4th Year

Oral and written communication skills development

Topics for the exam

1. Communication. Types of communication

Communication is the process of transmitting information, ideas, and emotions from one person
to another.
Communication is the process of two or more people or groups exchanging information, ideas,
thoughts, and feelings. It is a basic human activity that enables individuals to communicate with
one another and exchange ideas, feelings, and experiences.

1. Verbal

Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information through speaking or sign
language.

2. Nonverbal

Nonverbal communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to convey
information to others

Nonverbal communication is helpful when trying to understand others’ thoughts and feelings.
If they are displaying “closed” body language, such as crossed arms or hunched shoulders, they
might be feeling anxious, angry or nervous. If they are displaying “open” body language with both
feet on the floor and arms by their side or on the table, they are likely feeling positive and open to
information.
3. Visual
Visual communication is the act of using photographs, art, drawings, sketches, charts and graphs
to convey information. Visuals are often used as an aid during presentations to provide helpful
context alongside written and/or verbal communication.

4. Written
Written communication is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like letters and numbers to
convey information. It is helpful because it provides a record of information for reference. Writing
is commonly used to share information through books, pamphlets, blogs, letters, memos and
more. Emails and chats are common forms of written communication in the workplace.
2. Getting the message across.

Communicating with more than one person can be difficult, confusing and sometimes terrifying.
But the ability to effectively present information to others is one of the most important skills in
modern world. Understanding the message you want to convey is the key to successful
comunication. Unfortunately many speakers fail to consider the key elements of their message
and, as a result, do not communicate effectively. This can lead to misunderstanding and at worst
they leave their listeners confused.
Some tips for getting the message across:
First of all- Ensure your message is clear and straightforward.
Simplifying language and structure enhances understanding and reduces the chance of
misinterpretation.
Also the crucial factor is to listen attentively to others and respond appropriately.
Active listening builds rapport, demonstrates respect, and promotes effective communication.
Using varied communication messengers like telegram, messenger, direct messenger and gmail
can be a good thing for long distance communication. But While the internet connects people
globally, it can also contribute to social isolation and reduced face-to-face interactions, impacting
real-world relationships. Also one day the world could go silent. In such cases Morse code can
come in handy. It is mainly used by people who are in danger. For such message, most often, this
is SOS call for help, telegrapher transmit short and long tones which are dots and dashes. And
radio officer on the other side could monitor the radio distress call and resque those in dangere.
3. Internet as a means of communication

“We are all now connected by the internet, like neurons in a giant brain.” – said, Stephen Hawking.

And this is truer than ever. With more than 4.95 billion users, the internet has bought the world
together. Internet communication is a way of talking to people using the internet instead of
telecommunications (like phone calls and text messaging).

From WhatsApp and Telegram to email and virtual telephony, people can connect within minutes
(if not seconds), irrespective of how far they’re located.

Internet communication refers to communicating with people over the internet. It could be in any
form: messages, voice, or video calls.

One of the major advantages of internet communication tools over traditional communication is
cost savings. In addition, many free tools make internet communication easier, such as WhatsApp,
Skype, Google Meet, and Messenger.

Even businesses can communicate with overseas customers at pocket-friendly prices using the
internet.

The Internet has brought the world together and never lets us feel we’re far from the people we
care about. It has also opened many opportunities for professionals. It allows you to talk to your
clients via message, audio, or video calls across the globe with a button click.

And while the Internet has tons of advantages, it does not come without certain pitfalls. For
example, being extremely careful while sharing sensitive information online is important, as
hackers might misuse your data.

Do you feel the Internet has revolutionized how you interact with colleagues and personal
acquaintances? If yes, let us know your favorite mode of communication via the Internet.
4. How the Internet became a big boy
In the late 1960s, the RAND Corporation faced a tricky problem: how to keep communication
going after a nuclear war. Their solution? Create a network with no central authority, making it
resilient even if parts were destroyed. This idea led to the birth of ARPANET in 1969, initially
designed for military purposes.
However, as ARPANET expanded in the early 1970s, users shifted its focus from long-distance
computing to a fast electronic postal service for news and personal messages. Mailing lists, like
"SF-LOVERS" for science fiction fans, became popular.
The communication software evolved from NCP to TCP/IP, enabling other networks to link with
ARPANET and forming what we now know as the Internet. In the 1980s, government agencies,
including the National Science Foundation (NSF), played a role in the Internet's technical
advancement. The NSFNET, established in 1984, connected newer supercomputers, leading to
rapid growth throughout the 1990s.
What made the Internet so attractive? Its decentralized nature. Unlike traditional structures, there
was no central authority, official censors, bosses, or stockholders. This freedom drew millions of
users.
Despite the initial military and strategic intentions, the Internet grew beyond expectations, and its
future remains unpredictable. The passage illustrates the dynamic evolution of the Internet from a
post-nuclear war communication concept to a global, decentralized network of interconnected
computers.
5. Education, literacy.
literacy refers to a person’s ability to read, write, speak and listen in a way that allows clear and
effective communication.
If you are a student, you need literacy to deal with your life on a daily basis. If you lack literacy
skills, you won’t be able to do well at school, you will be cut off from the job market, and as a
parent, you won’t get a chance to help your own child with his school work. Above all, if you are a
well literate person, you will be able to communicate clearly and effectively, get updated with
current events and understand the issues that are molding our world
While education refers to the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, morals, habits, and
beliefs.
Children are born without any sense of culture; therefore, education functions to guide them in
acquiring culture, shaping their behaviour, and ultimately directing them to play their eventual
role in society.
Literacy, in general, refers to a person’s ability to read and write. Education refers to the process
of overall development of a person and involves his acquisition of knowledge, values, morals,
skills, habits, and beliefs.
Function
Education helps to build a wiser man, providing him with the ability to distinguish between right
and wrong. In contrast, literacy is just a step toward education. Literacy cannot always build a
wiser man.
6. Literacy, emotional literacy
literacy refers to a person’s ability to read, write, speak and listen in a way that allows clear and
effective communication.
If you are a student, you need literacy to deal with your life on a daily basis. If you lack literacy
skills, you won’t be able to do well at school, you will be cut off from the job market, and as a
parent, you won’t get a chance to help your own child with his school work. Above all, if you are a
well literate person, you will be able to communicate clearly and effectively, get updated with
current events and understand the issues that are molding our world
Emotional literacy is the ability to express our emotions and feelings using speech and other forms
of communication. It's an important skill that children must develop from a young age to help
establish a stable relationship with their own emotions.
Emotional literacy is a key aspect of emotional intelligence, which means our overall ability to deal
with emotions. Emotional literacy focuses on how we communicate our feelings and how well we
can read others' emotions. Whilst some children will naturally be comfortable doing this, others
might need more encouragement and support. Without emotional literacy, children will struggle
to express their feelings appropriately and might be confused or alarmed by the emotions of
others.
7. Education systems. Education in Great Britain, the USA and Ukraine
Education systems in Great Britain, the USA, and Ukraine vary in structure and organization.

**Great Britain:**
- The education system in the UK is divided into four key stages: primary education, secondary
education, further education, and higher education.
- Primary education typically spans from ages 4 to 11, followed by secondary education from ages
11 to 16. Students then take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams.
- Further education includes post-16 education, often pursued in colleges or sixth forms, leading to
qualifications like A-levels or vocational courses.
- Higher education consists of universities that offer undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.

At the age of 7 English school children go to junior schools. They do many

subjects: English and Maths, Natural, History and Drawing, Handicrafts, French
and Latin. They do not go to school early as we do. But they stay there longer.
The first lesson usualy starts at 9 o`clock. There are 3 lessonswith short
breaks of ten minutes between them and then an hour break for lunch. After lunch
they have too more lessons are over by half past three. If you have a look at an
English pupils school record you will see that the marks in it differ from the
marks we have. Our school children get marks from 1 to 12. At English school
there are marks from 1 up to 10 and at some schools from 1 up to 100. Junior
school ends at the age of 11 when pupils take the Eleven Plus examination and
then secondary school begins.

University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge is one of the oldest and most famous
universities in the world. It was founded in 1209 in Cambridge. Together with the University of
Oxford, it is the most prestigious university in the UK.

University of Oxford. The oldest English-language university in the world, as

well as the first university in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1117.

**United States:**
- The U.S. education system is divided into three main levels: elementary/primary education,
secondary education, and higher education.
- Elementary education spans grades K-5, followed by middle school (grades 6-8) and high school
(grades 9-12).
- The high school diploma is awarded upon graduation. Students may pursue higher education at
universities, colleges, or vocational schools, earning degrees like associate, bachelor's, master's, or
doctoral degrees.

The American system of school education differs from the systems in other
countries. There are state public schools, private elementary schools and
private secondary schools. Public schools are free and private schools are
feepaying. Each state has its own system of public schools. Elementary education
begins at the age of 6 or 7, when a child goes to the first form. At the age of
16 schoolchildren leave the elementary school and may continue their education
at one of the secondary schools or high schools, as they call them. The
programme of studies in the elementary school includes English, Arithmetic,
Geography, History of the USA, Natural sciences, etc. Sometimes they learn
foreign language and general history. Besides giving general education some high
schools teach subjects useful to those who hope to find jobs in industry and
agriculture or who want to enter colleges or universities.
Harvard University. Founded in 1636, Harvard is the oldest existing higher
education institution in the United States. Harvard is considered one of the
best universities in the world.
Yale University. One of the oldest and most prestigious American universities,
founded by Eliu El in 1701.

**Ukraine:**
- The education system in Ukraine comprises 12 years of schooling, with primary education from
ages 6 to 10 and secondary education from ages 10 to 18.
- Students complete the External Independent Evaluation (EIE) at the end of secondary education,
influencing university admissions.
- Higher education institutions offer bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.
The system of secondary education in Ukraine includes primary forms and junior
and senior secondary forms. Children usually go to school at the age of 6 or 7.
Primary forms comprise 1 to 4 forms. Junior secondary forms comprise 5 to 9
forms. After the 9 th form children can enter technical schools of different
types. Those who want to enter higher educational institution should complete
10-11 forms.

While there are similarities, each country's education system reflects its unique cultural and
historical context, leading to distinct approaches to curriculum, assessment, and educational
pathways.

8. Traditional and modern education systems

Traditional Education System:
Teacher-Centered: Traditional education often adopts a teacher-centered approach, where the
teacher is the primary source of knowledge and imparts information to students.
Memorization: Emphasis is placed on rote memorization of facts and information, with a focus on
standardized testing to assess student understanding.
Uniformity: There is a standardized curriculum for all students, with limited flexibility to cater to
individual learning styles or interests.
Classroom Structure: Traditional classrooms typically follow a structured and hierarchical setup,
with students in rows and the teacher at the front.
Modern Education System:
Student-Centered: Modern education emphasizes student engagement and participation,
encouraging critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Interactive Learning: There is a shift towards interactive and collaborative learning methods,
incorporating technology and hands-on experiences.
Customization: Modern education recognizes diverse learning styles and provides more
personalized learning paths to accommodate individual needs and interests.
Inquiry-Based Learning: Instead of memorization, there is a focus on inquiry-based learning, where
students explore topics in-depth and apply knowledge to real-world situations.
Technology Integration: Modern education often integrates technology into the learning process,
offering online resources, interactive tools, and virtual learning environments.
Assessment Innovation: Assessment methods extend beyond traditional exams to include project-
based assessments, portfolios, and continuous evaluation.
It's important to note that these distinctions are generalizations, and education systems can
exhibit a mix of traditional and modern elements. Additionally, the evolution of education systems
is ongoing, with ongoing efforts to adapt to the changing needs of students and society.

9. Mass media, its effects on society

In general, "media" refers to various means of communication.

Mass media refers to the various means of communication that reach a large audience, including
television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet. The effects of mass media on society
are multifaceted and can be both positive and negative.
The media influences so many people’s behaviour nowadays. Information can be spread after a
few clicks of a button, whether it is true, false, speculation or gossip. This can affect relationships
in various ways, be it between celebrities and ordinary people or between celebrities themselves
and their loved ones. The media can manipulate, influence, persuade and pressurise society, along
with even controlling the world at times in both positive and negative ways; mentally, physically
and emotionally.
Media brought the whole world at our room. Get Weather reports very easily. Get NEWS of
various parts of the World. Entertains massive part of the public. But addicted to various serial is
harmful for daily lives, especially Younger generation of the society leave their studies to watch TV
serials. Grows the children violent by maliciously showing wrestling in many sports channels. So
Media has its both Black and White sides of it.White part for awesomeness and the Black side is its
Reverse.

10.British newspapers: UK broadsheet and tabloid newspapers

British newspapers can be broadly categorized into two main types: broadsheet and tabloid. These
classifications are based on the format, content, and style of the newspapers.
1. Broadsheet Newspapers:
Broadsheets are larger in size. They are characterized by a more traditional and formal layout.
Broadsheets often feature in-depth coverage of news, analysis, and opinion pieces. They tend to
focus on serious topics such as politics, international affairs, business, culture, and intellectual
discussions.
The writing style in broadsheets is usually more formal, with longer articles and detailed analysis.
The language is often sophisticated, targeting readers seeking in-depth information.
Examples of British Broadsheet Newspapers:
The Times
The Daily Telegraph

2. Tabloid Newspapers:
Tabloids are smaller in size. They have a more compact and easily readable layout.
Tabloids focus on more sensational and human-interest stories. They often cover celebrity gossip,
crime, entertainment, and sports. The content is generally more visual and less in-depth compared
to broadsheets.
Tabloids use a more informal and colloquial writing style. The language is often simpler, and the
emphasis is on engaging readers with catchy headlines and photographs.
Examples of British Tabloid Newspapers:
The Sun
Daily Mirror
Daily Mail
Daily Express
The choice between broadsheet and tabloid often reflects the target audience. Broadsheets tend
to attract readers seeking in-depth analysis and serious reporting, while tabloids cater to those
looking for entertainment and more accessible news.
Over the years, there has been some blurring of the lines between the two categories, with some
broadsheets adopting a more visually appealing design, and some tabloids incorporating more
serious news coverage.
It's important to note that the newspaper industry is dynamic, and formats, content, and styles
may evolve over time based on changing reader preferences and market dynamics.

11.Mass media: advantages and disadvantages

Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass
communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place include a variety
of outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically via media such as films, radio,
recorded music, or television.
There are different Types of Media
Printing media
Newspapers, Magazines,Books and so on.
Broadcasting media includes videos, audios, or written content that provides important or
entertaining information.
Internet Media
Nowadays, we are relying on the Internet to get the news a lot more often than traditional news
sources. Websites provide information in the form of video, text, and audio. We can even choose
the way we want to receive the news. Types of Internet media include:

Advantages of mass media

1. It educates people. Through television and radio programs, people get to learn about health
matters, environmental conservation, and much more.
2. People get the latest news in a very short time. Distance is not a barrier. People get news daily
through the media and this keeps them updated on the happenings around the world.
3. People get to bring out their hidden talents. Through media showcase their talents such as
comedy, acting and singing.
Mass MediaDisadvantages
1. It leads to individualism. People spend too much time on the internet and watching television.
As a result, socialization with friends, family and neighbors is affected.
2. Some media contents are not suitable for children. Limiting children’s access to such content
can be difficult.
Media can be addictive, e.g. some television programs and internet. This can lead to decrease in
people’s productivity.

12.Advertising, a short history of British advertising.

Advertising is a promotional activity which aims to sell a product or service to a target audience. It
is one of the oldest forms of marketing which attempts to influence the actions of its target
audience to either buy, sell, or do something specific.
Advertising in Britain has a long history, dating back to the 17th century when printed
advertisements started appearing in newspapers. Early ads were often simple announcements for
products and services.
Industrial Revolution (18th-19th centuries):
The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to the economy, and advertising became
more prominent. Posters and handbills were used to promote goods, and the rise of newspapers
and magazines provided new platforms for advertisers.
The late 19th century saw the emergence of recognizable brands. Companies like Cadbury and
Bass Brewery began creating distinctive logos and packaging, laying the foundation for modern
branding.
The early 20th century witnessed the establishment of advertising agencies. Agencies like J. Walter
Thompson (JWT) and Ogilvy & Mather set the stage for the professionalization of advertising,
emphasizing creativity and strategic planning.
During both World Wars, advertising played a role in propaganda efforts. After World War II, the
British economy experienced a boom, and advertising became more sophisticated, focusing on
consumerism and lifestyle.
Television Era (1950s-1960s):
The introduction of commercial television in the 1950s transformed advertising. Iconic campaigns,
like Guinness's "Guinness is Good for You" and the Milk Marketing Board's "Accrington Stanley"
commercials, became memorable parts of British culture.
Creative Revolution (1960s-1970s):
The 1960s and 1970s marked a creative revolution in British advertising. The "Mad Men" era
brought about innovative campaigns, and agencies like Saatchi & Saatchi and BMP DDB became
influential.
The 1980s, under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, saw economic reforms and deregulation. This
period witnessed the rise of aggressive marketing and memorable campaigns such as British
Airways' "The World's Favourite Airline."
Digital Age (1990s-Present):
The advent of the internet in the 1990s ushered in the digital age of advertising. Online platforms
and social media became essential for reaching audiences. British brands adapted to digital
marketing strategies.
Contemporary British advertising reflects diversity and inclusivity. Brands focus on storytelling and
connecting with audiences on a personal level. Digital platforms continue to evolve, with
influencers and social media playing a significant role.

13.Purpose and objective of advertising, its advantages and disadvantages

An advertisement refers to a paid form of communication that promotes a service, product or
brand. Marketers use advertisements to help companies reach their objectives and increase
revenue. Often, they design advertisements for specific groups of potential customers.
Advertisements can appear in many mediums, including:
Social media platforms; Websites; Television stations; Newspapers; Magazines; Billboards;
Advertising has three main objectives: to inform, to persuade, and to remind.

Informing

When you launch a new product or service, you have to make your target consumers aware of it.
This is where advertising comes in handy. Without advertising your products or services, you will
struggle to make meaningful sales because very few potential consumers will be aware of them.

Persuading

For you to beat the competition, you have to convince your target customers that your product or
service is better than the rest. This is what a persuading advert does. Once you have informed
your target customers of your product or service, you must help them understand why they need
to choose you and not any other brand in the market.

Reminding

A successful advert must remind your customers of the benefits of your product or service, which
means it should simply reinforce your brand’s message to an already well-established
marketplace. The idea here is to maintain a top-of-mind awareness in your customer base and
protect it against competitors.

Advantages of Advertising
The quickest approach for a company to demonstrate the level of industry knowledge it offers is
through advertising.
Effective advertising campaigns can lead to increased sales by attracting new customers and
encouraging repeat business.
Advertising informs consumers about product features, benefits, and new offerings, contributing
to better-informed purchasing decisions.

Disadvantages of Advertising
· High Costs:
· Running effective advertising campaigns can be expensive, especially for small businesses with
limited budgets.
· Misleading Information:
· Some advertisements may convey misleading or exaggerated information, leading to false
expectations among consumers.
· Creates Unrealistic Expectations:
· Advertisements often present products or services in an idealized manner, creating unrealistic
expectations that may disappoint consumers.

14.New information technologies and modern means of communication

Today, it’s much easier to communicate with others than it was just a decade ago. We can send
and receive messages instantly with a number of new technologies. This has improved our lives in
many ways by allowing us to become more interconnected and knowledgeable about the world.
In addition to this, new technologies like television and the Internet helps us get information
quicker and easier. If an earthquake occurs in Japan, French people will hear about this news only
few hours later. Moreover, people can read books or download music songs, movies, games,
software, and pictures throughout the network. It is quite easy and cheap as some Internet web-
sites are free for accessing.
Furthermore, information technology has various applications, which is also why it has proven to
be a beneficial key component in the entire structure that industries now have. With this growing
importance, it becomes essential to understand the critical aspects of this industry and the key
features that make it the revolutionary tool it is.

Modern Means of Communication and information

The modern means of communication would include the cultural realm, communication
instrument, geographical location, and other factors. Important modern means of communication
include social media, blogging, voice calling, and so forth. Revolution in the field of communication
is brought about by the modern means of communication. Modern means of communication are
required for many daily based activities.

Artificial Intelligence

The past year saw the introduction of several new mediums of artificial intelligence. This year,
industries are looking at ways in which they can grow these resources and implement the work
they do.

Virtual Reality

The gaming industry has always been one that has experienced growth alongside the field of
information technology, and virtual reality has taken this one step further, giving customers the
epitome of digital experience.

15.British newspapers. The language of the British newspapers

Widely claimed to be the oldest surviving English newspaper, the London Gazette is a daily
newspaper first published on November 7, 1665 in the Oxford Gazette. Since then, the paper has
maintained its status as one of the most important Government Gazettes (official journals of
record) in the UK, and continues to be the oldest continuously published paper in the UK as it is
currently published each weekday by The Stationary Office
Newspapers have been widely distributed in the United Kingdom for hundreds of years. Sales rose
during the 1800s and continued to do so until the middle of the 20th century, when they reached
their peak circulation, however since then their readership has significantly declined. Today, the
UK's most highly circulating paper is the free sheet Metro whilst other popular titles include
tabloids such as The Sun and Daily Mirror, middle market papers such as the Daily Mail and Daily
Express and broadsheet newspapers such as The Times, The Daily Telegraph, the Financial Times
and The Guardian.

British newspapers can be broadly categorized into two main types: broadsheet and tabloid. These
classifications are based on the format, content, and style of the newspapers.
1. Broadsheet Newspapers:
Broadsheets are larger in size. They are characterized by a more traditional and formal layout.
Broadsheets often feature in-depth coverage of news, analysis, and opinion pieces. They tend to
focus on serious topics such as politics, international affairs, business, culture, and intellectual
discussions.
The writing style in broadsheets is usually more formal, with longer articles and detailed analysis.
The language is often sophisticated, targeting readers seeking in-depth information.
Examples of British Broadsheet Newspapers:
The Times
The Daily Telegraph

2. Tabloid Newspapers:
Tabloids are smaller in size. They have a more compact and easily readable layout.
Tabloids focus on more sensational and human-interest stories. They often cover celebrity gossip,
crime, entertainment, and sports. The content is generally more visual and less in-depth compared
to broadsheets.
Tabloids use a more informal and colloquial writing style. The language is often simpler, and the
emphasis is on engaging readers with catchy headlines and photographs.
Examples of British Tabloid Newspapers:
The Sun
Daily Mirror
Daily Mail
Daily Express

16.How to be a traveller not a tourist?

There is a world of difference between the two groups of holiday makers. Essentially, travelers
immerse themselves in the culture of a place. They learn the history, grow from experience and
appreciate religions. Tourists stay in luxury, spend a majority of their time on tour buses, take
photos of the pretty monuments, buy tacky souvenirs then fly home with nothing new learned
except for how to take a good photo.
Spend your money on small local businesses that will give you a real sense of the culture in
whatever destination you visit. Stay away from the chain hotel companies that will overcharge you
and give you luxury you can get at home.
Every country is filled with unique local delicacies that you won’t find made better anywhere else.
Find hidden family run restaurants in small alley ways, drink coffee at small cafe’s tucked away in
the backstreets, go out at night to local pubs or bars so you can sample the alcohol they are
famous for. Experience the heart and soul of a culture through your belly!
Buy souvenirs and go shopping at local markets
Nothing says ‘cultured traveler’ like immersing yourself in it. If you’re in town during a celebration, join in.
Most countries have their own traditional dance or performance which you can go and watch, usually
accompanied by a traditional meal.
Go out and interact with locals and other travelers

Don’t sit around, waiting for things to happen and go explore! Climb mountains, go bungy jumping, get lost
in a busy city, sneak into abandoned buildings, swim in freezing cold rivers. But most of all, take every
opportunity that is offered and just say YES!

17.Best destinations in the world

Determining the "best" destinations depends on personal preferences, interests, and
the type of experiences one seeks. Let me introduce my own bucket list destinations,
around the world which are renowned for their beauty, culture, history, and unique
offerings:

1. Paris, France:

 Known as the "City of Love," Paris captivates with iconic landmarks such as
the Eiffel Tower, Louvre Museum, and charming streetside cafes.

2. Kyoto, Japan:

 A city rich in traditional culture, Kyoto is famous for its historic temples,
serene gardens, and traditional tea houses.

3. Santorini, Greece:

 This Greek island is celebrated for its stunning sunsets, white-washed

buildings, and crystal-clear blue waters.

Reykjavik, Iceland:

 The capital of Iceland offers a unique blend of geothermal wonders, stunning

landscapes, and a vibrant arts and music scene.

New York City, USA:

- A global metropolis, New York City offers a mix of culture, entertainment, and
iconic landmarks, including Times Square, Central Park, and the Statue of
Liberty.

Rome, Italy:

- The Eternal City is a treasure trove of history, featuring ancient ruins like the Colosseum, the
Roman Forum, and the Vatican City.

13. Dubai, United Arab Emirates:

14. - Known for its futuristic architecture, luxury shopping, and desert landscapes, Dubai offers a
unique blend of tradition and modernity.

Bali, often referred to as the "Island of the Gods," is a picturesque Indonesian

island known for its stunning landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and vibrant
arts scene. Nestled in the Indian Ocean, Bali has become a world-famous travel
destination, attracting visitors with its lush greenery, beautiful beaches, and
a unique blend of spirituality and tradition.

18.Sustainable tourism
Tourism is the world’s largest industry. Although it is a “smokeless industry”, it has
environmental implications. Expanding tourism has the great capacity to pollute the environment.
The environmental resources exploited for tourism attract tourists because of their outstanding
beauty, recreational possibilities or cultural interest.

Sustainable tourism refers to types of travel where tourism’s environmental, social, and economic
impacts are factored in and where relevant adjustments are made to minimize these negative
consequences. It considers the needs of travelers, but also the needs of host communities, local
businesses, and the natural world.

This could mean adopting more sustainable methods of transportation, staying in more
environmentally friendly accommodations, eating locally and ethically sourced foods, and avoiding
harmful activities. Sustainable tourism can be related to leisure, business or event travel, and travel
to visit friends and family.

Sustainable tourism’s ultimate goal is to reduce tourism’s impact on local communities and the
environment. This means making optimal use of resources to avoid over-consumption, helping with
the conservation of the natural world and making a conscious effort to respect local traditions and
heritage, and contributing to their preservation.

Additionally, sustainable tourism aims to provide economic and social benefits for local
communities, resulting in more of a mutually beneficial ‘give and take’ relationship.

An important component of sustainable tourism is the focus on protecting the environment.

Sustainable hotels and other forms of accommodation will use eco-friendly materials and take
steps to limit the amount of waste they produce or the amount of resources they use.

It Has a Long-Term Focus

Ultimately, sustainable tourism has a much more long-term focus than other forms of tourism,
which prioritize the needs of today at the expense of future generations and their requirements.

t Supports Local People

When tourists make the conscious decision to turn to sustainable tourism companies, and when
governments take steps to help those companies too, they are all contributing to the wellbeing of
local people. Sustainable tourism can provide jobs for the local area, funding for local projects, and
stimulate the local economy.

19.The harmful effects of tourism

The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. On a local, national, and
international level, tourism is economically and environmentally significant actor that has great
power to affect the future development.
We can see the rise of the positive trend in the last years. Ecotourism and sustainable tourism
have gained popularity in the industry but there are still many areas where improvements need to
be done.
Tourism sector has great influence over wellbeing of local residents. It is an industry that flourishes
in large cities as well as remote rural areas rich in natural wonders. For many distant communities,
tourism is the only opportunity of generating sufficient income to sustain their lifestyle and
traditions. It can bring lot of good to regions, but also lot of bad for example:

Water overuse

In many popular tourist destinations, water is overused by tourists in hotels, for breathtaking
swimming pools and luxurious wellness areas. When on vacation, most travelers tend to use much
more water for personal use than at home, resulting in larger quantities of wastewater and
creating water shortages which affect local residents.

Overconsumption & Waste production, incl. food waste

What is the most common image of a nice vacation at some beautiful beach town? Good food,
drinks at the beach, little refreshments, and attractive sights with a variety of relaxing activities for
everyone. When on vacation, most of us want to forget daily responsibilities. And a large portion
of solid waste originates from the background services for tourists – laundries, restaurants,
wellness, entertainment and accommodations.

Pollution

Pollution in the tourism industry comes in many forms: air pollution, solid waste , sewage(sjuedz),
oil and chemical spills, moreover noise and light pollution.

Before you jet off on your next travel adventure be sure to take some environmental values with
you. To reduce your ecological footprint as a tourist be sure to conserve the amount of water you
use, dispose of waste appropriately, tread lightly on the land, and become aware of the local
ecosystems you choose to visit. Wherever you may go in the world do your best to support green
businesses and minimize your impact on the environment.

20.Globalization pros and cons

Economic "globalization" is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological
progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through
the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. The term sometimes also refers to the
movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are
also broader cultural, political, and environmental dimensions of globalization.

The term "globalization" began to be used more commonly in the 1980s, reflecting technological
advances that made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions—both trade and
financial flows.

Types of Globalization

 Financial globalization: It is the rise of a global economy with international monetary

exchanges. When a stock market faces a decline, it negatively influences other markets and
the economy as a whole.
 Economic globalization: It is the evolution of trade systems inside transnational
organizations such as NGOs.
 Technological globalization: It is the method that interconnected people worldwide due to
the power of the digital world.

Advantages of Globalization

1. Alteration of Technology: The global alteration of technology is a good sign. Countries can
borrow the technology via agreements and implementation for overall development.
Communication will be more accessible from any part of the globe by utilizing advanced
technology at minimal cost, time, and effort.
2. Better Services and GDP Growth Rate: Globalization always provides better services to
people. Through technological progress, services such as water supply, networking,
electricity supply, internet, and other services have become easier to deal with. Easy access
to the internet is also the advantage of globalization. Globalization also ensures the
participation of every country to uplift the world GDP growth.
3. Improvement of Infrastructure: Governments can deliver their services to the people
more efficiently owing to the advancement of infrastructure. It is worth mentioning that
economic growth and the evolution of infrastructure are harmonious with each other in
the development of a country.
4. Affordable Commodities: With access to the latest technology, the countries can provide
products to their citizens at affordable prices. Globalization encourages competition in
domestic sectors. Companies reduce product prices or follow a discernment pricing
strategy.
5. Extensions of Market: Globalization favors the extension of markets. It provides an
opening for domestic companies to go global.

Disadvantages of Globalization

1. Rising Inequality: Globalization can raise the problem of inequality everywhere in the
world by increasing specialization and trade. By trade boost of the per-capita income, it a
cause relative poverty, worldwide.
2. Growing Unemployment rate: Globalization can increase the unemployment rate since it
demands higher-skilled work at a lower price. In countries where Companies are relatively
incapable of producing highly skilled workers, the unemployment rate can increase in
those countries.
3. Imbalanced Trades: The balance of trade refers to the ratio between export and import of
commodities and services. Any country can trade with any other country, and globalization
causes an imbalance in this ratio. It is also termed ‘trade deficits.’ Over the years, trade
imbalance has increased in developed countries by competition in the market.
4. Environmental Harm: The speed of industrialization is rising as an outcome of
globalization. Industrialization advances economic growth, but it also harms the
environment. Various chemical industries use harmful fertilizers and solutions or release
industrial wastes into nature that causes harm to human life and the environment.
5. Exploits poorer labor markets: Globalization enables businesses to develop jobs and
economic possibilities in developing countries by often offering cheaper labor costs. Yet,
overall economic growth in such developing countries may be slowed due to globalization
or, worse, become stagnant.