Chapter 12

HỆ THỐNG THÔNG TIN QUẢN LÝ
Chương 12
Phát triển
Hệ thống thông tin
“Augmented reality is a dream come true.”
• Example of decision making in small company.

–Zev owner and source of investment funds.
–Team presents options; he listens and makes a
decision.
• Team is nervous, not really sure what will happen.
• “The ad possibilities are huge. We could sell new
kinds of ads that people have never seen before.”
• Will focus on building a HoloLens prototype.
Bottom Line
• Startups fun and interesting places to work.

• Time and budgets limited.
• Decisions made more quickly, but risky if not well
managed.
• Prototypes used to reduce front-end risk.
• Scrum ideal process for creating prototypes.
Study Questions
Q12-1 How are business processes, IS, and applications
developed?
Q12-2 How do organizations use business process
management (BPM)?
Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN)
used to model processes?
Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life
cycle (SDLC)?
Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?
Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?
Q12-7 2027?
Business Processes and Information Systems
Q12-1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?
Offline process
Figure 12-1 Activities in a Business Process and the Correlating Information Systems
Relationship of Business Processes and
Information Systems
• Every information system has at least one

application (software).
Figure 12-2 Relationship of Business Processes and Information Systems

How Do Business Processes, Information
Systems, and Applications Differ and Relate?
1. Different characteristics and components.

2. Business processes to information systems -
N:M.
–Business process need not relate to any information
system, but an information system relates to at least
one business process.
3. At least one application in every IS due to
software component.
How Is Scope Related to Development
Processes?
Development Process
BPM SDLC Scrum
Business Processes ✓ ✓
Scope Information Systems ✓ ✓
Applications ✓ ✓
Figure 12-3 Scope of Development Processes

Role of Development Personnel
Figure 12-4 Role of Development Personnel

Business Process Management (BPM)
Q12-2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?
• Business process
–Network of activities, repositories, roles, resources,
and flows
–Interact to accomplish a business function.
Properties of Processes
• Roles
–Collections of activities.
• Resources
–People or computer applications assigned to roles.
• Flow
–Control flow - directs order of activities.
–Data flow - movement of data among activities &
repositories.
Why Do Processes Need Management?
1. Improve process quality.

2. Adapt to change in technology.
3. Adapt to change in business fundamentals.
Examples of Change in Business
Fundamentals
• Market (new customer category, change in customer

characteristics)
• Product lines
• Supply chain
• Company policy
• Company organization (merger, acquisition)
• Internationalization
• Business environment (new priority on credit
checking)
Four Stages of BPM Cycle
Figure 12-5 Four Stages of BPM

COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology)
Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)
Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes?
Figure 12-6 Business Process Management Notation (BPMN) Symbols

Existing Order Process (BPMN)
Figure 12-7 Existing Order Process

Check Customer Credit Process
Figure 12-8 Check Customer Credit Process

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?
Figure 12-9 Five Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
SDLC Definition Phase
Figure 12-10 SDLC: System Definition Phase

Role of a Prototype
• Direct user experience.

• Assess technical and organizational feasibility.
• Define requirements and functions.
• Parts often reused.
▪ Code for ARES prototype reused in other digital reality
devices?
• Prototype-funding dilemma. Which comes first?
SDLC Requirements Analysis Phase
Figure 12-11 SDLC: Requirements Analysis Phase

SDLC Component Design Phase
Figure 12-12 SDLC: Component Design Phase

SDLC System Implementation Phase
Figure 12-13 SDLC: Implementation Phase

System Conversion Approaches
• Implement entire system in limited portion of business

Pilot
• Limits exposure to business if system fails
• System installed in phases or modules
Phased
• Each piece installed and tested
• Complete new and old systems run simultaneously
Parallel
• Very safe, but expensive
• High risk if new system fails
Plunge
• Only used if new system not vital to company operations
Design and Implementation for the Five
Components
Figure 12-14 Design and Implementation for the Five Components

SDLC System Maintenance Phase
Figure 12-15 SDLC: System Maintenance Phase

Successful SDLC Projects
• Create work-breakdown structure (WBS).

• Estimate time and costs.
• Create project plan.
• Adjust plan via trade-offs.
• Manage development challenges.
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Figure 12-16 Example Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Partial Gantt Chart for Definition Phase of
Project
Figure 12-17 Gantt Chart of the WBS for the Definition Phase of a Project
Source: Microsoft Corporation
Partial Gantt Chart with Resources (People)
Assigned
Figure 12-18 Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned

Source: Microsoft Corporation
Primary Drivers of Systems Development
Figure 12-19 Primary Drivers of Systems Development

Manage Development Challenges
Four critical factors

1. Coordination
2. Diseconomies of scale
▪ Brooks’ Law
3. Configuration control
4. Unexpected events
Diseconomies of Scale
Brooks’ Law
• “Adding more people to a late project makes
the project later.”
• Productive workers train new people, and
productivity decreases.
• Schedules compress only so far.
• Once late and over budget, no good choice exists.
Configuration Control and Unexpected
Events
• Configuration control
–Set of management policies, practices, and tools.
–Used to maintain control over project resources.
• Unexpected events
–New management
–Technology, competitor changes
–Disasters
–Loss of critical people
–Team morale fades
Banking on IoT
So What?
• Immediate access to analytics allows for

–Better strategic decision making
–New strategic competitive opportunities
• Sensor technologies and the ability to rapidly
transmit, store, and analyze large data sets have
redefined operations and industries.
• As more smart devices (IoT) are connected to the
Internet, increasing amounts of data are captured
and transmitted by these devices.
Banking on IoT (cont’d)
So What?
• IoT is generally defined as the proliferation of

Internet-connected devices.
–By 2020 there will be roughly 25 billion Internet-
connected devices.
• Banks want to manage automated transactions
conducted by IoT devices.
–Huge potential for loyalty programs paired with
these transactions.
–Debit card charged several times a day when your
refrigerator orders groceries for you.
Estimation Ethics
Ethics Guide
• Estimating just a “theory.”

–Average of many people’s guesses.
• Buy-in game.
• Projects start with overly optimistic schedules and
cost estimates.
• When is a buy-in within accepted boundaries of
conduct?
Estimation Ethics (cont’d)
Ethics Guide
• Be aware of “buy-ins” – some vendors make a

practice of it.
–Carefully scrutinize unbelievably low bids.
• No substitute for experience.
–Hire expertise to evaluate bids.
• Consider your position on buy-ins.
–Can you ever justify a buy-in? If so, when?
Alternatives to SDL
• Alternatives to SDLC
–Rapid Application Development (RAD)
–Unified Process (UP)
–Extreme programming (XP)
–Scrum
–Other agile methods
Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development
Figure 12-20 Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development

Scrum Essentials
Figure 12-21 Scrum Essentials

Scrum Process
Figure 12-22 Scrum Process

When Are We Done?
• Scrum periods continue until:

1. Customer satisfied and accepts it.
2. Project runs out of time.
3. Project runs out of money.
How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum
Process?
Figure 12-23 Example Requirement and Tasks

Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques
Figure 12-24 Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques

Hocus-Pocus?
• Incorporates team iteration and feedback for

scheduling and tasking.
–Team exceeds what members can do individually.
• Framework for team learning.
–Learns how to assign points and what team’s true
velocity is.
Information Systems Development in 2027
Q12-7 2027?
• AI, machine learning, and deep neural networks

are reshaping the way systems are developed.
–Systems will be “trained” rather than “created.”
–Developers will become more like architects rather
than builders
• Nature of IT industry changes—more agile using
SOA and Web services.
• New systems will come online fast, the limiting
factor will be humans’ ability to cope.
Psst. There’s Another Way, You Know . . .
Security Guide
• Code sent copies of engineering drawings on host

machine to one of several email servers in China.
• Original infection on server of a Peruvian
manufacturer whose suppliers needed
manufacturer’s engineering designs to create
component parts.
• Tens of thousands of engineering drawings were
leaked.
Developing Your Personal Brand
Career Guide
• Professionals use social media, such as LinkedIn,

to build their personal brand.
• Personal brand is the means by which you
conduct authentic relationships with the market for
your talents and abilities.
• That market might be your professional
colleagues, your employer, your fellow employees,
your competition, or anyone who cares about what
you care about.
Developing Your Personal Brand (cont’d)
Career Guide
• What is your personal competitive advantage?

• Why would someone choose you, your expertise,
or your work products over others?
• How could you use social media (like LinkedIn) to
make an existing professional contact more
personal in nature while still maintaining your
privacy?
Active Review
Q12-1 How are business processes, IS, and applications
developed?
Q12-2 How do organizations use business process
management (BPM)?
Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN)
used to model processes?
Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life
cycle (SDLC)?
Q12-7 2027?
When Will We Learn?
Case Study 12
• 1974: Cause of failure

–Lack of user involvement in creating and managing
system requirements.
• Access CT project (2013) successful.
–If schedule fixed, funding fixed, what factors can be
traded off to reduce project difficulty and risk?
▪ Requirements. Reduce to bare minimum, get system
running, add to it.
When Will We Learn? (cont’d)
Case Study 12
• Failure: State of Oregon wasted $248+ million

attempting to develop an information system to
support healthcare exchange.
• Very early in project, consulting firm hired to
provide quality assurance, warned requirements
were vague, changing, and inconsistent.
• Warnings made no difference. Why?
• Software and systems made of “pure thought-
stuff.”

Chapter 12

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 12

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HỆ THỐNG THÔNG TIN QUẢN LÝ

• Example of decision making in small company.

• Startups fun and interesting places to work.

• Every information system has at least one

Figure 12-2 Relationship of Business Processes and Information Systems

1. Different characteristics and components.

BPM SDLC Scrum

Figure 12-3 Scope of Development Processes

Figure 12-4 Role of Development Personnel

1. Improve process quality.

• Market (new customer category, change in customer

Figure 12-5 Four Stages of BPM

Figure 12-6 Business Process Management Notation (BPMN) Symbols

Figure 12-7 Existing Order Process

Figure 12-8 Check Customer Credit Process

Figure 12-10 SDLC: System Definition Phase

• Direct user experience.

Figure 12-11 SDLC: Requirements Analysis Phase

Figure 12-12 SDLC: Component Design Phase

Figure 12-13 SDLC: Implementation Phase

• Implement entire system in limited portion of business

Figure 12-14 Design and Implementation for the Five Components

Figure 12-15 SDLC: System Maintenance Phase

• Create work-breakdown structure (WBS).

Figure 12-16 Example Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Figure 12-18 Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned

Figure 12-19 Primary Drivers of Systems Development

Four critical factors

• Immediate access to analytics allows for

• IoT is generally defined as the proliferation of

• Estimating just a “theory.”

• Be aware of “buy-ins” – some vendors make a

Figure 12-20 Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development

Figure 12-21 Scrum Essentials

Figure 12-22 Scrum Process

• Scrum periods continue until:

Figure 12-23 Example Requirement and Tasks

Figure 12-24 Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques

• Incorporates team iteration and feedback for

• AI, machine learning, and deep neural networks

• Code sent copies of engineering drawings on host

• Professionals use social media, such as LinkedIn,

• What is your personal competitive advantage?

• 1974: Cause of failure

• Failure: State of Oregon wasted $248+ million

You might also like