ASSIGNMENT

By
Name
Class/Section

Uni logo

SUBJECT CODE

INSTRUCTOR
Professor name

University Name
Campus

(Jun 2023)
 Table of Contents
1 CALCULATE AND PLOT THE POWER-REQUIRED CURVE AT 8-KM ALTITUDE.
COMMENT ON THE RESULTS.......................................................................................3
1.1 EXCEL SHEET...................................................................................................3
1.2 GRAPH............................................................................................................... 5
1.3 COMMENTS.......................................................................................................5
2 CALCULATE THE VELOCITY AT MINIMUM POWER REQUIRED AND MAXIMUM
VELOCITY AT 8-KM ALTITUDE.......................................................................................5
2.1 COMMENTS.......................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Velocity at Minimum Power Required...........................................................5
2.1.2 Maximum Velocity........................................................................................ 6
3 CALCULATE AND PLOR THE RATE OF CLIMB CURVE AT 8-KM ALTITUDE AND
THEN FIND THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CLIMB AND CORRESPONDING VELOCITY. . .6
3.1 MATLAB CODE...................................................................................................6
3.2 GRAPH............................................................................................................... 8
3.3 RoCmaxAND VROC(MAX)........................................................................................... 8
4 PLOT THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CLIMB CURVE WITH ALTITUDE.........................9
5 CALCULATE THE ABSOLUTE AND SERVICE CEILING.........................................9
5.1 EXCEL DATASHEET.......................................................................................... 9
5.2 GRAPH............................................................................................................. 10
5.3 ABSOLUTE AND SERVICE CEILING..............................................................10
5.3.1 Absolute Ceiling......................................................................................... 10
5.3.2 Service Ceiling........................................................................................... 10
6 CALCULATE THE TIME TO CLIMB FROM SEA-LEVEL TO 8-KM ALTITUDE.......11
7 CALCULATE THE RANGE AND ENDURANCE AT SEA LEVEL AND 8-KM
ALTITUDE...................................................................................................................... 11
7.1 RANGE............................................................................................................. 11
7.1.1 At Sea-Level...............................................................................................11
7.1.2 At 8-km Altitude.......................................................................................... 12
7.1.3 Conclusion..................................................................................................12
7.2 ENDURANCE................................................................................................... 12
8 ESTIMATE THE SEA-LEVEL LIFT OFF DISTANCE...............................................12
9 Estimate the sea-level landing ground roll distance for aircraft...............................15
10 FIND MINIMUM TURN RADIUS AND MAXIMUM TURN RATE...........................17
10.1 MINIMUM TURN RADIUS.............................................................................17
10.2 MAXMIMUM TURN RATE.............................................................................17
11 PLOT THE V-n DIAGRAM FOR AIRCRAFT...........................................................18
11.1 MATLAB CODE............................................................................................. 18
11.2 GRAPH..........................................................................................................19

1 CALCULATE AND PLOT THE POWER-REQUIRED CURVE AT

8-KM ALTITUDE. COMMENT ON THE RESULTS

1.1 EXCEL SHEET

Figure 1(a)
 Figure 1(b)

Figure 1(c)

Figure 1 (a, b, c): Power Required vs Velocity Excel Sheet

1.2 GRAPH

Figure 2: Power Required vs Velocity at 8km Altitude

1.3 COMMENTS
At 8 km altitude, a jet engine's power vs. velocity curve has a reasonably flat part,
showing a constant thrust output. As a result, the aircraft's performance can remain
consistent throughout its operating range. The curve identifies the ideal cruising
conditions that maximize fuel efficiency. Additionally, it offers details on the thrust margin
that is available for acceleration, climb rate, and maneuverability. The curve also sets
the aircraft's operational limits and provides insight into stall characteristics. Overall, at 8
km altitude, it is a vital tool for performance analysis and flight planning.

2 CALCULATE THE VELOCITY AT MINIMUM POWER

REQUIRED AND MAXIMUM VELOCITY AT 8-KM ALTITUDE

2.1 COMMENTS
2.1.1 Velocity at Minimum Power Required
For a jet-powered aircraft, the velocity at minimal power represents the speed at
which the aircraft consumes fuel most effectively. Drag is minimized at this
 position on the power vs. velocity curve. This velocity is crucial for figuring out the
best cruising speed, maximizing endurance, and calculating the range the aircraft
is capable of. From the excel sheet and curves provided above, the velocity at
minimum power required is approximately 300 feet/sec (91.44 m/sec).

2.1.2 Maximum Velocity

A jet-powered aircraft's maximum velocity is the highest speed it can travel at
while still being safe and effective. It is crucial for determining top speed, flight
planning, and compliance with airspace regulations because it reflects the
aircraft's performance limits. To guarantee safety and optimal performance, pilots
must operate within the maximum velocity limitations that manufacturers
prescribe for various flight scenarios. The max velocity from the curves can be
determined as approximately 961 feet/sec (292.913 m/sec).

3 CALCULATE AND PLOR THE RATE OF CLIMB CURVE AT 8-

KM ALTITUDE AND THEN FIND THE MAXIMUM RATE OF
CLIMB AND CORRESPONDING VELOCITY
3.1 MATLAB CODE

Figure 3(a)
 Figure 3(b)

Figure 3(c)

Figure 3(a, b, c): Rate of Climb at Sea Level and 8km Excel Sheet
3.2 GRAPH

Figure 4: Rate of Climb vs Velocity

3.3 RoCmaxAND VROC(MAX)

To analyze an aircraft's performance, it is essential to know the maximum rate of ascent
and corresponding velocity of a jet engine at 8 km altitude. The highest ascent rate the
airplane can attain under the current circumstances is represented by the maximum rate
of climb. The speed at which the airplane reaches its maximum climb rate is known as
the associated velocity. These figures give information about the aircraft's capability to
ascend quickly and effectively at an altitude of 8 km. Pilots and operators can evaluate
the climb performance of the aircraft, make plans for smooth altitude transitions, and
optimize the climb phase of flight by looking at these factors.

The maximum rate of climb for the aircraft is approximately 208.76067 feet/sec (63.63
m/sec) and the corresponding velocity is approximately 850 ft/sec (259.09 m/sec).
4 PLOT THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CLIMB CURVE WITH
ALTITUDE

Figure 5: (R/C)max vs Altitude Curve

5 CALCULATE THE ABSOLUTE AND SERVICE CEILING

5.1 EXCEL DATASHEET

Figure 6: Datasheet to determine (R/C) max at multiple altitudes

5.2 GRAPH

Figure 7: (R/C)max vs Altitude Curve

5.3 ABSOLUTE AND SERVICE CEILING

5.3.1 Absolute Ceiling
The greatest altitude that a jet engine can maintain level flight at while still producing
enough thrust to balance out the drag of the aircraft is known as the engine's absolute
ceiling. It stands for the maximum altitude at which the engine can perform at its best.
To fully understand an aircraft's capabilities at its highest altitude, it is crucial to analyze
the absolute ceiling. It assists in determining the aircraft's operational boundaries, climb
capabilities, and high-altitude operating range. For flight planning, mission
requirements, and comprehending the aircraft's performance envelope, the absolute
ceiling is a crucial quantity. From the graph and interpolation of tabular data, absolute
ceiling is the altitude where the (R/C) max is 0 feet/sec. The absolute ceiling is
approximately 50612.65 feet (15.43 km).

5.3.2 Service Ceiling

A jet engine's service ceiling is the highest height at which it can continue to climb at a
predetermined pace, usually about 100 feet per second (30.4 m/sec). It stands for the
actual height at which the engine can operate effectively. The service ceiling study of an
aircraft is crucial since it sheds light on the aircraft's altitude capabilities under typical
operating circumstances. It aids in determining the aircraft's climb capability, payload
range, and capacity for efficient operation at very high altitudes. The service ceiling is an
essential variable for flight planning, assessing the viability of missions, and
comprehending the operational capabilities of the aircraft in various conditions. The
service ceiling is approximately 9100.58 feet (2.774 km).

6 CALCULATE THE TIME TO CLIMB FROM SEA-LEVEL TO 8-

KM ALTITUDE
The x-intercept and slope of the graph were determined from the Figure:5 and following
formula was used to determine the minimum time to climb altitude of 8-km which is
approximately 26246.72 feet.

1
t= (ln ( a +bh2 )−ln ⁡(a))
b

Here,

 b=slope of graph=-0.00238
 a=x-intercept=136.8025
 h2=second altitude=26246.72 feet
After substituting the values, the time to climb the altitude of 8-km is:

t=256.28 seconds=4.27 minutes

7 CALCULATE THE RANGE AND ENDURANCE AT SEA LEVEL

AND 8-KM ALTITUDE
7.1 RANGE
Formula for Range is:

√
1
2 2
∗ ∗C L 2
( )
1 1
Ct ρ∗S
Range= ∗ W 02−W 12
CD

The value of (CL 1/2/ CD) is determined from the formula:

1

( )
C L2 3 1 1
= ∗ 4
C D 4 3∗K∗C D ,o3

By substituting the values, (CL 1/2/ CD) appears to be 24.11.

7.1.1 At Sea-Level
The values of all variables are constant except density which is 0.002377 slug/ft3.

Remaining values are:

Ct=0.66 N/N.hr=0.000183 per second

S=322.917 ft2

(CL 1/2/ CD)=24.11

Wo=Total Weight= 85000 N= 19108.7602 lb

W1= Empty Fuel weight= W0 - 1100 gal (where 1 gal is 29.669 N for kerosene)
=11771.918 lb

Substitution of values gives the Range to be:

Range=3855.03 km
7.1.2 At 8-km Altitude
The density becomes 0.0010202 slug/ft3 so Range comes out to be:

Range=5884.37 km
7.1.3 Conclusion
This shows that range of aircraft increases with increase in altitude because the density
decreases, and it eventually increases the range. This helps determine the cruise
altitude of aircraft and also helps pilot to fly the aircraft and most efficient altitude and
other parameters.

7.2 ENDURANCE
The formula for endurance of an aircraft is:

1
∗L
Endurance=
Ct
D
∗ln
W0
W1( )
As Cd,0 is considered to be constant so (L/D) is also constant for the both altitudes. This
leads to constant endurance for both altitudes.

Endurance=13.12 hours
8 ESTIMATE THE SEA-LEVEL LIFT OFF DISTANCE
The stall velocity of aircraft expresses the minimum velocity in which the aircraft can be
flown which is:

√
2
∗W
ρ
∗1
S
V stall =
C L(max )

Here,

 ρ=0.002377 slug/ft3
 W=85000 N= 19108.729 lb
 S=30 m2=322.917 ft2
 CL(max)=0.8
Therefore, Vstall is determined to be:

V stall =249.48 feet /sec

The lift-off velocity i-e VLO is 1.1 times he stall velocity which becomes 274.43 feet/sec.
This velocity is the minimum velocity required to take-off and become airborne.

The freestream velocity is 0.7 times VLO which is V∞=192.101 feet/sec.

The symbol KT is determined from the formula:

KT= ( WT −μ ) r

Here,

 (T/W) =0.376471
 μr =0.025

K T =0.352

Change in zero-lift drag coefficient is:

∆ C D ,0 = ( WS ∗K ∗m )
uc
−0.215

Here,

 W/S= 59.18
  Kuc=5.81x10-5 (assumed for zero flap deflection)
 m=85000 N= 833850 kg

∆ C D ,0 =0.000183

Another parameter G is:

( )
2
16 h
b
G=
1+(
b )
2
16 h

Here,

 h=height of wing above ground=1.5m=4.92 feet

 b=span=53.93 feet
G=0.681

The value of KA can be determined by:

K A=
2
−ρ

( )
W ( (
C D , 0+ ∆ C D ,0 + k 1 +
G
) 2
C −μr C L
πeAR L )
S

Here,

 ρ=0.002377 slug/ft3
 W/S=59.18
 CD,O=0.02
 ∆ C D ,0 =0.000183
 k1=0.02 (assumed)
 G=0.681
 e=0.9
 AR=9
 CL=0.8
 μr =0.025

After substitution of these values,

−7
K A =−6.04 x 10
The take-off distance associated with ground is:

s g=
( 1
2∗g∗K A (K
KT
2
))
∗ln 1+ A V L,O + N V L ,O

Here,

 g=32.2 ft/sec2
−7
 K A =−6.04 x 10
 KT=0.352
 VL,O=274.43 feet/sec
 N=3 (assumed)

s g=4380.72 feet

The distance required to clear air obstacle which is hOB=35 feet is sa.
2
6.96 ¿ V stall
R=
g

By substituting the values:

R=13453.18 feet
−1
θOB =cos ¿

This parameter is found to be 4.130.

sa =R∗sin θ OB

The distance sa is found to be 968.89 feet.

The total take of distance is sum of sg and sa.

Total Take-off Distance = Sg+Sa=4380.72+968.89

Total Take-off Distance=5349.61 feet (1.63 km)

9 Estimate the sea-level landing ground roll distance for aircraft

 √
2
∗W
ρ
∗1
S
V stall =
C L(max )

Here,

 ρ=0.002377 slug/ft3
 W=85000 N= 19108.729 lb
 S=30 m2=322.917 ft2
 CL(max)=2.8
Therefore, Vstall is determined to be:

V stall =133.36 feet /sec

Flare velocity is generally 1.23 times Vstall which then becomes Vf=164.03 feet/sec.

The touchdown velocity is 1.15 Vstall which is 153.36 feet/sec.

2
Vf
R=
0.2∗g

Substitution of values gives the answer to be 4177.93 feet.

h f =R ¿

Approach angle(θa) is assumed to be 30.

h f =5.73 feet

Approach distance can be determined by:

50−hf
sa =
tan θa

sa =844.72 feet

s f =R∗sin θa =218.66 feet

The symbol JT is:

( TW + μ )=0+ 0.025=0.025
JT = rev
r

Similarly, the symbol JA is:

J A=
2
ρ

( )
W ( (
C D , 0+ ∆ C D , 0 + k 1 +
G
)
C 2−μr C L
πeAR L )
S

∆ C D ,0 is assumed for max flap deflection which is equal to product of take-off value and
the ratio of values of Kuc so it is 0.000129.
−6
J A =6.36 x 10

(
s g=
1
2∗g∗J A
J
JT ( 2
))
∗ln 1+ A V T , D + N V T , D

s g=5205.19 feet

Total Landing Distance= sa+sf+sg=844.72+218.66+5205.19

Total Landing Distance=6268.6 feet (1.91 km)

10 FIND MINIMUM TURN RADIUS AND MAXIMUM TURN RATE

10.1 MINIMUM TURN RADIUS

Minimum turn radius can be determined by:
 W
4K( )
S
Rmin =

√
g∗ρ∗T 4 K C D ,0
∗ 1− 2
W T
( )
W

Rmin =323.98 feet (98.7 m)

10.2 MAXMIMUM TURN RATE

Formula for maximum turn rate is:

√ ( ( ))
T
1
ρ W C D ,0 2
ω max=g∗ ∗ −
W 2K K
S

rad
ω max=0.414 =23.71 deg/ sec
sec

11 PLOT THE V-n DIAGRAM FOR AIRCRAFT

11.1 MATLAB CODE
% Aircraft parameters
W = 19108.762; % Maximum takeoff weight (lbs)
n_max = 4; % Maximum positive load factor
n_min = -2; % Maximum negative load factor

% Constants
g = 32.2; % Acceleration due to gravity (ft/s^2)
S = 322.917; % Wing area (ft^2)
rho=0.002377;
CL=0.8;
% Speed range
V = linspace(0, 600, 50); % Speed range (kts)
% Load factor calculation
L=(1./2).*rho.*(V.^2).*S.*CL;
n = L./W;
n_2=-(L./W);

% Plotting the V-n diagram

plot(V, n, 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
plot(V, n_2, 'LineWidth',2);
hold on;
plot([V(1) V(end)], [n_max n_max], 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
plot([V(1) V(end)], [n_min n_min], '--r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
hold off;

% Axis labels and title

xlabel('Velocity (kts)');
ylabel('Load Factor');
title('V-n Diagram');

11.2 GRAPH

Figure 8: V-n Diagram

The upper solid shows the max load factor while dotted line depicts the minimum load
factor. The two curves show the V-n diagram for the aircraft.