cor digitus phalanges pulmo pulmo auditus

lobus fascia raphe caries diploe

phalanx media os occipitale auris interna
columna vertebralis labium superius facies orbitalis
dens permanens canalis radicis dentis
tubercula minora cornu dextrum uteri
abscessus pelvis minoris
musculus latissimus dorsi manubrium sterni
spasmi nervorum diameter transversa caput humeri
abruptio tuberculi majoris humeri
vulnus punctum abdominis
fractura colli anatomici spina nasalis anterior
insufficientia cordis suspecta
suspicio morbi ischaemici extremitatis dextrae
luxatio digiti minimi manus l.sin.
ulcus penetrans ad parietem gastris anteriorem
sanatio per primam intentionem restitutio ad integrum
PETR secundaria
cachexia HONČ diabetes mellitus
JANA PŘÍVRATSKÁ
carcinoma coli descendentis
KRISTINA
adenoma HELLEROVÁ
glandulae parathyroideae
dermatitis atopica in anamnesi
oedema extremitatis inferioris l.dx. ESSENTIAL MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY
cephalalgia chronica st.p. nephrectomiam l.sin.
peritonitis acuta diplegia
YOUR LIFEBOAT
venostasis organorum chronica
IN THE SEA
KAROLINUM

pneumonia bilateralis hepatoptosis

OF TERMS
cholecystolithiasis v.s. phleborrhagia
tracheostomia macrodontia haematemesis
mucolytica antivomitiva
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 Essential Medical Terminology
Your Lifeboat in the Sea of Terms

Petr Honč, Jana Přívratská, Kristina Hellerová

Reviewers:
Mgr. Kateřina Pořízková, Ph.D.
Mgr. Zdeněk Zárybnický

Funded by
This publication was published the European Union
with the support of NextGenerationEU
the Ministry of Education,
Youth and Sports
and the Czech Recovery Plan
within the project
Transformation for
Universities at CU (reg. No.
NPO_UK_MSMT-16602/2022).

Published by Charles University,

Karolinum Press
Prague 2023
Edited by Václav Koutný
Layout by Jan Šerých
Typeset by Karolinum Press
First edition

© Charles University, 2023

© Petr Honč, Jana Přívratská, Kristina Hellerová, 2023
Illustrations © Martin Hemelík, 2023

This text was supported by the project 236098/IPUK/2020.

ISBN 978-80-246-5349-5
ISBN 978-80-246-5374-7 (pdf)

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 CONTENTS

Foreword 7
Acknowledgements 9
Abbreviations Used in the Text 9
A Brief History of Medical Terminology 10
Linguistic Glossary 12

CHAPTER 1 Alphabet, Pronunciation, and Basic Grammatical Categories 15

CHAPTER 2 First Declension 23
CHAPTER 3 Second Declension 35
CHAPTER 4 Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions 45
CHAPTER 5 Revision A (Chapters 2–4) 57
CHAPTER 6 Fourth Declension 61
CHAPTER 7 Fifth Declension 69
CHAPTER 8 A) Third Declension Imparisyllaba 75
B) Comparative and Superlative Forms 83
CHAPTER 9 Third Declension I-Stems 93
CHAPTER 10 Revision B (Chapters 6–9) 101
CHAPTER 11 A) First and Second Greek Declensions 107
B) Third Greek Declension 111
CHAPTER 12 Third Declension Adjectives 121
CHAPTER 13 Revision C (Chapters 11–12) 135
CHAPTER 14 Basics of Word Formation 141
CHAPTER 15 A) Latin and Greek Prefixes 153
B) Latin and Greek Numerals 160
CHAPTER 16 Latin and Greek Suffixes 167
CHAPTER 17 Abbreviations, Remedies, and Post-Mortem Examinations 175
CHAPTER 18 Revision D (Chapters 14–17) 187

Revision Chapter Key (A–D) 193

Latin-English Dictionary 205
References 219

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 7

FOREWORD

This medical terminology textbook is primarily intended for medical faculty students from
highly diverse language environments. Its goal is to introduce the language of medicine and
teach students basic Latin grammar and vocabulary they will need later in their studies and
future practices. The contents of this independent textbook have been tailored to the needs
of students with varying degrees of previous grammar knowledge; the book will serve mainly
as the source text for Medical Terminology courses, but it is also suited for self-study.
The first section of the textbook describes noun and adjective inflection, gradually
introducing students to the Latin declension system. The second part focuses on word
formation, a crucial component of medical terminology, which, in addition to Latin words,
often features words of Greek origin, compounds, and hybrid words. An overview of Latin and
Greek prefixes and suffixes further contributes to the reader’s understanding of specialized
medical terminology. The textbook also includes an introductory chapter on basic grammatical
categories and Latin pronunciation, as well as four review chapters that test the mastery of
the subject matter.
The following brief description of chapter structure will provide instructions on making
full use of the textbook. The introduction to each chapter features “keywords”, which are
to be linked to their English equivalents by the students, without prior explanation of their
respective meanings. Frequently encountered in medicine, the keywords have been selected
to represent particular grammatical elements discussed in class. Students are likely to
recognize and understand them based on similarities with their English counterparts, the use
of accompanying illustrations, or by a simple process of elimination.
In addition, the accompanying illustrations may provide significant assistance to students
without basic knowledge of anatomy. The captions are often in Latin and English, allowing
a more thorough language comparison; consequently, the students will quickly discover the
relationship between Latin and technical English, which, in many aspects, stems from Latin,
or even borrows terms outright. The students may review the illustrations at their leisure
once they have gained insight into the structure of specialized medical terminology.
Below the illustrations, there are excerpts from authentic medical records, making it clear
from the start that apart from anatomy, a sizeable portion of medical terminology consists
of pathological and clinical terms. The keywords and accompanying illustrations should
enable students to discern the meanings of individual phrases, which gradually increase in
difficulty. Students are also encouraged to find connections between words and their endings,
allowing them to understand various phenomena using contextual induction even before the
associated comprehensive grammar lectures. These sections may also include words from
declensions discussed only later; however, this does not impede the comprehension of the
whole phrase.
The explanation of grammar is simple and pragmatic, featuring many specific examples
suited to the needs of self-learners as well. The explanations in individual chapters are
directly linked to each other, emphasizing the most crucial grammar items one may encounter
in anatomy and medical reports. Less important phenomena and various exceptions are
explained and presented in a smaller font. The basic grammar paradigms are arranged clearly,
sometimes including visual aids.
Grammatical explanations are followed by a variety of exercises, which let students
thoroughly practice the subject matter. There are simple fill-in exercises, as well as
translations, which require greater mastery of the chapter’s grammar and vocabulary. Some
exercises, such as crosswords and wordsearches, are intended to make the lesson more

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 8 FOREWORD

enjoyable. The answers of four review chapters can be checked against the key included at
the end of the textbook.
The textbook also includes frequently used medical abbreviations, which are always
connected to the vocabulary and grammar of a given chapter. Additionally, the textbook
provides many phrases to remember, often linked to the history of medicine or general
knowledge. The role of these phrases in teaching and the degree to which they liven the
course will depend on the teachers and students themselves.
Since they focus on the most significant issues of a given section, “revision questions”
form an integral part of each chapter; these should motivate students to search for the right
answers in the preceding text. Another important section of the textbook, referred to as
NB (nota bene), provides further grammatical assistance, emphasizes important aspects,
features many analogies and anomalies, and offers various practical tips and tricks.
Every lesson concludes with a vocabulary section containing words from a given
declension, which have been carefully selected based on their usage frequency. The
vocabulary is divided according to grammatical gender and arranged alphabetically (only
the 3rd declension is ordered differently). A word’s meaning is sometimes specified using
a brief description, which should significantly aid students unfamiliar with anatomy. In
the chapters on adjectives, a word’s meaning is often accompanied by an example of its
usage, emphasizing the role of context. The textbook concludes with a general Latin-English
dictionary, arranged in alphabetical order.
The textbook is closely linked with an e-learning course on the Moodle platform. Moodle
is well suited for online instruction and uses various methods to test students’ knowledge of
individual sections of the textbook.

We hope this book will prove a sound introduction into medical terminology for students;
we believe it will be a very effective tool for navigating around various linguistic obstacles. We
further hope that as students utilize the textbook, they will have a feeling of accomplishment
with their progress. An in-depth understanding of the language of medicine will serve as
a natural gateway into medical school and will be a valuable tool for the study of all medical
disciplines.
Authors

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 9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We want to thank the following people who gave advice, comments, and suggestions,
which greatly helped shape this book:

PhDr. Václav Koutný

Thomas Ownsby Secrest, M.Sc.
Mgr. Martina Vaníková, Ph.D.
Prof. MUDr. Radoslav Matěj, Ph.D.
MUDr. Alexandra Morozova
doc. MUDr. Jiří Slíva, Ph.D.
Mgr. Iveta Čermáková

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT

abl. ablative
acc. accusative
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
cf. confer (compare)
decl. declension
e.g. exempli gratia (for example)
f. feminine
gen. genitive
i.e. id est (that is)
lit. literally
m. masculine
n. neuter
NB nota bene (note well)
nom. nominative
pl. plural
prep. preposition
sg. singular

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 10

A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

The oldest medical texts in Western medicine were written in Greek by the most famous
physician in Antiquity, Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BC), who is considered the founder of medical
science, and whose work was expanded upon by his students and successors. Containing
numerous medical terms, the “Hippocratic Corpus” (corpus Hippocraticum) covers all aspects
of medicine at that time, including the Hippocratic Oath, which is still referred to in the Latin
graduation oath of the Third Faculty of Medicine. You can read the Hippocratic Oath in the
introductory chapter of this textbook.
Greek philosophers and physicians developed various concepts and theories to define
the nature, character, and origins of disease. Their texts are preserved in Latin, Arabic, and
Hebrew translations and provide many descriptions and treatments of individual medical
cases (i.e., case studies). Many disease and symptom names coined by these authors are
still used in today’s modern languages (e.g., catarrh, dyspn(o)ea, podagra, acne, diabetes,
carcinoma, etc.)
Greek continued to be the primary language of Western medicine even after the Roman
conquest of Greece in the 1st century BC. With no comparable medical tradition of their
own, the Romans adopted Greek medicine almost entirely. Most physicians working in the
Roman Empire came from Greece; the renowned personal physician of Roman emperors,
Galen (129–216 AD), deserves a special mention since he remained an authoritative figure in
medicine until the early modern period.
A crucial development in the history of medical terminology took place in the 1st century
AD courtesy of the Roman author Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC – 50 AD), who is sometimes
titled Cicero medicorum (the Cicero of doctors). Based on Greek sources, his encyclopedic
books on medicine (De medicina) survive to this day. Celsus had to cope with the highly
problematic fact that most specialized Greek terms had no Latin equivalents; consequently,
he adopted some words completely, maintaining the original alphabet and grammatical
endings. Using the Latin alphabet and Latin endings, he Latinized other words, and lastly,
he translated many terms literally (“lexical calquing”, e.g., the Greek word kynodontes, the
Latin phrase dentes canini, and the English phrase dog teeth). In doing so, Celsus laid the
foundations of Latin medical terminology.
In the Middle Ages, the history of medicine was strongly influenced by the Arabic
language as well. Islamic scholars translated numerous texts from Greek to Arabic, but they
also contributed to the development of medicine themselves. Islamic medicine was at its
height in the 10th and 11th centuries; the famous physician Abu Ali Sina (in Latin, Avicenna,
980–1037) wrote The Canon of Medicine, an encyclopedic text that was translated into Latin
as early as the 12th century and was used as a fundamental university textbook for many
centuries afterward. Even now, Latin medical terminology features several words of Arabic
origin (e.g., nucha, influenza).
In the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars helped the West rediscover often forgotten texts
written by physicians in Antiquity, facilitating the development of scholastic medicine and
the establishment of medical faculties founded in Western Europe from the 12th century
onwards. Featuring a medical faculty since its inception, Charles University was founded
in 1348. Latin was the primary language in medieval universities, and its position only
strengthened during the Renaissance period. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, many
scholars fled to the West, bringing with them new thoughts and impulses; important medical
texts were translated into Latin, and most new technical works were published in Latin until
the 19th century. In 1543, the personal physician of Emperor Charles V, Andreas Vesalius

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 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 11

(1514–1564), published his pivotal text, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (The seven
books on the human body). Featuring only Latin terminology and high-quality illustrations, this
book laid the foundations of modern anatomy. In 1600, Jan Jesenius (1566–1621) carried
out the first public autopsy in Bohemia in a residence hall of Charles University in Prague.
The Latin lecture accompanying the autopsy was later published.
In the 19th century, the specialized language of medicine underwent a period of
nationalization, with varying effects on different national languages. Latin stopped being used
as the language of international communication among doctors; still, medical terminology
would continue to use the Greco-Latin base, which applied to newly coined terms as
well (e.g., nephrectomy; [G. nephr-, kidney + G. ektomē, excision]). Consequently, medical
terminology remained comprehensible internationally.
The first systematic unification of the Latin anatomical nomenclature occurred in
1895, resulting in the publication of Basiliensia Nomina Anatomica. Currently, the 1998
Terminologia Anatomica collection is the worldwide reference point, containing 7,635
anatomical terms in Latin as well as their English equivalents. English anatomical terminology
is very similar to the Latin original, with the main difference arising from adjective positions
(styloid process [English] as opposed to processus styloideus [Latin]). Unfamiliarity with the
original Latin nomenclature in its grammatical context makes the study of anatomy far more
difficult and mechanical.
Today, English is the international language of medicine, having taken over the role of
Latin in many respects. As a result, some newly coined terms (e.g., bypass, screening) are not
based on Greco-Latin stems. Still, half of the English vocabulary consists of Latin words, and
the ratio grows substantially for specialized terminology. Therefore, studying Latin medical
terminology offers a deeper insight into the workings of the language of medicine; Latin has
been providing precise descriptions of specific medical phenomena for a thousand years and
considerably facilitates the study of specialized medical English.

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 12

LINGUISTIC GLOSSARY

An adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun, usually describing it or making its
meaning more specific (longus, a, um; dexter, dextra, dextrum; abdominalis, e; simplex,
icis). Grammatically, adjectives agree with nouns in case, number, and gender (vena longa,
musculus transversus, cavitas abdominalis).
A case indicates a noun’s function in a term or sentence. There are 6 cases in Latin:
nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. We do not use the dative and
vocative in medical terminology; the accusative and ablative are usually prepositional cases
(i.e., they are only used following prepositions). The nominative is the form of the word (noun,
adjective, numeral) which answers the questions “who” or “what”. The genitive is a form of
the word expressing possession (“whose, of what”). It parallels the use of the preposition
“of” in English.
The nominative and genitive singular determine the declension of a noun or adjective.
Together with grammatical gender, they form the dictionary entry of a noun (vena, ae, f.).
A consonant is a speech sound made by obstructing the air stream, such as p, b, t, d, m,
etc.
A declension is a paradigm describing how nouns (adjectives and numerals) change their
form according to their grammatical function in a term or sentence. The different forms of
nouns (adjectives and numerals) are called cases.
A dictionary entry contains the word itself and additional information necessary for its
correct use. For nouns, it is important to memorize both the nominative and genitive singular
and the gender when learning medical terms, since all these are needed for declension and
the correct attribution of an adjective.
A diphthong (gliding vowel) is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the
same syllable (ae, oe).
Gender is a category of nouns and all parts of speech describing nouns. The gender of
Latin nouns is an inherent quality which often cannot be deduced and must be memorized.
The three genders in Latin - masculine, feminine, and neuter - are commonly abbreviated to
m., f., n.
A noun is a part of speech used to name people, animals, places, things, and abstract
ideas (medical terminology examples: vena, musculus, cavum, patiens, longitudo, processus,
cornu, facies).
A numeral is a word that represents a number (unus, a, um; duo, duae, duo; secundus,
a, um).
The plural is a grammatical form describing the number of nouns (adjectives and
numerals), which indicates a quantity of more than one (venae; musculi longi; operationes
tres) as opposed to the singular, which indicates a quantity of one.
A prefix is a syllable or group of syllables joined to the beginning of a word to alter its
meaning (antebrachium – forearm, cf. brachium – arm; posttraumaticus – posttraumatic,
cf. traumaticus – traumatic). Prefixes are connected to word stems and precede them.
A preposition links nouns and phrases to other words in a term or sentence. A preposition
usually indicates the temporal, spatial, or causal link of its object to the rest of the phrase
(contra scapulam; in morbo; propter infarctum; ad recessum palatinum).
The singular is a grammatical form describing the number of nouns (adjectives and
numerals), which indicates a quantity of one (vena; musculus; operatio) as opposed to the
plural, which indicates a quantity of more than one.

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 LINGUISTIC GLOSSARY 13

A stem is a morphological term for the smallest part of a word carrying meaning,
which cannot be divided further. Prefixes and suffixes are added to the stem to alter
a word’s meaning.
A suffix is a syllable or group of syllables joined to the end of a word stem to alter its
meaning (abdomen – abdominalis; longitudo; stomatitis). Suffixes are connected to the stem
of the word.
A syllable is a part of a word pronounced with a single, uninterrupted sound of the voice.
For example, the word dens consists of one syllable, while the word pulmo consists of two
syllables.
A vowel is a speech sound made by air passing in a continuous stream through the open
mouth, such as a, e, i, o, u.

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 ALPHABET, PRONUNCIATION, 15
1 AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

ALPHABET

The Latin language, including Latin medical terminology, uses Roman characters. The Latin
alphabet is the same as the English one with the omission of w. The letters y, z, ch, and k do
occur, however only in words of Greek origin. In the beginning, the Latin alphabet only used
capital letters (called majusculi); lower case letters (minusculi) were not introduced until the
Middle Ages.
International medical terminology uses Latinized forms of Greek words, which were also
converted to Latin script.

PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN

VOWELS

Every syllable in a Latin word has a vowel. There are two types of vowels in Latin: short
and long. Long vowels are marked with the long mark called a macron (ˉ), i.e., a horizontal
length mark. Nowadays, macrons are not used in medical texts (except for practicing
pronunciation in textbooks). In our textbook, we will only use this length mark in keywords
at the start of each chapter, pronunciation exercises, vocabulary sections at the end of each
chapter, and within declension paradigms to clarify that some cases differ just in having
a long vowel in the ending:

-a- pronounced as the “u” in luck: clavicula

-e- pronounced as in pet: membrum
-i/y- pronounced as in fit: tibia
-o- pronounced as in drop: collum
-u- pronounced as the “oo” in look: ruber

DIPHTHONGS (GLIDING VOWELS)

-ae-, -oe- [e:] pronounced as long e

e.g., praematurus, lagoena, oesophagus, praevius
-oē- [with the long vowel -ē-, -oē-]
read separately, mainly at the end of the words of Greek
origin, it is not a diphthong; to differentiate, the length will be marked
in the dictionary, too
e.g., eupnoē, diarrhoē, dyspnoē

CONSONANTS

-c- [ts/c] if followed by -e-, -i-, -y-, -ae-, -oe-, e.g., cerebrum, cibus, sectio caesarea
[k] if followed by -a-, -o-, -u-, before consonants, and at the end of words, e.g.,
cavum, corpus, clavicula, sectio, oculus, lac
-cc- [kts] e.g., coccygeus, occipitalis, accessorius
-j- [j] at the beginning of the word before a vowel or a diphthong, and between
two vowels, e.g., junctura, jugularis, major

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 16 ALPHABET, PRONUNCIATION, CHAPTER 1
AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

-s- [z] between two vowels, e.g., nasus, venosus, contusio

l, r, n + s + vowel, e.g., pulsus, morsus, mensis
-ss- [s] e.g., tussis, accessorius
-ti- [ci] before a vowel or a diphthong, e.g., operatio, resistentia
[ty] hard pronunciation after s, x, and in Greek words, e.g., testium, ostium,
mixtio, aetiologia
-di-/-ti-/-ni- [dy/ty/ny] hard pronunciation, e.g., tibia, medicina, minimus
-qu- [kv] e.g., aqua, quattuor, quinque
-g- [g] e.g., oesophagus, gramma
-ngu- [ngv] e.g., lingua
-th- [t] e.g., thymus, therapia
-ph- [f] e.g., physiologia, aphasia, alphabet
-rh- [r] e.g., haemorrhagia, rhinitis

During the historical development of medical terminology, pronunciations developed

remarkable variety (historically and geographically). As characterized above, the present-day
pronunciation in Central Europe is not identical with the classical form, nor is it the only one
existing worldwide. However, it represents the most typical phonetic use of the terms in
Central Europe.

BASIC GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

NOUNS

A noun is a part of speech used to name people, animals, places, things, and abstract ideas
(in medical terminology, words such as “muscle”, “vein”, “face”, “process”, etc. are nouns).
Every noun in Latin has two characteristics that do not change: declension and gender.

1. Declension
Declension is a paradigm describing how nouns (and adjectives and numerals, i.e., words
representing numbers) change their form according to their grammatical function in a term
or sentence. The different forms of nouns (adjectives and numerals) are called cases. There
are five declensions in total grouped by unique genitive singular endings, i.e., all words in
a declension will have the same genitive singular ending. Each declension has one or two
paradigms, according to which words in the declension are declined. There are differences
between the declension of neuter nouns on one hand and masculine or feminine nouns on the
other; see Grammatical gender below.

DECLENSION
CASE
I II III IV V
-us
-us
nominative -a -r ??? -ēs
-ū
-um/on
genitive -ae -ī -is -ūs -ēī

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 CHAPTER 1 ALPHABET, PRONUNCIATION, 17
AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

Based on its genitive ending, a particular noun can be attributed to a declension.

Nominative endings, as the overview above presents, may, on the contrary, be identical
in some declensions and, therefore, the nominative form cannot be used to determine
a noun’s declension.

2. Grammatical gender
Unlike English, Latin uses gender as an inherent quality, which functions as a grammatical
category. Latin differentiates masculine, feminine, and neuter gender for nouns and
adjectives. Besides memorizing the nominative and genitive singular forms, you also need to
learn the genders of nouns. Without knowing the gender of the noun, you will be unable to
combine nouns with adjectives, since adjective forms are associated with noun gender.

Nouns also have two characteristics that can change: case and number.

3. Case
A case is a varying form which indicates a noun’s function in a term or sentence. In
a grammatical sense, the word “case” refers to particular forms of nouns and adjectives that
modify them. Case means form or “variation”.
Each case has a different form to indicate different uses. In English, the words “he” and
“him”, “she” and “her” are used differently. Latin has a more complex system of differences,
but the idea is the same. Different cases are indicated by different word endings.
Latin nouns and adjectives are declined in six cases and two numbers (singular and plural);
but in medical terminology, you need to know only four cases in the singular and two cases
(nominative and genitive) in the plural. The accusative and ablative plural are sometimes
featured in pathology reports; consequently, these cases are included in the declension
tables, but active knowledge is not required. The cases have specific names, and each of
them functions in a specific way within a term:

Nominative (nom.) who, what?

Genitive (gen.) whose, of what?
Accusative (acc.) object of certain prepositions
Ablative (abl.) object of certain prepositions

In the framework of medical terminology, using the genitive case is quite common since
it parallels the use of the preposition “of” in English. In other words, any English phrase
using “of” will be translated to Latin using the genitive form of the noun, e.g., fracture of
the scapula = fractura scapulae (gen. sg.). The genitive case also reflects a possessive
relationship when people are involved, which is expressed by adding an apostrophe and an
“s” in English, e.g., to doctor’s hands = ad manus medici.

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 18 ALPHABET, PRONUNCIATION, CHAPTER 1
AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

Nominative and genitive forms are integral to dictionary entries of nouns, which contain
the word itself in nom. sg., its genitive sg. ending, and information about the gender of the
noun (vena, ae, f.). It is important to memorize both the nominative and genitive singular, and
the gender of nouns when learning medical terms, since all these are needed for declension
and the correct attribution of an adjective.
The genitive case enables us to recognize the stem of a word, which is the smallest part
of the word carrying meaning and cannot be further divided; it is the unchangeable part in all
other case forms of the word. The noun stem is formed by removing the case ending from
the genitive singular (cost-ae, muscul-i, cancr-i, capit-is). The endings of each case are added
to the stem (ven-ae, ven-a, ven-am, ven-arum; muscul-i, muscul-um, muscul-orum; capit-is,
capit-e, capit-um; process-us, process-uum; faci-ei, faci-es, faci-erum). We need to know the
stem to decline a word correctly.
In medical terminology, the accusative and ablative are mostly used following
prepositions.

4. Number
The singular (sg.) is a grammatical form describing the number of nouns (adjectives and
numerals), which indicates a quantity of one (vena, musculus, operatio) as opposed to the
plural, which indicates a quantity of more than one.
The plural (pl.) is a grammatical form describing the number of nouns (adjectives
and numerals), which indicates a quantity of more than one (venae, musculi longi, tres
operationes) as opposed to the singular, which indicates a quantity of one.
A noun’s number can be singular (only one) or plural (more than one).

singular plural
vena venae
vein veins

EXERCISES

1. Read the following expressions with proper pronunciation:

āla, āreola, artēria, maxilla, tabula, membrāna, trānsversus

vertebra, ante, medulla, vēna, venēnum, porta artēriārum
sine, vitrum, spīna, rīma palpebrārum
kinētōsis, arcus zygomaticus
inferior, anterior, ātrium, artēria, intestīnum, jējūnum, jugulāris, faciēs, superficiēs
post, prostata, prōcessus, dolōrōsus
apud, uterus, glandula, ruptūra, ūrīna, bronchus, cōnfluēns sinuum

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 CHAPTER 1 ALPHABET, PRONUNCIATION, 19
AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

praemātūrus, aegrōtus, lagoena, anaemia, oedēma, costae

dyspnoē, diploē, aēr, eupnoē
auris, caudālis, pleura, balneum, felleus, neurologia, pneumonia, āreola, aorta, py
 ogenēs
acidum sulphuricum, īnsufficientia, cerebrum, faciēs, cervīx, cystis, forāmina nūtrīcia
frāctūra, suspīciō frāctūrae, oculus, crānium, morbus congenitus, canālis palātīnus major,
icterus, corpus ossis, columna vertebrālis, cavum crāniī, cavitās, cornū, collum, scapula,
ductus cholēdochus, tunica mūcōsa, nāsolacrimālis, spatia intercostālia, cutis, clāvicula,
fasciculus, bactēria
vaccīna, coccygeus, occipitālis
nāsus, basis, pulsus, mēnsis, incīsūra, resistentia, tarsī
commissūra, ossa, hypoglōssus, pertussis, mūsculus lātissimus dorsī, prōcessus styloīdeus
tībia, tīnctūra, ōstium, digitus, hernia, aqua dēstīllāta
amputātiō, trānsplantātiō, substantia, spatium, periodontium, tertius
angulus, sublinguālis, sanguis, unguis, inguinālis; aqua, partēs aequālēs, morbus acquīsītus,
quadrātus, quīntus
therapia, thōrax, hypothalamus, thymus, arthrītis, arthrōsis, gonarthrītis
phalanx, diaphragma, claustrophobia, aphtha
rhīnorrhagia, diarrhoē

2. Read syllable by syllable:

re-si-sten-ti-a, ab-dō-mi-nā-lis, jūnc-tū-ra, syn-chon-drō-sis, cho-lē-do-chus, lin-gua, pa-ra-thy-

roī-de-us, tī-bi-a, clā-vi-cu-la, ra-bi-ēs, tu-ni-ca, ki-nē-tō-sis, pha-lanx, in-car-nā-tus, co-llum,
ci-bus, cae-cum, ce-re-brum, ca-vum, sa-nā-ti-o, cup-rum, mor-sus, plas-ma, a-or-tae, res-pī-rā-
tō-ri-us, pha-lan-gēs, ōs-ti-um

3. Hippocratis iūsiūrandum / Hippocratic Oath:

Per Apollinem medicum et Aesculapium, I swear by Apollo the Healer, by Asclepius,

Hygiamque et Panaceam iūre iūrandō
affirmō et Deōs Deāsque omnēs testor,
mē quantum vīribus et iūdiciō valuerō,
quod nunc iūrō et ex scriptō spondeō plānē
observātūrum.
Praeceptorem quidem quī mē hanc
Artem ēdocuit, parentum locō habitūrum,
eīque cum ad victum, tum etiam ad ūsum
necessāria, grātō animō communicātūrum
et suppeditātūrum. Eiusque posterōs apud
mē eōdem locō quō germānōs frātrēs fore,
eōsque sī hanc artem addiscere volent,
absque mercēde et syngraphā ēdoctūrum.
by Health, by Panacea, and by all the
gods and goddesses, making them my
witnesses, that I will carry out, according to
my ability and judgment, this oath and this
indenture.
To hold my teacher in this art equal
to my own parents; to make him a partner
in my livelihood; when he is in need
of money to share mine with him; to
consider his family as my own brothers,
and to teach them this art, if they want
to learn it, without fee or indenture;

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 20 ALPHABET, PRONUNCIATION,
AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
Praeceptiōnum quoque et auditiōnum,
tōtīusque relīquae disciplīnae, cum meōs et
eius quī mē ēdocuit līberōs, tum discipulōs
quī medicō iūre iūrandō nomen fīdemque
dederint, participēs factūrum, aliōrum
praetereā nēminem.
Victūs quoque ratiōnem, quantum
facultāte et iūdiciō consequī potuerō,
aegrīs ūtilem mē praesriptūrum, eōsque
ab omnī noxiā et iniūriā vindicātūrum.
Neque cuiusquam precibus adductus, alicuī
medicāmentum lēthāle propīnābō, neque
huius reī author erō. Neque similī ratiōne
mulierī pessum subdititium ad foetum
corrumpendum exhibēbō, sed castam et ab
omnī scelere tum vītam cum artem meam
perpetuō praestābō. Neque vērō calculō
labōrantēs secābō, sed magistrīs eius artis
perītīs id mūneris concēdam.
In quancunque autem domum ingressus
fuerō, ad aegrōtantium salūtem ingrediar,
omnem iniūriae īnferendae et corruptēlae
suspīciōnem procul fugiēns, tum vel māximē
rērum venereārum cupiditātem ergā mulierēs
iuxtā ac virōs, tum ingenuōs cum servōs.
Quae vērō inter cūrandum – aut
medicīnam minimē faciēns – in commūnī
hominum vītā vel vīderō vel audierō, quae
minimē in vulgus efferrī oporteat, ea arcāna
esse ratus silēbō.
Hoc igitur iūs iūrandum sī relīgiōsē
observārō ac minimē irritum fēcerō,
mihi liceat cum summā apud omnēs
exīstimātiōne perpetuō vītam dēgere et
artis ūberrimum frūctum percipere. Quodsī
illud violāverō et pēierāverō, contrāria mihi
contingant.
4. Work with the dictionary at the end of the textbook and complete the following table:
Nominative Genitive Gender
costa costae feminine
articulatio
oculus
ductus
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CHAPTER 1
to impart precept, oral instruction,
and all other instruction to my own sons,
the sons of my teacher, and to indentured
pupils who have taken the physician’s oath,
but to nobody else.
I will use treatment to help the sick
according to my ability and judgment,
but never with a view to injury and wrong-
doing. Neither will I administer a poison
to anybody when asked to do so, nor will
I suggest such a course. Similarly I will
not give to a woman a pessary to cause
abortion. But I will keep pure and holy both
my life and my art. I will not use the knife,
not even, verily, on sufferers from stone,
but I will give place to such as are craftsmen
therein.
Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will
enter to help the sick, and I will abstain
from all intentional wrong-doing and harm,
especially from abusing the bodies of man
or woman, bond or free.
And whatsoever I shall see or hear
in the course of my profession, as well
as outside my profession in my intercourse
with men, if it be what should not be
published abroad, I will never divulge,
holding such things to be holy secrets.
Now if I carry out this oath, and break it
not, may I gain for ever reputation among
all men for my life and for my art ; but if
I transgress it and forswear myself, may
the opposite befall me.
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Stem Declension
cost- 1
 CHAPTER 1 ALPHABET, PRONUNCIATION, 21
AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

Nominative Genitive Gender Stem Declension

corpus
caries
trauma
dens
auris
olecranon
oedema
caput
radius
mandibula
ligamentum

REVISION QUESTIONS

What are the possible pronunciations of the consonant -c- in Latin?

Name all diphthongs.
How many declensions exist in Latin?
Which grammatical categories are relevant to nouns and adjectives?
What do we have to know to determine the declension of a noun?
Is the feminine gender the only gender?
How many cases are used in medical terminology?
What helps us decline a word correctly?
What is a stem, and how is it derived?

NB (NOTA BENE)1
n Always learn the full dictionary entry of each noun, i.e., nominative sg., genitive sg.,
and gender.
n The genitive provides the stem of a word, which is the smallest, unchangeable part
of the word and is repeated in all other case forms. By using the stem and proper case
endings, you will be able to decline words correctly. The noun stem is produced by
removing the case ending from the genitive singular.
n The genitive case parallels the use of the preposition “of” in English.

1 Nota bene (abbreviated as NB) meaning “note, sign well“ is a Latin phrase to indicate that special
attention should be paid to something.

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 FIRST DECLENSION 23
2
KEYWORDS

a) Work in pairs and decide which word (1–12) goes with which meaning (a–l):
1. ulna, ae, f. a) rib
2. clāvicula, ae, f. b) medial larger bone of the forearm
3. costa, ae, f. c) medial larger of the two bones of the lower leg
4. mandibula, ae, f. d) one of two identical bones that form the upper jaw
5. coxa, ae, f. e) lateral smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
6. maxilla, ae, f. f) U-shaped bone forming the lower jaw
7. fibula, ae, f. g) hip bone or hip joint
8. tībia, ae, f. h) doubly curved long bone that forms part of the shoulder girdle
(collarbone)
9. īnsufficientia, ae, f. i) artery
10. commisūra, ae, f. j) vein
11. vēna, ae, f. k) junction between two anatomical structures
12. artēria, ae, f. l) insufficiency, inadequate function

caput fibulae
(head of the fibula)

tibia fibula

malleolus medialis
(medial malleolus)
malleolus lateralis
(lateral malleolus)

Picture 1 Tibia et fibula

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 24 FIRST DECLENSION CHAPTER 2

suturae (sutures)

os frontale
(frontal bone)

orbita (eye socket)

os zygomaticum
(zygomatic bone)

maxilla

dentes (teeth)

mandibula (mandible)

Picture 2 Cranium (Skull)

b) Do you understand the meaning of the following phrases? Notice the different forms
of the nouns:
fractura mandibulae
fracturae costarum
ruptura arteriae
fractura tibiae complicata
fractura vertebrae thoracicae primae
incisura scapulae

Note:
From the very beginning, it is essential to understand that the 1st declension does not only
involve nouns. Therefore, apart from 1st declension nouns, the phrases also involve some
adjective forms, which follow the same paradigm as 1st declension nouns.

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 CHAPTER 2 FIRST DECLENSION 25

For example, fractura tibiae complicata means “a complicated fracture of the tibia”, where
complicata is a feminine adjective form. Out of the three genders of adjectives (masculine,
feminine, and neuter), here we use the feminine form since fractura is a feminine noun.
In the next phrase, fractura vertebrae thoracicae primae (“fracture of the first thoracic
vertebra”), there are two feminine adjective forms (thoracicae primae), both of which refer to
vertebra (in the genitive case), which is preceded by the nominative form fractura.

GRAMMAR

FIRST DECLENSION

In the 1st declension, we decline nouns of feminine gender, ending in -A in the nominative
singular and -AE in the genitive singular.
The following information concerning a particular noun represents a dictionary entry: its
two principal parts (the nominative and genitive singular) and its grammatical gender.
For example, vena, ae, f. (“vena, venae, feminine”); costa, ae, f.; coxa, ae, f. The genitive
sg. ending tells us that these nouns belong to the 1st declension.
(On the contrary, trauma, traumat-is, n. is a noun that does not belong to the 1st
declension because of its different gen. sg. ending.)
Latin 1st declension nouns follow this paradigm:

Feminine
sg. pl.
nom. -A cost-a -AE cost-ae
gen. -AE cost-ae -ĀRUM cost-ārum
acc. -AM cost-am cost-ās
abl. -Ā cost-ā cost-īs

The case of a word is often obvious; nevertheless, a single form can sometimes represent
more than one case. For example, the word costae (-AE ending) could be the genitive
singular or nominative plural. Context will help you decide which grammatical form the word
represents:
costae: genitive singular or nominative plural?
fractura costae (fracture of a rib): fractura (of what?) costae (genitive singular)
tres costae (three ribs): tres (what?) costae (nominative plural)
Note: the noun in the genitive case is preceded by another noun, usually in the nominative
form; however, it could also be preceded by a prepositional phrase in the accusative or
ablative, e.g., propter rupturam aortae, i.e., due to the rupture of the aorta.

NOTE ON ADJECTIVES

A noun can be qualified with another NOUN (in its genitive form), e.g., glandula linguae,
fractura costae, ruptura aortae, but also with an ADJECTIVE (which must agree with the
gender, number, and case of the qualified noun). Feminine adjective forms (including ordinal
numerals, which behave the same way) follow the same paradigm as feminine nouns.

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 26 FIRST DECLENSION CHAPTER 2

You can identify an expression in the vocabulary list as an adjective, since we provide all
three genders in the nominative form (m., f., n. – profundus, a, um). For now, we will only
focus on the feminine adjective forms, since 1st declension nouns are feminine.
Remember that in medical terminology, an adjective usually comes after a noun, i.e.,
opposite to the word order typical in many modern languages (English, Czech, Slovak, etc.),
e.g., arteria profunda, fractura complicata, costa prima.
It is quite common that a noun is qualified in both ways (by a noun in the genitive case
and an adjective) in the same phrase:
arteria profunda linguae (deep artery of the tongue)
fractura scapulae dextrae (fracture of the right scapula)
Note the difference: in the first phrase, arteria profunda linguae, the adjective profunda
(deep) is in the nominative form since it follows arteria, which is in the nominative form as
well; in the second phrase, fractura scapulae dextrae, the adjective dextra (right) appears in
the genitive form (dextrae) since it follows the genitive form of scapula, i.e., scapulae. A very
logical construction, is it not? Based on this pattern, you will now be able to understand even
more complex constructions, e.g.,
fractura – scapulae dextrae – complicata
or: fractura complicata – scapulae dextrae (the meaning is the same)

fractura complicata

scapulae dextrae

fractura complicata

scapulae dextrae

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are used in medical terminology to provide more information regarding where,
when, how, or why a given phenomenon happened, exists, or proceeds (ad, inter, sub,
infra, supra, contra, etc.). Moreover, most prepositions in medical terminology also work as
prefixes, retaining their original meaning (e.g., postnatalis, praenatalis, infusio, intercostalis,
etc.) which also applies to Greek terms used in medical terminology (e.g., metacarpus,
anatomia, pericardium, etc.).
From a grammatical point of view, prepositions are followed either by the accusative or
ablative case (singular or plural), but do not combine with any other case. The case following
a preposition is not connected to the preposition’s meaning – it is a purely grammatical
matter. Therefore, the resulting medical phrase is in the accusative or ablative, including the
adjective attached to the noun.

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 CHAPTER 2 FIRST DECLENSION 27

Example:
fractura complicata – propter fracturam complicatam;
post fracturam scapulae dextrae complicatam
= after a complicated fracture of the right scapula

post
acc.

fracturam complicatam

scapulae dextrae

Example:
fractura complicata – cum fractura complicata;
cum fractura complicata scapulae dextrae
= with a complicated fracture of the right scapula

cum

abl.

fracturā complicatā

scapulae dextrae

Prepositions followed by the Prepositions followed by the

accusative case: ablative case:
ad to, towards a/ab away from
ante before, in front of, ago cum with
infra below e/ex out of
inter between in at, in
per through pro for, on behalf of
post after, behind sine without
propter due to, because of sub under
supra above
trans across, over, beyond

A/ab and e/ex are two forms of the same prepositions. Usage depends on the word
following the preposition: ab and ex are always used before words beginning with a vowel
or an h; a and e before those beginning with consonants, but ab and ex can also be found in
front of consonants; such spelling became more and more widespread over time.

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 28 FIRST DECLENSION CHAPTER 2

EXERCISES

1. Form and translate the phrases:

fractura, ae, f. + ulna, ae, f.

fractura, ae, f. + mandibula, ae, f.
fractura, ae, f. + fibula, ae, f.
fractura, ae, f. + tibia, ae, f.
fractura, ae, f. + clavicula, ae, f.
fractura, ae, f. + maxilla, ae, f.
fractura, ae, f. + costae (pl.)
ruptura, ae, f. + trachea, ae, f.
ruptura, ae, f. + vena, ae, f.
ruptura, ae, f. + arteria, ae, f.
ruptura, ae, f. + fascia, ae, f.
ruptura, ae, f. + venae (pl.)
ruptura, ae, f. + vesica, ae, f. + felleus, a, um
causa, ae, f. + pneumonia, ae, f.
insufficientia, ae, f. + vesica, ae, f. + urinarius, a, um

2. Connect the nouns and adjectives and translate:

costa + primus, a, um
fractura + complicatus, a, um
ruptura + magnus, a, um
insufficientia + postoperativus, a, um
fractura + costa + secundus, a, um + et + tertius, a, um
fractura + costa + quartus, a, um
fractura + costa + complicatus, a, um
ruptura + vena + hepaticus, a, um

3. Change singular forms into plural forms:

vertebra thoracica fractura costae

fractura complicata tonsilla palatina

ruptura venae fractura ulnae

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 CHAPTER 2 FIRST DECLENSION 29

4. Fill in the missing endings and translate:

incisura mandibul , valva aort , areola mamm , incisura scapul ,

glandulae lingu , rima palpebr (pl.), uvula vesic urinari , vena port ,

crista cost , nausea gravid (pl.), fossa scapul , vesica felle

5. Form the phrases using the prepositions given and translate:

sub + junctura, ae, f. + cartilagineus, a, um

cum + ruptura, ae, f. + arteria, ae, f.

post + fractura, ae, f. + costa, ae, f. + primus, a, um

propter + fractura, ae, f. + ulna, ae, f.

propter + fractura, ae, f. + mandibula, ae, f. + complicatus, a, um

sine + fractura, ae, f. + fibula, ae, f.

ante + fractura, ae, f. + vertebra, ae, f. + thoracicus, a, um

6. Do you know the number of thoracic vertebrae? Can you name them using Latin
ordinal numerals? Choose the correct numerals:

decima, duodecima, prima, quarta, secunda, septima, octava, tertia, undecima, nona,
quinta, sexta

1. vertebra thoracica

2. vertebra thoracica

3. vertebra thoracica

4. vertebra thoracica

5. vertebra thoracica

6. vertebra thoracica

7. vertebra thoracica
8. vertebra thoracica

9. vertebra thoracica

10. vertebra thoracica

11. vertebra thoracica

12. vertebra thoracica

Picture 3 Vertebrae thoracicae (Thoracic vertebrae)

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 30 FIRST DECLENSION CHAPTER 2

7. Use the context to determine the grammatical number of the highlighted words
and note the cases:
Phrase Case Number
fractura costarum genitive plural
fractura mandibulae
rupturae venarum
post fracturam ulnae
propter fracturam claviculae
areola mammae
e ruptura venae
cum fractura costae
vertebrae thoracicae

8. Order the words in the right forms to make medical phrases:

complicatus, a, um; costa, ae, f.; primus, a, um; fractura, ae, f.

fractura, ae, f.; propter; thoracicus, a, um; vertebra, ae, f.; secundus, a, um

hepaticus, a, um; in; ruptura, ae, f., vena, ae, f.

9. Translate into English:

propter rupturam tubae uterinae

post fracturam costae
supra scapulam
sub clavicula
glandulae sub lingua
pro forma

10. Translate into Latin:

rupture of an artery
fracture of the shoulder blade
rupture of a vein
complicated fracture of the ulna

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 CHAPTER 2 FIRST DECLENSION 31

palpebral fissure (literally “slit of the eyelids”)

after a fracture of the 2nd rib
because of the rupture of an artery
mammary gland (literally “gland of the breast”)

ABBREVIATIONS

Latin English
a. arteria artery
aa. arteriae arteries
v. vena vein
vv. venae veins

PHRASES TO REMEMBER

in natura conditions present in a non-laboratory environment

pro forma for the sake of form
curriculum vitae CV
intra vitam during life: while the subject is still alive (cf. intravital in English)
sine mora without delay
mors in tabula death during an operation

REVISION QUESTIONS
What are the characteristic features of the 1st declension?
What is the typical gender of the nouns belonging to the 1st declension?
What forms of a noun represent a dictionary entry? What does a 1st declension dictionary
entry look like?
Does the 1st declension only serve as a paradigm for nouns?
What are the genders of adjectives in general?
Which cases follow prepositions?

NB
n The 1st declension features nouns of the feminine gender, ending in -a in the nom. sg.,
and -ae in the gen. sg., e.g., costa, ae, f.; vertebra, ae, f.; vena, ae, f.
n Apart from nouns, the 1st declension paradigm is also used to decline feminine forms
of adjectives as well as ordinal numerals, e.g., costa prima; fractura costae primae; fibula
dextra; vena profunda
n Some cases may have identical endings, e.g., the gen. sg. and nom. pl.; in these cases, the
meaning of a phrase is determined from context: see the declension of vertebra thoracica:
vertebrae thoracicae (nom. pl.) X fractura vertebrae thoracicae (gen. sg.).

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 32 FIRST DECLENSION CHAPTER 2

n If adjectives are part of a phrase, you need to determine their relationship to the relevant
noun. Remember that in Latin, the adjective agrees with the noun in grammatical gender,
case, and number, e.g., fractura ulnae dextrae complicata.
n Also keep in mind that English uses a different word order to Latin, e.g., deep vein X vena
profunda; the right ulna X ulna dextra.
n Prepositional phrases are either in the accusative or ablative case. The preposition
governs not only the noun immediately following it, but also the adjective affiliated, if
there is one, e.g., fractura complicata – propter fracturam complicatam, post fracturam
complicatam, cum fractura complicata.

VOCABULARY
LATIN ENGLISH hernia, ae, f. hernia (a condition
in which part of an
Nouns
organ is displaced and
angīna, ae, f. tonsillitis, angina protrudes through
the wall of the cavity
aorta, ae, f. aorta containing it)
āreola, ae, f. small area incīsūra, ae, f. notch in a structure
āreola mammae colored circle around īnsufficientia, ae, f. insufficiency
a nipple
jūnctūra, ae, f. junction
artēria, ae, f. artery
lingua, ae, f. tongue
artēriola, ae, f. small artery (that ends
in capillaries) mamma, ae, f. breast
causa, ae, f. cause, reason mandibula, ae, f. lower jaw
clāvicula, ae, f. clavicle, collarbone maxilla, ae, f. upper jaw
commissūra, ae, f. commissure (the medulla, ae, f. marrow
junction between two
medulla oblongāta inferior portion of the
anatomical parts)
brain stem
conjūnctiva, ae, f. conjunctiva (the
membrāna, ae, f. membrane
protective mucous
membrane lining the nausea, ae, f. nausea
eyelids and the eye)
orbita, ae, f. orbit (the bony cavity
costa, ae, f. rib in the skull which holds
the eyeball)
coxa, ae, f. hip bone, hip joint
palpebra, ae, f. eyelid
crista, ae, f. ridge (the highest part
of something) papilla, ae, f. nipple or nipple-like
structure
curvātūra, ae, f. curvature (a bending,
flexure) pleura, ae, f. pleura (the double
membrane that
fascia, ae, f. sheet of connective
surrounds the lungs)
tissue
pneumonia, ae, f. pneumonia
fibula, ae, f. fibula, calf bone
porta, ae, f. gate (an entrance into
fissūra, ae, f. fissure, cleft
an organ)
fossa, ae, f. pit (a hollow or
prostata, ae, f. prostate (a gland in
depressed area)
the male reproductive
frāctūra, ae, f. fracture system)
glandula, ae, f. gland rīma, ae, f. cleft, crack, slit
gravida, ae, f. pregnant woman rīma palpebrārum palpebral fissure

Autorsky vytisk: Petr Honc, 15.02.2023 08:53:59, exp: jindrova

 CHAPTER 2 FIRST DECLENSION 33

ruptūra, ae, f. rupture nūtrīcius, a, um nutrient

scapula, ae, f. scapula, shoulder blade postoperātīvus, a, um postoperative
sclēra, ae, f. sclera (the white of the profundus, a, um deep
eye)
thōrācicus, a, um thoracic
spīna, ae, f. spine (a short, sharp
ūrīnārius, a, um relating to urine
process of bone)
Ordinal numerals
substantia, ae, f. substance
prīmus, a, um first
sūtūra, ae, f. suture
secundus, a, um second
tēla, ae, f. tissue
tertius, a, um third
tībia, ae, f. tibia, shinbone
quārtus, a, um fourth
tōnsilla, ae, f. tonsil
quīntus, a, um fifth
trachēa, ae, f. trachea, windpipe
sextus, a, um sixth
tuba, ae, f. tube
septimus, a, um seventh
tuba uterīna Fallopian tube
octāvus, a, um eighth
(tunica) mūcōsa, ae, f. mucous membrane
nōnus, a, um ninth
ulna, ae, f. ulna (the medial larger
bone of the forearm) decimus, a, um tenth
ūvula, ae, f. uvula (the fleshy undecimus, a, um eleventh
appendage that hangs
from the back of the duodecimus, a, um twelfth
palate and helps close Prepositions with accusative
the nasopharynx during
swallowing) ad to, towards

ūrīna, ae, f. urine ante before, in front of, ago

vāgīna, ae, f. vagina īnfrā below
valva, ae, f. valve inter between
vēna, ae, f. vein per through
vēna portae portal vein (a short post after, behind
vein that carries blood
into the liver) propter because of, due to

vertebra, ae, f. vertebra, spondyle suprā above

vēsīca, ae, f. bladder trāns across, over,

beyond
vēsīca ūrīnāria urinary bladder
Prepositions with ablative
vēsīca fellea gall bladder
ā/ab away from
vīta, ae, f. life
cum with
Adjectives
ē/ex out of
cartilāgineus, a, um pertaining
to the cartilage in at, in
complicātus, a, um complicated prō for, on behalf of
dexter, dextra, dextrum right sine without
felleus, a, um relating to bile sub under
hēpaticus, a, um relating to the liver Conjunction
magnus, a, um big et and

Autorsky vytisk: Petr Honc, 15.02.2023 08:53:59, exp: jindrova