Application of Derivatives sense QINTS TO ‘REMEMBER 1. Rate of Change: If a quantity y varies with another quantity x, satisfying some rule y = f(x), then | techinnanntasiaclimenirahometientnes 2. Differentials: Let y = f(x) be any function of x which is differentiable in (a,b). The derivative of this function at some point x of (a, b) is given by the relation, Yo jing AY ogy LET AD= fle) de” Bar” EE @ dy > Ere > dy = f(x) dx, where dy is called the differential of the function. Note: Formula dy = f(x) dx or Ay = f'(x) Avis very useful in measuring the errors in the dependent variable for given error in independent variable, (@ Absolute Error: The error Ax in x is ealled the absolute error. (di) Relative Error: If Ax is error in x then ratio S* is called the relative ervor. (i) Percentage Error: If A& is relative error, then AX 100 is called percentage error in x. * 3, Nature of Function: To know the behaviour of a function in an interval, we study the properties of increasing or decreasing functions, maximum and minimum of the functions. 43) iS) a | n | ©) ze) fal c& fal < ® inal A 4, Monotonic Function: A function is said to be monotonic in an interval, if it is either increasing or decreasing in the given interval. 5. Increasing Function: A function j(x) is said to be an increasing function in (a, b) if nex 2 fle) $file) V xy 7 € (a6) In this way, we can say fla) is increasing in (a, b) if V xe (a,b), f (x)>0 is . Obviously, the angle @ made by tangent with +ve direction of x-axis f in interval (a, 6) is acute. feat “angent > tan Ois+ve, => slopeis +ve. > Bepey>o6. Decreasing Function: A function f(x) is said to be decreasing in the interval (a, b) if, flea) > fla) ¥ x1 x2 © (@, D) In other way, years ‘fe: is decreasing in interval (a, ) if ¥ x¢ (a, 6),f'G) <0 cangent range Obviously, the angle @ made by tangent with +ve direction of by IS a-axis in interval (a, b) is obtuse. fey) 5 NDWe, = algpeleowe, = Bap ao * INote: A function f(x) is said to be: Strictly increasing if x, ffx) flr) > fly) Wx, 2) € (a8) Maximum and Minimum Value of a Function (or Absolute Maximum and Minimum Value) A function fis said to attain maximum value at a point @ € D,, if fla) 2 flx) Vx € Dythen fla) is called absolute maximum value of f. A function f attains minimum value at x = b € Dy if f(&) fla) ¥ x ¢ (a5, a +8), x #a, then fla) is called the local minimum value at x =a Caution: (0A function defined in an interoal can reach maximum or minimum values only for those values of x which lie within the given intereal. (Ei) One should not think that the maximum and minimum ofa fianction are its respective largest and smallest values over a given interval. 9. Test for Identifying Relative (Local) Maxima or Minima (i) First derivative test Step I: Find f(x) Step I: The equation (2) is solved to get critical points x = ¢,,€9; mC Step ITI: The sign of f(x) is studied in the neighbourhood of each critical points,Let one critical point be 4 If the sign of f (x)changes Ifthe sign of f(x) changes from +ve fo -ve as x increases from ve to +ve as x increases through c (from left to right of ¢). through c (from left to right of ¢). x= cis relative maxima and is relative minima and fc) is relative maximum value. J (0)is relative minimum value. (i) Second derivative test Step I: Find /"(x) =0 Step II: The equation f(x) = 0 is solved to get critical points 2 = cy, C3, Gy Step III: f(x) is obtained and the sign of f(x) is studied for all critical points x = ¢y,c2,.. Let x = be one critical point. po, IEF"(@)>0 lef %e)<0 EF" =0 x=cisrelativeminima x=cisrelativemaxima Second derivative and f (0) is relative and f(c)is relative test fail and first ‘minimum value. maximum value. derivative testis used. 10. Critical Point: A point x = cis called critical point of the function /tx), if fo) exists and either ((c) =0 or f (¢) = (does not exist). 11. Point of Inflexion: If f(x) isa function and x = cis ertical point, then x @Fio=0 wFro=0 (i) PO #0 Se is called point of inflexion if me Useful Results @ Area of a square = x” and perimeter = 4x, where x is side of the square. © Area ofa rectangle = x. y, asx and y are length and breadth of rectangle and perimeter = 2(x +) © Area ofa trapezium = 5 (sum of parallel sides) x perpendicular distance between them © Area of a circle = nr’, Circumference of a circle = 2nr, where r is the radius. © Volume of sphere= 4 nr*; Surface area = dry”, where ris the radius. © Total surface area of a right circular cylinder = 2nrh + 27”; Curved surface area = 2nrht Volume = nr’, where ris the radius and tis the height of the cylinder. Lapis grr; (Curved surface area = nl, Total surface area = x7” + nrl, where ris the radius, is the height and Lis the slant height of the cone. © Volume of a right circular con @ Volume of a parallelopiped = xyz and surface area = 2(xy + yz + 2x), where x, y and z are the dimensions of parallelopiped. @ Volume of a cube = 2° and surface area = 6x°, where x is the side of the cube. V3 © Area of an equilateral triangle = “7 (idey?Multiple Choice Questions Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. The interval in which the functions f given by fix) = x7 e™ is strictly increasing, is, [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)] (a) (2, 0) ® ¢~,0) (c) (2, 20) @ 2) 2. The intervals in which the function f given by fx) = x7 — 4x + 6 is strictly increasing in [CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term-1)] @ 6#,2UG,~) ) Q,%) (©) 2,2) @) ©, 21U@ @) 3. fix) =" has a stationary point at @ x=e Ox=F (x= @ x=Ve 4, ‘The maximum value of (2) is (CBSE 2021-22 (65/2/4) (Term-1)] @e we jee @ (3) 5. The maximum value of [x(x - 1) + 118, O 0 8 = + => -xe*(2-2)>0 > xQ2-x)>0 0 2