post test mean deference values and significance levels of all variables

variables Group Parameter (A) Parameter (B) MD(A-B) Sig

Balance EG PoT(14.23) PT(6.31) 7.92 .001

CG PoT(7.03) PT(6.33) 0.7 .055

Agility EG -3.55 .002

PoT(14.66) PT(18.21)
CG -0.06 .074
PoT(18.15) PT(18.21)
Speed EG PoT (4.39) (6.26) -1.87 .000

CG (6.25) (6.26) -0.01 .235

MD: Mean difference, SIG: Significance level, PoT: Post Test, PT: Pre Test, EG:
Experimental Group, CG: Control Group,

The above tables showed that all variables balance,agility and speed had a positive
improvement on experimental group subjects of the study in 12 week concurrent training
program but even if there was a little change showed on control group but there was no
appositive improvement or change. Hence this study was significant to improve physical
fitness aspects performance of study and statically significant with P values <0.05 for all
variables due to this null hypothesis rejected and alternative hypothesis was accepted.
 3

5. SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

This study tried to investigate the effect of CT on some selected skill related physical fitness
components those are balance, agility and speed of Axum U-17 female football players. To
achieve the objective of this study, 24 Axum u-17 female football players were selected by
using census sampling technique. With the age of 15-17 years were taken as study subjects.
after they filled health status questionarry and divided into two groups randomly control and
experimental group. Then the experimental group participated in 12 weeks concurrent training
program, three days per week and the duration was 60 minute. Control group participated on
their usual training. In this study the influence of 12 week concurrent training program on
balance, agility and speed have been seen.

The dependent variables selected to this study were balance, agility and speed and tests used
were strock balance test, hexagonal obstackle test and 30-meter acceleration test within two
intervals, which means pretest, and posttests. The data collected by using the appropriate
fitness tests before, and after taken 12 weeks concurrent training program. Paired T-test was
used for comparision of means and SPSS version 20 was used to analyze data with
significance value of 0.05%. The finding of this study summarized and demonstrated that from
pretest to posttest showed asignificant change in experimental group in all parameters
(variables) those are balance, agility and speed, where as in control group eventhough there
was alittle change from pre to post test but there were not asignificant change. Generally the
improvement was seen in experimental group of all parameters, therefore we can conclude that
12 week concurrent training have a significance effect on Axum u-17 female football players
physical fitness performance.

5.2 Conclusion

Based on this study finding, the researcher put the following points as conclusions:

Result of the study indicates that 12 week concurrent training demonstrated

significance improvement on Performance of study subjects (Axum u-17 female
football players).
 3

Twelve week designed concurrent training program showed significance improvement

on performance of the study subjects balance, agility and speed, due to this null
hypothesis of the study was rejected while the alternative hypothesis accepted.
The result of the study demonstrated that 12-week concurrent training program was
significance in experimental group than control group of all parameters (agility,balance
and speed) due to this reason null hypothesis of the study was rejected and alternative
hypothesis was accepted.

5.3 Recommendation

The result of this study indicates that the participation of 12-weeks designed concurrent
strength and endurance training program improves speed, balance and agility of the
experimental subject’s performance. By considering the result, discussions and the finding of
this research, it is important to state the following points as a recommendation to investigate
more about concurrent training effect in different age, fitness levels,and other sport and non
sport professionals,sedentary and active peoples.

Based on this study finding the following points are stated as recommendations:

 It is expected from coaches and other sport professionals to give idea or knowledge
about concurrent training to take as common and additional training program to
football athelets.
 Coaches and football players must give attention to CT to improve their performance
and in order to be competent with others.
 Coaches, trainee and sport professionals should know the importance of concurrent
training to football players and taking concurrent training to u-17 female football
players is essential to develop their strength and endurance ability and performance.
 3

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7. APPENDICES
 4

APPENDEX I

Health History And Physical Readiness Questionnaires

This questionnaire is designed to obtain information on the health status and physical
readiness of the subjects participating for the research study. The information was be kept
strictly confidential.
For Athletes: please read the following question carefully and indicate your correct response
to each question by encircling it on the choice letter given.
A. Sex A. Male B. Female
B. Age
1. Are you taking any medications or drugs recently?
A. Yes B. No
If yes, please list the medications and the condition for which they have been
prescribed
Name of drug and the condition Dosage

2. Do you have a recent physical injury such as bone, muscle and joint which will be
aggravated by physical exercise?
A. Yes B. No
If yes indicate the type of injury that you had
3. Do youhave heart problem condition before? A. Yes B. No
4. Do you have now or ever had any chronic illness or condition?
A. Yes B. No

If yes, mention it

5. Identify any physical problems you had before

A. Leg bone broken C. Head skull broken
B. Knee dislocation D. Backbone dislocation E. None
6. Have you ever suffered from shortness of breath at rest or with mild exercise?
A. Yes B. No
7. Is there any history of Cornary Heart Disease within your family?
 4

A. Yes B. No
8. Do you ever feel feint, have spells of dizziness or have you ever lost consciousness?
A. Yes B. No

9. Identify any medical problems that you had before

A. Musculoskeletal

B. Cardiovascular

C. Others

E. None

I hereby state that I have read, understood and answered honestly the questions above. I also
state that I wish to participate in the project.
Investigator’s full Name: subject's Name:

Investigator’s Signature: subject's Signature:

Date: Date:
 4

APPENDIX II

Consent to participate voluntarily in this research study to subjects family

Researcher name: - LemlemMuluyeAbeje

Supervisor name: -ShemelisMekonen(PhD) and AbinetAyalew (PhD)

Thesis title: -The Effect Of Concurrent Training On Some Selected skill related Physical
Fitness Components Of Axum U-17 Female Football Players, Axum Tigray Regional
State, Ethiopia.

they are being asked to participate in this study as described below. All this like research study
carried out are governed by the regulation for research on human beings. These regulations
require that the researcher should obtain a signed agreement (consent) from you to participate
the study subjects in this research project. The researcher was explain to you in detail the
purpose of the project, the procedure to be used, the potential benefits and the possible risk of
participation in this study. You can ask the researcher any questions that they may have about
the study. The basic explanation of the project is summarized below.

After discussion, if you agree to participate in the study, please sign this form in the presence
of the researcher. You may discontinue at any time from the study if choose to do so.

1. Purpose and procedure

The purpose of this research project is to investigate the effect of concurrent training on speed,
balance, and agility ofAxum u-17 female football players with the age of 15-17 years. The
subjects to be involved in this study wasbe 24 in number and participation on this study was
require you to perform a certain test to measure the physical fitness variables.

2. Risk and the safeguard

The risks of this research study are small, or we can say that no problem while administering
the tests and during test you may experience localized muscle fatigue in your upper
bodymuscles(biceps, triceps) and lower body muscle(hamstring, quadriceps and calf muscles)
you might feel some muscle soreness and fatigue during the tests. But we do not expect any
 4

unusual risks as a direct result of the study, if any unexpected physical injury occurs,
appropriate first aid was be provided, but no financial compensations was be given.

3. Confidentiality

The information obtained about you was be kept in confidence, although you are free to
release it to your own trainer. The information was be used only for scientific purpose without
identifying you as an individual.

4. Contact Address:
LemlemMuluye 0946971032

ShemelisMekonen(PhD) 0913893850

AbinetAyalew (PhD) 0911827322

I certify I have read and fully understand the above project. I willingly consent to
participate

Name of family:
Signature of family:
Address:
Date:
I certify that I have explained fully to the above subject the nature, the purpose, the
potential benefits and the possible risks involved in this research study.

Date:
Signature of the investigator:
 4

ልጋብ I ሐረማያዩኒቨርሲቲ
ስፖርት ሳይ Th ስ ኣካዳሚ

ኣብ ኣክሱም ከተማ Th እግሪ ኩዕሶ ደቂ ኣ Th ስትዮ ተጫወቲ ዝምላእ መሕተት

ኩነታት ጥዕና Th ኣካላዊድልውነት Th ዝምልከትመሕተት

እዚመሕተትዝተዳለወናይተፀንዕቲኣካላትኩነታትጥዕናንኣካላዊድልውነትንንምፍላጥዝተዳለወመሕተት እዩ

ካብዚመሕተትእኩልሓብሬታንምርካብተፀናዕቲብዓርሰእምነትንብትክክልንክትመልኡብትሕትናይሕብ።

Th ተፃወቲ:- ብውነብምንባብነቲግቡእመልሲብምክባብወይናይራይት(🗸)ምልክትብምቅማጥመልሲሃቡ።

ሀ. ጾታ:- 1. ጓል 2. ወዲ

ለ. እድሜ ………….

1. ቅድሚሐዚመድሓኒትወሲድካ/ኪ ትፈልጥ/ጢ ዶ?

ሀ. እወ ለ. ኣይፋልን

መልስኩም እወ (ሀ) እንተኮኑእንታይዓይነትመድሓኒትንምንታይሕማምከምዝተኣዘዘግለፁ? ናይመድሓኒትሽምኣወሳስዳ

(መጠን )

2.ቅድሚሐዚብምክንያትኣካላዊምንቅስቃስሓደጋበፂሕካ/ኪ ዶ ይፈልጥ?

ሀ. እወ ለ. ኣይፋልን

መልስኩም ሀ (እወ ) እንተኮኑእንታይዓይነትሓደጋ(ጉዳኣት) ምኳኑግለፁ?

3. ቅድሚሐዚናይልቢፀገምነይርካ/ኪ ኣጋጢሙኪ ዶ ይፈልጥ ?

ሀ. እወ ለ. ኣይፋልን

4. ሐዚይኩንቅድምክብልሕዱርሕማምንይርካ/ኪ ድዩ?

ሀ. እወ ለ. ኣይፋልን
 5

መልስኩም ሀ (እወ ) እንተኮኑእንታይዓይነትሕማምግለፅ?

5.እንታይዓይነትኣካላዊፀገምነይርካ/ኪ?

ሀ. ስብራትእግሪ ለ. ውልቃትብርኪ

ሐ.ስብራትሽክናርእሲ መ. ውልቃትዓንዲሑቀ ረ . ምንም

6. ኣብዕርፍቲይኩንቁርብምንቅስቃስእንትገብር/ሪ ናይኣተናፋፍሳፀግምየጋጥመካ/ኪ ዶ ነይሩ? ሀ.

እወ ለ. ኣይፋልን

7.ኣብስድራኩም /ቤትሰብኩም/ ኣብናይልቢደምመላሲትቦፀገምዘለዎሰብኣሎ ዶ? ሀ.

እወ ለ. ኣይፋልን

8.ዓርስካ/ኪ ስሒትኪትፈልጢ ዶ?

ሀ. እወ ለ. ኣይፋልን

9. ካብዚኦምዝስዕቡኣጋጢሙካ /ኪ ዝፈልጥጥዕናዊፀገምፍለ/ይ?

ሀ. ናይቅልፅምንኣዕፅምትንፀግምለ. ስርዓተልብንምስትንፋስንፀገም ሐ.

ካላኦት መ. የለን

እዞምኣብላዕሊዘለዉሕቶታትኣንቢበተረዲኣብሓቃውንትመልሲሂበኣለኩ።

ብተወሳኪእውንኣብቲፅንዓትብልቢከምዝሳትፍክገልፅይፈቱ።

ፈታኒ/ሓታቲ/ ኣካልሙሉእሽምናይመልሲወሃቢሽም

ፊርማ ፊርማ

ዕለት ዕለት
 5

ልጋብ II ኣብዚመፅናዕቲThዝሳተፉኣካላትስምምዕThትዘድልዮምዛዕባታት
Th ስድራ ሽምመፅናዓይ ለምለምሙሉየ

ኣጋር/ሓጋዛይ/ሽምልስመኮነ Th(ዶ/ር )
ኣብነትኣያሌው(ዶ/ር)
ርእሲምፅናዕቲ፦ ምድርራብልምምድ ኣብዝተመረፁክእለት ተንከፍ

ኣካላዊብቅዓትዝርዝራትዘለዎለውጢኣብጋንታኣክሱምትሕቲ 17

ዓመትድቂኣንስትዮተፃወቲኩዕሶእግሪኣክሱምክልልትግራይኢትዮጵያ።

ንሳቶምናብዚፅንዓትንምስታፍእንትትሕረዪ እዚፅንዓትናይባዓሉሕጊዘለዎምኳኑብምፍላጥእዩ።

እዚሕጊተግባራዊንምግባርምስቲዘፅንዕኣካልናይስምምዕነትፌርማክተቀምጢይግባእ።

እቲመፅናዕቲኣግባብኣሰራርሓሓበረልኪዘድሊሓሳብንምሃብኢሉውንዘይተረደኣኪሕቶናይምሕታትመሰል

ኣለኪ።

ድሕሪምርድዳእእንተተስማሚዕኪንምቅፃልፌርማኪኣዕርፊኣብከይዲእውንተዘይምችውኪናይምቁራፅ

መሰልኣለኪ።

1.ዓላማ Th ኣካያይዳ Th

ናይዚፅንዓትዋናዓላማምድርራብልምምድኣብቅልጣፈ፣Thጥፈት፣ ከምኡ እዉን

ሚዛ Th ምሕላዉኣብተፃወቲደቂኣንስትዮኣክሱምትሕቲ 17 ዓመትዘለዋተፃወቲዘምፀኦፅልዋ ንምርዳእ

/ንምፍላጥ/ እዩ።

ኣብዚፅንዓትዝሳተፋኣካላት 24 እንትኮናዘድሊኩሉዓቀናትብምዕቃንዝካየድእዩ።

2.Th ዘጋጥም ሓደጋ Th ኣፋታትሓኡ Th

ኣብእዋንፈተነ/ዓቀን/ ኣብላዕለዋይንታሕተዋይንመሓውር /ኣካል/

ናይድካምኩነታትምንፅልላውከጋጥምይክእለእዩ።

ካብዚዝሓለፈካሊእሓደጋኣይህሉንእንተኣጋጢሙድማቀደማይረዲኤትሕክምናብምሃብናብንቡርክምለስ

ምግባርእዩ። ንሕክምናውፃኢተባሂሉዝወሃብጥረገንዘብግንየለን።

3.ሚስጥራዊነት

ኣብከይዲፅንዓትዘለዉኩሎምሓሳብኩምኮነምርማራኩምብሚስጥርዝተሓዝምኳኑምፍላጥየድሊ።

እቲእትህብዎሓሳብብሳይንሳዊመንገዲተሰኒዱናትኩምመንነትብዘይፍልጥኩነታትይትግበር።
 5

4.ኣድራሻ

ለምለምሙሉየ 0946971032

ሽምልስመኮነን(ዶ/ር ) 0913893850

ኣብነት ኣያሌው(ዶ/ር) 0911827322

ኩሉእቲሓሳብኣንቢበተረዲኣእየንምስታፍድማፍቃደኛምኳነይብፌርማይየረጋግፅ።

ሽም ስድራ

ፌርማ

ኣድራሻ

ዕለት

ነቲተፀናዓይኩሉኩነታትኣሰራርሓንዓላማንእቲመፅናዓቲብፅቡቅገይረኣረዲኣየንእየ።

ዕለት

ፌርማ መፅናዓ ይኣካል

 5

APPENDEX III
Description of the Study Design

The research was done at Axum u-17 female football players , for this study 24
players(subjects) with age of 15-17 are selected by censes sampling technique to minimize
complain and error by giving equal chance for the total population. The subjects undergo12
week training program in order to see the changes.

Gender and age of the subject- the researcher selects onlyfemale football players, due to the
problem of the selected physical fitness variables (Agility, balance, speed) was lie mainly in
female football players than males . So to see the effect of this study significantly female
football playerswere selected. Interest to develop the study on females than males were also
the other reason. The selection of age was based on the average age of the subjects i.e. the
average age of Axum (hawlty) u-17female football players were above 15 so; the investigator
was select subjects with age of 15-17.

While selecting the age, gender and sample size of the study subject they underwent 3 months
(12weeks) per year that wasNovember, December, January 2019. The training days per week
were 3 days that are Teusday,Thursday,and Saturday.

The researcher was take pre and post test to know the changes, and the dependent variables for
this study werespeed, balance and agility, independent variable was also concurrent training
(squats, lunges, pushups, situps,suicides, ladder drills (quick fit), sprint, oblique twist and
jumping rope. Tests used for the study werehexagonal obstackle test, strock balance test,
30meter acceleration test respectively.
 5

APPENDIX IV
Description of Training schedule for the three months

physical training needs well designed and prepared plan. The main goal of this training plan
was develop some components of physical fitness variables of female football players through
12 weeks concurrent training intervention. In physical training plan and goals objectives was
be specified, participants fitness level was be tested before and after training, exercise was be
selected it was followed the training principles, it should be well adjusted to the participant’s
fitness level. The schedule was prepared with time frame, intensity and frequency of exercises.

The following table includes different types of physical exercise which was be performed by
the subjects within 12 weeks in order to improve some components of physical fitness
variables. The exercises involved in this study were warming up exercises, main workouts
those were Squats,lunge Push ups, sit ups, suicides lader drills(quick fits)sprints,oblique twist
jumping rope, and finally cooling down exercises which help to develop athletes fitness level.
Also FITT (frequency, Intensity, time and type of exercise) principle of training was applied in
the schedule.

1. Frequency of Training: the repetition of exercise in one set. The training schedule was
performed 3 days per week on Teusday, Thursday and suturday.
2. Intensity of Training: is how hard the body exercising or how much energy is expended
when exercising. In this study the researcher was used moderate to adapt the exercise to high
intensity for increasing load in the consecutive three months. There are ways to measure
intensity of training;
 Heart rate-heart rate can be an indicator of the challenge to the cardiovascular system
that the exercise represents.
 Vo2max- the amount of oxygen consumed by the body during exercise.
Exercise is categorized into three different intensity levels. These levels includelow(50-
60%),Moderate (60-70% MHR), and Vigorous(high) (70-85% MHR) for aerobic exercise
and measured by the metabolic equivalent of task. The effects of exercise are different at each
intensity level (i.e. training effect). Recommendations to lead a healthy lifestyle vary for
individuals based on age, weight, and existing activity levels “Published guidelines for healthy
 5

adults’ state is that 20-60 minutes of medium intensity continuous or intermittent aerobic
activity 3-5 times per week is needed for developing and maintaining fitness” (ACSM, 1990).
3.Time (Duration of Training): the subjects perform the exercise for 60min’per day in this
study. Duration is dependent on the intensity of activity (Tabata, 1996).
4.Type of Activity: any activity that uses large muscle groups, which can be maintioned
continuously E.g, Squats,lunges, Pushups, situps, suicides, laderdrills(quick fits)
sprints,oblique twist jumping rope and various concurrent training activities (Steve
shaw,2016) .

Planning the Session and the Training Weeks

Based on the above mentioned reasons and others the researcherwas use the training
principles, this training session was designed for three months, and based on the principles of
frequency, intensity, type and principle of rest and recover it was three days per week.

According to (Kraemer, et al., 2002), like training adaptation is dependent on the intensity and
volume of training variables within a concurrent training program may be set such that the
interference of strength and/or endurance development is minimized.

Planned “zone of interference” effect, telling that the level of interference of strength
performance may be dictated by the intensity and volume of strength and endurance training
performed on the same muscle groups (Docherty, et al., 2000).
 5

1. Trainingschedule for first month (November, 2019)

Day Types of exercise Time /min 60 Frequency/ Intensity

rep/rest (moderate)
Teusday Warming up : 5 min
Walking ,Jogging , leg
swing(inward and outward)
Dynamic stretching 50-60%

Main part-
Squats, 4min 2rep/1min
Lunges 5min rest
Push ups, 3min
sit ups, 5min
Suicides 5min
lader drills(quick fits) 4min
sprints,oblique twist 4min
jumping rope 5min
Cool down- stretching and 4min
relaxation exercise
Thursday Warming up- Walking ,Jogging , 5 min
leg swing(inward and outward) 50-60%
Dynamic stretching
Main part:-
Squats, 3min
Lunges 4min 2rep/1min
Push ups, 5min rest
sit ups, 4min
Suicides 4min
lader drills(quick fits) 3min
sprints,oblique twist 6min
jumping rope 6min

Cool down- static stretching 4min

exercise, light jogging and
skipping
Saturday Warming up- 5 min 50-60%
Walking ,Jogging , leg
swing(inward and outward)
Dynamic stretching
Main part-
Squats, 5min 2rep/1min
Lunges 4min rest
Push ups, 4min
 5

sit ups, 6min

Suicides 4min
lader drills(quick fits) 6min
sprints,oblique twist 3min
jumping rope 3min
Cool down- light jogging and 4min
static stretching and relaxation
exercise

The above training schedule will be performed every week of the month of November, 2019

2. Training schedule for the second month (December, 2019)

Day Types of exercise Time/min Frequency/ Intensity
60 rep/rest (moderate)
Teusday Warming up- 7 min
Walking ,Jogging , high knee,
heels up, knees up,leg
swing(inward and outward) 60-70%
Dynamic stretching
Main part-
Squats, 5min 2rep/1 min
Lunges 5min rest
Push ups, 5min
sit ups, 5min
Suicides 4min
lader drills(quick fits) 4min
sprints,oblique twist 4min
jumping rope 5min
Cool down- slow static stretching 5min
and relaxation exercise
Thursday Warming up- Walking ,Jogging , 7 min
high knee, heels up, knees up,leg
swing(inward and outward)
Dynamic stretching 60-70%
Main part-,
Squats, 4min 2rep/1 min
Lunges 6min rest
Push ups, 4min
sit ups, 7min
Suicides 6min
lader drills(quick fits) 3min
sprints,oblique twist 4min
jumping rope 3min
 5

Cool down- slow stretching and 5min

relaxation exercise
Saturday Warming up- slow walking 7 min
jogging
Dynamic stretching exercises 60-70%
Main part-
Squats, 5min
Lunges 4min 2rep/1 min
Push ups, 5min rest
sit ups, 4min
Suicides 5min
lader drills(quick fits) 5min
sprints,oblique twist 5min
jumping rope 4min

Cool down- slow stretching and 5min

relaxation exercise
The above training schedule will be performed every week of the monthofdecember, 2019

3. Training Schedule forthe Third Month (January, 2019)

Day Types of exercise Time/min Frequency/r Intensity
60 rep/ rest (high)
Teusday Warming up-Jogging ,Walking ,leg 7 min 70-85%
swing,
Dynamic stretching

Main part-
Squats, 5min 2rep/1min
Lunges 5min rest
Push ups, 5min
sit ups, 5min
Suicides 5min
lader drills(quick fits) 5min
sprints,oblique twist 5min
jumping rope 5min
Cool down- stretching and relaxation 5 min
exercise
Thursday Warming up- slow walking 7 min 70-85%
jogging , high knee
stretching exercise,
Main part-
Squats, 6min
 5

Lunges 4min 2rep/1min

Push ups, 6min rest
sit ups, 4min
Suicides 6min
lader drills(quick fits) 4min
sprints,oblique twist 7min
jumping rope 3min
Cool down- stretching and relaxation 5 min
exercise
Saturday Warming up- slow walking 7min 70-85%
jogging
stretching exercise,
Main part- Squats, 5min
Lunges 4min
Push ups, 6min 2rep/1min
sit ups, 4min rest
Suicides 6min
lader drills(quick fits) 5min
sprints,oblique twist 6min
jumping rope 4min
Cool down- stretching and relaxation 5min
exercise
The above training schedule will be performed every week of the month of January, 2019
 6

APPENDIX V
SUBJECT’S PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST RESULT RECORD SHEET
Group _ (control or experimental group)
Name:
Age: _15-17
Sex: _females
No Paramete Type of Test Experimental Group Control Group
rs to be
measure
d
PT POT PT PO T
1 Speed 30meteraccelerati
on test
2 Balance balance strock
test
3 Agility Hexagonal
obstacle test
Record sheet table for each group (control and experimental) is listed below:
 6

RAW DATA FOR PRE-POST EXPERIMENTAL GROUP (12)

PT POT

Target Balance Speed Agility Balance Speed Agility

group
Tg 1
3.01 6.41 15.48 13.00 4.52 12.75
Tg2
4.79 6.48 20.86 15 4.12 14.81
Tg3
4.01 6.51 18.57 14 5.01 13.74
Tg4
12.26 6.35 19.99 16.05 4.30 14.54
Tg5
16.80 5.97 16.22 17.26 4.58 12.7
Tg6
5.93 5.98 15.88 18.81 4.07 12.25
Tg7
4.25 5.88 14.63 17.80 5.00 12.31
Tg8
3.07 6.19 16.15 19.03 4.27 13.9
Tg9
4.02 6.48 23.86 19.80 5.21 17.86
Tg10
8.02 6.48 14.48 17.81 5.05 11.98
Tg11
7.02 6.00 21.23 18.03 4.98 15.83
Tg12
2.54 6.44 21.18 18.37 5.00 17.82
 6

RAW DATA FOR PRE-POST CONTROL GROUP (12)

PT POT

Target Balance Speed Agility Balance Speed Agility

group
Tg 1
3.1 6.87 22.34 6.45 6.4 22.33
Tg2
4.9 6.25 18.02 5.48 6.18 18.01
Tg3
4.1 6.97 23.54 9.97 6.90 23.52
Tg4
12.28 6.13 14.95 10.02 6.06 14.93
Tg5
16.79 6.54 13.94 11.77 6.47 13.90
Tg6
5.94 6.25 19.05 5.44 6.18 19.04
Tg7
4.25 5.71 24.4 6.25 5.64 24.50
Tg8
3.05 6.12 14.21 5.45 6.05 14.15
Tg9
4.02 6.00 17.66 4.45 5.93 17.60
Tg10
8.03 6.06 16.80 5.10 5.99 16.75
Tg11
7.03 6.46 16.1 7.03 6.39 15.95
Tg12
2.53 5.81 17.51 6.53 5.74 17.45
 6

APPENDEX VI

Paired sample T-test parameter

Paired sample T-test for experimental group in all variables

Parameters Paired Differences

Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence Sig
.
Deviatio Mean Interval of
(2-
n the Df tailed)
T
Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 -4.838 11 .001
- -
balance 1 - .
7.9266 5.67609 11.5330 -4.32025
balance 3 1.63855
7 8
Pair 2 speed 1 - 11 .000
13.20
1.869 .49031 .14154 1.55764 2.18070
speed 3 6
Pair 3 agility 1 – 11 .002
3.550
3.08949 .89186 1.58703 5.51297 3.980
agility3 00

Paired sample T-test for control group in all variables

Parameters Paired Differences

Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence Sig
.
Deviation Mean Interval of
(2-
the Df tailed)
T
Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 11 .055
-
balance 1 - -2.145
.7033 1.13599 .32793 -1.42511 .01844
balance 3
3
Pair 2 speed 1 - 11 .235
.01167 .03215 .00928 .00876 .03209 1.257
speed 3
Pair 3 agility 1 – 11 .074
.0325
.05707 .01647 .00376 .06876 1.973
agility3 0
 6

APPENDEX VI

Norms of dependent variables test to data analysis

Standard fitness level of agility

Gender Excellent Above Average Below Poor
average average
female <12.2 sec 12.2-15.3 sec 15.4-18.5 sec 18.6-21.8 sec >21.8 sec
(Davis B. et al; Physical Education and the Study of Sport; 2000)

Standard fitness level of balance

Gender Excellent Above average Average Below average
Poor
<10
Female >30 sec 30-23 sec 22-16 sec 15-10 sec
sec
(Davis B. et al; Physical Education and the Study of Sport; 2000)

Standard fitness level of speed

Gender Excellent Above average Average Below average
Poor
>
Female <4.5 4.5-4.6 4.7-4.8 4.9-5.0
5.0sec
(Davis B. et al; Physical Education and the Study of Sport; 2000)
 6

APPENDEX VIII

Map of the study city

ETHIOPIA AKSUM

ETHIOPIA

TIGRAI
REGION
TIGRAI REGION
AKSUM

Source :- https://www.tripadvisor.com>…> Axum