INTRODUCTION

The wireless power transfer (WPT) system is used for the transmission of energy without a direct

physical cable connection, which is useful to power loads where using cables is hazardous and

inconvenient (Karalis et al., 2017).

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology becoming a reality has meant electrical power can be

transferred over a range without physical contact. In recent times, the amount of energy required

for many computing tasks is continuously decreasing, leading to low-power devices such as IoT

devices, which in turn justifies the demand for wireless power transmission for uninterrupted

operation. Thus, WPT has become a stable for applications in areas such as electric vehicles,

unmanned aerial vehicles, biomedical implants, consumer electronics, and household appliances.

WPT is the answer to the issue presented by the short battery life and high initial cost of battery

powered applications. The breakthrough of energy storage technology is unable to support the

new generation of applications. Thus, WPT techniques have been increasingly investigated to

overcome the technical bottlenecks of batteries. However, the design of WPT imposes numerous

challenges. Considering WPT for low power applications such as bio-implantable systems,

miniaturization and maximum efficiency of power transfer at low specific absorption rate (SAR)

is the prime focus. However, in applications such as enhancing the operating lifetime of

autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), smart WPT techniques are required to reduce the

battery burden. In the case of simultaneous wireless data transmission and power transfer, the

best use of the radio frequency spectrum is required. To enhance the gain and efficiency WPT,

the design of antennas and passive reflect array is a challenging task.

WPT has a number of features such as flexibility, formfactor, position free, and movability that

are considered an ideal choice for future power requirements. Through this Special Issue, experts

and researchers in industry and academia are invited to submit their original research and review

articles discussing innovative ideas for the design and applications of WPT systems.

The magnetic resonant coupling wireless power transfer (MRCWPT) system has relatively high

transfer efficiency over relatively long distances, and the MRCWPT system has gained lots of

attention. And the MRCWPT system is much promising in the field of charging which has been

applied in potential applications such as medical implants, electric vehicle charging, sensor

networks and consumer electronics (Low, et al., 2009).

At present, many researchers proposed MRCWPT systems to further enhance PTE and extend

the distance of the system. A kind of method by adding relay resonators is proposed in17. It is

obvious that the distance and PTE of the system are extended. Intermediate resonators arranged

between the transmitter and the receiver are used to transmit the magnetic field. This method is

used to improve PTE of the system to maximize the benefits of magnetic field repeaters (Low, et

al., 2009). In19,20,21, MRCWPT systems with the metamaterial are proposed. Some MRCWPT

systems with repeaters and metamaterial are analyzed for applications in22. The analysis shows

that PTE of MRCWPT systems with repeaters and metamaterial is improved in different ways.

Metamaterial can provide the MRCWPT system with various tunable functions. And the

MRCWPT system with nonidentical coils using metamaterial is proposed in21. However, further

investigation should be carried out about MRCWPT systems using metamaterial to improve the

PTE and the distance. Investigations about the metamaterial is mainly on the far field, but the
metamaterial used in the MRCWPT system on near field is lacking. Recently, some MRCWPT

systems using metamateial are reported in.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

The hardware requirements of wireless power transfer include HF-Transformer, HF-

diodes, rectifier, basic Transistors, Two air filled inductor coils, Voltage regulator and
BLDC fan.

Wireless Power Transfer Block Diagram

HF-Transformer

HF-Transformer

High frequency (HF) transformers transfer electric power and the physical size are
reliant on the power to be transformed as well as the operating frequency. The emf
equation of universal transformer indicates that at a higher frequency, the core flux
density will be lower for a given voltage. This implies that a core can have a smaller
cross-sectional area.

Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator, designed to maintain a constant level

voltage automatically.

Voltage Regulator

 There are three terminals positive voltage regulators are available in many
packages and also with several o/p voltages, making them useful in a wide range
of applications. Output current up to 1A and o/p voltage is 12.
 Thermal overload and short circuit protection
 Output transistor safe operating area protection

Coil

Coil

 An electromagnetic coil is formed when a conductor is wound around a core

  Primarily used to transfer energy from one electrical circuit to another by
magnetic coupling
 Common types of electrical coils are Tesla, Barker, Choke, Maxwell coil, etc.

IN4007 Diode

1N4148 Diode

 This diode is used as full wave bridge rectifier circuit in this project
 Maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and max forward current capacity
of 1Amp.

Project Working

The main concept of this project is to design a device for the concept of wireless power
transfer to eliminate the use conventional copper cables and also current carrying wires.

This project is built upon using a circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High
frequency (HF). The output is fed to a tuned coil shaping as main of an air core
transformer. The minor coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
 Wireless Power Transfer Project

Thus the power transfer can be done by the primary to the secondary that is divided
with 3cm distance. So the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the
secondary receives the power to run a load.

In addition, this method can be used in several applications, like to charge gadgets like
mobile phone, laptop battery, iPod, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this type of
charging offers a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.

This is an Emerging Technology, and in future, the distance of power transfer can be
improved as the study across the world is still going on.
WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY

The electromagnetic field that radiates from an antenna takes on characteristics that depend on

the distance from the radiating element. In particular, we can distinguish two areas: near field

area and far-field area.

An example we all know is the transformer, which transfers energy from a primary coil to a

secondary one without direct electrical connection, but using the magnetic inductive coupling.

Transformers are made with ferrite cores and require a precise alignment between the primary

and secondary side to achieve a strong coupling. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of a typical

circuit implementing an inductive magnetic coupling.

The first stage is represented by an inverter, which converts direct current (DC) into alternating

current (AC) at the appropriate frequency (typically in the range between hundreds of kilohertz

and several megahertz). After that, an impedance matching network adjusts the impedance seen

by the transmitting coil according to the load, so that an efficiency of about 90% can be

achieved. The next stage is composed of the transmitting and receiving coils, respectively, used

to generate the magnetic field and to intercept it. A second impedance matching network ensures

that the load sees the appropriate impedance and, finally, a rectifier converts the alternating

current to a stable DC current thanks to a voltage regulator.

The use of this technology in portable electronic devices is conditioned by the limited freedom of

movement due to the need for high efficiency and by the weight of bulk magnetic materials. For

the coupling to be efficient, the primary and secondary sides must be well-aligned, and also the

distance between them shall not exceed lengths of the order of tens of centimeters. For these

reasons, inductive coupling is often used for powering electric vehicles.

Starting from the basic principles of the inductive coupling, it is possible to increase the

transmission distances through the technique of resonant magnetic coupling. The concept behind

the resonant magnetic coupling is the following: a large inductive spiral excited by a

radiofrequency source can exploit its resonance to induce a resonant mode in another similar

structure, placed at a certain distance. This allows obtaining a transfer of power without using a

radiative field, on a distance that can even be four times the size of the spiral (figure 3).

Figure 3: a wireless power transfer system based on the resonant magnetic coupling. The system

consists of 4 power stages, namely the power factor correction (PFC) converter, the RF

amplifier, the coils or resonators, and the onboard rectifier.

The 50-60 Hz alternating current is rectified and converted into direct current by the rectifier

block. The continuous signal then supplies the RF block, an amplifier that converts the DC

voltage into radio frequency voltage used to drive the loop into the transmission. On the

receiving side, the incoming resonance loop transmits the RF signal to the rectifier, which

supplies the load with a suitably regulated direct current. Although not shown in the figure, these

systems often include impedance matching networks for achieving an acceptable transmissive

efficiency between source and load.

Figure 4: RLC circuit for WPT technology based on resonant magnetic coupling

The systems can be represented as an RLC circuit (figure 4) in which, at the resonance

frequency, the energy oscillates between the inductor L where it is stored in the magnetic field

and the capacitor C where it is accumulated in the electric field. The quality with which the

resonator accumulates energy is defined by the quality factor Q, which is a function of the

resonance frequency w0 and of the loss factor Γ:

When two similar resonators are placed close to each other at the resonance frequency, a

coupling occurs between them, enabling a transfer of energy. The following formula gives the

optimal efficiency with which the power transfer takes place:

As can be seen, it depends solely on the merit factor U which indicates the goodness of the

coupling.

Compared to the magnetic inductive coupling, the resonant magnetic coupling has considerable

advantages:
 the absence of ferrite cores makes them lighter and therefore more integrable;

 the distances between transmitter and receiver can reach up to 4 meters without the highly

limiting constraint of a perfect alignment between the two loops;

The alignment of the receiving and transmission coils in the flow field and the distance between

the coils determine the efficiency with which the energy is transmitted. The resonance frequency,

the ratio between the dimensions of the transmission coils, and those of the receiving coils, the

coupling factor, the winding impedance, and the parasitic currents of the coil are other factors

that have a great impact on the transmission efficiency energy.

STANDARDS FOR WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER

The Qi system is a standard for wireless power transfer. It consists of two basic modules, namely

the base station and the mobile device. Its architecture of the highest level is represented in

Figure 5.

Figure 5: Qi architecture

The base station includes one or more power transmitters: each of them can provide wireless

power transfer functionality to a single mobile device at a time and consists in principle of a

power conversion unit and a control unit and communication. The Qi standard is already present

on the consumer market, aboard a wide range of mobile devices. But even the developed world

can benefit from this technology thanks to projects like the recent TIDA-00881, a Texas

Instruments board designed to add to other TI low-power boards (including those of the

Launchpad series) the power supply functionality wireless Qi-compliant.

Infineon offers power MOSFETs for many wireless charging standards and is an active member

of the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) and AirFuel Alliance, the two leading corporate

consortiums for wireless charging technology. The AirFuel Alliance defined a standard for

resonant WPT, which operates at a frequency of 6.78 MHz and allows charging of multiple

devices simultaneously. In particular, BSZ0909ND is suitable for wireless charging architectures

or piloting components (for example, in drones or multi-engines) where designers need to

simplify the layout and significantly save space, without compromising efficiency.
APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

The applications of WPT include the following

 Consumer electronics
 Transport
 Heating and ventilation
 Industrial engineering
 Model engineering

Wireless power transfer (WPT) can be used either to directly power the device such as LED

lights or a TV and to recharge a battery such as a mobile phone by simply placing it on aboard.

Communication between medical devices implanted in the human body and external equipment

has long been known. An example is given by the diagnostics parameters transmitted by a

peacemaker toward the outside. In this application, an inductive coupling between a small turn

placed in the device case and a larger one positioned on the patient’s chest allows

communication.

However, implanted medical devices need to be properly powered and, although the use of

lithium-ion batteries allows them to operate autonomously, their replacement requires invasive

operations with relative risks to the patient’s health. WPT technology can remedy this problem

through wireless charging systems. In recent years, the application of WPT technology to the

sustainable e-mobility field has had a growing interest in research institutions, especially in Asia.

Today, electric vehicles need to be linked, through a connector, to an electrical socket for

recharging the batteries. Wireless power transfer allows the elimination of such connectors and

enables automatic recharging (figure 1).

Figure 1: Wireless charging for Automotive
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